Preparation lesson for the Unified State Exam. “Morphological norms (formation of word forms)” - Document. Grammatical norms (morphological norms) Formation of forms of various degrees of comparison of adjectives
This task tests the ability to evaluate speech in terms of compliance basic morphological norms of the Russian literary language. The most common mistakes made in form formation are:
1) comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives;
2) collective numbers;
3) whole and fractional numbers;
4) genitive case of numerals;
5) nominative and genitive plural of nouns;
6) indirect cases of personal pronouns of the 3rd person after a preposition, etc.
So, let's repeat the theory.
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Error type |
Rules and correct options |
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1. Formation of forms of different degrees of comparison of adjectives |
The smartest less more beautiful, the most most talented etc. |
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This table shows the correct formation of degrees of comparison of an adjective light . If the adjective is in a compound comparative or superlative degree, then it remains in the initial form (except for cases with the word “all” (smarter, prettier, more talented, etc.). Correct option: most smart; less Beautiful; most talented. Pay attention! It is forbidden mix simple and compound forms of degrees of comparison! |
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2. Formation of numeral forms |
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a) complex |
No six hundred rubles, oh four hundred books, etc. |
When declension occurs, complex numerals change both parts (four hundred(R.p.), four hundred(D.p.), four hundred(t.p.), o four hundred(P.p.). Correct option: no six hundredrubles, about four hundred books |
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b) compound |
Three thousand five hundred eight tenths seven |
When declension of compound numerals changes every word (three thousand seven hundred fifty two(D.p.), five thousand eight hundred fifty six(T.p)). Correct option: Three thousand five hundred eight ten seven |
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c) fractional |
Four fifth |
When declension of fractional numerals changes all the words in this case the numerator changes as corresponding integer, and the denominator as a plural adjective (three(which ones?) seventh ; five(which?) ninth ). Correct option: Four fifths |
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d) numerals one and a half and one and a half hundred |
One and a half glasses, one and a half hundred friends |
Numerals one and a half (full birth - one and a half) and one and a half hundred in Im. and Vin.p. have the indicated form, and in all other cases - the form one and a half and one and a half hundred (one and a half cups(I.p.), one and a half cups(R.p.), one and a half hundred centners(I.p.), one and a half hundred centners(T.p.)). Correct option: One and a half glasses, one and a half hundred friends |
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d) numerals forty, ninety, one hundred |
Ninety notebooks; about forty events; to the hundred books |
Numerals forty, ninety, one hundred when declension they have only two forms: Im.p. and Vin.p. - forty, ninety, one hundred, other cases - forty, ninety, hundred. Correct option: ninety notebooks; about forty events: to one hundred books |
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f) collective numbers two, three, four, five, six, seven |
Two girls, seven women, three cats |
These numerals are used only: a) with nouns denoting persons masculine and general gender: three brothers, two orphans; b) with nouns that have the form only plural: three days, two scissors; c) with nouns guys, people, children, face (meaning “person”): five suspicious persons, three guys; d) with personal pronouns we, you, they: there are three of them, there are five of you; e) with the names of paired items: two socks, mittens, skis; f) with the names of baby animals: two rabbits, four are hedgehogs. |
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g) collective numerals both-both |
TO both old ladies, both boys |
Pay attention! Collective numbers cannot be combined with nouns denoting females and adult animals! Correct option: Two girls, seven women, three cats Numeral both (both, both, both) used only with masculine nouns (both sons, in both houses), and the numeral both (both, both, both)- only with nouns feminine (both friends, on both tracks). Correct option: To both old ladies, both boys |
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H) Formation of verb forms |
Put it down in the bag go hurry up, I I'll win his |
Remember: a) forms of the imperative mood of verbs: b) verb put used only without prefix; c) verbs with roots -false-– only with an attachment (put it down, lay it out, etc.) d) the 1st person singular forms of the present (future simple) tense of verbs are not used win, convince, find yourself, wonder etc. When necessary, the following expressions are used: I can find myself, I can convince etc. Correct option: Skids in the bag go faster, I can win his |
4) Formation of pronoun forms |
In the middle his, inside them, closer her, theirs fate |
a) to personal pronouns of the 3rd person ( he, she, it, they) initial N is added, if they come after simple prepositions without, in, for, before, for, from, to, with, at etc.: without Him, with Her or after adverbial prepositions around, in front, near, past, opposite, around, in the middle, after, behind and others, controlling the genitive case: around Them, behind Him; b) after adverbial prepositions in spite of, according to, contrary to, towards, accordingly, similarly, inside, etc. initial N is not added: contrary to him, towards her; c) after comparative forms of adjectives and adverbs pronouns 3rd person are used without initial H: older than him, better than her. Pay attention! Possessive pronoun their has only this form! ITS - this is a mistake! Correct option: In the middle him, inside their, closer her, them fate |
5) Formation of forms of nouns |
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Case ending options |
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a) Noun. m.r. 2nd class |
Two boots, some Romanians, platoon soldiers, five amperes, beautiful towels |
Noun m.r. 2nd class with a base on a solid consonant in Rod.p. plural have zero ending, if denoted: 1) paired items: mittens - mittens (But: socks - socks); 2) nationality (if the stem ends with N or R): Armenians- Armenians, Bulgarians - Bulgarians(but: Kalmyks, Kyrgyz, Tajiks, Tungus, Uzbeks, Yakuts); 3) military units: (squad) partisan, hussar, soldier ( But: miners, sappers); 4) some units of measurement: (some) ampere, watt, volt, grain(but: grams, kilograms); 5) as well as nouns zh.r. na -nya and na - tse: tower - towers, fable - fables; saucer, mirror, blanket, towel ( But: Bolottsy, Kopyttsy, Kruzhevtsy, Polentsy). Correct option: Two boot, some Romanian, platoon soldier, five ampere, beautiful towels |
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Young engineer |
End -s(s) used: a) from borrowed nouns -er (-er): drivers; b) from borrowed inanimate souls. and shower noun on -tor, - litter: gearboxes, designers, inspectors (but: directors, professors). Correct option: Young engineers |
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Piece cheeseA |
End -у(-у) used: a) for real nouns. when indicating quantity: glass of tea, spoon of sugar ( But: tea plantations, sugar reserves); b) in abstract and collective nouns. combined with words a lot, a little: many noise, few peopleU. Correct option: Piece cheese |
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Five orange, delicious apples |
Nouns denoting the name of vegetables and fruits, mainly in the form R.p., plural. have an ending -s: lemons, eggplants ( But: apples) Correct option: Five oranges, delicious apples |
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Nouns s.r. on -ye in the form of R.p., plural. have an ending -ii: drug - drug th, outback - outback th ( But: dresses, mouths, lower reaches, upper reaches) |
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Let's analyze the task
1. Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form:
1) in thirty notebooks
2) the brightest light
3) they want
4) kind people
In the first example - a numeral and a noun. There is no violation of agreement: both words are used correctly in the prepositional case. In the second case - the comparative degree of an adjective and a noun. Both words are agreed in the phrase (the instrumental case). The comparative form is created correctly: from the adjective “bright” using the suffix -aysh-. The third answer is a non-productive verb with alternation. There's a mistake here! The correct form is we want. In the last example there is an adjective and a noun in the genitive plural form. The noun form is correct. The phrase agreed is plural, genitive case. The correct answer is 3.
Morphological norms.
Task A3 (morphological norms of the Russian language) tests your ability to correctly choose the word form of the following parts of speech:
noun;
adjective and adverb names;
numeral name;
pronouns;
You can read in detail about other parts of speech in the article morphological analysis of the word.
Noun.
Rule.
1) Prepositional singular case (endings – y or –e):
U is used in case of adverbial meaning: in the closet, in the garden.
E with an objective meaning: to understand the garden.
2) Nominative plural (endings –а or –ы).
Distinguish!
3) Use of gender forms
Distinguish!
Adjective and adverb (degrees of comparison).
| degree | comparative degree( denotes a characteristic that manifests itself to a greater or lesser extent) | superlative( denotes a characteristic that is manifested in an object to the greatest extent) |
| simple form: | suffixes: -E, -EE, -EY, -SHE | suffixes –AYSH, -EYSH, sometimes: prefix NAI- + suffixes –AYSH, -EYSH There is no simple superlative degree for an adverb! |
| compound form: | MORE, LESS + adjective (adverb) in initial form | 1) simple comparative degree + ALL (TOTAL) 2) MOST, MOST + adjective in initial form (adjective only) |
Rule.
It is IMPOSSIBLE to combine superlative and comparative forms, as well as simple and compound forms of both degrees of comparison!
For example, it is IMPOSSIBLE to be the thinnest, the worst, the least beautiful.
POSSIBLE the thinnest or thinnest, thinner or worse, least beautiful or more beautiful.
Remember!
lively - more lively and lively,
flexible - more flexible,
smooth - smoother,
deep - deeper,
bitter (experience) - more bitter,
bitter (taste) – bitterer,
wild - wilder or wilder,
dexterous - more dexterous or more dexterous,
small - smaller,
narrow - narrower
biting - biting
Numeral.
declension of numerals
Distinguish!
| cardinal numbers
(How many?) |
ordinal numbers
(which one?) |
| all words bow: R.p. (no) seven hundred eighty two etc. (what?) seven hundred eighty two
I., V. –one and a halfA(m., s.r.),one and a halfs(female) R., D., T., P. –floorattorusA
I., V. –zeroending, R., D., T., P. –ending-A
both parts end the same heelsAndtenAnd, fiveyutenyu
both parts are declined, in case of difficulty, substitute the word sot – note I., V. five notes -five hundred R. five notes -heelsAndcell D. five notes -heelsAndstam T. five notes -fiveyustami P. about five notes - aboutheelsAndstOh |
only the last word bows until one thousand six hundred eighty-six (year) in two thousand five hundred and ninety-seven (year) When specifying a date after an ordinal number, the name of the month is put in the genitive case: by the fifth of January, before the first of September |
combination of collective numerals with nouns 
Pronoun.
| Error | Example | Corrected version |
| cases of incorrect use of the 3rd person personal pronoun in indirect cases with a preposition (without initial n) | I go to her with all my heart | I'm with my heart for her |
| Trap! After some prepositions, pronouns do not have an initial n-: thanks to him, including him, outside him, in spite of him, after him, towards him, contrary to him, like him, like him, in the middle of him (but: in the middle of him!), through him, according to him | ||
| combinations with her, for her, from her have an archaic character | what can be expected from her | what can be expected from her |
| erroneous formation of the genitive case form of the interrogative (relative) pronoun how many | Her attitude towards the players is outrageous. Their goat butts | Her attitude towards the players is outrageous. Their goat is butting |
| unjustified omission of the reflexive pronoun self | She has no idea! Let me move on to the next question. |
She is nothing! Let me move on to the next question. |
| pronoun as an extra word | This presenter, she herself is the weakest link | She, this leader, is the weakest link |
| violation of the connection between subject and predicate and violation of agreement with the replaced word. With the words WHO and WHAT – the predicate is put only in singular! |
Those who oppose me will have problems Anyone who doesn't know the answers should leave the game |
Those who oppose me will have problems Anyone who doesn't know the answers should leave the game |
| ambiguity in the use of pronouns | Arkady and Boris argued, and he (who exactly?) wasn’t surprised why I didn’t support him | |
Verb.
Rule.
For verbs CONVINCE, WIN, FEEL, FEEL, pierce, hang, dare, WONDER, BLOW, EAR, TAKE AWAY, BITTER, BUND, BURDLE, RUST and some others do not use the 1st person singular form: I I dare, I bray, I bully.
Algorithm of actions.
1) Determine which part of speech forms are presented in the answer options.
2) Identify the main features of this form (define gender, number, case, person, etc.)
3) Think about where errors might be.
Analysis of the task.
Give an example of an error in the formation of a word.
1) in the year one thousand eight hundred
2) several hot pancakes
3) lie down on the floor
4) meet them halfway
Option #1.
In the year one thousand eight hundred– we are interested in the ordinal number in the form of the prepositional case. Let us remember: in an ordinal number, only the last part should change during declension, that is thousand remains unchanged, only changes eight hundred. This means that the form is formed correctly.
Option #2.
Several hot pancakes. Pay attention to the noun pancakes, which is in the genitive plural form. It is necessary to remember the rules for using endings: -ov, zero, -ey. We put it in the initial form - fritter, is a feminine noun with an unstressed ending –ya. Thus, the ending in R.p. pl. h must be zero: pancakes educated correctly.
Task No. 6 tests your knowledge of lexical norms of the Russian language. For correct completion of this step you will receive one point.
The task itself can be formulated in several ways:
1) Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error, excluding unnecessary word. Write this word down.
2) Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error, replacing incorrectly used word. Write down the selected word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language.
Pay attention! You need to either DELETE the word or REPLACE it.
What violations of the lexical norm can be encountered in this task? (We are talking about SPEECH ERRORS that were intentionally made in this task.)
Violation of lexical compatibility.
For the correct use of words in speech, it is not enough to know their exact meaning; it is also necessary to take into account the features lexical compatibility, that is, them ability to connect with each other. Involuntary violation of lexical compatibility is a very common speech error. For example, a similar error can be heard in the speech of sports commentators: Although in these competitions our favorite skaters were defeated, the audience greets them standing (but: they win, they lose).
Some words are often used in incorrect combinations:
meeting called
increase attention
give importance
improve your horizons
Speech redundancy.
Verbal redundancy is verbosity. Verbosity can manifest itself in various forms, for example, taking the form of pleonasm.
1) PLEONASM(from Greek pleonasmos - excess) The use of words that are close in meaning and therefore unnecessary in speech is called:
the main point
everyday routine
dark darkness
Pleonasms often appear when synonyms are combined:
courageous and brave
only, only
nevertheless, however
so, for example
2) A type of pleonasm is TAUTOLOGY(from Greek tauto - the same, logos - word). Tautology can arise when repeating words with the same root:
tell a story
multiply many times
ask a question
resume again
and also when combining a foreign language and its duplicating meaning:
memorable souvenirs
debuted for the first time
Let's look at some speech errors.
WHISPER QUIETLY.
The word “whisper” contains the meaning ‘to say very quietly’, so the word “quietly” is redundant in this example. The word “quiet” is superfluous.
A PATRIOT OF HIS HOMELAND.
A patriot is “a person who is ready to make sacrifices and heroic deeds for the sake of the interests of his homeland,” therefore the combination of “one's homeland” is redundant.
IT MAKES A COZY IMPRESSION.
You can make a “pleasant” impression, but not a “cozy” one. We replace the word “cozy” with the word “pleasant”.
Let's complete task number 6.
Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error, excluding unnecessary word. Write this word down.
The new shoes were a little too big for her.
In this example, the word “a little” is redundant. In the adjective “too big,” the suffix -ovat- indicates the incompleteness of the attribute, that is, the shoes are ‘slightly larger than necessary’. In this case, the word “a little” has the meaning – ‘to a small extent, slightly’. This meaning overlaps with the meaning of the word “too big.” Therefore, we exclude the word “a little”.
Background information
Russian inflected words have many morphological forms. Fortunately, most of them are absorbed by children in early childhood and do not cause problems when preparing for the Unified State Exam. But there are forms in the formation and use of which both children and adults make mistakes. Below is a list of such morphological forms.
Erroneous forms. Memorize examples in lists.
Noun
Formation of the plural:
Words starting with Y - I:
engineers, designers, officers, lecturers, trainers, accountants, instructors, editors, mechanics, drivers;
vectors, winds, reprimands, jumpers, sweaters, contracts, containers, players, policies, spotlights, warehouses;
ages, elections, ports, handwritings, creams, cakes
Words starting A - Z:
director, doctor, inspector, professor, cook, watchman, paramedic, tenor, coachman;
districts, orders, bills, boats, vacations, heaps, bells, bodies, domes, districts, passports, cellars, varieties, farms, poplars, stacks, stamps, anchors
Formation of genitive plural forms:
1.Formation and change of forms of compound numerals:
in the year one thousand and five, two sevenths, to three fifths, in two thousand and eleven,
eighty (eighty), eight hundred (eight hundred), five hundred, three thousand six hundred and fifty seven
2.Declension of complex and compound numerals:
two hundred rubles, five hundred rubles, four hundred rubles, about five hundred kilometers, three hundred pages, no six hundred rubles, about five hundred books
Words: forty, ninety, one hundred.
I.p. forty, ninety, one hundred (rubles)
R.p. forty, ninety, one hundred (rubles)
D.p. forty, ninety, one hundred (rubles)
V.p. forty, ninety, one hundred (rubles)
etc. forty, ninety, one hundred (rubles)
P.p. (o) forty, ninety, one hundred (rubles)
fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty. When declined, both parts change:
I.p. fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty (rubles)
R.p. fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty (rubles)
D.p. fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty (rubles)
V.p. fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty (rubles)
etc. fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty (rubles)
P.p. (about) fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty (rubles)
Pay attention to the declension of numerals: five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred. When declined, both parts change:
I.p. five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred (rubles)
R.p. five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred (rubles)
D.p. five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred (rubles)
V.p. five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred (rubles)
etc. five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred (rubles)
P.p. (about) five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred (rubles)
Pay attention to the declension of numerals one and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred, where mistakes are often made:
I.p. one and a half (hours), one and a half (minutes), one and a half hundred (rubles)
R.p. one and a half (hours, minutes), one and a half hundred (rubles)
D.p. one and a half (hours, minutes), one and a half hundred (rubles)
V.p. one and a half (hours), one and a half (minutes), one and a half hundred (rubles)
etc. one and a half (hours, minutes), one and a half hundred (rubles)
P.p. (about) one and a half (hours, minutes), one and a half hundred (rubles)
Pay attention to the declination compound cardinal numbers: every word is changed:
I.p. two thousand fourteen (rubles)
R.p. two thousand fourteen (rubles)
D.p. two thousand fourteen (rubles)
V.p. two thousand fourteen (rubles)
etc. two thousand fourteen (rubles)
P.p. (about) two thousand fourteen (rubles)
Pay attention to the declination compound ordinal numbers: only the last word is changed:
I.p. two thousand fourteen (year)
R.p. two thousand fourteen (year)
D.p. two thousand fourteen (year)
V.p. two thousand fourteen (year)
etc. two thousand fourteen (year)
P.p. (c) two thousand fourteen (year)
3. Use of collective numerals:
two brothers, three puppies, both brothers, both girlfriends, two glasses, two sleds, two of us, three of them, six of them.
Since the topic raises many problems, remember the cases when it is correct to use collective numerals with a list:
1. With nouns denoting males: two brothers, three men, four boys.
2.
With nouns children, people: three children, four people.
3. With nouns denoting baby animals: three puppies, seven kids.
4. With nouns that have only the plural form. h.: five days.
5. With nouns denoting paired or compound objects: two glasses, two skis.
6. With pronouns: the two of us, the five of them.
4. Use of numerals both, both:
Numeral both used only with nouns.: both girls, both sides, both books.
With nouns m.r. and Wed r. the form used both: both brothers, both friends, both windows.
Wrong: both paths, to both paths, with both stars.
Right: both paths, to both paths, both stars.
Pronoun
Formation of forms:
Wrong: I was infatuated with her, with her; theirs; in the midst of him (her), among them; how many books, how many students.
Right: was carried away by her - T.p., with her - R.p.; their; in the middle* of him (her), among* them; how many books, how many students
*In the middle, among- prepositions. If you say: from them, from them, say: among them. After prepositions for personal pronouns he, she, they in oblique cases the letter appears n.
Verb
1. Education of personal forms:
For verbs win, convince, convince, dissuade, find, feel, outshine, dare, vacuum and some others do not have the form 1 person unit. h.
Wrong: I will win, I will run, I will win, I will convince, I will escape, I will convince, I will find myself, I am a miracle, I am a stranger, I am alien.
Correct: do not use these verbs in the form of 1 l., singular.
Wrong: let's try, drive, climb, burn, bake, take care, guard, rinse, wave, want (incorrect inflection model used, vernacular).
Right: let's try, drive, climb, burn, bake, take care, guard, rinse, wave, they want.
2. Formation of return forms:
Wrong: met, wanted to, said hello, sorry (colloquial).
Right: met, wanted to say hello(after vowels not -xia, A -s), sorry (using the reflexive form with this verb is a gross mistake).
3. Formation of imperative forms:
Incorrectly: go, go, go, go, go, go, go, wave, drive away, put, put, lie, lie, run, climb, buy, lie (incorrect inflection model used, vernacular).
Right: go (with prefix), wave, drive away, put down, buy, lie down.
Pay attention to the formation of the imperative forms of erroneous verbs, which are often found in KIMs:
Lie down - (you) lie down, (you) lie down
Go - (you) go, (you) go
Ride - (you) ride, (you) ride
Put - (you) put, (you) put
Put - (you) put, (you) put
Climb - (you) climb, (you) climb
Run - (you) run, (you) run
4. Formation of past tense forms:
Wrong: frozen, got stronger, dried out, dried out, got wet, got wet, etc.
Right: frozen, got stronger, dried out, dried out, dried up, got wet, got wet.
Communion
Formation of participles:
Incorrect: gargling, waving, wanting (using the wrong inflection model); making, writing, inquiring (present participles are not formed from perfective verbs).
Right: gargling, waving, wanting; Do not try to form present participles from perfective verbs.
Participle
Formation of gerunds:
Incorrectly: looking in my direction, putting it in a pile, driving (incorrect use of formation models: gerunds with the suffix -я- cannot be formed from SV verbs).
Right: looking in my direction or looking in my direction, stacking(excl.: stable combination arms folded), having gone.
Theory for task 7 from the Unified State Exam in Russian
Morphological norms are the rules for the formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech.
Morphological norms of nouns
1. Indeclinable nouns that denote inanimate objects are neuter: coupe, medley, bikini.
Exceptions: curlers, breeches (plural), blinds, kiwi, whiskey, brandy, coffee (m. and s.r.), mocha, penalty, euro (m.r.).
2. The gender of nouns denoting persons is determined based on the gender to which they belong: beautiful madame, serious monsieur, cunning frau etc.
3. The gender of geographical names and names of press organs is determined by the generic word: Capri - island (m.r.), Jungfrau - mountain (w.r.), Monaco - principality (m.r.), Borjomi - city (m.r.); "Times" - newspaper (female).
4. Abbreviations are usually assigned to the gender to which the reference word in them belongs: NATO - alliance (m.r.), CIS - commonwealth (m.r.); MSU – university (m.r.).
However, the following rules must be kept in mind:
- If an abbreviation ends in a consonant, then it can agree on the masculine gender, despite the fact that the reference word is feminine or neuter. Moreover, in some cases, agreement on the masculine gender is the only possible one. For example, only masculine words university(albeit an establishment) Ministry of Foreign Affairs(although the ministry) marriage registry(recording though). In some cases, fluctuations are observed: for example, MKAD– masculine in colloquial speech, feminine in stylistically neutral contexts. In some cases, masculine gender matching is not possible: hydroelectric power station, CHP– nouns are only feminine. The gender of such abbreviations should be found in dictionaries.
- The gender of a foreign abbreviation is determined by the reference word in the Russian decoding: FIFA(the federation) made a decision; CERN(center) conducted the research. However, in some cases, the gender affiliation may be influenced by the external phonetic appearance of the word. For example, the abbreviation NATO used as a masculine noun (as a result of the influence of combination with the words alliance, block, agreement), feminine gender (according to the reference word organization) and neuter gender (according to its phonetic appearance, compare with other words ending in -O: coat, metro, cinema). The gender of the abbreviation fluctuates UNESCO(the phonetic appearance suggests the neuter gender, and the reference word organization– female).
1) monosyllabic nouns: side - sides, forest - forests, eye - eyes, house - houses, eye - eyes, eyelid - eyelids, silk - silk, feed - feed, board - sides etc.;
2) two-syllable nouns, in which in the singular form of the nominative case the stress is on the first syllable: buffer - buffers, shore - shores, pearls - pearls etc.
6. The gender of compound nouns is determined by the word that expresses the broader meaning of the noun: admiral butterfly, pay phone, sofa bed.
And if both concepts are equivalent, the gender is determined by the first word: chair-bed, cafe-restaurant.
7. To correctly form the genitive plural form of nouns, you should know the following trends: For most masculine nouns, in the initial form ending in a hard consonant ( orange, tomato, fly agaric, computer, sock), the ending -ov is characteristic in the genitive plural form: oranges, tomatoes, fly agarics, computers, socks etc. A wide range of exceptions can be identified from this rule, which have a zero ending in the genitive plural form:
- Names of people by nationality (in words with stems ending in –р, –н) and by belonging to military units, mainly used in the plural forms with a collective meaning: live among Turkmens, Romanians, Turks, Ossetians, Armenians, Georgians, Gypsies, Tatars, Bulgarians; see partisans, soldiers, hussars; this also includes the form p. p.m. h. person.
- Names of paired items: a lot of shoes, for the eyes, without shoulder straps, for stockings, for epaulettes, from boots.
- Names of measures and units of measurement: 220 volts, 1000 watts, 5 amps, 500 gigabytes. If such names are used outside the “measuring” context (in other words, the genitive case form is not countable), then the ending -ov is used: live without extra pounds, not enough gigabytes.
8. Nouns ending in unstressed -я and -ь have the ending -й in the genitive plural form: naughty - naughty, wrist - wrists, and on the struck -ya and -ё - the ending -ey: bench - benches, gun - guns. But: spear - spears.
9. In the genitive plural form of nouns ending in -nya with a preceding consonant or the letter й, the letter ь is not written at the end: cherry - cherries, bedroom - bedrooms, slaughterhouse - slaughterhouse. Exceptions: young ladies, hawthorns, villages, kitchens.
10. Russian surnames ending in -ov(ev)/-ev, -yn/-in in the instrumental case singular: -ym: Nekrasov, Ptitsyn, Nikitin. Foreign surnames ending in -ov and -in: Darwin, Chaplin.
11. The names of settlements in -ov/-ev, -yn/-in, -ovo/-evo, -yno/-ino have the ending -om in the instrumental case form: beyond Lgov, near Kiev, above Pushkin, beyond Ukleev, near Borodin, beyond Golitsyn.
Morphological norms of adjectives
1. You cannot combine simple and complex forms of the comparative degree of an adjective into one construction: better essay / this essay is better (not this essay is better)
2. You cannot mix the simple and complex superlative form of an adjective: the wisest old man/the wisest old man (not the wisest old man)
Morphological norms of pronouns
1. The mistake is the formation of the form of the possessive pronoun theirs instead of their: their son.
2. After the prepositions of the personal pronouns he, she, they, a letter appears in the indirect cases n: to him, from her.
Morphological norms of numerals
1. When declension of compound ordinal numbers, their last part changes, which, when declension, takes on forms that coincide with the form of full adjectives: first, first, first etc. The rest of the compound ordinal noun remains unchanged for all types of declensions, and any changes to it are considered a morphological error: in two thousand and two.
2. Each part and each word that makes up a compound and complex cardinal number is declined separately: met twenty-four classmates.
3. Cases when it is correct to use collective numerals:
- with nouns denoting males: two brothers, three men, four boys.
- with nouns children, people: two children, four people.
- with nouns denoting baby animals: three puppies, seven kids.
- with nouns that have only plural forms. h.: five days.
- with nouns denoting paired or compound objects: two glasses, two skis.
- with pronouns: the two of us, the five of them.
4. Numeral both used only with nouns.: both girls, both books. With nouns m.r. and Wed r. the form used both: both brothers, both elephants.
Morphological norms of verbs
1. Verbs win, convince, convince, dissuade, find, feel, outshine, dare, vacuum and some others do not have the form 1 person unit. h.
2. Formation of return forms: met, wanted to say hello(after vowels -s is used), Sorry(no return form).
3. Formation of imperative forms: go, wave, drive away, put down, buy, lie down.
4. Formation of past tense forms: hardened, dried out, wet(Not got stronger, dried out, got wet).
Morphological norms of participles
1. Formation of participles: gargling, waving, wanting(Not rinsing, waving, wanting);
2. Present participles are not formed from perfective verbs.
Morphological norms of gerunds
1. Perfect participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive using a suffix -V: pour - spill, preserve - preserved, thin out - thin out.
There are perfective verbs from which gerunds can be formed using a suffix -a/-z or -shi, -lice: come in - having entered, look - looking, lean against - leaning against.
2. Imperfect participles are formed from the infinitive stem using suffixes -a/-z: think - thinking, walk - walking, fly - flying.
Morphological norms of adverbs
1. Formation of adverbs: I can hardly break away from there, inside, I’ll hardly be able to, we’ll divide it in half.
2. Formation of comparative degrees of adverbs: bad - worse, beautiful - more beautiful, good - better, hard - harder.