Lesson in the preparatory group “Winter natural phenomena. Winter. Winter months. Winter phenomena of nature. Winter signs about the weather What natural phenomenon does not happen in winter

Changes are constantly taking place in nature and weather, sometimes it snows, sometimes it rains, sometimes the sun bakes, sometimes clouds appear. All these are called natural phenomena or phenomena of nature. Natural phenomena are changes that occur in nature regardless of the will of man. Many natural phenomena are associated with the change of seasons (seasons), so they are called seasonal. For each season, and we have 4 of them - this is spring, summer, autumn, winter, its natural and weather phenomena are characteristic. Nature is usually divided into living (these are animals and plants) and non-living. Therefore, phenomena are also divided into phenomena of living nature and phenomena of inanimate nature. Of course, these phenomena intersect, but some of them are especially characteristic of a particular season.

Spring natural phenomena

In the spring, after a long winter, the sun warms up more and more, ice drifts on the river, thawed patches appear on the ground, buds swell, the first green grass grows. The day is getting longer and the night is getting shorter. It is getting warmer. Migratory birds begin their journey to the regions where they will raise their chicks.

What natural phenomena occur in spring?

Snowmelt. As more heat comes from the Sun, the snow begins to melt. The air around is filled with the murmur of streams, which can provoke the onset of floods - a clear sign of spring.

thawed patches. They appear wherever the snow cover was thinner and where more sun fell on it. It is the appearance of thawed patches that indicates that winter has given up its rights, and spring has begun. The first greenery quickly breaks through the thawed patches; on them you can find the first spring flowers - snowdrops. Snow will lie in crevices and depressions for a long time, but on the hills and in the fields it melts quickly, exposing the land islands to the warm sun.

Frost. It was warm and suddenly it froze - frost appeared on the branches and wires. These are frozen crystals of moisture.

Ice drift. In spring it becomes warmer, the ice crust on rivers and lakes begins to crack, and gradually the ice melts. Moreover, there is more water in the reservoirs, it carries the ice floes downstream - this is an ice drift.

High water. Streams of melted snow flow from everywhere to the rivers, they fill the reservoirs, the water overflows the banks.

Thermal winds. The sun gradually warms the earth, and at night it begins to give off this heat, winds are formed. While they are still weak and unstable, but the warmer it gets around, the more the air masses move. Such winds are called thermal, they are typical for the spring season.

Rain. The first spring rain is cold, but not as cold as snow 🙂

Thunderstorm. At the end of May, the first thunderstorm can thunder. Not as strong yet, but bright. Thunderstorms are discharges of electricity in the atmosphere. Thunderstorms often occur when warm air is displaced and lifted by cold fronts.

Grad. This is a drop from a cloud of ice balls. Hail can be anything from a tiny pea to a hen's egg, and then it can even break through the windshield of a car!

These are all examples of inanimate phenomena.

Flowering is a spring phenomenon of wildlife. The first buds on the trees appear in late April - early May. The grass has already broken through its green stems, and the trees are getting ready to put on green clothes. The leaves will bloom quickly and suddenly, and the first flowers are about to bloom, exposing their centers to awakened insects. Summer will come soon.

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Summer natural phenomena

In summer, the grass turns green, flowers bloom, leaves turn green on the trees, you can swim in the river. The sun warms well, it can be very hot. Summer is the longest day and the shortest night of the year. Berries and fruits ripen, the harvest ripens.

In summer, there are natural phenomena, such as:

Rain. In the air, water vapor is supercooled, forming clouds consisting of millions of small ice crystals. The low temperature in the air, below zero degrees, leads to the growth of crystals and to the weight of frozen drops, which melt in the lower part of the cloud and fall in the form of raindrops to the surface of the earth. In summer, the rain is usually warm, it helps to water the forests and fields. Thunderstorms often accompany summer rain. If it rains and the sun shines at the same time, they say that it is "Mushroom Rain". Such rain happens when the cloud is small and does not cover the sun.

Heat. In summer, the rays of the Sun fall on the Earth more vertically and heat its surface more intensively. And at night, the earth's surface gives off heat to the atmosphere. Therefore, in summer it is hot during the day and sometimes even at night.

Rainbow. Occurs in an atmosphere with high humidity, often after rain or thunderstorms. A rainbow is an optical phenomenon of nature, for the observer it appears as a multi-colored arc. When the sun's rays are refracted in water droplets, an optical distortion occurs, which consists in the deviation of different colors, the white color is divided into a spectrum of colors in the form of a multi-colored rainbow.

Flowering begins in spring and continues all summer.

Autumn natural phenomena

In autumn, you no longer run outside in a T-shirt and shorts. It gets colder, the leaves turn yellow, fall off, migratory birds fly away, insects disappear from sight.

Autumn is characterized by such natural phenomena:

Leaf fall. As plants and trees go through their year-round cycle, they shed their leaves in autumn, exposing their bark and branches, preparing for hibernation. Why does a tree get rid of leaves? So that the fallen snow does not break the branches. Even before the leaf fall, the leaves of the trees dry, turn yellow or redden and, gradually, the wind throws the leaves to the ground, forming a leaf fall. This is an autumn phenomenon of wildlife.

fogs. The earth and water are still heated during the day, but in the evening it is already getting colder, fog appears. At high humidity, for example, after rain or during a damp, cool season, the cooled air turns into small droplets of water hovering above the ground - this is fog.

Dew. These are droplets of water from the air that have fallen in the morning on the grass and leaves. During the night, the air cools down, the water vapor that is in the air comes into contact with the surface of the earth, grass, tree leaves and settles in the form of water droplets. On cold nights, dew drops freeze, causing it to turn into frost.

Shower. It's heavy, torrential rain.

Wind. This is the movement of air currents. In autumn and winter the wind is especially cold.

As in spring, there is frost in autumn. This means that there is a slight frost outside - frost.

Fog, dew, downpour, wind, hoarfrost, frost are autumn phenomena of inanimate nature.

Winter natural phenomena

In winter it snows and it gets cold. Rivers and lakes are frozen over. In winter, the longest nights and shortest days, it gets dark early. The sun hardly heats up.

Thus, the phenomena of inanimate nature characteristic of winter are:

Snowfall is the fall of snow.

Blizzard. It's snowfall with wind. Being outdoors in a snowstorm is dangerous, it increases the risk of hypothermia. A strong blizzard can even knock you down.

Freezing is the formation of a crust of ice on the surface of the water. The ice will last all winter until spring, until the snow melts and the spring ice drifts.

Another natural phenomenon - clouds - happens at any time of the year. Clouds are water droplets that have collected in the atmosphere. Water, evaporating on the ground, turns into steam, then, together with warm air currents, rises above the ground. So water is transported over long distances, the water cycle is ensured in nature.

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Unusual natural phenomena

There are also very rare, unusual natural phenomena, such as the northern lights, ball lightning, tornadoes and even fish rain. One way or another, such examples of the manifestation of inanimate natural forces cause both surprise and, at times, alarm, because many of them can harm a person.

Now you know a lot about natural phenomena and you can accurately find those characteristic of a particular season 🙂

The materials have been prepared for a lesson on the subject of the World around us in grade 2, the Perspective and School of Russia (Pleshakov) programs, but will be useful to any primary school teacher, and parents of preschoolers and younger students in home schooling.

Winter is an amazing time of the year. This season brings people a lot of surprises - unusual weather phenomena. Some of them cause a lot of trouble, others surprise. We will tell you what freezing rain is and whether there are thunderstorms and rainbows in winter...

freezing rain

Freezing rain - unusual atmospheric precipitation that falls at negative air temperatures from 0 to -15 ° C in the form of solid transparent ice balls with a diameter of 1-3 mm. Inside the balls - unfrozen water. Freezing rain is formed when a layer of warm air in the atmosphere falls between two layers of cold air. The moisture frozen in the upper cold layer melts, falling into the warm layer. Continuing to fall, raindrops near the ground find themselves in a layer with a temperature below zero, but they do not pass into snow or ice, but into a special state of water. Falling from a height, the balls break, water flows out and forms an ice crust. For Russia, freezing rain is an infrequent phenomenon. The heaviest freezing rains hit North America every year.

A layer of ice that covers everything after freezing rain can cause serious damage to nature and humans. Covering with a crust, each branch of the tree is “sealed”, it becomes very fragile, like a crystal. Often, large branches break under the weight of the ice, creating problems for cars and pedestrians in the city. This phenomenon is also dangerous for power lines, as it leads to their breakage. And ice on city streets causes injuries, car accidents and road collapses.

BY THE WAY

On December 25, 2010, freezing rain passed over central Russia. In Moscow and the Moscow region there were numerous breaks in power lines. More than 400 thousand people were left without electricity, Domodedovo Airport was completely de-energized. Due to falling branches and whole trees, 27 people were injured, one died. 1,350 people were injured as a result of icy conditions in two days. There were also cases of freezing rain and ice in other regions of Russia. In the Ural city of Troitsk, schools were closed for two days due to ice. There was a huge traffic jam on the M5 highway in the Zlatoust area due to the fact that heavy trucks could not climb the slope.

On December 26, 2010, freezing rain also covered Western Europe. Thousands of people were left without electricity in Poland due to icy wires. In some areas, electric transport stopped working. In Germany, highway patrols recorded hundreds of accidents, and there were serious traffic jams on motorways.

snow flurry

A snow squall or storm is a winter hurricane, during which wind speeds reach 56 kilometers per hour. The area of distribution of a snow storm can be arbitrarily vast. If the wind speed during a squall exceeds 60 kilometers per hour, it is assigned its own name.

BY THE WAY

More recently, on December 22, 2013, a snow flurry swept over the United States. According to news agencies, at least 600 people were killed, and five more were seriously injured as a result of the consequences of a snow storm. Nearly 300,000 homes were left without electricity in Michigan. 100 thousand buildings - in the states of New York and Maine. More than 500 flights have been canceled at US airports. The following day, a snow storm, accompanied by freezing rain and wind, reached Canada. Here, 400 thousand people were left without electricity, hundreds of flights were canceled at the airports of Ottawa, Toronto, Montreal and other cities. This snowstorm was the strongest in Canada over the past 15 years of observations.

If for the northern latitudes snow storms are a familiar phenomenon, although they cause a lot of trouble, then for the southern regions of our planet it is a real cataclysm. On December 11 and 12, 2013, snowfall did not stop in Israel, which paralyzed traffic. Snow fell in Jerusalem, the Golan Heights, the Upper Galilee and Mitzpe Ramon. Educational institutions were closed due to abnormal weather conditions. According to meteorologists, 72 mm of rain fell on Jerusalem in a few hours.

Very coldy

Abnormally severe frosts were observed in Russia in December 2012. According to observations of meteorologists, such cold weather has not been in our country for 74 years. They lasted two weeks - in the Central region of Russia in 2012 a record was recorded for the duration of abnormal cold weather. But the residents of Siberia had the hardest time, where thermometers showed up to minus 50. Because of the frost, classes in schools were canceled for a week in several regions.

In 2012, only in Moscow, the number of victims of abnormal cold went to dozens: 21 people died, 271 people suffered from hypothermia and frostbite.

BY THE WAY

In the last century, the lowest air temperature on Earth was recorded in Antarctica, at the Soviet Vostok station on July 21, 1983, when a platinum thermometer showed -89.2 degrees Celsius. But just recently, scientists from the US National Ice and Snow Information Center announced a new temperature record on our planet - minus 91.2 degrees! The new record also comes from the southern continent, only now the mountain near the Japanese Antarctic village "Fuji Dome" has become the pole of cold. True, the Japanese measured the temperature from a satellite.

The lowest temperature recorded in Russia is minus 78 degrees Celsius. This abnormally low temperature was observed in the upper reaches of the Indigirka River, which is considered to be the cold pole of the Northern Hemisphere.

winter thunderstorm

It is generally accepted that thunderstorms are an exclusively summer phenomenon of nature. But sometimes they happen in winter, when daytime temperatures rise only a few degrees above zero. Such thunderstorms are called snowstorms. This phenomenon is quite rare. The average frequency of such thunderstorms is once every 5-10 years. Only with very deep and rapidly moving cyclones, moist air from sea latitudes, entering the continent in large masses and at high speed, causes a strong electrification of the air, which gives rise to thunderstorms.

BY THE WAY

On December 24, 2013, residents of St. Petersburg observed a winter thunderstorm with snowfall. Meteorologists attribute the anomaly to the warm weather in the northern capital this December - plus five degrees Celsius. Another surprise of nature - after a thunderstorm, a winter rainbow hung over the city.

winter rainbow

In winter, in addition to frost, snowstorms and ice, there are also pleasant natural phenomena. For example, a winter rainbow. This is the refraction of light rays on the smallest ice crystals hanging in the air. A winter rainbow is akin to such a rare atmospheric phenomenon as a halo. The difference is that a halo occurs when ice crystals, receiving an electrical charge, line up in a certain order. And for a winter rainbow, it is necessary that the crystals, on the contrary, do not have any charge and are randomly oriented. The three components of the rainbow in winter - bright sun, hard frost and high humidity - coincide most often when the weather changes, for example, with the approach of a snowstorm or frost. And one more thing - if in summer we observe a rainbow-arc, then in winter there is a chance to see a rainbow, which is a closed ring.

BY THE WAY

The winter rainbow was observed this December by Petersburgers after a winter thunderstorm. And on December 6, 2012, residents of Novokuznetsk were lucky to admire this rare winter phenomenon. In the city of Koltsovo, Sverdlovsk region, on December 10, 2012, a round rainbow was seen around the sun.

Giant snowflakes

An ordinary snowflake rarely exceeds 5 mm in size and weighs 4 mg. But there are exceptions. So in Siberia, people had to observe snow flakes 30 cm in diameter. The growth of snowflakes is directly dependent on temperature and humidity. To make snowflakes neat and regular, you need an air temperature of -5 to -20 degrees Celsius. At temperatures below 30 degrees, snowflakes fall out in the form of "diamond dust". Large snowflakes are formed at high air humidity, they can often be seen near water bodies, since the evaporation of water creates the most favorable conditions for their formation.

BY THE WAY

The largest snowflakes in our country were observed by residents of Moscow in 1944. They were the size of a palm and resembled ostrich feathers. Scientists explained this phenomenon as follows: a wave of cold air descended from areas close to the North Pole, and snowflakes began to form in the clouds. But they could not immediately fall to the ground: they were supported by ascending warm air currents from the heated earth. The snowflakes floated high and stuck together, forming flakes. By evening, the air near the ground had cooled, the ascending jets weakened, and an amazing snowfall began.

And the largest snowflake in the world was recorded in America, it was 38 cm in diameter and 20 cm thick. Such giant snowflakes fell in the city of Fort Keo, Montana, in 1887.

Winter is a harsh time, especially in the northern latitudes of our hemisphere. Its calendar time is known, but it often happens that the first signs of winter come much earlier. Muddy November weather gives way to December frosts, fettering reservoirs, dressing the earth in a fluffy snow blanket. The days are getting shorter and the nights are dragging on in anticipation of the first ray of sunshine.

The shortest day is around the winter solstice. It is December 21st on the night of the 22nd. The shortest day and the longest night. From this time, the countdown begins and the daytime increases, reducing the nighttime.

The clouds sink lower, becoming heavy, gray with overflowing moisture. There is no lightness and accuracy in them, they cover the entire winter sky, filling the air with the smell of moisture and freshness. It is they who bring heavy snowfalls, covering the ground with meter-long snowdrifts.

Snow is winter precipitation. In winter, they cover everything around with a dense blanket, creating a kind of microclimate that helps plants and small animals survive the harsh cold. The lower the air temperature, the looser the snow flooring becomes, it crunches harder underfoot and pricks when touched.

In calm weather, snow falls in large snowflakes, with increasing intensity, the snow turns into a blizzard - the most formidable winter natural phenomenon. It occurs when the first gust of wind appears. He lifts the snow cover and carries it, dragging him along. In nature, a high and low snowstorm is distinguished depending on the redistribution of air masses. As a rule, strong snowstorms occur in the middle of winter, at the very peak of seasonal temperatures. It is on this natural phenomenon that the formation of a snowy landscape depends: the snow blown by the wind takes on bizarre forms of snowdrifts.

A frequent companion of winter weather is sleet. This is an ice crust that forms on any surface after a sharp temperature drop. Wet snow, rain before severe frost can provoke its appearance. As a rule, it is ice that binds the entire area of small streams, other sources of moisture, so it does not have to rain for it to appear. If in winter there are severe long frosts, they fetter the deepest reservoirs, which freeze through to very decent depths, and this is how freezing begins, paralyzing navigation. The ice will break only with a strong warming, when the rays of the sun begin to warm up its firmament.

Frosts are dangerous natural phenomena. They can be installed for a long time if a winter anticyclone dominates in the district. As a rule, abnormal frosts are a rare phenomenon. Deviation from the usual norm does not occur everywhere and not always. Low temperatures can cause significant damage to agriculture and provoke an emergency, so all utilities are on alert in winter.

Another indispensable attribute of winter is an icicle - a cone-shaped piece of ice that hangs from any plane. During the day, the sun warms the snow, it begins to melt and leak, and at night the frost intensifies, everything around freezes. The mass of the icicle grows as the snow melts, then it collapses from its own weight and crumbles on impact with the ground.

It is from the melting of icicles that a smooth transition to spring begins, when the air temperature gradually rises, the days become longer, and frosty patterns disappear, seeping melt water into the warmed earth. Snow is a winter form of precipitation. It has its own crystalline structure, which is based on frozen microscopic drops of water. When a drop passes through the cold atmospheric layers of air and falls to the ground, it freezes and overgrows with its fellows, clinging to them, forming six-pointed snowflakes. This form is due to the physical laws of water freezing.

Winter is a fierce time, especially in the north of the planet. Sometimes her appearance does not coincide with calendar time. The signs of winter can show up sooner. Muddy weather turns to frost, water bodies freeze, and the ground is covered with a white blanket of snow. The days during this period are short and the nights are cold.

The first signs of winter. Snow

nature calendar

Frost and snow appear in different ways. Nature has its own calendar, so the signs of winter are noticeable at different times of the year.

The timing of the annual seasons changes every year. Therefore, spring can come early or, conversely, late. This also happens in winter. Every year there may be a different amount of precipitation, there may be more clear or cloudy days, and the temperature can also present its own surprises.

It is important for many people to follow the fluctuations in nature. Gardeners, landowners, fishermen, hunters pay attention to them. The following industries depend on weather conditions:

poultry farming;
Agriculture;
fishing;
animal husbandry;
sericulture;
beekeeping.

End of winter

Winter doesn't last forever, it eventually comes to an end. The first thawed patches appear, the earth is visible. Previously, they can be seen on the slopes, and then - in the fields. But in the north, in the forests, snow can stay for a long time.

Migratory birds are starting to return home. The first to be seen are the rooks. But there are also places of their residence, from which they do not fly away, since there are no severe winters.

Beginning of winter in wildlife

There are signs of winter in wildlife. You can see the following changes:

Trees and bushes shed their leaves. This happens due to the fact that there is little light in winter, so they do not need this part. Only coniferous trees do not lose their leaves, they fall out gradually so that new ones grow. These needles of Christmas trees, pines are covered with a coating that protects them from severe frosts.
In winter, there is little food. For this reason, animals, such as bears, hibernate. Those who continue to lead an active life are overgrown with a warm coat. Such changes will not allow them to freeze. By the way, the hare turns white for the winter, and the hedgehog finds a cozy place and sleeps there, curled up in a ball, until spring.
The number of birds decreases in winter, as migratory birds fly to regions where it is warmer. Only those who have adapted to eat various types of food remain. And many insects disappear in winter, so it becomes more difficult for birds to find food.

Such signs of winter in wildlife.

What is snow made of?

Snowflakes come in various sizes, but no more than 5 mm. And openwork weaving differs from each other, surprising with its uniqueness. There are different signs of winter, but snow is considered the most basic. Snowflakes are symmetrical, have clear geometric edges, connected in a hexagon. The water molecule has a hexagonal shape. Because of this, she, freezing in the clouds, reincarnates into small crystals. Formation occurs with the capture of neighboring molecules. Thus, a chain of frozen molecules is obtained.

The resulting shape is affected by air temperature, humidity. Snow in winter plays an important role, as it provides protection to the earth in cold weather, covering it with a blanket of snow. It allows you to keep warm, plants and small animals will not die in such conditions. If there is no snow, then winter crops will not produce a crop. Snow also retains moisture, which is needed in spring.

Games for kids to help recognize the start of winter

Many parents want their child to be able to quickly tell what signs of winter exist. You can teach him this by playing. At the same time, his mental abilities will develop and improve.

The first game is called "Homemade Lotto". It can be used for 3 year olds. Signs of winter for children will become clear, they will be able to talk about it. To do this, you need to make a lotto for every season. Pictures are collected on which signs of winter and other periods of the year are drawn. After that, you need to invite your child to choose from the drawings those that are associated with the winter period. The parent can take out pictures in turn, and the baby must determine the signs of the cold season. To make it interesting for the child, you can switch roles with him later. This will consolidate his knowledge. It is allowed to make mistakes so that the baby corrects his parent.

Like the previous game, you can write words on the cardboard: signs for the word "winter" and other seasons. The lesson is similar to the previous one, the child must collect words related to winter.

The game "What to wear" develops the baby's thoughts well. This will require clothing that should be worn at different times of the year. The child must choose from the pile only those things that are suitable for winter. The parent can also show one attribute of the wardrobe, and the children draw a conclusion regarding it. The same game can be played with shoes. If there is concern that things will get dirty, pictures can be used. They should be wearing different clothes. In order for a child to develop his logical thinking, you can ask why he chose a particular thing.

You can help recognize the signs of winter while walking. When the mother went for a walk with the baby outside, he can begin to talk about the changes that came with the advent of the winter period. The parent can help the children by noticing that the dog's hair has become thicker, and smoke is visible from the cottages, as the stove is stoked there. The child will be aware that with the advent of winter it becomes cold, so these changes occur.

You can also play winter words. To do this, the participants alternately name the words associated with winter. For example, cold, snow, Santa Claus, Snowman and others. If someone does not know what word to say, he is out of the game. The last remaining participant becomes the winner.

So, there are many changes in the coming of winter. Each person should notice them, and children should be helped to see these signs.

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Winter phenomena in nature

1. Dates and periods of winter

According to the calendar, winter begins on December 1. December is the first winter month. And in nature, winter comes every year at different times. The first frosts are not yet winter. Frosts are replaced by warmth, snow falls and melts several times. The sky is covered with heavy clouds. December thaws are traditional for our climate.

Winter in nature begins when the air temperature drops below 0 degrees - water bodies freeze, the earth is covered with a solid snow cover. At first glance, winter colors are modest: white is the color of snow, blue is the color of the sky, black is the color of trees. Everything seems boring and monotonous. Amid this monotony, it would seem difficult to notice the difference between the beginning, middle and end of winter. But if you carefully observe the changes in nature, you can distinguish three periods of winter.

The beginning of winter - the first winter (I period of winter) - is celebrated from the day when snow falls for a long time. This time comes in different ways in different years: the earliest in early November, the latest - in the second half of December. The sun in the first winter warms weakly. Even at noon it is low on the horizon. Its color is often crimson red. And it is rarely shown because of the clouds. Clouds creep low over the earth. The sky during the day is gray, dull, frowning. No wonder this period of winter is also called deaf winter. Snowfalls and frosts alternate with thaws. In the thaw, winter becomes similar to late autumn: damp, dirty, overcast. Although it will get warmer, but not joyfully from such weather. The shortest day of the year is the last day of the wilderness - December 22, the day of the winter solstice. It is this day that astronomers observing the heavenly bodies consider the beginning of winter.

December 23 - the beginning of the radical winter - the II period of winter. Now every day it will dawn earlier, dusk later. The sun rises higher and higher above the horizon. Shines brighter. The pale blue, bright sky is filled with a frosty haze. A sparkling snow cover with silver snowdrifts blinds the eyes. Colored, yellow, green, red, blue sparks sparkle in the sun. Trees put on a beautiful outfit of fluffy frost. In the thaw, the snow no longer melts, but only becomes a little wet and sticky. Indigenous winter reigns until the beginning of February, before the song of the great tit.

Then comes the last stage - the turning point of winter. More and more blue tones at this time. In the parks, dense, clear, blue shadows fall from the trees on the snow, the snowdrifts glow with a bluish light. Blue sky every day. The clouds are no longer grayish, but float in white heaps. The sun rises higher and warms so that pits-hiddens form near the trees. The bright day has become much longer. On a sunny day, the snow on the roofs melts - drops begin. Flowing on each other and freezing in the still very cold air, droplets of melted snow form beautiful ice icicles. The snow is no longer shiny and white: it has faded, turned gray, and become loose. From above, the snow melted in the sun freezes overnight into an ice crust - crust. But winter is not over yet. Blizzards and blizzards show their strength. Only in mid-March, with the beginning of snowmelt, will the last stage of winter end.

2. Phenomena in inanimate nature

What is snow made of?

Each of the snowflakes rarely exceeds 5 mm in size, but the openwork weave of the faces can be the most diverse. It is still not clear why each snowflake is not similar to each other, why each of them has perfect symmetry. Today it has already been proven that all snowflakes have clear geometric lines that are combined in a hexagonal format, it is the hexagonal shape that the water molecule itself has, therefore, freezing in the clouds and turning into an ice crystal, water is formed according to this principle, capturing other molecules in a chain, located in close proximity.

The bizarre shape is affected by both the temperature of the air and the indicator of its humidity. But no one today doubts that a snowflake is essentially the links of one chain of a frozen water molecule. The contours of the snowflake itself are angular. The tips most likely resemble sharp tips or needles. And they are all different, each snowflake has its own pointed pattern. Today there is no answer to the question why this is happening. Perhaps we will very soon witness new scientific discoveries that will reveal to us the secret of geometric symmetry and dissimilarity of snowflakes.

The presence of snow plays an important role. A blanket of snow wraps the earth in a thick layer of white veil. It keeps heat and does not allow plants and small animals to die. Without it, winter crops will die, there will be no harvest, bread will not be born. Snow creates that necessary supply of moisture, which is so important during spring awakening. Therefore, the importance of snow cannot be overestimated.

3. Winter dormancy of plants

In mid-latitudes, where winter is accompanied by a significant decrease in temperature compared to summer, plants practically do not vegetate in winter, or grow very, very weakly, almost imperceptibly. It is generally accepted that plants enter a period of dormancy or hibernation, since the processes of their vital activity proceed poorly.

Snow is a poor conductor of heat; it covers the ground like a blanket; it protects overwintering plants from cooling.

Annuals have seeds in the ground. Winter plants under the snow remain green all winter.

In some plants (shepherd's purse, pansies), blooming until late autumn, leaves and buds are preserved under the snow, which will bloom in spring.

In perennial herbaceous plants, the ground parts die, and the bulbs, tubers, and rhizomes remaining in the ground are protected from the cold by snow.

Trees and shrubs, with the exception of conifers, stand bare. The life of these plants is hidden in the buds. They are protected from cold and moisture by dense scales. Feeding and sap flow in trees are temporarily stopped. The starch accumulated in their tissues is converted into fats and sugar, which increases the frost resistance of plants, protects the protein of their cells from clotting.

In the second half of winter, under the influence of ever-increasing exposure, many trees develop a pre-spring "tan": the brownish color of their bark acquires a reddish tint (in willow, birch, linden) or purple (in alder).

In the second period of winter, the dormancy of most trees and shrubs ends: on the branches brought into a warm room, leaves bloom in a few days. The buds of poplar, birch, hazel, bird cherry, and currant develop especially rapidly.

In the pre-spring period, the trees have a higher temperature than the air around them, so the snow near the trunks begins to melt.

Botanists divide the rest period into two categories: forced and deep. In some sources, the rest period is called natural and artificial. Forced or artificial dormancy is associated with the lack of normal conditions for vegetation, but if you provide the plant with the missing conditions, it will come out of dormancy and wake up. The forced rest period can be explained by the example of plant seeds: the collected seeds are usually stored until planting time in a dry room. This is a forced dormant state, since when the seeds are soaked or moisture enters them, the dormant state stops, the seeds begin to germinate normally.

The duration of the dormant period, both in different species and in varieties within the same plant species, can vary significantly. This is due to the genetic characteristics of the plant and environmental conditions. Therefore, children of the same hibiscus, spaced along the southern and northern window sills, can fall into and out of dormancy at different times, however, the biochemical mechanisms underlying dormancy and germination, internal and external factors, are common to all plants.

winter snowflake nature

4. Difference of plants in the leafless state

When determining tree and shrub plants in a leafless state, attention should be paid to the morphological features of the structure of buds and shoots.

Kidneys are apical and lateral - or axillary. The buds of woody plants are covered with scales, the shape and color of which depend on the biological characteristics of a particular tree species.

By origin, the buds are divided into leaf and flower, the latter are larger than leaf.

According to the structure of the kidney, naked and covered are distinguished. The exposed buds are devoid of outer integumentary scales and are usually formed by young, undeveloped leaves (for example, in brittle buckthorn).

Covered buds can be dressed with one (cap-shaped) or several scales. For example, willow buds are covered with one scale fused from two, poplar buds are covered with several scales. Maple buds are covered with an even number of scales arranged oppositely.

In woody plants with a two-row arrangement of buds (hornbeam, elm), the scales on the buds are also arranged in two rows. The bud may be directly above the leaf scar. Such a kidney is called sessile, in contrast to the petiolate, when petioles are located under the kidney (petiolate buds can be seen in currants, turf, alder, etc.). The buds are sometimes barely visible or not visible if hidden under a leaf cushion or leaf scar. They are called hidden (cinquefoil, etc.), in contrast to free buds, which are openly located on the shoot.

Depending on the morphological and biological characteristics of woody plants, the location of the buds on the shoot may be different. Opposite - the kidneys are located one opposite the other (maple, ash, lilac, viburnum). Another - the arrangement can be subdivided into spiral and two-row. Spiral - the buds meet around the entire stem and the line connecting them forms a spiral (aspen, oak, birch). Two-row - all the kidneys are located in the same plane in two rows (linden, hornbeam, elm). Serial buds are located in several pieces above the leaf scar. Collateral buds - several buds are located in a row under a leaf scar, one next to another (representatives of the subfamily pink, plum).

After the leaf falls in the place where it was attached to the shoot, a leaf scar remains. Leaf scars are narrow and wide, depending on the size of the petiole base. Large leaf scars are characteristic of elder, ash, walnut.

The shape of the leaf scars also differ. For example, in maple it looks like a broken line; the Amur velvet is horseshoe-shaped, and the linden is round-elliptical. Sometimes leaf scars are difficult to distinguish, because they are hidden under the base of the petioles (raspberry, honeysuckle).

On the leaf scar, leaf traces are visible in the form of dots - the places through which the leaf vein passed. The number of leaf traces is a generic trait, i.e. all species of woody plants of a given genus have the same number of traces. For example, the genus Caragana is characterized by 1 trace; for maple and elm, three tracks; for oak - more than 3 traces, they are concentrated in three groups; for lilac and ash there are many traces that form a horseshoe-shaped line.

When determining woody plants by shoots, attention should be paid to the presence of glands, thorns, and thorns on the shoots. Spikes are outgrowths of the epidermis (lignified glands and hairs).

Thorns are found predominantly in different types of roses. The spines are a modification of the shoot, (thorns of hawthorn, sucker, sea buckthorn, pear); leaf metamorphosis are: barberry spines, which are simple, two-, three- and five-parted; metamorphosis of stipules - yellow and white acacia). Warts on the stem are outgrowths of the epidermis (birch, euonymus). The outgrowths of the epidermis include aromatic glands in blackcurrant, they give it a peculiar smell, have a golden color and are concentrated on shoots near the buds and on the scales of the buds. Outgrowths of the epidermis are cork outgrowths (in such breeds as: European euonymus, winged, etc.).

References

1. S.A. Veretennikov. "Introduction of preschoolers to nature"; Moscow "Enlightenment", 1973.

2. L.A. Kamneva, A.K. Matveeva, L.M. Mantsev. "How to introduce preschoolers to nature"; Moscow "Enlightenment", 1983.

3. L.M. Mantseva, P.G. Samorukova "The world of nature and the child"; St. Petersburg "Childhood-press", 2000

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