Reserved places of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Interactive map of reserves in the Krasnoyarsk Territory Protected areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
Over the past 4 centuries, more than 150 species of animals have become extinct on the planet, half of which have disappeared in the last 50 years. Every year there are fewer and fewer corners of nature that are not touched by mankind. Every year the Red Book, its lists, are replenished with new animals and plants.
Russia is the only country in the world where the reserve is not only a territory protected by the state, but also a scientific institution.
The goals of state natural reserves are the preservation and study of natural phenomena and processes, the protection of certain species of flora and fauna.
7 large reserves have been formed, with their own goals, features, flora and fauna, sometimes inherent only to them.
It is the largest reserve not only in Russia itself, but also in Eurasia as a whole. It is located on the Taimyr Peninsula and on the islands of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug. It was created to protect birds during migration in the North Atlantic direction. Its total area is 4169222 hectares, together with the sea area.
In the reserve you can find 16 species of mammals, 4 of which are marine. There are such species of waterfowl as the small swan, four varieties of ducks and geese. About 80% of all black geese, and in particular, their molting and nesting places, are taken under protection here. Their main concentrations are on the islands of the Kara Sea, both in colonies and in pairs.
State Biosphere Reserve "Sayanno-Shushensky".
This reserve is located in the center of the Western Sayan, in the vastness of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, and more precisely in the Shushensky and Ermakovsky districts. The main purpose of the reserve is to protect the sable, which is the most valuable fur-bearing animal. Another feature of the reserve can be considered the study of the influence of the Sayano-Shushenskoye reservoir on ecosystems.
It is located south of the Taimyr Peninsula and has an area of over 250 thousand square kilometers. In the open spaces of the reserve, you can see such rare plants as the spotted slipper, Asian bathing suit, motley poppy, holly, long-horned dandelion, etc. The Puttorana plateau is home to large breeding grounds for the gyrfalcon and white-tailed eagle in Siberia. Putorana snow sheep live in the center of the plateau. Also here you can meet a lot of wolves, wolverines and bears, whose role in local biocenoses is very large.
Reserve Stolby.
Not far from the southwestern border of the Krasnoyarsk Reserve, on the banks of the Yenisei, is the Stolby Reserve. Its area is 47154 hectares. It was organized to protect the beautiful rocky massif Stolby. Its flora is diverse and includes about 750 vascular plants and over 250 species of mosses. Also on the territory of the reserve there are over 291 species of vertebrates. A huge number of plants presented here are inscribed in the Red Book of Russia. The main attraction is the rocks, some of which are open to everyone, and some are located in the depths of the reserve. In the Bazaikha Valley, adjacent to the city, there are a number of slopes for skiers.
It is located in the northern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the Taimyr Peninsula. With an area of 1781928 hectares, it includes 4 parts, and a branch in the Laptev Sea, with an area of 37018 hectares. The status of a biosphere reserve was awarded to it by UNESCO in 1995. In the reserve you can find 432 species of vascular plants, 220 varieties of mosses and 266 different lichens. The fauna of the reserve, which is quite rare, is small, and includes only 23 species. Despite this, 3 of them are specially protected mammals. Lemmings are among them. The most common predator of the reserve can be considered such an animal as the arctic fox.
In the Tunguska depression, there is another important reserve of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, which has a swampy area. The main part of the fauna is taiga species. There are more than 30 different species of fish in the reserve and adjacent territories. The wolverine and the brown bear make up the majority of the predators in this area. In the river valleys it is possible to meet a fox. You can also meet here 3 species of ungulates. 
This reserve extends on the western part of the plateau of Central Siberia, as well as in the Yenisei valley and a small part of Podkamennaya Tunguska. The main purpose of the construction of the reserve is to study and preserve the water and terrestrial natural places of the middle taiga Siberia. Its area is located on 972017 hectares. The fauna of the reserve includes 34 species of freshwater fish. 
- Introduction
- 2.5 Putorana Reserve
- 2.7 Tunguska Reserve
- 2.9 Ergaki Nature Park
Introduction
Since 1600, about 150 animal species have become extinct on our planet, more than half of them in the last 50 years. In the 20th century, it became obvious that it was necessary to take special measures to save the animal and plant world. No one needs to prove how devastatingly modern man is able to influence wildlife. There are fewer and fewer untouched corners of nature. Every year, the Red Book is replenished with endangered representatives of the animal and plant world.
The reserve is a form of protected areas specific to the USSR / Russia, which practically has no analogues in the world, only in Russia the reserve is not only a protected area, but also a scientific institution. The formation and operation of state nature reserves are regulated by Section 2 of the Federal Law on SPNT, according to which (Art. 1, 2) "on the territory of state nature reserves, specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna) are completely withdrawn from economic use world), having environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as samples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places of conservation of the genetic fund of flora and fauna.
State natural reserves are nature protection, research and environmental education institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems. Land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna located in the territories of state natural reserves are provided for use (possession) by state natural reserves on the rights provided for by federal laws.
In this paper, we consider the main protected areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the features of their situation.
1. Specially protected natural areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
For the protection of wild animals, protected areas are created - nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks. Here, animals are protected by law.
Reserves (reserves) are one of the most effective forms of preserving landscapes intact - these are areas of land or water spaces where any human activity is prohibited. In the reserve, all natural objects are subject to protection, ranging from rocks, reservoirs, soil and ending with representatives of the animal and plant world.
Reserves serve as a kind of standards of wildlife, and also allow you to present in its original form its unique phenomena or rare species of animals and plants.
Reserves play a huge role in saving nature, including rare animals. They also act as scientific centers for the study of nature. They develop methods for the conservation, restoration and rational use of valuable game animals (sable, beaver, deer, elk).
State natural reserves are areas of particular importance for the conservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance. By status, they are divided into reserves of federal and regional significance;
complex (landscape), designed to preserve and restore natural complexes (natural landscapes);
biological (zoological, botanical), intended for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, as well as valuable species in economic, scientific and cultural terms;
paleontological, intended for the conservation of fossil objects;
hydrological (swamp, lake, river, marine), designed to preserve and restore valuable water bodies and ecological systems, and geological.
To save the fauna, in addition to reserves and reserves, national (or natural) parks are created, which, unlike the reserve, open part of its territory to tourists and vacationers, but the park has completely protected areas.
The Krasnoyarsk Territory is a huge territory located in the East Siberian region of Russia. The geographical position of our region can be called unique in many respects. On its territory is located the geographical center of Russia - Lake Vivi, located in Evenkia. The location of the center of Russia is approved by the Federal Service for Geodesy and Cartography of Russia. The northernmost point of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - Cape Chelyuskin - is the extreme polar tip of Eurasia and the northernmost point of Russia and the continental parts of the planet.
There are six reserves on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, three of them are biospheric, i.e. work under a special program of the United Nations; these are the Sayano-Shushensky and Central Siberian and Taimyr reserves; State reserves are also: Stolby and Putoransky. The most modern reserve is the Great Arctic.
In total, seven reserves have been created in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Table 1), as well as the national park "Shushensky Bor", the natural park "Ergaki".
In total, three state nature reserves of federal significance and 27 state nature reserves of regional significance have been created in the region. It is planned to create another 39 state nature reserves.
On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, 51 objects have the status of a natural monument of regional significance.
Table 1 - State natural reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
2. Reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
2.1 Stolby State Nature Reserve
Target. Preservation of unique geological formations and natural complexes around them. The most valuable and famous natural complexes are around picturesque rock formations - syenite remnants - "pillars" that gave the name to the reserve, as well as karsts and caves.
Currently, its area is 47154 hectares.
The reserve is located on the right bank of the Yenisei, on the northwestern spurs of the Eastern Sayan, bordering on the Central Siberian Plateau. The natural boundaries of the protected area are the right tributaries of the Yenisei River: in the northeast - the Bazaikha River, in the south and southwest - the Mana and Bolshaya Slizneva rivers. From the northeast, the territory borders on the suburbs of Krasnoyarsk
A tourist-excursion area has been allocated on the territory of the reserve to meet the recreational needs of residents of Krasnoyarsk and guests of the city, for which a special regime has been established by the regulation on the reserve.
The vegetation of the reserve is diverse. On the northern outskirts of the reserve, steppe vegetation is replaced by forest. At the northern borders of the reserve, in a very small area, several specimens of the Siberian linden - the pride of "Pillars" - have been preserved. Fir and cedar also grow in the reserve. Cedar is a precious tree of the Siberian taiga, but, unfortunately, it is weakly renewed. Heavy pine nuts are not carried by the wind, but fall from ripe cones right there, under the tree, but, falling on a thick moss cover, they, as a rule, cannot germinate without outside help. Such an assistant to the cedar is a bird - the Siberian nutcracker. During the ripening period of nuts, she, having knocked down a cone, flies with it to a log or stump, peels the seeds and, with a goiter filled with nuts, flies to hide them. The nutcracker prefers to hide its reserves in places with a shallow snow cover, which is quickly freed from it in the spring. Thus, the nutcracker helps the cedar to spread throughout the territory of the reserve.
The Stolby reserve is located at the junction of three botanical and geographical regions: the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe, the mountain taiga of the Eastern Sayan Mountains and the subtaiga of the Central Siberian Plateau. The flora of the reserve includes 1037 species of higher vascular plants, of which 260 species are bryophytes, more than 150 species are classified as specially protected.
22 species of fish, 130 species of birds and 45 species of mammals have been recorded on the territory of the reserve. The precious predator of the taiga is the sable. By the time the reserve was organized, it was completely exterminated in these places, but in the 60s it again became an ordinary inhabitant of the reserved taiga. The reserve is very rich in wild ungulates. Maral and musk deer find exceptionally favorable conditions here. The bird kingdom in the reserve is represented by such birds as hazel grouse, capercaillie, three-toed woodpecker, nutcracker, deaf cuckoo, warbler, blackbirds, bluetail, Far Eastern and blue nightingales, starling, small and white-backed woodpecker, white-capped bunting, lentil, chaffinch. Of the fish in the reserve, there are whitefish, grayling, chebak, dace, spike, perch, pike, burbot, crucian carp and others.
In addition to flora and fauna, the reserve is famous for its rocks. Pillars are the pride of Krasnoyarsk. Almost all the rocks of the reserve have names - outlines resembling birds, animals and people, which is reflected in the names: Sparrows, Berkut, Musk Deer, Grandfather, Monk. The height of the rocks, which form 80 groups, reaches 104 m in some places. Some individual stones and fragments (parts) of rocks are also named. Rocks can be single or form groups. A rock mass always has several named individual peaks.
The rock called "Feathers" is the 4th majestic forty-meter sheer stone slabs, adjacent to each other. Each slab, pointed at the top, resembles the feathers of a gigantic bird. On the western side, the rock is a fairly flat sheer wall. At a height of 15-20 meters, a horizontal gap formed. When tourists climb into it and their heads stick out like teeth, the gap becomes like the mouth of a predatory animal, hence the name Lion's Mouth.
Fifteen meters from the Feathers stands a low rock. It resembles a large lion's head. On the western side there are two colossal stone pedestals covered with a huge monolithic stone. When you look at them, it seems that the stone, under the influence of its own weight, is about to push the rocks apart and collapse to the ground. This rock was called the Lion's Gate. It is easy to climb to the top of the Lion's Gate. Slots, ledges and gently sloping slabs are freely overcome.
Five hundred meters from Feathers, across the log, rises a massive cliff "Grandfather" - an amazing work of nature. If you look down on the pillar, you can see the head of a courageous and stern, thoughtful old man with an open forehead, on which a cap is pulled down. A straight nose and a beard lowered to the chest enhance the impression. On the opposite side, the rock looks like a laughing grandfather.
2.2 Sayano-Shushensky State Natural Biosphere Reserve
The Sayano-Shushensky Reserve was founded in 1976 in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the central part of the Western Sayan to replace the former Sayan Reserve. The history of the creation of the reserve is connected with the need to preserve the sable as the most valuable fur-bearing animal.
In the 1970s, the rapid development of industry (the Sayan TIC, combining the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP and a number of factories) and the growth of the population, and hence the number of settlements, became an environmental shock for the region. Therefore, in one of the few corners of Siberia, where human influence has so far hardly affected, it was decided to create a reserve. And nine years later, in 1985, the reserve, by decision of UNESCO, was included in the international network of biosphere reserves. The area of the reserve is 3904 km2.
Target. Preservation and study of typical and unique natural complexes, landscape and biological diversity of the central part of the Western Sayan, located in the zone of contact between the boreal forests of Siberia and the dry steppe and semi-desert plateaus of Central Asia.
This area is the only one in Russia where you can save the snow leopard, Siberian ibex, golden eagle, osprey, as well as populations of plants listed in the Red Book.
The impact of the Sayano-Shushenskoye reservoir on natural ecosystems is also being studied in the reserve.
Since the reserve is located at the point where the Siberian taiga and the Central Asian steppe meet, and the relief is mountainous (the highest point is 2735 m), the vegetation is very diverse: from the venus slipper, listed in the Red Book, to huge deciduous and cedar forests. The flora of the reserve has more than 1000 species of only higher plants. The vegetation of the forest, forest-steppe, steppe, subalpine belts is represented here. Among herbaceous plants there are many relict ones: Krylov's bedstraw, Altai anemone, Siberian bluegrass, Siberian princess, Siberian kandyk, Sayan beauty flower. Of particular value are Siberian burena, leafless brow brow and Rhodiola rosea. Among the trees, the Siberian cedar is of particular value in the protected taiga. Siberian larch and, to a lesser extent, Siberian fir, spruce, pine, birch, and aspen also grow in the reserve.
The fauna of the Sayano-Shushensky Reserve includes more than 50 species of mammals, 300 species of birds, 18 species of fish, 5 species of reptiles and 2 species of amphibians. Of these, about 100 species are rare, endangered and included in the Red Book.
The fauna of the reserve is diverse. So, next to the wise reindeer and partridges, you can also meet the unusual Altai snowcock, agile Siberian mountain goat, agile hamster, snow leopard, as well as sable, brown bear, musk deer, which are characteristic of the Siberian taiga.
The main representative of the bird kingdom of the reserve is the thrush. Within the region there are two subspecies - black-throated and red-throated. Not uncommon for the reserve and bluetail, and nightingale rubythroat.
Under the control of the reserve's security service is also the biospheric polygon "Sedye Sayany" with a total area of 218.8 thousand hectares, created by a decree of the administration of the Ermakovsky district in 2000.
2.3 Taimyr State Natural Biosphere Reserve
The Taimyrsky State Reserve was established in 1979, and in 1995 it was given the status of a biosphere reserve. It is an environmental, research and environmental education institution. This is one of the largest reserves in Russia, located in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the Taimyr Peninsula - the most northerly mainland in the world. Therefore, the organizers of the reserve sought to cover the greatest variety of zonal natural landscapes - arctic, typical and southern tundra, as well as forest tundra.
The territory of the reserve is a reference area of the earth's surface, which represents almost all natural zones of Taimyr: arctic ("Arctic Branch"), typical ("Main Territory"), southern (section "Ary-Mas") tundra and forest tundra (section "Lukunsky "), as well as the unique mountain tundra ridge. Byrranga (Table 1).
Reserve "Taimyrsky" is the most visited reserve in Russia. Every year, thousands of scientists from all over the world, ecologists, tourists and fishers visit East Taimyr. Most of all they are attracted by the excavations of the fossil mammoth and the population of the musk ox. Also, the center of the reserve, the village of Khatanga, is used as a springboard to reach the North Pole.
Table 1 - Reference sites of the reserve "Taimyrsky"
430 species of higher plants, 222 species of mosses and 265 species of lichens grow on the territory of the reserve. One of the most common lichens in the tundra zone is cladonia (reindeer moss or reindeer moss). Reindeer moss occupies vast polar territories, but is often found in dry forests located much south of the tundra. Among the plants growing on the territory of the reserve, there are those that are listed in the Red Book, Arctic-Siberian wormwood, leguminous sedge, hardish sedge, Pole and Taimyr grains, oblique sedge, Gorodkovaya and Byrrangskaya scurf, woolly stamen mytnik, Rhodiola rosea.
Countless lakes and small reservoirs cover the tundra, located on permafrost, with stagnant moisture. The thickness of the permafrost is up to 500 meters. In Ary-Mas, the southernmost part of one of the three sections of the reserve, one can observe the northernmost larches. The trees here for several centuries barely reach the height of human growth.
We will start our acquaintance with the fauna of the Taimyr Reserve with one of the smallest, but very important inhabitants of the reserve - the lemming (Siberian and hoofed). The hoofed lemming got its name due to the fact that in winter, on the front paws, two middle claws grow and resemble a hoof. The next representative of the fauna of the reserve is the reindeer. The population of reindeer in Taimyr is the largest in the world.
In the status of a protected zone under the control of the reserve is the reserve of the district subordination "Bikada". The area of the reserve is 937,760 ha; this is a separate cluster that does not come into contact with the territory of the reserve. On its territory, employees of the Research Institute of Agriculture of the Far North are conducting an international program for the reacclimatization of the North American musk ox. Musk oxen have been preserved since prehistoric times: they lived at the same time as mammoths, but unlike the latter, they continue to live to this day. The musk ox was brought to Taimyr in 1974 from the Arctic regions of Canada and the USA. Currently, he "mastered" a very significant territory.
White hares in the reserve coexist with such common polar predators as arctic fox and wolf. Polar wolves are especially numerous in the Taimyr Reserve. This is due to the fact that the region has the largest Taimyr population of reindeer, which are the main prey of these predatory animals. Of the mustelids, the ermine and the wolverine live in the reserve. Of the marine mammals, the beluga whale, ringed seal and walrus live here. In the Taimyr Reserve, there are 116 species of birds belonging to 9 orders. Near-water and waterfowl nest here in greater numbers than anywhere else in other tundra areas of the earth. Comb eider, black-throated and white-billed loons, tundra swans, goose goose nest. Of the rare species of birds, there are lesser swan, red-throated goose, white-tailed eagle, golden eagle, gyrfalcon, peregrine falcon.
2.4 Central Siberian State Natural Biosphere Reserve
The reserve was established in 1985. The reserve is located in the Turukhansky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory on an area of 424.9 thousand hectares and in the Baikitsky district of the Evenki municipal district on an area of 595.0 thousand hectares. The total area of the protected area is 1019.9 thousand hectares. The reserve is located on the territory, including the middle course of the river. Yenisei between the river. Podkamennaya Tunguska and Bakhta, the Yenisei parts of the West Siberian Plain and the Tunguska-Bakhtinsky trap plateau of the Central Siberian Plateau.
The main goal of organizing the reserve is the preservation and study of various terrestrial and aquatic natural complexes of the middle taiga Siberia in its central part, the landscapes of the floodplain and the Yenisei valley, the river itself and its tributaries. The section of the Yenisei within the reserve is of great value as a spawning area for many valuable commercial fish species, as well as a wintering area for sturgeon and sterlet. This is the only reserve in Russia where both banks of one of the great rivers of Eurasia are protected at a great distance (60 km). Its floodplain is swampy, has many oxbow lakes. The river network consists of tributaries of the Yenisei and Podkamennaya Tunguska.
"Central-Siberian" is the first nature reserve in Russia, which was originally designed as a biosphere reserve, with a pre-planned biosphere test site. All other biosphere reserves were transformed from previously established ordinary state reserves. In January 1987, UNESCO included it in the international network of biosphere reserves.
The reserve is characterized by mid-taiga vegetation. Of the plants listed in the Red Book, the following are characteristic: large-flowered slipper, real and bulbous calypso.
Of the representatives of the avifauna, the black stork, peregrine falcon, osprey, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle and gyrfalcon are listed in the Red Book. The section of the Yenisei within the reserve is of great value as a spawning area for many valuable commercial fish species, as well as a wintering area for sturgeon and sterlet.
The State Nature Reserve "Central Siberian" is in charge of the state ecological and ethnographic reserve of federal significance "Eloguysky". Ethno-ecological research is being carried out at the biospheric range of the reserve, where special attention is paid to the small people of the North - the Kets. Turukhansk Kets are the last representatives of the ancient paleo-asian tribes who settled on the banks of the tributaries Yenisei. They once lived in south, in Minusinsk basin, as well as on the territory of modern Khakassia. The Ket names of rivers and mountains have survived there to this day. Then the Kets were gradually pushed to the north, populated the southern part Turukhansk region, in the 17th century advanced to Lower Tunguska, later - until Kureika river. The origin of the Kets has not been fully elucidated. Linguists pay attention to the similarity of the Ket language with separate isolated language groups: for example, a number of languages Caucasian highlanders, Spanish Basques and North American Indians. Some see in the Kets the descendants of the ancient Tibetan the population from which they descended North American Indians - Athabaskans. Kets are of great interest for science due to their isolated linguistic position and features of anthropological data. A large collection of objects of the Ket culture is located in the local history museum of Yeniseisk.
2.5 Putorana Reserve
The reserve was founded in 1988 to protect unique mountain-lake-taiga landscapes and rare species of flora and fauna. The Putorana Reserve is located in the north of Central Siberia, on the territory of the Dudinsky and Khatanga regions of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug and the Ilimsky District of the Evenk Autonomous Okrug: its main part, the Putorana Plateau, lies south of the Taimyr Peninsula and occupies most of the rectangle between the Yenisei, Kheta, Kotui and Lower Tunguska (650 km from north to south and from west to east). This is the most extreme nature reserve in Russia. The total area of the reserve is 1887, 3 thousand hectares.
The purpose of establishing the Putoransky State Nature Reserve is to preserve the most unique mountain biocenoses of the north of Central Siberia, a peculiar flora and rare animal species, restore the historical range of the Putoransky subspecies of the bighorn sheep, as well as protect the world's largest Taimyr population of wild reindeer.
As a result of the movement of glaciers, the Putorana Plateau is dissected by long flat-bottomed canyons, the height of the walls of which reaches several hundred meters, and by narrow lakes, the deepest in Russia after Baikal (Khantayskoye Lake - up to 520 m in depth); mountain rivers are rapids, the height of some waterfalls reaches 100 m. The highest density of waterfalls per unit area on the planet is noted on the territory of the reserve.
Of the historical and cultural objects, the remains of the attributes of shamanism on the ancient temples of the Tungus (Evenks) and Dolgan chapels more than a century old are of the greatest interest. On the territory of the Putorana Reserve there are the most unique outcrops of columnar basalts (natural mineralogical open-air museums).
The landscape is dominated by mountain tundra and woodlands. Numerous rivers and lakes. In total, there are 381 species of plants, 35 species of mammals, 140 species of birds on the territory of the reserve.
The plateau is the only habitat for one of the largest little-studied mammals on the planet - bighorn sheep (bighorn). The protection of the lesser white-fronted goose is of international importance. It is Russia that bears a significant share of the responsibility for the conservation of this species of geese.
In 2003, the Putorana Plateau was classified as a UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site. There are very few tourists here due to the high cost and increased complexity of the routes. Directly to the border of the reserve, an excursion boat route along the lake. Lama.
In the buffer (protection) zone, together with the Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture of the Far North with the active financial support of the Polar Branch of the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Complex, Norilskgazprom and a number of other organizations, the reserve built a background monitoring station - biostationaries "Keta" (Lake Keta) and "Mikchanda" (Lake . Lama) for a comprehensive study of the unique biocenoses of the plateau. Since 2007, work has been carried out under the Global Environment Facility (GEF) grant: "Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity on the territory of the Taimyr Peninsula, Russia: maintaining the interconnection of landscapes."
2.6 Large Arctic State Nature Reserve
The Great Arctic nature reserve, the largest in Russia and Eurasia and the third largest in the world (4,169,222 hectares, including 1 million - the water area of the Arctic seas), was established in 1993. It is located on the Taimyr Peninsula and on the islands of the Arctic Ocean. Its shores are washed by the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. This is the largest nature reserve in Russia.
The purpose of the reserve is to preserve and study in its natural state the unique Arctic ecosystems, rare and endangered species of plants and animals of the northern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula and adjacent islands. On the islands of Severnaya Zemlya there are "maternity hospitals" of Taimyr polar bears, in the coastal tundra, herds of wild reindeer flee from the midges. Preserve the nesting sites of birds that migrate along the North Atlantic: the black goose, sandpiper, etc. - and have the opportunity to study the unique Arctic ecosystems in their natural state.
A significant part of the reserve is practically not visited by humans, but recently routes (rafting, fishing, ethnographic tours) have been developed that will allow tourists to get to know the Arctic nature better.
The Great Arctic Reserve consists of seven cluster sites (Table 2) and two reserves: the Severozemelsky state nature reserve of federal significance, located within the boundaries of the reserve, and the Brekhov Islands state nature reserve of regional significance.
The main type of tundra vegetation is lichens. They endure the harsh conditions of the Arctic, painting the tundra in various colors from bright yellow to black. Since the conditions of this northern region are not easy, it is impossible for a number of higher plants to bloom annually. In this regard, there are no bulbous plants and almost no annuals. Of the shrubs, the most prominent representative is the polar willow. Herbaceous plants are represented by sedges, cotton grasses, cereals, a significant role in the vegetation of the reserve is played by the dryad, or partridge grass, various types of saxifrage, various polar poppies, forget-me-not.
Table 2 - Cluster sections of the Bolshoy Arktichesky gas processing plant
The bird fauna of the Great Arctic Reserve includes 124 species, 16 of which are listed in the Red Book. Typical inhabitants of the tundra are the white owl and the tundra partridge. In the reserve there are rare species of gulls: pink, fork-tailed and white.
The pink gull is a rare, little-studied species listed in the Red Book. Only one nesting colony of these birds out of 45-50 pairs is known in Eastern Taimyr. The white gull is a rare Arctic species listed in the Red Book. Breeds on the islands of the Kara Sea. It does not nest on the mainland, but regularly flies to the Arctic coast of Taimyr. Of the gulls, the herring gull, glaucous gull and arctic tern are also the most widespread. But one of the main objects of protection are waterfowl. Four species of geese, a small swan (a rare species included in the Red Book) and four species of ducks nest here. Among the birds there are also predators: peregrine falcon, rough-legged buzzard gyrfalcon and merlin.
If you go for a walk in the reserve at night, you can hear the calls of the red-throated, black-throated or white-billed diver. Also in the reserve you can meet long-tailed, middle and short-tailed skua, snowy and short-eared owl, sparrows (the largest order of birds in the reserve - 41 species), horned lark, red-throated pipit, white wagtail. And, finally, one of the representatives of the bird kingdom of the reserve is the snow bunting, which is rightly considered a symbol of the Arctic spring. Sometimes this herald of spring arrives even in March, although mostly at the beginning, or even in the middle of May.
Among the mammals of the reserve, one can note such animals as lemmings (Siberian and ungulates), arctic fox, hairy buzzard, skua, wild reindeer (a unique island population of these animals lives on Sibiryakov Island), polar bear (listed in the Red Book) and seals.
In the water area - the habitats of the polar bear, walrus, bearded seal, ringed seal, beluga whale. On the coast of the ocean and in river deltas, places of mass nesting and molting of white-fronted goose, black and red-breasted goose, ducks and waders are taken under protection.
The territory of the reserve also includes historical and cultural monuments associated with the names of polar exploration - A.F. Middendorf, F. Nansen, V.A. Rusanova, E.V. Tollya, A.V. Kolchak, etc.
2.7 Tunguska Reserve
The Tunguska Nature Reserve is located at the site of the fall of the Tunguska meteorite. The reserve is located in the Evenki municipal district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The total area of the reserve is 296562 hectares.
The purpose of the creation of the reserve is to study the unique natural complexes of Evenkia and the consequences of the influence of the global cosmic-ecological catastrophe.
The reserve is a conservation, research and environmental education institution. It was created to study the consequences of a meteorite fall. The highest peak of the reserve is located on the spurs of the Lakursky ridge - 533 m above sea level. The second highest peak - Mount Farrington - is located near the site of the Tunguska phenomenon.
The territory of the reserve is a typical region of the northern East Siberian taiga, practically not subjected to local anthropogenic influences, with its characteristic landscapes and biocenoses, however, the territory of the reserve is unique, as it keeps the imprints of the mysterious "Tunguska catastrophe" on June 30, 1908. On this day, in the interfluve of the Podkamennaya Tunguska and its right tributary Chuni (Southern Evenkia), 70 km north-west of the village of Vanavara, a super-powerful (10-40 megatons) explosion of a space object of unidentified nature, known as the Tunguska meteorite, occurred.
Larch and pine forests are common here. As a result of the fall of the alleged meteorite, the taiga over an area of more than 2 km was knocked down and burned, but over the past century it has completely recovered. Evenki taiga to this day keeps the secret of one of the wonders of our century, called the Tunguska meteorite. In the animal world, elk, bear, sable, wood grouse are common, there are badger, lynx. About 30 species of fish live in Podkamennaya Tunguska, most of which are valuable species.
Along the boundaries of the reserve, a protective zone 2 km wide has been formed, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is 20,241 hectares. The buffer zone is entrusted with such tasks as improving the living conditions of protected animals of the reserve, carrying out measures to protect and restore valuable wild and rare plant species growing in protected areas, creating demonstration sites, showcases, stands and other forms of promoting the activities of reserves for the purpose of environmental education.
The echo of the Tunguska catastrophe sounded all over the globe. In a vast area bounded from the east Yenisei, from the south by a line Tashkent - Stavropol - Sevastopol - northern Italy - Bordeaux, with west- west coast Atlantic Ocean the night is gone. For 3 days, from June 3 to July 2, 1908, there were bright nights here, reminiscent of white nights in the northern regions of Europe. It was possible to read a newspaper text, to read the readings of a clock or a compass, while the main illumination came from extremely bright clouds located at an altitude of about 80 km. A huge field of these clouds hovered over the expanses of Western Siberia and Europe, in addition, other anomalous optical phenomena were observed in this territory - bright "motley" dawns, halos and crowns around the sun, and in some places - a decrease in the transparency of the atmosphere, which reached California in August and is explained by , apparently, by the dusting of the atmosphere by the products of the Tunguska explosion. There is reason to believe that the fall of the Tunguska meteorite even affected the Southern Hemisphere: in any case, it was on this day in Antarctica that an aurora of unusual shape and power was observed, described by members of Shackleton's English Antarctic expedition.
The nature of the Tunguska phenomenon remains unclear to date, which is of exceptional interest to the only region on the globe that makes it possible to directly study the environmental consequences of space disasters. Studies of the consequences of the explosion of a cosmic body of unknown nature were started in the mid-twenties of the twentieth century by the expeditions of L.A. Kulik, who first described the consequences of the explosion, and continued by scientists from Tomsk (Complex Amateur Expedition) under the leadership of Academician N.V. Vasiliev and Doctor of Biological Sciences G.F. Plekhanov, expeditions of the RAS Committee on Meteorites, many prominent domestic and foreign scientists. Monitoring of post-catastrophic changes is carried out at the present time. The following historical and cultural objects are located on the territory of the reserve:
expeditionary base for the study of the "Tunguska meteorite", better known as "Kulik's Zaimka" or "Kulik's Hut";
expeditionary base for the study of the Tunguska meteorite - a monument of history and culture of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
According to the existing Regulations on the reserves of Russia, tourism is prohibited in them. In the Tunguska Reserve, due to the uniqueness of the event, limited tourist activities are allowed as an exception for the purpose of environmental education of the population, acquaintance with the beautiful natural objects of the reserve, the site of the fall of the Tunguska meteorite. There are three environmental education routes. Two of them are water, along the picturesque rivers Kimchu and Khushma, the third is on foot along the "Kulik path" - the famous route of the discoverer of the site of the Tunguska meteorite disaster. A lot of explanatory work is carried out on routes with tourists.
2.8 Shushensky Bor National Park
Shushensky Bor National Park was founded in 1995. The national park is located in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the lands of the Shushensky district, at the junction of two large geomorphological systems - the Minusinsk foothill basin and the Western Sayan mountain system, almost in the very center of the Asian continent. The territory of the national park consists of two separate areas of 4.4 thousand hectares and 34.8 thousand hectares, all lands are owned by the national park.
The organization of the national park in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory was caused by the need to find a compromise between the protection of the unique nature of the region, human economic activity and recreational nature management. "Shushensky Bor" was formed in order to preserve unique, not significantly changed natural ecosystems, representing a wide range of latitudinal zoning - from alpine meadows to forest-steppe and steppe - and having scientific, educational and recreational value.
The northern part of the park is represented by a flat forest-meadow-steppe landscape. The forests here are dominated by pine. The southern part of the territory includes mountain-taiga landscapes, where vertical zonality is pronounced. In the foothill part there is a belt of coniferous and mixed forests, represented by aspen, pine, and sometimes cedar. Above is a belt of black taiga with a predominance of fir. Even higher is the belt of dark coniferous taiga. The tops of the ridges are occupied by subalpine meadows.
The ecosystems of the black taiga are of particular interest from the point of view of protection, as they are relic communities. The list of rare and endangered plant species in the Shushensky district includes 27 species, including spring adonis, Siberian brunner, Altai anemone, Pallas primrose, Maryin root peony, and male shieldwort.
The richness of the wildlife of the park is associated with the diversity of the natural conditions of the territory and the complex history of the formation of the fauna.
2.9 Ergaki Nature Park
Ergaki is the name of a natural park located in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The park was named after the ridge of the same name, which by the 1990s had become very popular among tourists, artists, and the local population. In addition to the Ergaki ridge, the park covers partly or completely the Kulumys, Oisky, Aradansky, Metugul-Taiga, Kedransky mountain ranges. The basins of the largest rivers in the park are Us, Kebezh, Oya, Taigish, Kazyrsuk.
Ergaki is a mountain junction, a ridge in the Western Sayan. It is located at the head of the Bolshoy Kebezh, Bolshoy Klyuch, Taigish, Verkhnyaya Buiba, Srednyaya Buiba and Nizhnyaya Buiba rivers.
Bibliography
1. Baranov, A.A. Specially protected animals of the Yenisei Siberia. Birds and mammals: textbook. - method. allowance / A.A. Baranov. - Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house of KSPU named after V.P. Astafieva, 2004. - 264 p.
2. Baranov, A.A. Specially protected natural territories of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: textbook. - method. Allowance / A.A. Baranov, S.V. Kozheko. - Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house of KSPU named after V.P. Astafieva, 2004. - 240 p.
3. Vladyshevsky, D.V. Ecology and we: textbook. allowance / D.V. Vladyshevsky. - Krasnoyarsk: State Publishing House. un-ta, 1994. - 214 p.
4. Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. - Krasnoyarsk: State Publishing House. un-ta, 2004. - 246 p.
5. Nature and ecology of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: the program of the school course. - Krasnoyarsk, 2000.
6. Savchenko, A.P. Appendix to the Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. / A.P. Savchenko, V.N. Lopatin, A.N. Zyryanov, M.N. Smirnov and others - Krasnoyarsk: Ed. Center of KrasSU, 2004. - 147 p.
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The Great Arctic Reserve has a total area of 4,169,222 ha, including 980,934 ha of marine waters. Due to its cluster structure, it covers an area of 1000 km from west to east and 500 km from north to south. The reserve consists of seven sections (they, in turn, include 34 separate clusters): Dixon-Sibiryakovsky, the islands of the Kara Sea, Pyasinsky, Middendorf Bay, the Nordensheld archipelago, lower Taimyr, the Chelyuskin Peninsula. The reserve is subordinated to the federal reserve "Severozemelsky" with an area of 421,701 hectares and the reserve of regional significance "Brekhovskie Islands" with an area of 288,487 hectares.
Of the representatives of the flora of higher plants, 162 species belonging to 28 families were noted in the reserve. According to the number of species, cereals, cabbage, cloves, saxifrage and sedge are distinguished. Among the flowering plants, a colorful, brightly flowering species stands out - the cushion poppy. 15 species of fungi have been identified, lichens are widely distributed here - 70 species.
A comparison of the flora indicates that an important botanical-geographical boundary between the western and eastern Siberian flora passes between Sibiryakov Island and Meduza Bay. This is one of the manifestations of the Yenisei biogeographic boundary - the largest meridional boundary of this kind in the Palearctic.
There are 16 species of mammals in the reserve (wolves, arctic foxes, polar bears, wolverines, musk oxen, reindeer, lemmings, etc.), of which 4 species are marine animals (walruses, beluga whales, etc.).
Waterfowl are one of the main objects of protection in the reserve. Four species of geese, a small swan and four species of ducks nest here. The Great Arctic Reserve took under protection the nesting and molting sites of 80% of all black geese of the nominative subspecies wintering in Western Europe. In the lower reaches of the Lower Taimyr River, there are the largest molting aggregations of the non-breeding part of the population of this subspecies, numbering up to 50,000 birds in the early 1990s. The main breeding concentrations of the black goose are located on the islands of the Kara Sea, where they nest in scattered colonies and single pairs.
State Natural Biosphere Reserve "Sayano-Shushensky" is located in the center of the Western Sayan and the Altai-Sayan mountainous country, on the territory of the Shushensky and Ermakovsky districts of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The history of the creation of the reserve is connected with the need to preserve the sable as the most valuable fur-bearing animal. The impact of the Sayano-Shushenskoye reservoir on natural ecosystems is also being studied in the reserve. During the existence of the reserve, its area has increased twice and now it is 390,368 hectares. The reserve has a Museum of Nature.
Putoransky State Nature Reserve.
The Putorana Plateau lies to the south of the Taimyr Peninsula, occupying most of the vast rectangle formed by the Yenisei, Kheta, Kotui and Nizhnyaya Tunguska rivers and stretching for about 650 km both from north to south and from west to east. The area of the plateau is more than 250 thousand square meters. km.
The preliminary list of higher plants of the reserve includes 398 species (61% of the flora of the plateau). On the territory of the reserve there are rare plant species: Rhodiola rosea, spotted slipper, white-haired poppy, Asian bathing suit; Putorana endemics - Sambuca grains, late marigold, motley poppy and Putoran holly; endemic of the Putorana and Byrranga mountains - eared fescue; endemics of the north of Siberia - long-nosed rush, Taimyr ostrich and long-horned dandelion.
In faunistic terms, the Putorana mountain system is less clearly separated from the surrounding plains than it is floristically. Only one subspecies belongs to the endemics of this country - the Putorana snow sheep. In general, the fauna of terrestrial vertebrates is characterized by a combination of tundra, taiga, and widespread mountain species. The Putorana Plateau is the northern limit of distribution in Central Siberia of the column, sable, lynx, elk, northern pika, flying squirrel, squirrel, forest lemming, goshawk, common and stone capercaillie, hazel grouse, common and deaf cuckoo, hawk owl, bearded and long-tailed owl, woodpeckers , many species of waders and passerines. Putorana is the main breeding area for the gyrfalcon and white-tailed eagle in the north of Central Siberia. In the southeastern part of the plateau, the baby curlew nests, and the main part of the population of the Putoran snow sheep lives in the central part. There are numerous wolf, wolverine, bear, which play an important role in local biocenoses.
Reserve Stolby.
The reserve is located on the right bank of the Yenisei near the southwestern outskirts of Krasnoyarsk. The reserve was organized to protect the natural complexes of the picturesque rocky massif of the Stolby tract. The area of the reserve is 47,154 hectares.
The flora of the reserve includes about 740 vascular plants and 260 moss species. Fir taiga prevails, typical of the middle mountains of the Eastern Sayan Mountains.
290 species of vertebrates have been identified on the territory of the reserve. The fauna has a pronounced taiga appearance (forest voles, sable, musk deer, hazel grouse, etc.) with the inclusion of forest-steppe species (Siberian roe deer, steppe polecat, long-tailed ground squirrel, etc.).
Among the plants listed in the Red Book of Russia are bulbous calypso, real and large-flowered slippers, May palmate root, hood flower nest, helmet-bearing orchid, pinnate feather grass; among birds - osprey, golden eagle, saker falcon, peregrine falcon, etc.
The main attraction of the reserve are the rocks. The common name for all rocks is "Pillars", although all rocks and even some stones have their own names. There are directly "Pillars" - rocks open to tourists, and "Wild Pillars" - rocks located in the depths of the reserve, access to which is limited.
Places visited by tourists can be divided into three regions.
Funpark "Bobrovy Log", a chairlift that starts in the valley of the Bazaikha River, runs along the ski slope and ends at the top of the ridge, from where a magnificent panorama of the reserve and many rocks opens. In the immediate vicinity is the Takmak rock complex, the largest in the reserve.
Rock "Feathers" "Central Pillars" - an area 7 km from the border of the reserve, which can be reached by public transport, covering an area of about 5 by 10 km. Here are unique rocks of their kind: Grandfather, Feathers, Lion Gates, Pillars from I to IV and many others. The most popular passages to the top of the cliff have their own names "Blue Coils", "Chimney".
The "Chinese Wall" is located in the valley of the Bazaikha River, at the foot of Takmak. In addition to the "Chinese Wall" itself, the Yermak rock and a group of small rocks "Sparrows" - Tsypa, Zhaba, etc., are located in this area.
In the part of the reserve immediately adjacent to the city, in the Bazaikha valley, there are several ski slopes. The main ones are Beaver Log and Kashtak.
Taimyr Biosphere Reserve- Created February 23, 1979. One of the largest nature reserves in Russia, located in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the Taimyr Peninsula. The Taimyr Nature Reserve has a cluster character and consists of 4 sections. The area is 1,781,928 ha, the branch includes 37,018 ha of the offshore area of the Laptev Sea. In 1995, by decision of the UNESCO MAB, the Taimyr Reserve received the status of a biosphere reserve. The entire territory of the reserve is located in the zone of continuous permafrost.
The Taimyr Peninsula, on which the reserve is located, is the most northerly continental part of the land in the world. Therefore, the organizers of the reserve sought to cover the greatest variety of zonal natural landscapes - arctic, typical and southern tundra, as well as pre-tundra light forests (forest tundra) by the territory. 430 species of higher vascular plants, 222 species of mosses and 265 species of lichens grow on the territory of the reserve. The fauna of the Taimyr Reserve cannot be called rich - it has only 23 species, of which more than half are rare or episodic in the reserve. However, for these latitudes it is completely typical. 3 species of mammals are specially protected. One of the smallest, but very important animals are lemmings - Siberian and hoofed. A fairly common inhabitant of the reserve is the white hare. The most common predator is the arctic fox. Another predator of the reserve is the wolf. The most common representative of mustelids in the reserve is the ermine. Another representative of the mustelids, the wolverine, is extremely rare, and it is still not even clear whether it breeds in the reserve. One of the unique features of the reserve is the northernmost forests in the world. There are no specially equipped tourist routes, it is necessary to agree on a case-by-case basis. Scientific and educational tourism is possible (observation of birds, other objects of fauna), but it should be borne in mind that the dates and even places of interesting phenomena - the mass passage of birds, migration of deer, musk oxen - may vary depending on the natural conditions of the year, so it may be required adjustment of the tour program. Sports tourism is also possible, two routes are described for this purpose. 21 species of mammals have been recorded in the reserve (not counting some pinnipeds and cetaceans swimming in the waters of the Arctic area), 110 species of birds, 74 of which have been proven to nest, and more than 15 species of fish are found in rivers and lakes. The animal world of mountain landscapes is rather poor. There are few wintering species: lemmings, snowy owl, occasionally reindeer, arctic foxes, musk oxen stay in the mountains in winter. In the summer, snow bunting and wheatear are numerous in the mountains, and crunch and sandpiper - rubythroat are found only here. Turnstone is much more common in the mountains than on the plains, where it is noted only in the tundra adjacent to the mountains. The herring gull in the mountains abruptly changes nesting stations and settles in colonies on impregnable remnants of rocks, mostly limestone. Of the birds of prey, the upland buzzard (Rough-legged Rough-legged Buzzard) and the peregrine falcon are common, arranging nests on hard-to-reach rock ledges. There is a gyrfalcon. There are many hares in the mountains, an ermine settles in the stone ruins of the lower belt, and a wolverine is found. The number of lemmings in the mountains is lower than in the plains. More common are the ungulate lemmings, traces of which can be found quite high; Siberian lemming prefers to settle in swamps and meadows of hollows. The number of arctic fox in the mountains is much lower than on the plains - this is due to the lack of convenient places for burrowing. Arctic fox burrows are common only in intermountain basins, especially on sandy-loamy ancient sea terraces. In general, the animal world is richer in the basins than in the mountains themselves; sometimes real oases of life come across here. Mountain river valleys are natural migration corridors for wild reindeer; in the eastern part of the reserve ("Bikada") in the intermountain basins in the summer there are large groups of musk oxen, and in the west one can meet single males. Hares are found everywhere in hollows, especially along wide valleys of streams with willows and meadows. There is unconfirmed information about entering the valley of the river. Fadyukuda brown bear.
Tunguska Reserve is located in the part of the Siberian platform, called the Tunguska depression, or syneclise. The modern terrain is a low plateau, composed of loose Quaternary deposits from the surface and dissected by deeply incised river valleys into separate, sometimes resembling ridges, elongated flat interfluves. The area is heavily swamped. Separate outcrops of trap bodies rise in the form of cone-shaped hills or mesas with a relative height of 100-300 m. y. m. The second highest peak - Mount Farrington - is located near the site of the Tunguska disaster. Its absolute height is 522 m. The chain of hills between the Kimchu and Khushma rivers is cut by the hanging valley of the Churgim stream, which forms a spectacular waterfall 10 m high.
The vegetation cover of the region is formed by forests, swampy shrub communities and woodlands, swamps, meadows, groupings of rubble slopes and kurumniks, and aquatic vegetation. Forests occupy about 70% of the area of the reserve. Mixed larch-pine and birch-pine-larch forest stands predominate with a well-defined shrub layer and poorly developed grass cover.
The fauna of the reserve is not particularly diverse and is mainly represented by widespread taiga species typical of the middle taiga subzone of Central Siberia. Currently, 145 species of birds have been recorded for the territory. According to preliminary data, more than 30 species of fish are found in the reserve and the adjacent part of Podkamennaya Tunguska. Of the order of carnivores for the territory of the reserve, the most characteristic are sable, brown bear, wolverine. Few wolves. In the valleys of larger rivers, the fox is found. Ermine is not numerous, weasel is rare. For the reserve, one meeting of traces of an otter is also known (on the Khushma River in February 1996) and an American mink (at the mouth of the Ukakitkon River in November 1997). Three species of ungulates are found in the reserve: elk is relatively common, wild reindeer of the taiga subspecies more rare, musk deer is very rare in the southern part of the reserve.
Central Siberian State Natural Biosphere Reserve located on the western outskirts of the central part of the Central Siberian Plateau and in the valley of the middle reaches of the Yenisei, and also captures a small section of the Podkamennaya Tunguska valley ("Tunguska Pillars"). The main goal of organizing the reserve is to preserve and study the very diverse terrestrial and aquatic natural complexes of the middle taiga Siberia from its central part, the landscapes of the floodplain and the Yenisei valley, the river itself and its tributaries. This is the only nature reserve in Russia where both banks of one of the great rivers of Eurasia are protected at a considerable distance (60 km). The area of the reserve is 972,017 hectares.
46 species of mammals are registered on the territory of the reserve. Over 500 vascular plants are found on its territory. The fauna of the reserve includes 34 species of freshwater fish.
Shushensky Bor National Park located on the territory of the Shushensky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the right bank of the Yenisei. It consists of two sections - a flat one in the Minusinsk Basin and a mountainous one on the northern macroslope of the Western Sayan. The purpose of creation is the protection and organization of recreational use of the southern taiga forest and mountain forest ecosystems of the Western Sayan and numerous historical and archaeological sites. The area of the park is 39,173 hectares.
The northern part of the park is represented by a flat forest-meadow-steppe landscape. It is characterized by pine forests on sand dunes, the so-called ribbon forests, interdune depressions with pine-birch forests, and lake-marsh complexes. The southern part of the park is part of the Western Sayan mountain system and includes mountain-taiga landscapes typical of the northern slope of the Western Sayan and the northern part of the Eastern Sayan with a pronounced vertical zonality.
More than 254 species of terrestrial vertebrates have been recorded in the park: 45 species of mammals, more than 200 species of birds, 5 reptiles, 4 species of amphibians. The predominant species of mammals are: hare, squirrel, bear, fox, sable, red deer, roe deer, musk deer, elk, wild boar. There are also wolf, lynx, wolverine, weasel, ermine, steppe polecat, American mink, otter.
Nature Park "Ergaki" located in the central part of the Western Sayan in the south of the Ermakovsky district (Krasnoyarsk Territory), 150 km south of Minusinsk. The park was created on April 4, 2005 as a specially protected natural area of regional significance. According to the ecological and recreational value of natural areas, the park is divided into three zones with different protection regimes: a special protection zone (25% of the area, 54,200 hectares) - an area where any type of human activity is prohibited, including hunting and tourism; recreational and tourist zone (73% of the territory, 157,220 ha) - designed for ecological, sports (mountaineering, winter sports) tourism and development of traditional types of nature management; economic zone (2% of the territory, 5580 ha), which is located in the center of the park and is intended for development with tourism facilities. The main problems of the park are wild uncontrolled tourism, unauthorized construction of tourist facilities on its territory, poaching and illegal forest management.
Each mountain peak in the Ergaki Nature Park has a unique shape and no less interesting names, for example: Bird, Camel, Dragon Tooth, Parabola. All this suggests that when visiting the park you can find a great variety of mountain forms. The highest mountains of the park are the peak in the Aradansky mountain range (2466 m) and the Zvezdny peak (2265 m) in the central part of the Ergaki ridge. The place of pilgrimage for all creative people and connoisseurs of beauty is the Pass of Artists. From here a wide panorama of the central part of the Ergaki mountain range, the valley of the Left Taigish river opens.
The visiting card of the natural park "Ergaki" - "Sleeping Sayan". This is a chain of mountain peaks resembling a lying giant with arms folded across his chest. An unforgettable view of the "Sleeping Sayan" opens from the highway that crosses the natural park. According to one legend, the "Sleeping Sayan" is the eternal guardian of the taiga, the protector of the forest and its inhabitants. According to legend, in the old days there lived a simple and fair man named Sayan, who loved and protected the taiga. He understood the language of animals and birds, protected all living things. He was unusually strong and had no equal among people, therefore, when he died, the gods decided to turn his body into stone and allowed him to guard "Ergaki" for the next generations of people. Many years have passed since then, a lot of water has flowed under the bridge, but the Sayan is still guarding the taiga. He is the eternal stone guardian.
No less amazing than the "Sleeping Sayan" is the "Hanging Stone". This is a huge stone weighing 10 tons and a volume of 30 cubic meters, which is located on the top of one of the peaks and looms menacingly over the abyss.
Introduction
2.2 Sayano-Shushensky State Natural Biosphere Reserve
2.3 Taimyr State Natural Biosphere Reserve
2.4 Central Siberian State Natural Biosphere Reserve
2.5 Putorana Reserve
2.6 Large Arctic State Nature Reserve
2.7 Tunguska Reserve
2.8 Shushensky Bor National Park
2.9 Ergaki Nature Park
Bibliography
Introduction
Since 1600, about 150 animal species have become extinct on our planet, more than half of them in the last 50 years. In the 20th century, it became obvious that it was necessary to take special measures to save the animal and plant world. No one needs to prove how devastatingly modern man is able to influence wildlife. There are fewer and fewer untouched corners of nature. Every year, the Red Book is replenished with endangered representatives of the animal and plant world.
The reserve is a form of protected areas specific to the USSR / Russia, which practically has no analogues in the world, only in Russia the reserve is not only a protected area, but also a scientific institution. The formation and operation of state nature reserves are regulated by Section 2 of the Federal Law on SPNT, according to which (Art. 1, 2) "on the territory of state nature reserves, specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna) are completely withdrawn from economic use world), having environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as samples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places of conservation of the genetic fund of flora and fauna.
State natural reserves are nature protection, research and environmental education institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems. Land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna located in the territories of state natural reserves are provided for use (possession) by state natural reserves on the rights provided for by federal laws.
In this paper, we consider the main protected areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the features of their situation.
1. Specially protected natural areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
For the protection of wild animals, protected areas are created - nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks. Here, animals are protected by law.
Reserves (reserves) are one of the most effective forms of preserving landscapes intact - these are areas of land or water spaces where any human activity is prohibited. In the reserve, all natural objects are subject to protection, ranging from rocks, reservoirs, soil and ending with representatives of the animal and plant world.
Reserves serve as a kind of standards of wildlife, and also allow you to present in its original form its unique phenomena or rare species of animals and plants.
Reserves play a huge role in saving nature, including rare animals. They also act as scientific centers for the study of nature. They develop methods for the conservation, restoration and rational use of valuable game animals (sable, beaver, deer, elk).
State natural reserves are areas of particular importance for the conservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance. By status, they are divided into reserves of federal and regional significance;
complex (landscape), designed to preserve and restore natural complexes (natural landscapes);
biological (zoological, botanical), intended for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, as well as valuable species in economic, scientific and cultural terms;
paleontological, intended for the conservation of fossil objects;
hydrological (swamp, lake, river, marine), designed to preserve and restore valuable water bodies and ecological systems, and geological.
To save the fauna, in addition to reserves and reserves, national (or natural) parks are created, which, unlike the reserve, open part of its territory to tourists and vacationers, but the park has completely protected areas.
The Krasnoyarsk Territory is a huge territory located in the East Siberian region of Russia. The geographical position of our region can be called unique in many respects. On its territory is located the geographical center of Russia - Lake Vivi, located in Evenkia. The location of the center of Russia is approved by the Federal Service for Geodesy and Cartography of Russia. The northernmost point of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - Cape Chelyuskin - is the extreme polar tip of Eurasia and the northernmost point of Russia and the continental parts of the planet.
There are six reserves on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, three of them are biospheric, i.e. work under a special program of the United Nations; these are the Sayano-Shushensky and Central Siberian and Taimyr reserves; State reserves are also: Stolby and Putoransky. The most modern reserve is the Great Arctic.
In total, seven reserves have been created in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Table 1), as well as the national park "Shushensky Bor", the natural park "Ergaki".
In total, three state nature reserves of federal significance and 27 state nature reserves of regional significance have been created in the region. It is planned to create another 39 state nature reserves.
On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, 51 objects have the status of a natural monument of regional significance.
Table 1 - State natural reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
2. Reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
2.1 Stolby State Nature Reserve
Target. Preservation of unique geological formations and natural complexes around them. The most valuable and famous natural complexes are around picturesque rock formations - syenite remnants - "pillars" that gave the name to the reserve, as well as karsts and caves.
Currently, its area is 47154 hectares.
The reserve is located on the right bank of the Yenisei, on the northwestern spurs of the Eastern Sayan, bordering on the Central Siberian Plateau. The natural boundaries of the protected area are the right tributaries of the Yenisei River: in the northeast - the Bazaikha River, in the south and southwest - the Mana and Bolshaya Slizneva rivers. From the northeast, the territory borders on the suburbs of Krasnoyarsk
A tourist-excursion area has been allocated on the territory of the reserve to meet the recreational needs of residents of Krasnoyarsk and guests of the city, for which a special regime has been established by the regulation on the reserve.
The vegetation of the reserve is diverse. On the northern outskirts of the reserve, steppe vegetation is replaced by forest. At the northern borders of the reserve, in a very small area, several specimens of the Siberian linden - the pride of "Pillars" - have been preserved. Fir and cedar also grow in the reserve. Cedar is a precious tree of the Siberian taiga, but, unfortunately, it is weakly renewed. Heavy pine nuts are not carried by the wind, but fall from ripe cones right there, under the tree, but, falling on a thick moss cover, they, as a rule, cannot germinate without outside help. Such an assistant to the cedar is a bird - the Siberian nutcracker. During the ripening period of nuts, she, having knocked down a cone, flies with it to a log or stump, peels the seeds and, with a goiter filled with nuts, flies to hide them. The nutcracker prefers to hide its reserves in places with a shallow snow cover, which is quickly freed from it in the spring. Thus, the nutcracker helps the cedar to spread throughout the territory of the reserve.
The Stolby reserve is located at the junction of three botanical and geographical regions: the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe, the mountain taiga of the Eastern Sayan Mountains and the subtaiga of the Central Siberian Plateau. The flora of the reserve includes 1037 species of higher vascular plants, of which 260 species are bryophytes, more than 150 species are classified as specially protected.
22 species of fish, 130 species of birds and 45 species of mammals have been recorded on the territory of the reserve. The precious predator of the taiga is the sable. By the time the reserve was organized, it was completely exterminated in these places, but in the 60s it again became an ordinary inhabitant of the reserved taiga. The reserve is very rich in wild ungulates. Maral and musk deer find exceptionally favorable conditions here. The bird kingdom in the reserve is represented by such birds as hazel grouse, capercaillie, three-toed woodpecker, nutcracker, deaf cuckoo, warbler, blackbirds, bluetail, Far Eastern and blue nightingales, starling, small and white-backed woodpecker, white-capped bunting, lentil, chaffinch. Of the fish in the reserve, there are whitefish, grayling, chebak, dace, spike, perch, pike, burbot, crucian carp and others.
In addition to flora and fauna, the reserve is famous for its rocks. Pillars are the pride of Krasnoyarsk. Almost all the rocks of the reserve have names - outlines resembling birds, animals and people, which is reflected in the names: Sparrows, Berkut, Musk Deer, Grandfather, Monk. The height of the rocks, which form 80 groups, reaches 104 m in some places. Some individual stones and fragments (parts) of rocks are also named. Rocks can be single or form groups. A rock mass always has several named individual peaks.
Introduction………………………………………………………………………….4
Chapter 1. Specially Protected Natural Territories (PAs) ……………...7
1.1. Reserves …………………………………………………………………7
1.2. National parks ……………………………………………………..9
1.3. Reserves ………………………………………………………………...10
1.4. Forest hunting farms ………………………………………………..11
1.5. Monuments of nature…………………………………………………….12
1.6. Dendrological parks and botanical gardens……………………….13
1.7. Therapeutic areas and resorts……………………..15
1.5. Other protected areas …………………………………………………………………………………………………17
Chapter 2
2.1. Reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory……………………………………...18
2.1.1. State Nature Reserve "Stolby"………………18
2.1.2. Sayano-Shushensky State Biosphere Reserve…………………………………………………………………………..21
2.1.3. “Central Siberian” State Biosphere Reserve…………………………………………………………………………..23
2.1.4. Taimyr State Natural Biosphere Reserve…………………………………………………………………………..25
2.1.5 Putoransky Reserve……………………………………………...26
2.1.6. Big Arctic State Natural Reserve…………………………………………………………………………..27
2.1.7. Tunguska Nature Reserve…………………………………………………..28
2.2. National and natural parks of the Krasnoyarsk Territory…………….30
2.3. Natural reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory…………………………...32
2.4. Monuments of nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory……………………………..33
2.5. Resorts and health-improving areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory……………………………………………………………………………………..34
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...35
List of used literature………………………………………….37
Applications………………………………………………………………….38
Introduction
Since 1600, about 150 animal species have become extinct on our planet, more than half of them in the last 50 years. In the 20th century, it became obvious that it was necessary to take special measures to save the animal and plant world. No one needs to prove how devastatingly modern man is able to influence wildlife. There are fewer and fewer untouched corners of nature. Every year, the Red Book is replenished with endangered representatives of the animal and plant world.
The basis of territorial nature protection in Russia is the system of specially protected natural areas (SPNA). The status of protected areas is currently determined by the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", adopted by the State Duma on February 15, 1995. According to the Law "Specially Protected Natural Territories - areas of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located, which have their environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health-improving significance, which are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.
In this course work, we consider the main protected areas of Russia and the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the features of their situation. Attention is focused on nature reserves and national parks as the basis of Russia's tourist resource framework.
The purpose of the work is: to consider the landscape of protected areas from the point of view of tourism and is analyzed in 4 aspects: physical-geographical¸ ethno-historical¸ economic-geographical¸ aesthetic.
Objective: to study the basic concepts of specially protected natural areas and their study in accordance with natural, cultural, historical and economic conditions.
As well as the planning and organization of ecological tourism and recreation areas in the national park, the assessment of the aesthetic merits of landscapes is an integral part of the work.
Chapter 1. Specially Protected Natural Territories (PAs)
Russia inherited from the USSR a rather complex system of categories of protected areas, which was formed in an evolutionary way. The Law distinguishes the following categories:
state natural reserves, including biospheric ones;
National parks;
natural parks;
state nature reserves;
monuments of nature;
dendrological parks and botanical gardens;
health-improving areas and resorts.
Specially protected natural areas may have federal, regional and local significance. Territories of nature reserves and national parks belong to protected areas of federal significance. Territories of state reserves, natural monuments, dendrological parks and botanical gardens, medical and recreational areas and resorts can be classified either as protected areas of federal or regional significance. Natural parks have the status of PAs of regional significance, and health-improving areas can be declared PAs of local importance.
The decision on the organization of protected areas of federal significance is made by the Government of the Russian Federation, regional significance - by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, these are the administrations of territories, regions, autonomous districts, the Government of the republics within the Russian Federation. Specially protected areas of local importance are formed by decisions of local governments, for example, the administration of districts.
1.1. reserves
According to Russian legislation, reserves are nature protection, research, environmental and educational institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems.
reserves are protected areas of the highest rank. Protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna) are completely withdrawn from economic use. Traditionally and in accordance with Russian legislation, these are territories with a strict protection regime, where constant year-round observations of wildlife are carried out. The main significance of reserves is to serve as standards of nature, to be a place of knowledge of the course of natural processes not disturbed by man, characteristic of the landscapes of a certain geographical region. No less important and defined by the Law side of the activities of reserves is scientific work. This basically distinguishes them from other forms of specially protected areas. Within the boundaries of the reserves, long-term scientific research is carried out under the unified program "Chronicle of Nature". These studies are the basis for environmental monitoring and control over the state of the natural environment. An essential part of the activities of modern nature reserves is the environmental education of the population.
The federal system of reserves was formed over 80 years and currently includes 139 reserves with a total area of more than 34 million hectares, which is 1.56% of the entire area of Russia. The system of Russian state nature reserves is recognized in the world. Of the Russian reserves, 22 have the international status of biosphere reserves (they have been issued the appropriate UNESCO certificates).
The creation of reserves is determined by the level of anthropogenic transformation of ecosystems. With a low level, characteristic mainly of the northern and taiga regions, it is easy to organize large nature reserves. Here, without any problems, it was possible to find new areas for the creation of extensive reserves. Characteristically, the country's largest reserve - the Great Arctic (4.2 million hectares) - is located on the deserted shores and islands of the Arctic. In general, the areas of the reserves grow from southwest to northeast, with the exception of only a few large reserves of the Caucasus, but they also protect mainly sparsely populated and relatively little-used high-mountain forests and meadows.
On flat areas densely populated by people with productive soils, the creation of reserves is difficult. In such areas, the creation of high-ranking protected areas meets with fierce resistance from nature users, therefore, if protected areas are created, they are small, sometimes point sizes. Especially difficult is the situation with the protection of natural ecosystems located within the steppe zone, where these ecosystems are most intensively transformed. It is here that the few existing reserves are extremely small in area, and in the Siberian part of this zone they do not exist at all. At the same time, the largest reserves are located either in the slightly transformed Arctic and Siberian taiga, or in mountain forest regions.
The oldest of the existing reserves in Russia - Barguzinsky - was created in 1916. The first boom in the creation of reserves occurred in the 30s. In 1951 and 1961. there have been two waves of closure of nature reserves and a significant reduction in the areas of those remaining. A new very powerful wave of the creation of nature reserves is already observed in the 90s. In such a high intensity of the creation of new reserves, a number of circumstances of a turning point appeared. Firstly, this is the redistribution of power from the center to local authorities - the ecological community easily achieved success at the local levels, appealing to the regional prestige of local power elites in regions where, until recently, there were no reserves. Secondly, the sharp increase in the activity of "green" movements in the late 80s and early 90s affected. And, finally, thirdly, ambiguity in questions of land ownership had a positive effect. Until the land was given real owners or returned entirely to the hands of state officials, the resistance of producers to the environmental efforts of environmentalists was weakened. Later, there will be no such favorable period under any scenario of Russia's development.
1.2. National parks
National parks, unlike nature reserves, along with the tasks of protecting and studying natural complexes, should provide tourism and recreation for citizens. On their territory, land plots of other users and owners with the pre-emptive right of the national park to purchase such land may be preserved. As of January 1, 1998, there were 32 natural national parks operating in Russia with a total area of 6.7 million hectares. Currently, there are 41 national parks in Russia, the total area of which is more than 70,000 km².
National natural parks are a new form of territory protection for Russia. The first two (Losiny Ostrov and Sochi) were created only in 1983, 12 out of 32 - in the last five years. The implementation of the legal status of national parks is still facing serious opposition from economic entities, whose activities are limited by this status. While this form cannot be considered an effective method of territorial protection of wildlife, however, public attention and trends known from other countries give enough hope for the gradual realization of the potential of this form of protection of natural complexes.
Natural park - a protected vast area of natural or cultural landscape; used for: recreational (for example, organized tourism), environmental, educational and other purposes. Unlike reserves, reserves and some other protected areas, the protection regime in natural parks is the least strict.
There are natural parks in Russia, Finland, Austria, Germany, Indonesia, Ukraine and other countries.
In Russia, natural parks are administered by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Territories of natural parks are located on lands granted to them for perpetual (permanent) use, in some cases - on lands of other users, as well as owners.
On the territory of Russia there are such natural parks as
"Nalychevo" in Kamchatka,
"Bird's Harbor" is the only natural park in Russia located in the territory of a large city (Omsk).
Shcherbakovsky, located in the Kamyshinsky district of the Volgograd region.
1.3. Reserves
Zakaznik is a protected natural area in which (unlike nature reserves) not the entire natural complex is protected, but some of its parts: only plants, only animals, or their individual species, or individual historical, memorial or geological objects.
Nature reserves differ from the previous categories in that their lands may or may not be alienated from owners and users, they can be both federal and local subordination. Among the reserves of federal significance, zoological forms play the greatest role, other forms - landscape, botanical, forest, hydrological, geological - are less common. Currently, there are 69 federal nature reserves in Russia with a total area of about 170,000 square meters. km in 45 subjects of the federation, as well as almost 12 thousand regional reserves. Their main function is the protection of hunting fauna. Hunting is always prohibited, but very significant restrictions on forest exploitation, construction and some other types of economic activity are often introduced. The protection of these reserves is usually quite well established.
1.4. Forest hunting farms
Among those not specified in the Law, one can point to such a category of protected areas as those of international importance - mainly as a habitat for waterfowl, which are created in terms of the country's fulfillment of its obligations arising from membership in the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar). By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation N 1050 of September 13, 1994, 35 such objects were identified in the country, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is about 10 million hectares. These lands include not only wetland ecosystems, but also land complexes associated with them. The presence of an international status and a special government decree allows us to consider this form as an essential factor in the protection of Russian ecosystems, primarily lake and marsh ones.
The status of these objects is still poorly developed. The main difference between this type of protected areas and the rest is their complexity - on the territory of wetlands of international importance, there can be nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, natural monuments and lands that do not have a special protection status, including those used in agriculture. On the territories of nature reserves, etc. the protection regime corresponding to their status is carried out. In specially protected areas, restrictions are introduced (up to a complete ban) on types of economic activities that adversely affect the functioning of wetlands. Environmentally friendly activities are encouraged. This approach makes this form of protection potentially particularly promising, since, firstly, the number of areas where a complete ban on economic activity is possible has its limits, and secondly, on the vast Russian territories used by outbreaks, combinations of strict protection in the most valuable and vulnerable areas with reasonable management of nature seems to be the most effective.
1.5. natural monument
A natural monument is a protected natural area in which a rare or remarkable object of living or inanimate nature is located, unique in scientific, cultural, historical, memorial or aesthetic terms.
A natural monument can be a waterfall, a meteorite crater, a unique geological outcrop, a cave, or, for example, a rare tree. Sometimes natural monuments include territories of considerable size - forests, mountain ranges, sections of coasts and valleys. In this case, they are called tracts or protected landscapes.
Monuments of nature are divided by types into botanical, geological, hydrological, hydrogeological, zoological and complex.
For most of the natural monuments, the regime of reserves is established, but for especially valuable natural objects, the regime of reserves can be established.
The most common are natural monuments at the regional level, there are only 39 natural monuments of federal significance with a total area of 28.0 thousand hectares, of regional significance - more than 9 thousand with a total area of 4.15 million hectares (State report on the state of protected areas for 2003) .
Obligations to ensure the protection of a natural monument are usually assumed by the owners, owners, users and tenants of the land on which this natural monument is located.
The declaration of natural complexes and objects as monuments of nature, and the territories occupied by them - territories of a natural monument is allowed with the withdrawal of the land plots occupied by them from the owners, owners and users of these plots.
In 2003, no new natural monuments of federal significance were created (they were not formalized). In 2004, a number of monuments of regional significance were created, including 12 new natural monuments in the Republic of Adygea (October 2004). This is the first step towards the creation of a regional (including the Krasnodar Territory) network of protected areas in the Western Caucasus. In March 2005, a new natural monument of regional significance appeared on Sakhalin - the Krasnopolsky Oreshnik. Its main goal is to preserve the territory of natural growth of the ailantholist or Siebold walnut, which is listed in the Red Books of the Sakhalin Region and the Russian Federation.
1.6. Dendrological parks and botanical gardens
Dendrological parks and botanical gardens are environmental institutions whose tasks include the creation of special collections of plants in order to preserve the diversity and enrichment of the plant world, as well as the implementation of scientific, educational and educational activities. The territories of dendrological parks and botanical gardens are intended only to fulfill their direct tasks, while land plots are transferred for perpetual (permanent) use either to parks or to research or educational institutions in charge of which they are located.
Botanical gardens and dendrological parks introduce plants of natural flora, study their ecology and biology under stationary conditions, develop the scientific foundations of ornamental horticulture, landscape architecture, landscaping, introduce wild plants into cultivation, protect introduced plants from pests and diseases, and also develop methods and methods of selection and agrotechnics to create sustainable decorative expositions, principles of organizing artificial phytocenoses and using introduced plants to optimize the technogenic environment.
Dendrological parks and botanical gardens can be of federal, regional significance and are formed, respectively, by decisions of the executive bodies of state power of the Russian Federation or representative and executive bodies of state power of the relevant subjects of the Federation.
In Russia at the beginning of 2000, there were 80 botanical gardens and dendrological parks under the jurisdiction of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanical Garden of the Botanical Institute named after V.L. Komarov), departments and scientific centers of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Polar-Alpine Botanical garden-institute of the Kola Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Botanical Garden of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Botanical Garden of the Amur Scientific Center of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, etc.), the former Rosleskhoz (the arboretum of the Caucasian branch of VNIILM, etc.) and its territorial bodies (the arboretum of the Novosibirsk forestry enterprise, the arboretum of the Kandalaksha forestry enterprise, etc.). ), the former Ministry of Agriculture and Food of Russia (the dendrological garden of the Novosibirsk fruit and berry station, etc.), state universities (Botanical Garden of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Botanical Garden of St. Petersburg State University, Siberian Botanical Garden of Tomsk State University, etc.), agricultural (the arboretum of the Kuban Agricultural Institute, the Botanical Garden of the Omsk Agricultural Institute, etc.), forestry (arboretum th Arkhangelsk Forestry Institute, Botanical Garden of the St. Petersburg Forestry Academy, etc.) and pedagogical universities (Botanical Garden of the Kirov Pedagogical Institute, Botanical Garden of the Penza Pedagogical Institute, etc.), some other departments (Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants of the Moscow Medical Academy. THEM. Sechenov, Kabardino-Balkarian Republican Botanical Garden of the State Farm "Decorative Cultures", etc.).
Currently, botanical gardens and dendrological parks in Russia are experiencing certain difficulties, primarily due to insufficient funding. In many botanical gardens, the volume of scientific research has been reduced, collections of plants and seeds have been threatened, and interaction (exchange of material, contacts between employees, etc.) between gardens has weakened.
Located mainly in cities and suburbs, botanical gardens are affected by the same adverse environmental factors as the surrounding areas: pollution of the air and watercourses, noise pollution, recreational overload, etc. The problem is exacerbated due to the often increased sensitivity of plant collections to negative factors. external influences compared to local vegetation.
To solve the problems of botanical gardens and dendrological parks, it is necessary, first of all, to strengthen the legislative framework. It is necessary to more clearly define their legal status and establish severe penalties for the use of the respective territories for purposes contrary to their intended purpose. It is also necessary to take measures to improve budgetary financing, which would make it possible to solve acute economic problems, and to use the freed up resources for the development of scientific and environmental activities.
1.7. Therapeutic areas and resorts
The lands of medical and health-improving areas and resorts are classified as specially protected natural areas and are intended for the treatment and recreation of citizens. These lands include lands with natural healing resources (deposits of mineral waters, therapeutic mud, brines of estuaries and lakes), a favorable climate and other natural factors and conditions that are used or can be used for the prevention and treatment of human diseases. Resorts and health-improving areas may be of federal, regional or local significance. A health-improving area is understood as a territory that has natural healing resources and is suitable for organizing the treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as for recreation of the population. Therapeutic and health-improving area is a specially protected natural area with a limited regime for the use of subsoil, land and other natural resources and objects. A resort is a specially protected health-improving area developed and used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, and having natural healing resources and the buildings and structures necessary for operation, including infrastructure facilities. In order to maintain favorable sanitary and environmental conditions for the organization of the prevention and treatment of human diseases, districts of sanitary (mountain and sanitary) protection are established on the lands of the territories of medical and recreational areas and resorts in accordance with the law. Within the boundaries of health-improving areas and resorts, activities that can lead to deterioration in the quality and depletion of natural resources and objects with medicinal properties are prohibited (limited). In order to preserve natural factors favorable for organizing the treatment and prevention of diseases of the population, districts of sanitary or mountain sanitary protection are organized on the territories of medical and health-improving areas and resorts. For medical and health-improving areas and resorts where natural healing resources are subsoil (mineral waters, therapeutic mud, etc.), districts of mountain and sanitary protection are established. In other cases, districts of sanitary protection are established.
1.5. Other protected areas
In the conditions of Russia, the assessment of the significance of the area of slightly disturbed natural complexes that have restrictions on economic activity will be incomplete if two very different categories of land use are excluded from consideration - state forest hunting farms and landfills of the Ministry of Defense.
Forest hunting farms- These are elite natural complexes inherited from the Soviet system, intended for out-of-town recreation of high-ranking leaders. These territories have always had a fundamentally higher level of protection, economic activities that violated the living conditions of animals were limited on them, land acquisitions were not allowed. Despite the current problems of budget financing, the inertia of the special status of these territories remains and is used by the new elite. Thus, state forest and hunting farms may well be classified in the same group as protected areas due to their elite position, the presence of real protection and restrictions on economic activity. Thus, the Istra GLOH played a huge role in the preservation of large mammals in the Moscow region, its territory avoided the total tendency for the region to transform meadows, swamps and forests into summer cottages.
Chapter 2. Protection of flora and fauna in protected areas Krasnoyarsk Territory
The Krasnoyarsk Territory is a huge territory located in the East Siberian region of Russia. The geographical position of our region can be called unique in many respects. On its territory is located the geographical center of Russia - Lake Vivi, located in Evenkia. The location of the center of Russia is approved by the Federal Service for Geodesy and Cartography of Russia. The northernmost point of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - Cape Chelyuskin - is the extreme polar tip of Eurasia and the northernmost point of Russia and the continental parts of the planet.
There are six reserves on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, three of them are biospheric, i.e. work under a special program of the United Nations; these are the Sayano-Shushensky and Central Siberian and Taimyr reserves; State reserves are also: Stolby and Putoransky. The most modern reserve is the Great Arctic.
In total, seven nature reserves have been created in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Appendix No. 1), as well as the national park "Shushensky Bor", the natural park "Ergaki".
Altogether, as of May 1, 2007, three state nature reserves of federal significance and 27 state nature reserves of regional significance have been established in the region. It is planned to create another 39 state nature reserves.
On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, 51 objects have the status of a natural monument of regional significance.
2.1. Reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
2.1.1. State Nature Reserve "Stolby"- one of the oldest reserves in Russia - was organized in 1925 on the initiative of the inhabitants of Krasnoyarsk to preserve the picturesque area "Pillars". ” – 55 57' 27” north latitude and 92 37'02” – 93 05'40” east longitude. The Yenisei flows along its northern border, while the Bazaikha and Mana rivers flow along its northeastern and southern borders. The area is 47.154 thousand hectares. The most picturesque part not far from the city is allocated as a tourist-excursion area with an area of 1.3 thousand hectares (2.7% of the entire protected area). Most of the granite-syenite remains, the so-called "Pillars" up to 100 meters high, are located here, attracting visitors and tourists with their bizarre forms. In order to protect the protected area from adverse impacts, a protected zone with a limited nature management regime was created around the perimeter of the reserve, about 2 km wide along the perimeter and with an area of 13,464 thousand hectares.
The purpose of the reserve: protection of the unique landscape of the Eastern Sayan, preservation of complexes typical for this natural zone, study of ecosystems and their dynamics, as well as the study of the influence of anthropogenic factors.
The reserve is located at the junction of two large geographical provinces - forest-steppe and mountain-taiga, which leads to a high diversity of flora and fauna. The fauna is typical for the mountain taiga of the Eastern Sayan. There are 58 species of mammals, almost half of them belong to the order of rodents. This group includes forest voles, chipmunks and squirrels. Lagomorphs are represented by hare and pika. Of the predatory mammals, the wolf, fox, lynx, wolverine, sable, and brown bear live. The group of artiodactyls includes deer, elk, roe deer and musk deer. More than 20 species of fish are found in the rivers, of which the most common are gudgeon, minnow, dace, ruff, roach, grayling, perch, and pike. 4 species of amphibians and 3 species of reptiles are registered on the territory of the reserve. There are 199 species of birds, of which the most common are: tits, warblers, wagtails, thrushes, woodpeckers, crossbills, nuthatch, bullfinches, lentils, chur, redstart, cuckoos. Of the easily recognizable birds, one can meet a large turtledove, a jackdaw, a magpie, a black crow, a jay, a kuksha, a nutcracker, a crow. Of the hen order, hazel grouse is the most common, capercaillie and black grouse are much less common. Birds of prey are diverse: goshawk, sparrowhawk, peregrine falcon, hobby falcon, saker falcon, osprey, merlin, kestrel, red-footed falcon. Of the owls, owls are more common: long-tailed and bearded, long-eared and hawk owl, eagle owl. Many species of carnivores have become rare not so much because of human persecution, but due to the destruction of habitats, the impoverishment of the species and quantitative composition of animals that serve as food for birds. In this territory, there are species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation: golden eagle, imperial eagle, saker falcon, peregrine falcon, osprey, black stork, eagle owl.
The flora includes 1037 species of higher vascular plants, including 3 species of lycopsformes; ferns - 26 species; horsetail - 8 species; bryophytes - 260 species; gymnosperms - 6 species; angiosperms - 705 species; Most of the trees found in the region grow in the forests of the reserve: pine, fir, spruce, Siberian larch and cedar - from conifers; birch and aspen - from deciduous. Large and small shrubs are common here: bird cherry, alder, mountain ash, hawthorn, acacias, willows, viburnum, black and red currants, etc .; varied grass cover. The main part of the territory of the reserve is represented by deciduous, pine forests and dark coniferous taiga. Forest vegetation in the region of Krasnoyarsk is replaced by steppe. Of the plants listed in the Red Book of the RSFSR, the following were noted: coral blackberry, lung and net lobaria, pistillate hornwort, pinnate feather grass, helmet-bearing orchis, real and large-flowered slipper, bulbous calypso, curly sparassis and clobuche flower nest.
The main direction of the research work of the reserve is the study of natural processes occurring in nature, and the identification of the relationship of individual links in the natural chain, as well as the development of environmental measures. On the territory of the reserve and adjacent areas, work was organized to assess the impact of atmospheric pollution on the viability of forests in the suburban area of Krasnoyarsk.
2.1.2. Sayano-Shushensky State Biosphere Reserve is located in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the central part of the Western Sayan, including the Sayansky, Golyi and partially Khemchiksky and Kantegirsky ridges, within the boundaries of the Shushensky and Ermakovsky districts. The area is 390.368 thousand hectares, of which 59.3% is occupied by forests, 36% - by char, stone placers and steep rocky slopes. The reserve is dominated by typical mountain landscapes. The protected zone allocated along the boundaries of the reserve, with an area of 106.2 thousand hectares, includes: the water area of the reservoir of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP along the eastern border of the reserve with all bays with an area of 12 thousand hectares; a two-kilometer strip along the right bank of the reservoir from the mouth of the river. Naked up to the administrative border with the Republic of Tyva; a five-kilometer strip along the western border of the reserve in the Shushensky district.
The purpose of the reserve: the preservation of typical and unique natural complexes of the Western Sayan, biological diversity, the protection of rare animal species. This area is the only one in Russia where you can save the snow leopard, Siberian ibex, golden eagle, osprey, as well as populations of plants listed in the Red Book. In February 1985, the reserve was given the status of a biosphere reserve.
The territory is located at the junction of several floristic regions, so its flora is mixed. There are many endemics and relict plants. Among the Sayan-Altai endemics (they are the majority here) are Altai bluegrass, Krylov's couch grass, Altai larkspur, Borodino catchment; Angara-Sayan endemics - Yenisei and Baikal anemones; Tuva-Sayan-Altai - swollen smolevka and Bunge lumbago. There are many relic plants in the reserve, these are Krylov's bedstraw, odorous woodruff, touchy heart, Far Eastern fescue, Daurian rhododendron, Baikal cornflower. Valuable species of medicinal plants grow on the territory of the reserve - maral root, golden root, etc., which were threatened with complete destruction before the creation of the reserve. To date, the flora of the reserve includes: algae - 7 species, mushrooms - 19, lichens - 97 species, horsetail and lycopods - 18 species, bryophytes - 321 species, ferns - 25 species, gymnosperms - 7 species, angiosperms - 867 species. Of the plants listed in the Red Book of the RSFSR, the following were noted: Indziella Tien Shan, Lindbergia short-winged, Lobaria lung, Mutinus dog, orchid helmet, large-flowered slipper, Siberian kandyk, two-flowered wrestlers and Pasco, nest flower clobuche, feather grass, dendratema vyamchatolistnaya, Dagan's hazel grouse and supra Dagan's hazel grouse leafless.
The territory of the reserve is a mountainous country covered with dark coniferous forests of the taiga type. Spruce, fir and cedar dominate in their composition. A clearly defined altitudinal zonality determines the diversity of vegetation types and hunting grounds. The main environment-forming value is possessed by cedar forests, which provide food resources for all representatives of the animal world living here. Due to this, many animal species form high population densities. The animal world is rich and diverse due to the mixture of faunas of Altai, Mongolia and Sayan. 662 species of insects, 4 species of reptiles, 212 species of birds, 52 species of mammals and 15 species of fish have been registered in the reserve.
There are many rare and endangered animals listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation - snow leopard, forest reindeer (Altai-Sayan population), Siberian ibex, golden eagle, peregrine falcon, saker falcon, osprey, black stork, demoiselle crane, steppe kestrel, avocet, black-headed gull, imperial eagle, eagle owl, carpenter bee and common Apollo. The question of the presence of the red wolf in the territory of this reserve has not been fully clarified. The reserve serves as a reserve for valuable hunting species, primarily sable, whose abundance in the areas adjacent to the reserve is still low. Musk deer, deer, squirrel, brown bear, hazel grouse, wood grouse, and a small number of lynx live here.
The main scientific profile of the Sayano-Shushensky Reserve is the monitoring of natural phenomena and processes of the Western Sayan ecosystem in their natural state, as well as under the influence of the hydropower complex of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP; development of scientific bases for nature protection in the region.
2.1.3. Central Siberian State Biosphere Reserve
The "Central Siberian" State Biosphere Reserve was organized in 1985 on the territory of the Turukhansky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Baikitsky district of the Evenk Autonomous District with a total area of 972,017 thousand hectares. After the work carried out in 1992 to clarify the boundaries, its area amounted to 1020.419 thousand hectares, including 595.024 thousand hectares in the Baikitsky district and 425.395 thousand hectares in the Turukhansky region. The reserve is located in the middle reaches of the river. The Yenisei is between the Podkamennaya Tunguska and Bakhta rivers and occupies the Yenisei parts of the West Siberian Plain and the Central Siberian Plateau.
Purpose: protection of the reference area of the middle taiga. The section of the Yenisei within the reserve is of great value as a spawning area for many valuable commercial fish species, as well as a wintering area for sturgeon and sterlet. This is the first nature reserve in Russia, which was originally designed as a biosphere reserve. In January 1987, UNESCO included it in the international network of biosphere reserves.
The Yenisei divides the territory of the reserve into two unequal parts, representing a variety of landscape complexes. The left bank of the Yenisei River is a gently undulating, hilly-ridged plain with gentle river valleys and wide watersheds, absolute heights are 200-250 m. Pine forests on sandy soils dominate in this area. Along the rivers and on the hills there are dark coniferous forests of spruce and cedar. In relief depressions, vast areas are occupied by swamps and peat bogs. In the floodplain of the Yenisei, large-grass and small-grass meadows are found. The right bank represents a section of the Central Siberian plateau and has a dissected flat-top relief with absolute heights of 300-350 m near the Yenisei and more than 500 m in the eastern part. On the right bank to the Yenisei, the Yenisei Ridge breaks off with a tectonic ledge. The right bank is characterized by larch-cedar and larch-cedar-spruce forests, as well as derived birch forests. In general, the diversity of the relief has a positive impact on the fauna of the region.
Forests occupy almost the entire territory of the reserve (93.51%). The main forest-forming species along the left bank of the Yenisei are pine, which forms pine forests, spruce, less often - cedar, larch and aspen. On the right bank dominated by dark coniferous taiga - spruce, fir, cedar, larch. Of the plants listed in the Red Book of the RSFSR, in the protected area there are bulbous calypso, large-flowered and real slippers.
The fauna is typical for the middle taiga of Siberia. The main species are sable and squirrel. Muskrat, wolverine, elk and bear are fairly common. Less common are columns, ermine, lynx. Upland game is plentiful, especially hazel grouse and capercaillie, black grouse is common, which is explained by the presence of abundant berries and coniferous trees. Migratory routes of many waterfowl pass along the Yenisei. Anseriformes are numerous, among ducks the wigeon, pintail, teal-whistle and crested duck are often found. The most numerous are the common teal and shoveler. Of the rare species of animals listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, osprey, peregrine falcon, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle, gyrfalcon, black stork were noted on migration or nesting.
Flora: bryophytes - 153 species, lycosperms - 7 species, ferns - 18 species, gymnosperms - 7 species, angiosperms - 679 species. Fauna: insects - 709 species, reptiles - 4 species, birds - 212 species, mammals - 52, fish - 15 species.
Scientific work - the reproduction of valuable fish species is being studied in the reserve, work is underway on the inventory of plants and animals.
2.1.4. Taimyr State Natural Biosphere Reserve
The Taimyrsky State Reserve was established in 1979, and in 1995 it was given the status of a biosphere reserve. It is an environmental, research and environmental education institution. This is one of the largest reserves in Russia, located in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the Taimyr Peninsula - the most northerly mainland in the world. Therefore, the organizers of the reserve sought to cover the greatest variety of zonal natural landscapes - arctic, typical and southern tundra, as well as forest tundra.
The territory of the reserve is a reference area of the earth's surface, which represents almost all natural zones of Taimyr: arctic ("Arctic Branch"), typical ("Main Territory"), southern (section "Ary-Mas") tundra and forest tundra (section "Lukunsky "), as well as the unique mountain tundra ridge. Byrranga.
Reserve "Taimyrsky" is the most visited reserve in Russia. Every year, thousands of scientists from all over the world, ecologists, tourists and fishers visit East Taimyr. Most of all they are attracted by the excavations of the fossil mammoth and the population of the musk ox. Also, the center of the reserve, the village of Khatanga, is used as a springboard to reach the North Pole.
430 species of higher plants, 222 species of mosses and 265 species of lichens grow on the territory of the reserve. One of the most common lichens in the tundra zone is cladonia (reindeer moss or reindeer moss). Reindeer moss occupies vast polar territories, but is often found in dry forests located much south of the tundra. Among the plants growing on the territory of the reserve, there are those that are listed in the Red Book, Arctic-Siberian wormwood, leguminous sedge, hardish sedge, Pole and Taimyr grains, oblique sedge, Gorodkovaya and Byrrangskaya scurf, woolly stamen mytnik, Rhodiola rosea.
Countless lakes and small reservoirs cover the tundra, located on permafrost, with stagnant moisture. The thickness of the permafrost is up to 500 meters. In Ary-Mas, the southernmost part of one of the three sections of the reserve, one can observe the northernmost larches. The trees here for several centuries barely reach the height of human growth.
2.1.5 Putorana Reserve
The reserve was founded in 1988 to protect unique mountain-lake-taiga landscapes and rare species of flora and fauna. The Putorana Reserve is located in the north of Central Siberia, on the territory of the Dudinsky and Khatanga regions of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug and the Ilimsky District of the Evenk Autonomous Okrug: its main part, the Putorana Plateau, lies south of the Taimyr Peninsula and occupies most of the rectangle between the Yenisei, Kheta, Kotui and Lower Tunguska (650 km from north to south and from west to east). This is the most extreme nature reserve in Russia. The total area of the reserve is 1887, 3 thousand hectares.
The purpose of establishing the Putoransky State Nature Reserve is to preserve the most unique mountain biocenoses of the north of Central Siberia, a peculiar flora and rare animal species, restore the historical range of the Putoransky subspecies of the bighorn sheep, as well as protect the world's largest Taimyr population of wild reindeer.
As a result of the movement of glaciers, the Putorana Plateau is dissected by long flat-bottomed canyons, the height of the walls of which reaches several hundred meters, and by narrow lakes, the deepest in Russia after Baikal (Khantayskoye Lake - up to 520 m in depth); mountain rivers are rapids, the height of some waterfalls reaches 100 m. The highest density of waterfalls per unit area on the planet is noted on the territory of the reserve.
Of the historical and cultural objects, the remains of the attributes of shamanism on the ancient temples of the Tungus (Evenks) and Dolgan chapels more than a century old are of the greatest interest. On the territory of the Putorana Reserve there are the most unique outcrops of columnar basalts (natural mineralogical open-air museums).
The landscape is dominated by mountain tundra and woodlands. Numerous rivers and lakes. In total, there are 381 species of plants, 35 species of mammals, 140 species of birds on the territory of the reserve.
In 2003, the Putorana Plateau was classified as a UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site. There are very few tourists here due to the high cost and increased complexity of the routes. Directly to the border of the reserve, an excursion boat route along the lake. Lama.
2.1.6. Big Arctic State Nature Reserve
The Great Arctic nature reserve, the largest in Russia and Eurasia and the third largest in the world (4,169,222 hectares, including 1 million - the water area of the Arctic seas), was established in 1993. It is located on the Taimyr Peninsula and on the islands of the Arctic Ocean. Its shores are washed by the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. This is the largest nature reserve in Russia.
The purpose of the reserve is to preserve and study in its natural state the unique Arctic ecosystems, rare and endangered species of plants and animals of the northern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula and adjacent islands. On the islands of Severnaya Zemlya there are "maternity hospitals" of Taimyr polar bears, in the coastal tundra, herds of wild reindeer flee from the midges. Preserve the nesting sites of birds that migrate along the North Atlantic: the black goose, sandpiper, etc. - and have the opportunity to study the unique Arctic ecosystems in their natural state.
A significant part of the reserve is practically not visited by humans, but recently routes (rafting, fishing, ethnographic tours) have been developed that will allow tourists to get to know the Arctic nature better.
The Great Arctic Reserve consists of seven cluster sites (Table 2) and two reserves: the Severozemelsky state nature reserve of federal significance, located within the boundaries of the reserve, and the Brekhov Islands state nature reserve of regional significance.
The main type of tundra vegetation is lichens. They endure the harsh conditions of the Arctic, painting the tundra in various colors from bright yellow to black.
The bird fauna of the Great Arctic Reserve includes 124 species, 16 of which are listed in the Red Book. Typical inhabitants of the tundra are the white owl and the tundra partridge. In the reserve there are rare species of gulls: pink, fork-tailed and white.
The territory of the reserve also includes historical and cultural monuments associated with the names of polar exploration - A.F. Middendorf, F. Nansen, V.A. Rusanova, E.V. Tollya, A.V. Kolchak, etc.
2.1.7 .Tunguska Nature Reserve
The Tunguska Nature Reserve is located at the site of the fall of the Tunguska meteorite. The reserve is located in the Evenki municipal district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The total area of the reserve is 296562 hectares.
The purpose of the creation of the reserve is to study the unique natural complexes of Evenkia and the consequences of the influence of the global cosmic-ecological catastrophe.
The reserve is a conservation, research and environmental education institution. It was created to study the consequences of a meteorite fall. The highest peak of the reserve is located on the spurs of the Lakursky ridge - 533 m above sea level. The second highest peak - Mount Farrington - is located near the site of the Tunguska phenomenon.
The territory of the reserve is a typical region of the northern East Siberian taiga, practically not subjected to local anthropogenic influences, with its characteristic landscapes and biocenoses, however, the territory of the reserve is unique, as it keeps the imprints of the mysterious "Tunguska catastrophe" on June 30, 1908. On this day, in the interfluve of the Podkamennaya Tunguska and its right tributary Chuni (Southern Evenkia), 70 km north-west of the village of Vanavara, a super-powerful (10-40 megatons) explosion of a space object of unidentified nature, known as the Tunguska meteorite, occurred.
Larch and pine forests are common here. As a result of the fall of the alleged meteorite, the taiga over an area of more than 2 km was knocked down and burned, but over the past century it has completely recovered. Evenki taiga to this day keeps the secret of one of the wonders of our century, called the Tunguska meteorite. In the animal world, elk, bear, sable, wood grouse are common, there are badger, lynx. About 30 species of fish live in Podkamennaya Tunguska, most of which are valuable species.
Along the boundaries of the reserve, a protective zone 2 km wide has been formed, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is 20,241 hectares. The buffer zone is entrusted with such tasks as improving the living conditions of protected animals of the reserve, carrying out measures to protect and restore valuable wild and rare plant species growing in protected areas, creating demonstration sites, showcases, stands and other forms of promoting the activities of reserves for the purpose of environmental education.
The following historical and cultural objects are located on the territory of the reserve:
Expeditionary base for the study of the "Tunguska meteorite", better known as "Kulik's Zaimka" or "Kulik's Hut";
Expeditionary base for the study of the Tunguska meteorite - a monument of history and culture of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
According to the existing Regulations on the reserves of Russia, tourism is prohibited in them. In the Tunguska Reserve, due to the uniqueness of the event, limited tourist activities are allowed as an exception for the purpose of environmental education of the population, acquaintance with the beautiful natural objects of the reserve, the site of the fall of the Tunguska meteorite. There are three environmental education routes. Two of them are water, along the picturesque rivers Kimchu and Khushma, the third is on foot along the "Kulik path" - the famous route of the discoverer of the site of the Tunguska meteorite disaster. A lot of explanatory work is carried out on routes with tourists.
2.2. National and natural parks of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
The only national park in the region "Shushensky Bor" was organized in 1995 and is located in the Shushensky district on an area of 39.2 thousand hectares. The park includes part of the picturesque places of the memorial complex “Siberian exile of V.I. Lenin": Hut, Crane Hill, Sandy Hill and others. Here, areas of landscapes typical of the southern regions of Central Siberia, which are currently experiencing a significant anthropogenic load, have been taken under protection.
In the national park "Shushensky Bor" there is an interschool forestry, consisting of three school forestries: "Bee", "Ant", "Crane". School forestries took under their care an arboretum with an area of 1.8 hectares, in which there are 162 species of trees and shrubs, of which 22 species are introduced from other regions of the country. The results of many years of work of school forestries were recommendations on the use of trees and shrubs in landscaping settlements in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
From the first days of its existence, the national park has been developing tourism activities. As part of the overview information while moving along the route, you can get acquainted with the archaeological monuments of the history of human exploration of the Yenisei valley in the Bronze and Iron Ages - Nacherkina Gorka. The remains of the defensive structure of the state of the "Kyrgyz" - the fortress "Omaitura" and the remains of the Sayan prison - the first Russian settlement in the upper Yenisei (1718) have been preserved.
Employees of the national park, together with the Sayano-Shushensky Reserve and representatives of public organizations, annually take an active part in the March of Parks campaign.
In the period up to 2005, the “Scheme for the Development and Placement of Specially Protected Natural Territories in the Krasnoyarsk Territory” (1998) provides for the organization of new natural parks, both federal - the national park "Kanskoe Belogorye" to preserve the unique natural complex of the highlands of the Eastern Sayan in the Sayan region, and regional significance - natural park "Symsky" to preserve the unique natural complex, not changed by human activity, in the basin of the river Sym, Yenisei region.
Ergaki is the name of a natural park located in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The park was named after the ridge of the same name, which by the 1990s had become very popular among tourists, artists, and the local population. In addition to the Ergaki ridge, the park covers partly or completely the Kulumys, Oisky, Aradansky, Metugul-Taiga, Kedransky mountain ranges. The basins of the largest rivers in the park are Us, Kebezh, Oya, Taigish, Kazyrsuk.
Ergaki is a mountain junction, a ridge in the Western Sayan. It is located at the head of the Bolshoy Kebezh, Bolshoy Klyuch, Taigish, Verkhnyaya Buiba, Srednyaya Buiba and Nizhnyaya Buiba rivers.
2.3. Natural reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
The state ecological and ethnographic reserve of republican significance "Eloguysky" with an area of 747.6 thousand hectares is located on the territory of the Turukhansky district in the northern part of the Sym-Dubchesky middle taiga upland in the basin of the river. Yelogui, was organized by the Order of the Chief Hunting Officer of the RSFSR No. 73 dated March 10, 1987.
This reserve was created without a time limit in order to protect the ecosystems of the middle taiga, maintain the ecological balance in the basin of the river. Yelogui, to preserve the cultural heritage and habitat of the indigenous peoples of the North. It is an integral part of the biosphere range of the Central Siberian Reserve and is subordinate to it.
The main area of the reserve is occupied by larch-cedar and larch-cedar-spruce middle taiga forests, dark coniferous taiga and pine forests are less common. The fauna is typical for the middle taiga and is represented by such species as sable, squirrel, Siberian weasel, wolf, elk, capercaillie, hazel grouse and others. The fauna includes 350 species of vertebrates. In this territory, there are species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation - peregrine falcon, osprey, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle and gyrfalcon.
State sanctuaries of regional significance occupy an area of 1076.52 thousand hectares, located on the territories of 25 administrative districts of the region in various natural and climatic zones.
The state natural reserves "Arga", "Solgonsky ridge" and "Sisimsky" are complex in profile, the rest are zoological.
Most of the reserves are aimed at the conservation, restoration and reproduction of valuable hunting and commercial species of wild animals along with their habitat. The Bolshemurtinsky, Talsko-Garevsky, and Krasnoturansky Bor nature reserves are engaged in the protection of Siberian roe deer in places of mass concentrations on migration and wintering routes, as well as upland game.
The territories of many reserves are inhabited by animals listed in the Red Books of the Russian Federation, for example, peregrine falcon (Bolshe-Kemchugsky, Malo-Kemchugsky and Prichulymsky reserves), osprey (Ubeysko-Salbinsky, Taybinsky, B-Kemchugsky and Sisimsky reserves), white-tailed eagle (reserves "Arga" and Berezovsky), Saker Falcon (B-Kemchugsky, Sisimsky). Black stork sightings have been recorded in the Arga, Solgonsky Kryazh, Prichulymsky and Taybinsky nature reserves; there is reliable information about the stay during the nesting period of the common crane in the Taibinsky and Bolshemurtinsky reserves.
In the Krasnoturansky Bor reserve there is a colony of gray herons, unique for the region, numbering about 100 nesting pairs.
A complete list of state natural reserves of regional significance operating in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is given in Appendix No. 2.
2.4. Monuments of nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, 51 objects were registered (as of May 1, 2007), which have the status of natural monuments of regional significance with a total area of 19.12 thousand hectares. To name a few: the Chinzhebsky waterfall is a unique hydrogeological object of scientific, cultural and educational value, located in the southwestern part of the Eastern Sayan, in the interfluve of the Shinda and Nyrda rivers; natural monument "Snyt relic" is located in the basin of the river. Small Kebezh, in its lower reaches, was created in order to preserve the isolated location of the nemoral flora - European goutweed and is the only place of its growth in natural conditions on the right bank of the Yenisei, this is the easternmost point of the range, isolated at a distance of 300 km; lake Tiberkul is a unique and picturesque mountain lake, located on the southern slope of the Eastern Sayan ridge, in the right-bank part of the river basin. Kazyr; a natural monument declared a pine forest in the basin of the river. Baikalikh as the northernmost pine forest in Russia. There are many picturesque caves among the natural monuments of the region (Lysanskaya, Bolshaya Oreshnaya, Badzheyskaya, Karaulnaya, Kubinskaya, Maiskaya, etc.).
2.5. Resorts and health-improving areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
On the territory of the region there is one federal resort and 6 resorts and health-improving areas of regional significance (Appendix No. 3).
All facilities, except for the Krasnozavodskoy sanatorium (the Krasnozavodsk Rest House is located in the Bogotolsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the left bank of the Chulym River, in a picturesque pine forest, does not have mineral and medicinal waters), have deposits of natural medicinal waters and mud, which are used in therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. The problems of recreational areas are associated with their spontaneous development and undeveloped infrastructure, as well as high recreational loads.
Conclusion
In general, it can be noted that the system of intact natural territories in Russia seems to be quite developed and relatively flexible. Moreover, the density of the network of these territories and the flexibility of the protection system have been growing in recent years. Although this system (like the country as a whole) is currently experiencing significant economic difficulties, the forecast for its development is generally favorable. The main disadvantage of the network of protected areas in Russia is its unevenness and, especially, low density in the steppe zone, which is most subject to anthropogenic transformation. There are nature reserves in the European steppe, but they are (by the scale of Russia) microscopic, while in the West Siberian steppe there are neither reserves nor national natural parks.
At the same time, one should not forget that reserves are specially protected areas with the highest conservation status, although they, in turn, are divided into subcategories. In general, here tourism should not affect the main objects of protection and reproduction. Nevertheless, each reserve determines for itself the volume and directions of environmental education activities, which include eco-tourism.
Currently, there are a large number of definitions proposed for eco-tourism. The first definition was given by G. Ceballos-Lascurine in 1980. Ecological tourism, according to the author, is a trip to relatively untouched or unpolluted natural areas with the specific goal of learning, admiring and enjoying the contemplation of nature, landscapes, plants and wild animals, as well as studying the cultural characteristics of these territories.
There are the following criteria characterizing this type of tourism:
1) ecological tourism should be based on the use of predominantly natural resources;
2) it must minimize damage to the natural and socio-cultural environment;
3) the orientation of such tourism should place the main emphasis on environmental education and education;
4) the development of tourism should ensure sustainable economic and social development, as well as the cultural and environmental well-being of the local population of those areas where it is carried out.
The presence in our territories of a unique natural heritage with a rich range of biological and natural diversity gives Russia the prerequisites for the development of ecotourism. At the same time, the growth in demand for environmental goods around the world can give a powerful impetus to the development of this particular type of tourism with a focus on the inbound tourism market. The main limiting factors are: the duration of such tours, as well as high rates for high-speed transport due to the remoteness of unique tourist resources.
Nevertheless, without targeted state support, this area of tourism, most likely, will not develop.
Bibliography
Baranov, A.A. Specially protected animals of the Yenisei Siberia. Birds and mammals: textbook. - method. allowance / A.A. Baranov. - Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house of KSPU named after V.P. Astafieva, 2004. - 264 p.
Baranov, A.A. Specially protected natural territories of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: textbook. - method. Allowance / A.A. Baranov, S.V. Kozheko. - Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house of KSPU named after V.P. Astafieva, 2004. - 240 p.
Vladyshevsky, D.V. Ecology and we: textbook. allowance / D.V. Vladyshevsky. - Krasnoyarsk: State Publishing House. un-ta, 1994. - 214 p.
Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. - Krasnoyarsk: State Publishing House. un-ta, 2004. - 246 p.
Nature and ecology of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: the program of the school course. - Krasnoyarsk, 2000.
Savchenko, A.P. Appendix to the Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. / A.P. Savchenko, V.N. Lopatin, A.N. Zyryanov, M.N. Smirnov and others - Krasnoyarsk: Ed. Center of KrasSU, 2004. - 147 p.
Application No. 1
State natural reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
Application №2
State natural reserves of regional significance
|
Name of protected area |
Year of creation |
Area, thousand ha |
Administrative position of protected areas (districts) |
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Achinsky, Bogotolsky Nazarovsky |
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birch oak forest |
Nazarovsky, Uzhursky, Sharypovsky |
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Berezovsky |
Sharypovsky |
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B-Kassky |
Yenisei |
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B-Kemchugsky |
Kozulsky, Emelyanovsky |
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B-Murtinsky |
Bolshemurtinsky |
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Kandatsky |
Tyukhtetsky, B-Uluysky, Birilyussky |
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Kebezhsky |
Ermakovsky, Karatuzsky |
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Kazachinsky, Pirovsky |
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Krasnoturansky Bor |
Krasnoturansky |
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Makovsky |
Yenisei, Birilyussky |
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Malo-Kemchugsky |
Emelyanovsky, B-Murtinsky |
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prichulymsky |
Achinsky, Bogotolsky |
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Sisimsky |
Kuraginskiy |
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Solgon Ridge |
Uzhursky, Nazarovsky, Balakhtinsky |
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Taybinsky |
Irbeysky |
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Talsko-Garevsky |
Sukhobuzimsky |
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|
Turukhansky |
Turukhansky |
||
|
Ubeysko-Salbinsky |
Novoselovsky, Krasnoturansky |
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|
Khabyksky |
Idrinsky |
||
|
Bolshaya Pashkina |
Shushensky |
Application №3
Resorts and health-improving areas on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
|
Name |
Object status |
Administrative position (district) |
|
Therapeutic and recreational area "Nanzhulskoye deposit of mineral waters" |
Emelyanovsky |
|
|
Therapeutic and recreational area "Antsirskoe deposit of mineral waters" especially protected natural territories and their classification. In ... scientific literature especially protected natural territories (protected areas)[ 11,190] protected areas These are areas... especially protected natural territory as a factor of regional developmentDiploma work >> EcologyMember of regional associations especially protected natural territories (protected areas) - Union protected areas Ural and Associations protected areas Southern Urals. Reserve... especially protected natural territory (2)Abstract >> Ecology... , Black Lands and Meshchersky National Park. 4. especially protected natural territory especially protected natural territory (protected areas) belong to the objects of the national heritage and represent ... |