Protection against the impact of powerful electromagnetic pulses. How to protect automotive and other electrics from EMI. How it works

In a nuclear explosion, strong electromagnetic radiation is generated in a wide range of waves with a maximum density in the region of 15-30 kHz.

Due to the short duration of action - tens of microseconds - this radiation is called an electromagnetic pulse (EMP).

The reason for the occurrence of EMR is an asymmetric electromagnetic field resulting from the interaction of gamma rays with the environment.

The main parameters of EMR, as a damaging factor, are the strengths of the electric and magnetic fields. During air and ground explosions, the dense atmosphere limits the area of propagation of gamma quanta, and the size of the EMP source approximately coincides with the area of action of the penetrating radiation. In space, EMP can acquire the quality of one of the main damaging factors.

EMR has no direct effect on a person.

The effect of EMR is manifested primarily on bodies conducting electric current: overhead and underground communication and power lines, signaling and control systems, metal supports, pipelines, etc. At the moment of explosion, a current pulse arises in them and a high electric potential is induced relative to the ground.

As a result of this, a breakdown of cable insulation, damage to the input devices of radio and electrical equipment, combustion of arresters and fusible links, damage to transformers, and failure of semiconductor devices can occur.

Strong electromagnetic fields can disable the equipment at control points, communication centers and create a danger of damage to service personnel.

EMP protection is achieved by shielding individual units and components of radio and electrical equipment.

Chemical weapon.

Chemical weapons are poisonous substances and means of their application. Applications include aerial bombs, cartridges, missile warheads, artillery shells, chemical mines, aircraft pourers, aerosol generators, and the like.

The basis of chemical weapons is toxic substances (S) - toxic chemical compounds that affect people and animals, infect the air, terrain, water bodies, food and various objects on the ground. Some agents are designed to damage plants.

In chemical munitions and devices, agents are in a liquid or solid state. At the time of the use of chemical weapons, the agents go into a combat state - steam, aerosol or drops and infect people through the respiratory organs or - if they hit the human body - through the skin.

A characteristic of air contamination with vapors and fine aerosols is the concentration C=m/v, g/m3 - the amount of "m" OM per volume unit "v" of contaminated air.

A quantitative characteristic of the degree of infection of various surfaces is the density of infection: d=m/s, g/m2 - i.e. the amount "m" of OM located on the unit area "s" of the infected surface.

OV is classified according to the physiological effects on humans, tactical purpose, the speed of onset and duration of the damaging effect, toxicological properties, etc.

According to the physiological effects on the human body, OM are divided into the following groups:

1) Nerve agents - sarin, soman, Vx (VI-X). They cause disorders of the functions of the nervous system, muscle cramps, paralysis and death.

2) OV skin blister action - mustard gas. It affects the skin, eyes, respiratory and digestive organs - if swallowed.

3) OM of general toxic action - hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride. In case of poisoning, severe shortness of breath, a feeling of fear, convulsions, paralysis appear.

4) Smothering agents - phosgene. It affects the lungs, causes their swelling, suffocation.

5) OV psycho-chemical action - BZ (B-Z). It strikes through the respiratory system. Violates coordination of movements, causes hallucinations and mental disorders.

6) OV irritating action - chloroacetophenone, adamsite, CS (Ci-Ec) and CR (Ci-Er). These agents irritate the respiratory and visual organs.

Nerve-paralytic, blistering, general poisonous and asphyxiating agents are lethal agents. OV of psycho-chemical and irritating action - temporarily incapacitate people.

By the speed of the onset of the damaging effect, high-speed agents are distinguished (sarin, soman, hydrocyanic acid, SI-Es, SI-Er) and slow-acting agents (Vi-X, mustard gas, phosgene, Bi-zet).

According to the duration of the OV, they are divided into persistent and unstable. Persistent retain the damaging effect for several hours or days. Unstable - several tens of minutes.

Toksodoz - the amount of OM required to obtain a certain effect of damage: T=c*t (g*min)/m3, where: c - the concentration of OM in the air, g/m3; t - time spent by a person in contaminated air, min.

When a chemical munition is used, a primary cloud of OM is formed. Under the action of moving air masses, the OM spreads in a certain space, forming a zone of chemical contamination.

Area of chemical contamination call the area directly affected by chemical weapons, and the territory over which a cloud spread, contaminated with hazardous concentrations of agents.

In the zone of chemical contamination, foci of chemical damage may occur.

The focus of chemical damage- this is the territory within which, as a result of the impact of chemical weapons, mass destruction of people, farm animals and plants occurred.

Protection against toxic substances is achieved by using individual means of respiratory and skin protection, as well as collective means.

Special groups of chemical weapons include binary chemical munitions, which are two containers with different gases - not poisonous in their pure form, but when they are displaced during an explosion, a poisonous mixture is obtained.

An electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is a natural phenomenon caused by the sudden acceleration of particles (mainly electrons), which results in an intense burst of electromagnetic energy. Everyday examples of EMP are lightning, combustion engine ignition systems, and solar flares. Although an electromagnetic pulse can destroy electronic devices, this technology can be used to purposefully and safely disable electronic devices or to ensure the security of personal and confidential data.

Steps

Creation of an elementary electromagnetic emitter

Stock up on the necessary materials. To create a simple electromagnetic emitter, you will need a disposable camera, copper wire, rubber gloves, solder, a soldering iron and an iron rod. All of these items can be purchased at your local hardware store.

The thicker the wire you take for the experiment, the more powerful the final emitter will be.
If you can't find an iron bar, you can replace it with a non-metal rod. However, please note that such a replacement will adversely affect the power of the pulse produced.
When handling electrical parts capable of holding a charge, or when passing an electrical current through an object, we strongly recommend that you wear rubber gloves to avoid possible electrical shock.

Assemble the electromagnetic coil. An electromagnetic coil is a device that consists of two separate, but at the same time interconnected parts: a conductor and a core. In this case, an iron rod will act as a core, and a copper wire will act as a conductor.

Wind the wire tightly around the core, leaving no gaps between turns. Don't wind the whole wire, leave a small amount at the ends of the winding so you can connect your coil to the capacitor.

Solder the ends of the electromagnetic coil to the capacitor. The capacitor is usually a cylinder with two terminals and can be found on any circuit board. In a disposable camera, such a capacitor is responsible for the flash. Before soldering the capacitor, be sure to remove the battery from the camera, otherwise you may be shocked.

Find a safe place to test your electromagnetic emitter. Depending on the materials involved, the effective range of your EMP will be approximately one meter in any direction. Be that as it may, any electronics that fall under the EMP will be destroyed.
- Do not forget that EMP affects all devices within the radius of destruction, without exception, ranging from life support devices, such as pacemakers, to mobile phones. Any damage caused by this device through EMP may result in legal consequences.
- A grounded area, such as a tree stump or a plastic table, is an ideal surface for testing an electromagnetic emitter.
Since the electromagnetic field only affects electronics, consider purchasing some inexpensive device from your local electronics store. The experiment can be considered successful if, after the activation of the EMR, the electronic device stops working.
- Many office supply stores sell fairly inexpensive electronic calculators with which you can check the effectiveness of the created emitter.
Insert the battery back into the camera. To restore the charge, you need to pass electricity through the capacitor, which will subsequently provide your electromagnetic coil with current and create an electromagnetic pulse. Place the test object as close as possible to the EM emitter.

Note: the presence of an electromagnetic field is basically impossible to determine by eye. Without a testable object, you will not be able to confirm the successful creation of the EMP.

Let the capacitor charge. Disconnect the capacitor from the electromagnetic coil so that the battery charges it again, then reconnect them with rubber gloves or plastic tongs. When working with bare hands, you risk getting an electric shock.

Turn on the capacitor. Activating the flash on the camera will release the electricity stored in the capacitor, which, when passed through the coil, will create an electromagnetic pulse.

Leave a small amount of wire at the ends of the winding. They are needed to connect the rest of the device to the coil.

Apply insulation to the radio antenna. The radio antenna will serve as a handle on which the coil and the board from the camera will be fixed. Wrap electrical tape around the base of the antenna to protect against electric shock.

Attach the board to a thick piece of cardboard. The cardboard will serve as another layer of insulation that will save you from a nasty electrical discharge. Take the board and fix it with electrical tape on the cardboard, but so that it does not cover the tracks of the electrically conductive circuit.
- Fasten the board face up so that the capacitor and its conductive traces do not come into contact with the cardboard.
- The cardboard backing for the PCB should also have enough space for the battery compartment.
Attach the electromagnetic coil to the end of the radio antenna. Since electrical current must pass through the coil to create EMP, it's a good idea to add a second layer of insulation by placing a small piece of cardboard between the coil and the antenna. Take some duct tape and attach the spool to a piece of cardboard.

Solder the power supply. Locate the battery connectors on the board and connect them to the corresponding contacts in the battery compartment. After that, you can fix the whole thing with electrical tape on a free area of \u200b\u200bthe cardboard.

Connect the coil to the capacitor. It is necessary to solder the edges of the copper wire to the electrodes of the capacitor. A switch should also be installed between the capacitor and the electromagnetic coil, which will control the flow of electricity between these two components.

During this step of assembling the EMP device, you must wear rubber gloves. Due to the remaining charge in the capacitor, you may be electrocuted.

Attach the cardboard backing to the antenna. Take duct tape and securely attach the cardboard backing along with all the parts to the radio antenna. Fasten it over the base of the antenna, which you should have already wrapped with duct tape.

Find a suitable test item. A simple and inexpensive calculator ideal for testing a portable EMP device. Depending on the materials and equipment used in constructing your device, the EM field will either operate in close proximity to the coil or cover up to one meter around it.

Any electronic device that enters the EM field will be disabled. Make sure that there are no electronic devices near the selected test area that you would not want to harm. You will be solely responsible for damaged property.

Test your portable EMP device. Make sure the device switch is in the OFF position, then insert the batteries into the battery compartment on the cardboard backing. Hold the device by the insulated antenna base (like a proton booster from Ghostbusters), point the coil towards the test object, and flip the switch to the "ON" position.

Etc.). The damaging effect of an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is due to the occurrence of induced voltages and currents in various conductors. The effect of EMR is manifested primarily in relation to electrical and radio-electronic equipment. Communication, signaling and control lines are the most vulnerable. In this case, breakdown of insulation, damage to transformers, damage to semiconductor devices, etc. can occur. A high-altitude explosion can create interference in these lines over very large areas. EMI protection is achieved by shielding power supply lines and equipment.

Literature

V. M. Lobarev, B. V. Zamyshlaev, E. P. Maslin, B. A. Shilobreev. Physics of a nuclear explosion: Explosion action. - M .: Science. Fizmatlit., 1997. - T. 2. - 256 p. - ISBN 5-02-015125-4
The team of authors. Nuclear explosion in space, on earth and underground. - Military Publishing House, 1974. - 235 p. - 12,000 copies.
Ricketts L.W., Bridges J.E. Myletta J. Electromagnetic impulse and methods of protection / Per. from eng. - Atomizdat, 1979. - 328 p.

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See what "Electromagnetic pulse" is in other dictionaries:

See electromagnetic impulse. Edwart. Glossary of terms of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, 2010 ... Emergencies Dictionary

electromagnetic pulse- EMP Change in the level of electromagnetic interference during a time commensurate with the time of establishment of the transient process in the technical facility, which is affected by this change. [GOST 30372-95] Electromagnetic topics ... ...

electromagnetic pulse- elektromagnetinis impulsas statusas T sritis apsauga nuo naikinimo priemonių apibrėžtis Galingi trumpalaikiai elektromagnetiniai laukai, kurie atsiranda orinių ir aukštybinių branduolinių sprogimų metu; branduolinio sprogimo naikinamasis veiksnys … Apsaugos nuo naikinimo priemonių enciklopedinis žodynas

electromagnetic pulse- elektromagnetinis impulsas statusas T sritis Standartizacija ir metrologija apibrėžtis Trumpalaikis elektromagnetinis laukas. atitikmenys: engl. impulse electromagnetic vok. elektromagnetischer Impuls, m rus. electromagnetic pulse, m pranc.… … Penkiakalbis aiskinamasis metrologijos terminų žodynas

electromagnetic pulse- elektromagnetinis impulsas statusas T sritis fizika atitikmenys: engl. impulse electromagnetic vok. elektromagnetischer Impuls, m rus. electromagnetic pulse, m pranc. impulsion electromagnétique, f … Fizikos terminų žodynas

electromagnetic pulse- a short-term electromagnetic field that occurs during the explosion of a nuclear weapon as a result of the interaction of gamma radiation and neutrons emitted during a nuclear explosion with the atoms of the environment. It is a damaging factor in nuclear weapons; ... ... Dictionary of military terms

electromagnetic pulse- 1. Change in the level of electromagnetic interference over a period of time commensurate with the time of establishment of the transient process in the technical facility affected by this change Used in the document: GOST 30372 95 Compatibility ... ... Telecommunication dictionary

An electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is the damaging factor of a nuclear weapon, as well as any other sources of EMP (for example, lightning, special electromagnetic weapons, a short circuit in high-power electrical equipment, or a close flash ... ... Wikipedia

A short-term electromagnetic field that occurs during the explosion of a nuclear weapon as a result of the interaction of gamma radiation and neutrons emitted during a nuclear explosion with the atoms of the environment. The frequency spectrum of an electromagnetic pulse ... ... Marine Dictionary

electromagnetic pulse from electrostatic discharges- — [Ya.N. Luginsky, M.S. Fezi Zhilinskaya, Yu.S. Kabirov. English Russian Dictionary of Electrical Engineering and Power Engineering, Moscow, 1999] Electrical engineering topics, basic concepts EN electrostatic discharge electromagnetic pulse ... Technical Translator's Handbook

Books

, Gurevich Vladimir Igorevich. The history of the development of military nuclear programs in the USSR and the USA, the role of intelligence in the creation of nuclear weapons in the USSR, the detection of an electromagnetic pulse during a nuclear explosion (EMP) are considered, ...
Electromagnetic impulse of a high-altitude nuclear explosion and protection of electrical equipment from it, Gurevich Vladimir Igorevich. It tells about the history of the development of military nuclear programs in the USSR and the USA, the role of intelligence in the creation of nuclear weapons in the USSR, the detection of an electromagnetic pulse in a nuclear explosion (EMP), ...

Scientific and technological progress is developing rapidly. Unfortunately, its results lead not only to the improvement of our lives, to new amazing discoveries or victories over dangerous ailments, but also to the emergence of new, more advanced weapons.

Throughout the past century, humanity has been "puzzling" over the creation of new, even more effective means of destruction. Poison gases, deadly bacteria and viruses, intercontinental missiles, thermonuclear weapons. There has never been such a period in human history that scientists and the military collaborated so closely and, unfortunately, effectively.

In many countries of the world, weapons are being actively developed based on new physical principles. The generals are very attentive to the latest achievements of science and try to put them at their service.

One of the most promising areas of defense research is work in the field of creating electromagnetic weapons. In the yellow press, it is usually called the "electromagnetic bomb". Such studies are very expensive, so only rich countries can afford them: the USA, China, Russia, Israel.

The principle of operation of an electromagnetic bomb is to create a powerful electromagnetic field, which disables all devices whose work is connected with electricity.

This is not the only way to use electromagnetic waves in modern military affairs: mobile generators of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) have been created that can disable enemy electronics at a distance of up to several tens of kilometers. Works in this area are actively carried out in the USA, Russia, and Israel.

There are even more exotic military applications of electromagnetic radiation than the electromagnetic bomb. Most modern weapons use the energy of powder gases to defeat the enemy. However, everything may change in the coming decades. Electromagnetic currents will also be used to launch the projectile.

The principle of operation of such an "electric gun" is quite simple: a projectile made of a conductive material, under the influence of a field, is pushed out at high speed over a fairly large distance. This scheme is planned to be put into practice in the near future. The Americans are the most actively working in this direction; successful development of weapons with this principle of operation in Russia is unknown.

How do you imagine the start of World War III? Blinding flashes of thermonuclear charges? The groans of people dying from anthrax? Hypersonic strikes from space?

Everything can be completely different.

There will indeed be a flash, but not very strong and not sizzling, but rather similar to a roll of thunder. The most "interesting" will begin later.

Even turned off fluorescent lamps and TV screens will light up, the smell of ozone will hang in the air, and wiring and electrical appliances will begin to smolder and sparkle. Gadgets and household appliances that have batteries will heat up and fail.

Almost all internal combustion engines will stop working. Communications will be cut off, the media will not work, cities will plunge into darkness.

People will not be harmed, in this respect the electromagnetic bomb is a very humane type of weapon. However, think for yourself what the life of a modern person will turn into if you remove from him devices whose operating principle is based on electricity.

A society against which a weapon of such an action will be used will be thrown back several centuries ago.

How it works

How can you create such a powerful electromagnetic field that can have such an effect on electronics and electrical networks? Is an electronic bomb a fantastic weapon or can such ammunition be created in practice?

The electronic bomb has already been created and has already been used twice. We are talking about nuclear or thermonuclear weapons. When such a charge is detonated, one of the damaging factors is the flow of electromagnetic radiation.

In 1958, the Americans detonated a thermonuclear bomb over the Pacific Ocean, which led to a breakdown in communications throughout the region, it was not even in Australia, and the light went out in the Hawaiian Islands.

Gamma radiation, which is produced in excess during a nuclear explosion, causes the strongest electronic pulse that extends hundreds of kilometers and turns off all electronic devices. Immediately after the invention of nuclear weapons, the military began to develop protection for their own equipment from such an explosion.

Work related to the creation of a strong electromagnetic pulse, as well as the development of means of protection against it, are carried out in many countries (USA, Russia, Israel, China), but almost everywhere they are classified.

Is it possible to create a working device, on other less destructive principles of action than a nuclear explosion. It turns out that it is possible. Moreover, such developments were actively engaged in the USSR (they continue in Russia as well). One of the first who became interested in this direction was the famous academician Sakharov.

It was he who first proposed the design of conventional electromagnetic ammunition. According to his idea, a high-energy magnetic field can be obtained by compressing the magnetic field of a solenoid with a conventional explosive. Such a device could be placed in a rocket, projectile or bomb and sent to an enemy object.

However, such ammunition has one drawback: their low power. The advantage of such projectiles and bombs is their simplicity and low cost.

Is it possible to defend?

After the first tests of nuclear weapons and the identification of electromagnetic radiation as one of its main damaging factors, the USSR and the USA began to work on protection against EMP.

This issue was taken very seriously in the USSR. The Soviet army was preparing to fight in a nuclear war, so all military equipment was made taking into account the possible impact on it of electromagnetic pulses. To say that there is no protection from him at all is a clear exaggeration.

All military electronics were equipped with special screens and reliably grounded. It included special safety devices, the electronics architecture was developed to be as resistant to EMP as possible.

Of course, if you get into the epicenter of the use of a high-power electromagnetic bomb, then the protection will be broken, but at a certain distance from the epicenter, the probability of defeat will be significantly lower. Electromagnetic waves propagate in all directions (like waves on water), so their strength decreases in proportion to the square of the distance.

In addition to protection, electronic weapons were also developed. With the help of EMP, they planned to shoot down cruise missiles, there is information about the successful application of this method.

Currently, mobile complexes are being developed that can emit high-density EMP, disrupting enemy electronics on the ground and shooting down aircraft.

Video about electromagnetic bomb

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them.

In the global network you can now find a huge amount of information about what an electromagnetic pulse is. Many are afraid of him, sometimes not fully understanding what is at stake. scientific television programs and articles in the yellow press. Isn't it time to look into this matter?

So, an electromagnetic impulse (EMP) is a perturbation that affects any material object located in its zone of action. It acts not only on conductive objects, but also on dielectrics, only in a slightly different form. Usually the concept of "electromagnetic pulse" is adjacent to the term "nuclear weapon". Why? The answer is simple: it is during a nuclear explosion that EMP reaches its greatest value of all possible. Probably, in some experimental setups it is also possible to create powerful field disturbances, but they are of a local nature, while large areas are affected in a nuclear explosion.

The electromagnetic pulse owes its appearance to several laws that every electrician encounters in everyday work. As you know, the directed movement of elementary particles, which has an electric charge, is inextricably linked with If there is a conductor through which current flows, then a field is always registered around it. The reverse is also true: the effect of an electromagnetic field on a conductive material generates an EMF in it and, as a result, a current. It is usually specified that the conductor forms a circuit, although this is only partly true, since they create their own contours in the volume of the conductive substance. creates the movement of electrons, therefore, a field arises. Further, everything is simple: the tension lines, in turn, create induced currents in the surrounding conductors.

The mechanism of this phenomenon is as follows: due to the instantaneous release of energy, flows of elementary particles (gamma, alpha, etc.) arise. During their passage through the air, electrons are “knocked out” of the molecules, which are oriented along the magnetic lines of the Earth. There is a directed movement (current) that generates an electromagnetic field. And since these processes proceed at lightning speed, we can talk about momentum. Further, a current is induced in all conductors located in the field coverage area (hundreds of kilometers), and since the field strength is huge, the current value is also large. This causes protection systems to operate, fuses to blow - up to fire and irreparable damage. Everything is subject to EMR action: from to power lines, however, to varying degrees.

EMP protection consists in preventing the inducing action of the field. This can be achieved in several ways:

Move away from the epicenter, as the field weakens with increasing distance;

Shield (with earth) electronic equipment;

- "disassemble" the circuits, providing gaps, taking into account the high current.

You can often meet the question of how to create an electromagnetic pulse with your own hands. In fact, every person encounters it on a daily basis, flipping a light bulb switch. At the moment of switching, the current briefly exceeds the rated current by tens of times, an electromagnetic field is generated around the wires, which induces an electromotive force in the surrounding conductors. The force of this phenomenon is simply not strong enough to cause damage comparable to the EMP of a nuclear explosion. Its more pronounced manifestation can be obtained by measuring the field level near the electric arc. In any case, the task is simple: it is necessary to organize the possibility of the instantaneous occurrence of an electric current of large effective value.