Human life in the subtropical zone. Economic use of subtropical deserts of Central Asia. What have we learned

The peculiar nature of deserts determines the use of their main spaces as seasonal and year-round pastures. In the northern half of the deserts of the temperate zone, meat and lard, flock and semi-fine-fleeced sheep breeding, meat and dairy animal husbandry (cattle) are developed. In the south of this zone and in the subtropical deserts, the main place belongs to astrakhan breeding, meat and wool sheep breeding and camel breeding. In the irrigated oases, cotton growing, horticulture, viticulture, and rice cultivation are widely represented here. Central Asia provides the vast majority of the cotton harvested in the USSR. A large number of hours of sunshine is a favorable factor for the industrial use of solar energy. The climatic resort Bayram-Ali located in the Karakum desert is widely known.

In the Soviet years, a lot of work was done on the territory of the deserts to irrigate land and water pastures. Large reservoirs have been created on many rivers, channels have been dug. The fund of lands suitable for irrigation in the deserts of Central Asia is far from exhausted. However, the further development of irrigated agriculture is limited here not by soils, but by fresh water reserves. The area of ​​irrigated land in the desert and semi-desert zones can be increased by more than 5 million hectares, and by diverting the waters of Siberian rivers - much more. Increasing water withdrawal from the Amu Darya and Syr Darya threatens the existence of the Aral Sea, which has already split into several shallow water bodies and continues to dry out rapidly. In the future, maintaining it at a modern level will become possible only if its water reserves are replenished with the waters of Siberian rivers, but this will lead to a major environmental disaster in our country. As we see today, the area of ​​the Aral Sea is rapidly shrinking and in the future it will completely disappear.

Some game animals of deserts are of economic interest. In large numbers, corsac fox, sandy ground squirrel and muskrat are hunted here, perfectly acclimatized along the swampy shores of lakes and rivers.

The richness of minerals opens up great prospects for the industrial development of desert zones. Oil, gas, brown and hard coals, polymetals, iron, copper, manganese, phosphorites, mirabilite are mined here. If we add to the above that the neighboring mountainous regions of the Pamirs and Tien Shan have large reserves of water energy, which can be successfully used by industrial centers on the plains, then it is difficult to overestimate the possibilities for further economic growth in these regions.

Which largely depends on the local characteristics of the territory. Subtropics are typical for the south of Australia, the north and extreme south of Africa, the coast of the Balkans, but they are also in Russia.

subtropical zone

The climate on Earth is not the same. In some places it is unbearably hot, others are covered with eternal ice and pierce with cold, in others there is a lot of heat and moisture. Based on the characteristics of weather conditions, several climatic zones are distinguished on our planet.

The subtropical belt is present in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. It extends from 30 degrees north latitude to 40 degrees south latitude, and is transitional between the tropical and temperate zones. They study the features of the subtropical zone in grade 4.

Belt conditions are determined by two dominant air masses, replacing each other. In winter, they come from the temperate zone, bringing coolness and precipitation with them; in summer, the wind comes from the tropics, saturating the air with warmth.

Winters in this zone are usually mild, with an average temperature of +4..+5 degrees. Serious cold snaps are extremely rare, and frosts usually do not exceed -10 degrees. Summers in the subtropical zone are hot, sunny and dry. The average temperature is +20 degrees.

Diversity of the subtropics

Despite the presence of common features, the zones in different regions are different. In addition to seasonal winds, it is influenced by local landscapes, as well as the presence or absence of seas and oceans nearby. So, inside the belt, humid, semi-humid and arid regions are distinguished. They differ in the amount of precipitation and are present on each of the continents.

In the depths of the continents, regions with an arid climate stretch throughout the year. Within their limits there are zones of deserts, semi-deserts and steppes with light forests, shrubs and grasses.

In the east and southeast of the continents, humidity is increased in summer, there is no precipitation in winters, and there is practically no seasonal temperature difference. The subtropical natural zones of the eastern part are represented by mixed forests with bamboos, magnolias, pines, oaks, firs, palms; broad-leaved semi-deciduous forests - hemihyleys, with ferns, bamboos and lianas.

On the western side are regions of semi-humid subtropics with a Mediterranean climate. It has wet winters and dry summers. Zones of hardwood forests with evergreen oaks, pines, firs, junipers, olives and other plants predominate.

Subtropical zone of Russia

Subtropics are not typical for Russia. Most of its territory lies in the temperate zone, and in the north it covers the subarctic and but there are warmer regions, where even in winter there are often positive temperatures.

The subtropical zone of Russia occupies a very small space and stretches along the Black Sea coast. Such conditions from Sochi to Anapa were formed thanks to the mountains and the sea.

The Caucasian ridge is a natural shield, a kind of barrier that does not let in cold severe winds from the east and north, and in summer it delays sea air masses, preventing them from passing further to the continent.

The Caucasus Mountains form the border between the temperate zone from the north of them and the subtropical zone from the southern slopes. Moving from east to west, this difference becomes stronger due to the increase in the height of the mountains.

Climate and vegetation of the subtropics of Russia

The natural conditions of the Black Sea coast of Russia vary from dry steppe regions to highly humid areas. From Taman to arid, steppe. There are floodplains and estuaries, so the vegetation is predominantly aquatic.

Subtropics start from Anapa. Approximately up to Tuapse, the climate is Mediterranean. In winter, there is a large amount of precipitation. Average annual temperatures range from +12 to +14 degrees. Olives, juniper woodlands, Crimean pines, wild pistachios grow in this part of the coast. The climate is similar to the coast of the Balkans or the southern coast of Crimea. In the mountains, vegetation also changes with elevation. Where the mountains are not very high, cold streams from the continent still find loopholes. They meet with the warm sea air of the coast, forming local winds, boras. When the bora blows, tornadoes, tornadoes and hurricanes often occur.

From Tuapse begins a zone of humid subtropics, similar to the climate of the coast of Georgia, Abkhazia, Colchis. In this area, the mountains are higher, so the wind barrier is more reliable. On the western slopes, up to 3000 mm of precipitation falls throughout the year. This is the wettest place in the European part of the world.

There is also a lot of precipitation on the coast - up to 2000 mm / year. Multilayered evergreen forests grow in the region. In the lower limits grows beech, oak, hornbeam, entwined with lianas and with green undergrowth. Fruits, chestnuts, hazel, strawberry trees, silk acacias grow in the foothill regions. Citrus fruits, figs, and pomegranates are grown in the gardens. In mountainous areas, vegetation corresponds to the altitudinal zone.

Subtropics are the climatic zones of the Earth, located north and south of the equator between the tropics and temperate latitudes. The subtropics are characterized by hot summers and warm winters (t above zero op Celsius), so the occupations and work of people in these areas are not very diverse.

Spain, Portugal, the USA, Russia, Syria, Iraq, Argentina, South Africa, Australia and other countries have learned how to profitably conduct economic activities in these regions.

What do people do in the subtropics

Main activities:

• Agriculture,
• tourism,
• fishing.

In Spain, Portugal, people are often engaged in winemaking. This is a very profitable business that brings a lot of income to the owner. This is also done in the USA, Russia, Argentina due to the numerous sunny days that are necessary for growing many crops, including grapes.

Many people are engaged in tea growing in China (a giant in this area), Russia, Argentina. By the way, in Russia there is the northernmost plantation for growing tea varieties in the world. High income and growing consumption of beverages using tea leaves lead to an increase in cultivated areas.

In the United States, many crops are grown in the southern part of the country (subtropics), which makes it possible to provide food for a huge country and export them to other countries (the United States is one of the largest exporters of wheat in the world).

It is worth noting that tourism is well developed in the countries of the subtropics. Barcelona, ​​Lisbon, Los Angeles, Saint-Tropez, Sochi and many other cities attract tens of millions of tourists every year. Beach tourism is especially developed in Turkey, Russia, Spain, Italy, Greece, where there are many different attractions, which makes holidays in these countries charming and wonderful.

And fisheries, as an industry with limited resources, are growing at a rapid pace in the United States, Russia, Turkey, the countries of the Old World and Australia.

Also, for example, in Iraq, Syria, the United States, the oil industry is developed, bringing in a lot of money, but oil production is complicated by many economic and political factors.

Lesson objectives: to get acquainted with the climatic conditions of the subtropical zone; get acquainted with the climatic conditions of the subtropical zone; learn about the features of the flora and fauna of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus; learn about the features of the flora and fauna of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus; about the activities of people; about the activities of people; learns to work with a herbarium, additional literature learns to work with a herbarium, additional literature

Some get water from great depths with their long roots, the length of which reaches m.

Large representatives of the animal world also live in arid places. These are camels and antelopes. Antelopes are good runners and run great distances in search of water. And the camel stores fat in the tissues of its body, when it is used up, water is released.

Subtropics in our country occupy a small area. The main subtropical region is located on the coast. On the one hand - the Caucasus Mountains, and on the other - the Black Sea. The main subtropical region is located on the coast. On the one hand - the Caucasus Mountains, and on the other - the Black Sea. Tropics heat belt located on both sides of the equator Tropics heat belt located on both sides of the equator What does the word "subtropics" mean? What does the word "subtropics" mean?

The climate in the subtropics is much warmer than in the temperate zone. Summer is very long and quite hot. Summer is very long and quite hot. Winter is short and not cold. During the winter, the temperature stays above freezing most of the time. Winter is short and not cold. During the winter, the temperature stays above freezing most of the time.

The flora of this zone is rich and diverse. On the slopes of the mountains at a height of m there are broad-leaved forests, where oak, hornbeam, ash, linden, maple, and chestnut grow.

Sturgeon It belongs to the valuable species of fish. Reaches a length of 2 m and kg of weight. Fishing is currently prohibited. The mouth of sturgeons is located on the lower surface of the head and is devoid of teeth. It feeds on worms and larvae living on the bottom. Most of the life of a sturgeon takes place in the sea. For spawning, it enters the Don and Kuban rivers.

One of the most remarkable and amazing phenomena in the Black Sea is its glow. This usually happens in August. It is caused by the smallest organisms, the main role among which is played by flagellated nocturnes. They look like small fish eggs. You can admire for hours, sitting at night on the seashore, how the wave running on the shore flares up with bright sparks. Most of the inhabitants of the Black Sea can be seen in the aquariums in the Arboretum and Novaya Matsesta

Man by the sea Cultivation of valuable crops: tea, lemon, tangerine, grapes, pomegranate, etc. The Black Sea coast of the Caucasus as a resort area. Fishing, crabs, shrimps. Breeding of mussels (in special pools with clean water) Use of wild plants of the subtropics by humans (wood, medicinal raw materials, building material)

TEST "The Black Sea coast of the Caucasus." 1. The Black Sea coast of the Caucasus is located .... a) in the forest zone of the country b) in the subtropical zone of the country c) in the steppe zone of the country 2. The subtropics of Russia are a) a vast zone in the center of the country b) a vast zone in the east of the country c) a small zone on the Black Sea coast 3. On the slopes mountains in the subtropics, the following trees are often found: a) beech, chestnut b) larch, lingonberry c) alder, linden

4. On the Black Sea coast live: a) cicadas, praying mantises, locusts b) filly, black beetles c) speed beetles, water striders 5. In the Black Sea live: a) crocodiles, anacondas, seals b) jellyfish, dolphins, flounder c ) sharks, fur seals, turtles 6. In the subtropical zone: a) moderately hot summers and warm winters b) hot summers and moderately cold winters c) moderately warm summers and cold winters.

slide 2

Black Sea coast

A narrow strip of the Black Sea coast, in the center of which the city of Sochi is located, and mountain slopes up to a height of 500-600m belong to the zone of subtropical forests, or subtropics. Rapid streams flow from the mountains. Trees, shrubs and herbs grow luxuriantly.

slide 3

Subtropical weather

Winter is warm. It rains often. Snow rarely falls and melts quickly. Summer is moderately hot. Spring and autumn are very warm. The coast is located between the sea and mountains. The coast is protected from cold and sultry winds.

slide 4

Rest on the Black Sea coast

The inanimate nature of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus is surprisingly rich. Moderately hot summers and warm winters, both sea and mountain air, therapeutic mud, healing mineral waters.

slide 5

Vegetable world

The flora of this zone is rich and diverse. On the slopes of the mountains at an altitude of 500-600 m there are broad-leaved forests, where oak, hornbeam, ash, linden, maple, chestnut grow.

slide 6

Parks of the Caucasus

There are evergreens in the parks: Pitsunda pine, cypress, magnolia, thuja, palm, laurel.

Slide 8

The Arboretum contains plants from different countries with a warm climate. These are Australian eucalyptus, Lebanese cedar, Japanese quince, flowering cacti, bamboo, sequoia.

Slide 9

Of the cultivated plants in the parks, one can find grapes, figs, walnuts, apricots, peaches, pears, apple trees, ornamental flowering plants.

Slide 10

Animal world

The most remarkable and largest animals of protected areas are bison, roe deer, wild boars, Caucasian goats, deer, lynxes, bears.