The affected area of the air defense system is hawk. Armed Forces of Foreign States. Medium-range anti-aircraft missile systems

And its main purpose is to defeat air attack weapons (Enemy AOS) in flight in close cooperation with anti-aircraft missile forces (ZRV) and anti-aircraft artillery (ZA). With a limited composition, units and subunits of the IA can be used to carry out missions to destroy enemy ground (sea) targets, as well as to conduct aerial reconnaissance.

The main purpose of the fighter aviation regiment is to carry out combat missions of air defense of the most important objects and regions of the country, fighter aviation cover for ground forces (navy forces), as well as to provide combat operations of units and units of other branches with aviation. In addition, the IAP is involved in the destruction of electronic reconnaissance aircraft, primarily from the reconnaissance and strike complexes (RUK), air command posts, specialized electronic warfare aircraft and enemy airborne assault forces in the air.

In peacetime, a fighter aviation regiment, part of the assigned forces, is on combat duty in the air defense system to protect the airspace over the territory of the Russian Federation and is prepared to perform combat missions in accordance with its intended purpose.

The main form of combat use of fighter aviation units and subunits is air combat.

The main combat missions performed by the IAP include:

Covering the most important objects, regions of the country and groupings of troops (naval forces) from enemy air attacks and air reconnaissance;

Destruction of an air enemy in air battles for air supremacy;

Ensuring combat operations of units and subunits of other branches of aviation;

Destruction of electronic intelligence aircraft, air command posts of aircraft (helicopters) - jammers;

Fighting enemy airborne assault forces in the air;

The IAP can be involved in aerial reconnaissance either with a limited staff, or conduct it along with the performance of the main combat missions.

If necessary, during certain periods of combat operations, a fighter aviation regiment can be assigned missions to destroy enemy ground (sea) targets in the area of inaccessibility of fighters.

Combat capabilities of fighter planes.

The MiG-31, Su-27, MiG-29 fighter planes in service with the fighter aviation regiments, having high b / capabilities, are able to detect the enemy at a long range with the help of their electronic systems, track several air targets simultaneously and hit them from any direction in everything range of altitudes and flight speeds.

The main factors determining the b / efficiency of fighters are speed, maneuver, fire. They are in close relationship, should be in the optimal ratio.

The appearance of all-aspect missiles with TGS allows you to attack on a collision course in close combat. One of the main characteristics influencing the outcome of close air combat is the turning radius, which for aircraft of the fourth generation is ≥500 m.

In modern close group air combat, it is no longer necessary for a fighter to enter a given hemisphere of the target. Now missile launches are distributed over the entire area of \u200b\u200bspace around the enemy aircraft. Missile launches in the range of heading angles of 120-60º are 48%, and in the range of -180-120º - 31%. The average duration of the battle has decreased, which requires an increase in the angular velocity and a decrease in the turning radius.

COMBAT ACTIONS OF AVIATION REGIMENTS OF STRIKING AVIATION

Purpose and tasks of FBA and SA

Front-line bomber and attack aviation constitute the main strike force of front-line aviation and are capable of delivering strikes to a depth of 250-400 km.

The main purpose of front-line bomber aviation is the destruction of objects in the operational depth of the enemy, i.e. at a depth of 300-400 km from the front line. It can also operate in the tactical and immediate operational depths, solving the tasks of air support for the Ground Forces. The main tasks of bomber aviation will be:

Destruction of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery;

Defeat enemy reserves;

Defeat the means of command and control of enemy troops;

Assistance in the landing of their troops;

Obstruction of enemy maneuvers;

Based on the purpose, the main objects of strikes for front-line bomber aviation should be considered:

Airfields and aircraft on them;

Rocket launchers in positions;

Reserves in areas of concentration and on the march;

Nodes of railway stations, large bridges, crossings, sea and river ports;

Warehouses and supply bases;

Control posts and radar posts.

Assault aviation is the main means of air support for the Ground Forces. Air support for ground forces is one of the main tasks of bomber and attack aviation.

The main purpose of attack aviation is the destruction of ground-based small and mobile objects on the battlefield and in tactical depth. The objects of its actions can be located in the nearest operational depth of up to 300 km. from the front line.

Methods of b / actions and b / orders of subdivisions (parts) of the FBA and SHA.
When solving their tasks, subdivisions and units of the FBA and SA, depending on the conditions, can use the following main methods of conducting b / actions:

Simultaneous strike on predetermined targets;

Sequential strikes against predetermined targets;

Call actions;

Independent search.

Simultaneous strikes (group strikes) must be used when it is required to create a high density of a missile and bomb strike. The blow is delivered by the entire composition or most of the forces. In this case, better conditions are created for securing and overcoming the enemy's air defense system.

Sequential strikes (single) are delivered when there is not enough strength to simultaneously complete tasks, as well as when it is necessary to have a long impact on enemy targets and prevent restoration work.

Attacks on call from their command posts or senior commanders are carried out, as a rule, against newly discovered targets (rocket launchers in positions, troops on the march, etc.). This method is most often used for air support of the Ground Forces units.

Independent search is used when there is no exact information about the location of the impact objects. An independent search is carried out by a limited composition of forces (usually up to a link). If necessary, these forces can be increased.

The following attack methods are used to defeat and destroy ground objects of the FBA and SHA:

From a dive;

From level flight;

With a pitch.

A dive attack is used to destroy small moving and stationary targets. This method has the highest hit accuracy.

An attack from a pitch-up and a horizontal position is used to destroy areal and linear objects.

In difficult weather conditions, bombing and shooting at ground targets is carried out from low altitudes of 150-220 m from horizontal flight or with small dive angles. When conducting b / actions in simple weather conditions, strikes are delivered from a dive from medium heights. Attacks are carried out on the move using vigorous anti-missile and anti-aircraft maneuvers. It is advisable to strike targets from different directions, taking into account the position of the Sun.

Exploration of the radiation situation and weather;

Determining the results of missile and air strikes.

To perform these tasks, the reconnaissance aircraft has off-board reconnaissance equipment, as well as equipment for processing the results of observation, documenting and transmitting reports to the ground command post.

Types and methods of conducting aerial reconnaissance.

Air reconnaissance, depending on the scale, tasks, and also on whose interests it is carried out, is divided into three types:

strategic;

operational;

Tactical.

Strategic aerial reconnaissance is organized by the commanders-in-chief of the services of the Armed Forces or the Supreme Commander-in-Chief in the interests of the war as a whole or in the interests of operations conducted by a group of fronts, to the depth of the entire theater of operations.

Operational aerial reconnaissance is organized by front-line command and carried out to the depth of front-line, air and sea operations by front-line reconnaissance aircraft.

Tactical aerial reconnaissance is organized by the army command in the tactical depth of the enemy in the interests of formations of various branches of the armed forces in order to obtain the necessary data for organizing a battle.

In the interests of aviation operations, preliminary aerial reconnaissance is carried out (with insufficient data to make a decision on the implementation of tasks), additional reconnaissance (to clarify the position of objects, their air defense, radiation situation and weather on the route and in the area of operations), control (during or after an air strike to determine its results).

Reconnaissance aviation uses the following methods of aerial reconnaissance:

Visual observation;

Aerial photography;

Air reconnaissance with the help of electronic means.

visual observation allows you to view large areas, and is indispensable for the search and additional reconnaissance of low-observable nuclear missile systems, control and air defense systems and other moving objects. Data can be transmitted by radio immediately after the detection of targets.

aerial photography allows you to capture the most complex objects on film, to obtain fairly complete data on the groupings of enemy troops, its defensive structures, large railway junctions, airfields and positions of rocket launchers, to identify even the most insignificant changes in such large objects.

Aircraft carriers.

Command posts and radar posts, command and control centers, as well as state administration centers.

Let's consider the b / capabilities of the Tu-160, Tu-95MS, Tu-22MZ aircraft.

Tu-160 aircraft.

The Tu-160 aircraft is a multi-mode strategic missile-carrying bomber and is designed to destroy ground and sea targets from low and medium altitudes at subsonic speeds and from high altitudes at supersonic speeds using strategic cruise missiles, short-range guided missiles and aerial bombs.

The aircraft is equipped with an in-flight refueling system of the "hose-cone" type (in the non-operating position, the rod is retracted into the forward fuselage in front of the cockpit). The crew consists of 4 people and is placed in ejection seats.

The armament of the aircraft, consisting of long-range, medium-range and short-range aviation cruise missiles, aerial bombs and mines, is located in the fuselage in 2 weapons compartments. The total load of weapons is 22500 kg.

Missile weapons option may include:

Two drum launchers, each of which can carry 6 guided cruise missiles, with a launch range of up to 3000 km. (X-55 missiles);

Two drum launchers for short-range guided missiles (X-15 missiles).

The bomb variant may include thermonuclear and conventional bombs (caliber 250, 500, 1500, 3000), guided bombs, mines and other weapons.

The combat potential of the aircraft is commensurate with the potential of 2 Tu-95MS aircraft or 2 Tu-22MZ air squadrons and is equated to a missile salvo of a nuclear submarine with ballistic missiles.

We continue to get acquainted with the exposition of military equipment presented at the time in Singapore.

As already mentioned, the national air force of Singapore is celebrating its 45th anniversary this year, which was dedicated to a separate exposition. In addition to the previously shown Israeli air defense system and the fruit of the Russian-Singapore cooperation of the air defense system "", one could see the rather old American Improved Hawk air defense system, the analogue of which in the USSR was considered the S-125 air defense system.

1. Launcher M192 SAM Improved Hawk

2. The "Improved Hawk" air defense system can hit supersonic air targets at ranges from 1 to 40 km and altitudes of 0.03 - 18 km (the maximum range and altitude of the "Hawk" air defense system are 30 and 12 km, respectively) and is capable of firing at difficult weather conditions and when using interference.

3. Both types of fire platoons have one AN / MPQ-46 target illumination radar, three M192 launchers with three MIM-23B anti-aircraft guided missiles on each. SAM MIM-23B - single-stage, cross-winged, made according to the "tailless" aerodynamic configuration, has a launch weight of 625 kg, a length of 5.08 m, a maximum body diameter of 0.37 m, a span of aerodynamic control surfaces of 1.2 m.

4. The M192 launcher is a structure of three rigidly connected open rails mounted on a movable base, which is mounted on a single-axle trailer. Elevation angle change is made by means of a hydraulic drive. Rotation of the movable base with PU is carried out by means of a drive placed on the trailer. Electronic drive control equipment was also installed there, which ensures guidance of missiles located on the launcher to a preemptive point, and equipment for preparing missiles for launch. When deployed at the starting position, the launcher is leveled using jacks.

5. Details - http://pvo.guns.ru/other/usa/hawk/index.htm

6.

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The basis of covering subunits and units on the march is made up of units of the Gepard ZSU, capable of firing from short stops. ZSU "Gepard" are located along the entire length of the column (in pairs, singly) at intervals of up to 2,000 m.

In addition, in accordance with the requirements of the West German military regulations, each unit (subunit) of the SV must be ready for self-defense against attacks by low-flying aircraft and helicopters.

To combat them, emergency crews of 20-mm twin ZU MK 20 Rh 202 are used, which are in service with units, combat support units, maintenance units, headquarters units, as well as 20-mm BMP cannons, 7.62 mm and 12.7 mm anti-aircraft machine guns tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers and other small arms. Artillery barrage fire can be used against low-flying helicopters.

A British division in an offensive in the direction of the main attack can be reinforced by an anti-aircraft missile regiment of the Rapira air defense missile system.

According to the views of the NATO command, the defense will be of a focal nature with a significant dispersal of the division's cover objects, both along the front and in depth. Significant gaps are characteristic between elements of defense (between battalions over 1 km, between brigades - up to 3 km or more). For air defense systems, therefore, there will be a large stretch of battle formations.

Based on a comparative assessment of the importance of the main elements of the division’s battle formation in the defense, it can be assumed that the most reliable cover is required by the main forces of the first echelon brigades, field artillery groupings, helicopters at home bases, command posts of the division, and in the course of a defensive battle, the second echelon brigade conducting counterattack.

In order to ensure the stability of the battle order and closer interaction with the units being covered, the firing positions of the batteries (platoons) of the Avenger launchers are located in the positional area of the brigade and divisional field artillery grouping, in the area of the command post of the division and on the outskirts of the area of \u200b\u200bthe second echelon of the division.

Intervals and distances between platoons, while maintaining fire communication in the battle order of the Avenger battery, will usually be within 3-4 km. In the absence of fire communication, they can be much larger.

Positions for the Stinger air defense systems are assigned taking into account the location of other air defense systems of the division, as a rule, within company strongholds. Based on the experience of the war in the Middle East, the military experts of the NATO countries believe that in some cases it is advisable to use the fire crews of the Stinger air defense system for operating from ambushes, while the starting positions for them can be assigned outside the strongholds of the companies in the directions of the probable flight of low-flying targets along the folds of the terrain.

Strengths of military air defense are:

the constant presence of an air defense group in the combat formation of a unit and formation;

high combat readiness, which makes it possible to quickly transfer air defense systems from lower levels of readiness to higher ones;

the quantitative composition and various qualitative characteristics of forces and means make it possible to create mixed groupings and carry out multi-layered cover by them of the most important objects;

high rate of fire and a fairly short reaction time of the complexes.

3. 2 Organization of long-range and medium-range air defense systems, theirtotico- specifications, strengths and weaknesses

SAM big gave b features "Patriot" ( Patriot )

SAM "Patriot" was developed in the USA. It's meant to hit aircraft and ballistic missiles for operational-tactical purposes at low, medium and high altitudes in the face of strong enemy opposition.

"Patriot" - the main ground-based air defense system of the US Armed Forces. This is an all-weather long-range complex that allows you to destroy air targets in a wide range of altitudes and speeds.

Organizationally, the Patriot air defense system consists of divisions. There are three to five batteries in a division, and two platoons in a battery. The battery contains a multifunctional radar AN / MPQ-53 with a phased antenna array (5.5-6.7 cm), 8 - 5 launchers with a container for 4 (16) missiles and a combat command and control center.

The main firing unit, capable of simultaneously firing up to 9 air targets, is a battery, including:

Multifunctional radar with a phased array (AN / MPQ-53), placed on a trailer towed by a tractor;

Fire control station (FCS) AN / VSQ-104, mounted on a truck;

5-8 launchers;

A truck with power generators for the radar and fire control station.

The multifunctional radar provides an overview of space, detection of targets, their tracking and identification, tracking of missiles and transmission of control commands to them. The radar antenna system includes seven phased antenna arrays (PAR) and an identification antenna.

The main phased array is designed to emit and receive signals in the airspace surveillance mode, detect targets and track them; target illumination signal emission; transmission to the missile of a reference signal that ensures the operation of the receiver of the missile's guidance head; transmission of missile control commands. The diameter of the main headlamp is 244 cm. It consists of 5,160 antenna elements of the same type.

The AN / MPQ-53 (65) radar performs the functions of determining and identifying the target, its trajectory, tracking the missile and transmitting control commands. Up to 75 targets can be tracked at the same time and 8-9 missiles can be guided. The detection range of airborne radars is 190 km.

At the divisional level, there is an information center, which is a command post coordinating the fire of both the Patriot system and the complex "Hawk", with which the "Patriot" has partial unification in terms of nodes and complete in terms of control commands.

All control of the complex is carried out via highly secure radio communications. Therefore, the deployment and clotting time is 20-30 minutes.

SAM "Patriot" RAS-2 (RAS-3) single-stage, made according to a wingless aerodynamic design.

The warhead of the rocket is high-explosive fragmentation with a total mass of 90.7 (23) kg. An engine with an average thrust of 11,000 kg runs on solid fuel for 11 s, giving the rocket a speed of 1,750 m/s. The total weight of the Patriot SAM is 906 (320) kg. Designed for overload up to 30 units.

The smaller headlamp, located to the right below the main one and containing 251 antenna elements, is intended only for receiving information from the rocket.

The remaining five, each with 51 elements, are side-lobe compensator antennas designed to reduce the effectiveness of enemy active interference on the radar.

The fire control station (FCS) is located in the car van and has:

Two specialized digital computers doubling each other, automatically controlling the radar and missile in flight;

Control units for radiation frequencies and movement of radar antenna beams;

Two indicators with control panels for the operation of the entire air defense system;

Communication equipment with other elements of the air defense system.

The fire control station is serviced by two operators and can automatically control the entire air defense system associated with the interception of targets. Operators also have MANPADS "Stinger".

The communication equipment provides transmission in digital form and over the telephone between fire control stations and launchers, radars, as well as between the command of various instances.

The launcher is placed on a two-axle heavy-duty trailer and towed by a caterpillar tractor. Each launcher carries a transport and launch container with 4 PAC-2 / GEM missiles or 16 PAC-3 missiles inside and is capable of providing single missile launches at short time intervals. PU reloading is carried out with the help of transport-loading vehicles (there are six of them in the division).

At the firing position, launchers are located at a distance of up to 1 km, and launchers with PAC-3 missiles up to 30 km from the radar. Communication with the fire control station is carried out via a data line and a radiotelephone. The launcher is served by a crew of 3, which has a Stinger MANPADS. The launcher can be transported by C-141 and C-5A aircraft, as well as by helicopters.

PU allows you to rotate containers in azimuth within 110 about from the main position. In elevation, the containers are installed at a fixed angle of 38°. The use of a multi-purpose container makes it possible to eliminate missile checks in the field and reduce the number of service personnel.

System management SAM "Patriot"combined. At the initial part of the flight trajectory (first stage), which lasts three seconds, the missile's flight is controlled in accordance with the program entered into the memory of the onboard computer before launching the missile. At this stage, the missile is captured by the complex's radar for its next escort. the second stage of the missile flight is controlled by the command method, when the missile approaches the target, a transition is made from the command method to the guidance method through the missile detection head (third stage).

The guidance system uses the AN / MPQ-53 (65) radar, operating in the wavelength range of 5.5-6.7 cm. It has a field of view in the azimuth search mode + 45 o and in elevation 1-73 o. Tracking sector in the guidance mode through the missile in azimuth + 55 o, and in elevation 1-83 o.

The detection range with a probability of 0.9 is:

RCS \u003d 0.1 m 2 (rocket head) ... 60-70 km;

RCS = 0.5 m 2 (cruise missiles) ... 85-100 km;

RCS = 1.7 m 2 (fighter) ... 110-130 km;

RCS = 10 m 2 (bomber) ... 160-190 km.

Target detection time 8-19 s.

The operation of the Patriot SAM control system is as follows:

The multifunctional radar searches for targets, detects them, identifies them and determines their coordinates. As dangerous targets approach the line of interception, preemptive rendezvous points are calculated, and a decision is made to launch missiles. All operations are performed in the FCS automatically with the help of a digital computer, and data on the order of firing at targets is displayed on the indicator screen.

When approaching a certain line, the launcher turns in azimuth to a pre-empted meeting point and a missile is launched.

If the target is single and is located at a considerable distance from the protected object, then one missile is launched. If there are several targets, they fly in close formation and are at a distance when it is impossible to launch according to the principle "launch - evaluation of results - launch", then successive launches of missiles are carried out with such an interval that they approach a dense group of targets with an interval of 5-10 s (depending on flight altitude).

If the target is a group one and flies in an open formation or there are several group targets spaced apart in space, then the missiles are launched at such an interval that two missiles do not approach their targets at the same time. This is done so that there is time to highlight the target-missile pair at the last moment of the missile's approach to the target, since the radar can only serve each missile-target pair sequentially.

Immediately after the launch, the rocket programmatically enters the radar coverage area for several seconds with a large overload, after which the data transmission line is turned on. With the next passage of the radar beam through the angular direction on which the missile is located, the missile is captured for escort.

At the second stage of guidance, the missile is escorted "on the way". In those moments when the radar beam is directed at the missiles, control commands are transmitted to them. At the same time, six missiles can be guided by the command method. DD=70-130 m.

In this mode, the radar operates in the 6.1-6.7 cm wavelength range. A control signal is sent to each missile at its own carrier frequency - this ensures the electromagnetic compatibility of on-board control command devices.

At the last stage of the rocket's flight (6 seconds before meeting the target), a transition is made from the command guidance method to the guidance mode with relaying data from the rocket to the ground and developing rocket control commands on the ground. The illumination of the missile and the target in this mode is carried out by a pulse-Doppler signal at a wavelength of 5.5-6.1 cm. The signal reflected from the target is received by the missile and transmitted via a telemetry line from the missile to the radar, where it is processed. No processing takes place on the rocket and no control commands are generated. All signal processing and generation of control commands is performed on the ground.

The method of guidance through a missile makes it possible to increase the accuracy and noise immunity of the air defense system in relation to active interference and simultaneously direct three missiles at different targets.

The radar operation cycle is 1 s (100 ms - search, tracking "on the way" and command guidance, 900 ms the radar illuminates targets and missiles at the last stage of guidance through the missile, transferring beams from one missile-target pair to another).

Combat capabilities_SAM "Patriot"

The far edge of the kill zone is 100 km away from the battery for PAC-2s (25 for PAC-3 missiles) at medium and high altitudes and 20 km at low altitudes. Nearest - is 3 km. The upper limit lies at an altitude of 25(15) km with an available overload of five (n y spread = 5). The lower boundary lies at a height of 60 m.

Reaction time - 15 s. The speed of the hit targets is 30-900m / s.

The system allows launching missiles from one launcher every 3 s, and from different launchers with an interval of 1 s.

Scheme of functioning of the air defense system "Patriot"

On the ground, the Patriot missile defense division is located in batteries. Batteries are located from each other at a distance of 30-40 km. Upon arrival at the firing position, deployment is carried out on the ground. Radar, FCS and a truck with power generators are located on an elevated place. Launchers are located at a distance of up to 1 km from the FCS and radar (with RAS-3 missiles up to 30 km).

The radar is installed so that the antenna plane is directed along the center of the SAM responsibility sector. The coordinates of the radar on the ground and the coordinates of the launcher relative to the radar are being specified. In the control room, the containers are displayed in the required position in azimuth and elevation and then transferred to remote control from the control system. The transfer time from traveling to combat is about 30 minutes. Coagulation time - 15 min.

The system was widely used during Operation Desert Storm, where it proved to be not the best. Of the 98 Scud missiles launched by the Iraqis, the Patriot hit only 35, using up 153 missiles. Thus, the efficiency of the system was only 0.36 instead of the declared 0.6-0.9. Moreover, the defeat of one missile accounted for from 3-4 to 10 Patriot missiles instead of 2, as stated in the technical data sheet. However, all the “hit” Scud missiles hit their targets safely, as only the hull was damaged, and the warhead remained unscathed. The cost ratio is also indicative: the cost of the Scud missile is $250,000, and the cost of the Patriot is $1 million. The low efficiency of the system forced Raytheon to start upgrading it. The Russian system is taken as the standard to which the corporation is striving. S-300V. Raytheon plans to complete the modernization of the complex in 2000.

The Patriot complex is in service with the Armed Forces of the Netherlands, Germany, Japan, Israel, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.

SAM medium-range "Hawk"

SAM Hawk, adopted by the US Army in 1959, is currently the main tool in the joint system air defense NATO in Europe. SAM is designed to destroy air goals at low, medium and high altitudes. On the European theater of operations along the borders with the CIS countries, a continuous strip of the Khok air defense system was created from two to three lines with a total depth of 120-150 km.

Organizationally, the Hawk air defense system consists of divisions in each of three batteries, consisting of three platoons. There are three launchers (PU) in the platoon, designed for three missiles. In total, there are 27 launchers, 81 missiles in the division.

The complex includes SAM, 3 launchers, two radar detection of air targets and target designation, illumination radar, control systemefire, transport-loading machine.

All elements of the complex are placed on single-axle and two-axle semi-trailers. There is a variant of a launcher mounted on a tracked chassis.

ZUR "Hawk" single-stage, made according to the aerodynamic scheme "tailless", equipped with a solid-propellant engine.

Guidance system - semi-active radar. The missile is guided to the target by a semi-active radar homing system operating in continuous radiation mode and using the Doppler-Belopolsky effect.

Guidance drives: in azimuth - electromechanical, in elevation - hydraulic.

Detection and target designation radars operate: AN / MPQ-50 - in pulsed mode (20-30 cm) and is designed to detect targets at medium and high altitudes; the second - AN / MPQ-48 - in continuous radiation mode (3 cm) and serves to detect targets at low altitudes. Radar target illumination AN / MPQ-46 continuous radiation (3 cm), designed to illuminate the target in the process of pointing the missile.

Range finder AN/MPQ-51 (1.8-2 cm) determines the range to the target in pulsed mode.

Fire control equipment provides data processing for firing, control of the operation of the complex and is mounted in a special cabin.

In 1972, the armies of the NATO member countries began to receive the "Improved Hawk" air defense system, which has a new missile defense system with a more powerful warhead, improved homing head and engine. At the new complex, the range and noise immunity of the radar were increased, a computer was introduced into the complex, which ensured an increase in the level of control automation shooting and a TV camera for guidance of missiles in conditions of interference.

As part of the control system of the Usov.Hok air defense system, there is an optical target tracking system TAS, which includes a television camera associated with a target irradiation radar and video indicators with controls.

The TAS system makes it possible to track air targets with the radiation radar turned off and together with it, determine the degree of destruction of targets and track air targets in conditions of strong radio interference.

The TAS system is controlled by the radiation radar operator.

The US.Hok air defense missile is aimed at the target by the method of proportional approach. The essence of this method lies in the fact that during the entire time of the missile's flight to the target, the angular velocity of the missile's velocity vector is proportional to the angular velocity of the missile's line - the target. The method is implemented as follows:

With the help of target designation radar, a target is searched and its coordinates are determined. For targets flying at altitudes of less than 3,000 m, a continuous-wave radar operates, and for targets flying at altitudes of more than 3,000 m, a pulsed radar operates. The coordinates of the target (or several targets) are sent to the fire control cabin of the battery, where the air situation is assessed, targets are selected for engagement, a firing section and a launcher are assigned. All these operations are performed automatically by a computer.

After selecting a target and a launcher, target designation data is generated and sent to the radiation radar and the corresponding launcher. The radiation radar antenna is deployed on the target; it is captured and automatically tracked. According to the radar irradiation, the launcher is deployed in azimuth and elevation so that in the final section of the flight trajectory the least overload of the rocket is required for guidance. The rocket equipment is tuned to receive the reference signal of the target irradiation radar and remembers it. Based on this, the rocket can determine its speed.

At the command of the battery commander or automatically at the command generated by the computer, a rocket is launched. The target is captured by the missile homing head according to the radar radiation signals reflected from the target, as a rule, occurs before launch. But capture is also possible after launch in the initial section of the trajectory by about 15-20 seconds after launch.

The angular velocity of the turn of the "missile-target" line is measured by the missile's seeker coordinator, which performs continuous auto-tracking of the target according to the radiation radar signals reflected from the target.

The speed of approach of the missile to the target is measured by isolating the Doppler frequency, based on a comparison of the reference and the signal reflected from the target.

The reference signal is received by the tail antennas of the rocket from the radiation radar. The signal reflected from the target is received by the missile's homing head.

The rocket is equipped with a radar fuse. The moment of its operation is determined by the distance to the target

Can be homing missiles to the source of interference.

Combat capabilities SAM "Us.Khok"

The firing zone of the "Us.Hok" battery is circular, the zone of destruction is sectoral.

The far boundary of the affected area is 42 km away from the battery.

The upper limit corresponds to a height of 20 km, the lower limit corresponds to a height of 15 m.

Zone defeat, its size and configuration, is determined by the characteristics of the missile, the parameters of the radar irradiation and homing heads, the speed and altitude of the target.

The maximum speed of the Mustache Hawk rocket is 900 m/s. The missile is designed for overload 25.

The irradiation station provides tracking of approaching targets with radial velocities from 45 m/s to 1917 m/s. This allows you to hit targets approaching with radial velocities from 45 m/s to 1,125 m/s. When auto-tracking fails, the rocket flies according to "memory" for 8 s. Targets moving away from the battery can be hit in a very limited area. With manual accompaniment of the AN / MPQ-46 radiation radar, it ensures the destruction of helicopters.

The maximum effective range of destruction (with a guaranteed probability of 0.8) is 35 km for the "Improved Hawk".

The affected area in the horizontal plane, without taking into account the restrictions on the limiting lead angle, is a sector with an angle slightly less than 180 o.

The position of the lateral boundaries of the sector (the rear boundary of the affected area) is determined by the minimum radial velocity of the target equal to 45 m/s. For a flight speed of 800 km/h, this angle is approximately 158 o (79 o in each direction from the axis of symmetry). Outside the specified rear boundary (specified corner of the sector), the rocket flies in "memory" for 5 s.

Due to the limitation on the maximum lead angle at the edges of the specified sector, defeat is impossible. The position of the lateral boundaries of the affected area is determined by the speed of the target and the angle of deviation of the missile coordinator.

Lateral boundaries for target speeds of 900-950 km/h are approximately parallel to the axis of symmetry and for low flight altitudes pass at heading parameters of 20 km.

The upper limit of the effective destruction zone lies at an altitude of 17-19 km, respectively, for the maximum and minimum destruction range.

The lower boundary of the zone is limited by the position closing angles, theoretically it lies at a height of 15 m. With a battery position closing angle of 0.5 o, which is almost always the case, the lower boundary lies at least 100 m. A "dead" zone with a radius of 2 km is created above the battery and height up to 9 km.

The battery of the "Us.Hok" air defense missile system on mechanical traction can simultaneously fire at two targets, and the self-propelled battery - three targets (according to the number of radar exposures). The reaction time of the system is 12 s.

The ability of a battery to maintain a long fire is determined by the stock of missiles and the reload time of launchers. The Us.Hok battery has a double ammunition load of missiles: in the mechanized battery 36 (18 on launchers), and in the self-propelled battery - 54 missiles (27 on launchers). The reload time of the launcher is 3 minutes.

With prolonged firing (until the entire ammunition is used up), the average rate of fire is 3 rounds per minute. The maximum rate of fire of the battery is 3 starts in 10 seconds.

The number of possible launches for a given target depends on the detection range of the target designation radar, heading parameter, target height and speed, passive time and time between launches.

The maximum target detection range with an effective reflective surface of 1 m 2 is:

For radar AN / MPQ-50 (pulse) - 110 km;

For AN / MPQ-48 radar (continuous) - 65 km.

The time between launches is the sum of the time for evaluating the result of the launch (10 s) and the flight time of the launched missile, which depends on the height of the target and the position of the meeting point of the missile with the target.

The procedure for the functioning of the air defense system

Targeting radar detects an air target.

Transmission of coordinates to the cockpit of the control unit.

Definition of a specific PU.

Target designation on the target illumination radar.

Irradiation (illumination) of the target.

Rocket launch.

Reception by the equisignal zone of the antenna pattern of the reflected signal and aiming at the target.

To the strengths of the US.Hok air defense system include: the ability to intercept high-speed targets at low altitudes; high noise immunity of the radar and homing of the missile to the source of interference, good system performance after target detection and high mobility.

Weaknesses of the US.Hok air defense system are: the need for stable target tracking for a significant time before launch and during the entire time of the missile's flight; large required minimum speed of target approach to the radar - 45 m/s; reduction in the combat capabilities of the battery in conditions of rain, snowfall, dense fog, due to a decrease in the radar range - 3 cm range; a significant reduction in combat capabilities with a combination of active, passive interference and maneuver.

If the location of the "Us.Hok" air defense missile system is unknown, then it is advisable to fly in their coverage area using the "Cobra" and "Volna" maneuvers or at extremely low altitudes.

Against missiles fired at the aircraft, it is necessary to perform a turn with the maximum possible overload and vigorous descent to an extremely low altitude, followed by flight at this altitude for at least 8 seconds (duration of the "Us. Hawk" radar tracking mode by "memory") . If the heading angle to the starting position of the air defense system is from 0 to 90 degrees, the turn must be made to the left, if from 270 to 360 degrees - to the right. At the end of the turn, the aircraft track must be perpendicular to the launch line. In this case, the radial component of the flight speed relative to the starting position will be the smallest.

On the ground, the Us.Hok division is located in batteries. Batteries are removed from each other at a distance of 15-20 km. Typically, batteries are placed in areas free from natural and artificial obstacles that limit line of sight. They are located mainly at the dominant heights.

The stationary position of the Us.Hok batteries occupies an area of 350-400 m by 250-350 m, on which launch pads with a diameter of about 15 m each, a control position and a technical position are equipped. The launch pads are located one from the other at a distance of about 70 m, and the distance between the sections is 100-250 m.

Launch pads are usually embanked or buried. SAM launchers at 30-35% of the positions are kept under domed shelters with a diameter of about 10 m. At some positions, the launchers are covered with covers or camouflage nets.

On the territory of the European NATO countries there are 123 fixed positions for the Us.Hok batteries, of which 93 positions are located on the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany.

The battery "Us.Khok" in the field position occupies an area of 350-300 m, on which positions are equipped starting, control and technical.

The battery of the "Us.Hok" self-propelled battalion can be deployed by platoon. The distance between the firing positions of platoons can be from 1 to 10 km.

The Us.Hok battery is deployed on the ground after the march in 15-30 minutes (in an unprepared position 50-60 minutes). Battery deployment time - 15-20 min. The Us.Hok battery column on the march has a length, depending on the speed, from 120 m to 3,000 m. All elements of the Us.Khok air defense system can be transported by helicopters and troop-carrying aircraft. In the course of hostilities, it is possible to change the firing positions of the batteries of the Us.Khok air defense system up to two times a day.

The Hawk and Improved Hawk air defense systems are in service with the armies of the United States, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Belgium, Greece, Denmark, Germany, France, Japan and a number of other countries.

SAM "HASAMS"

The HASAMS medium-range air defense system has been in service with the Norwegian air defense units since 1994 to replace the Us.Hok air defense system. The new air defense system uses the previously developed AMRAAM (AIM-120) air-to-air missiles, modified for launch from the ground, the fire control center of the Norwegian version of the Us. Hawk complex. as well as a new three-coordinate radar AN / TPQ-36A.

SAM control is carried out using a combined guidance system: command-inertial in the initial section and active radar homing - in the final one. If the target does not perform a maneuver, then the SAM makes an autonomous flight according to the commands of the inertial measuring unit to the anticipatory meeting point stored in the memory of the onboard computer before launch. When a target maneuvers on a missile defense system from the ground, commands are sent through the radar to correct the trajectory to a new pre-empted point. The target is captured by an active radar homing head at a distance of up to 20 km from the meeting point, after which active homing is carried out. The main TTD air defense systems.

The modified SAM is made according to the normal aerodynamic scheme and consists of three compartments. The main part of the onboard equipment in the head compartment, on average - a high-explosive fragmentation part with an active radar and contact fuse; ZUR has a dual-mode TT Engine with reduced smoke generation.

The launcher is mounted on the base of an off-road vehicle. In the stowed position, the package of transport and launch containers with missiles is located horizontally. At the firing position, missiles are launched at a fixed elevation angle of the TPK of 30 o.

MF radar AN / NPQ-36A provides detection, identification and simultaneous tracking of up to 50 air targets, as well as guidance of 3 missiles at 3 targets. All station equipment is installed on a towed trailer.

The ARCS fire control point includes 2 computers and 2 duplicating workstations. Start can be carried out both automatically and by the operator's command.

The main tactical unit of the "NASAMS" air defense system is the battery.

It consists of 3 fire platoons (common set of ZUR-54).

The smallest firing unit is a platoon, whose armament includes 3 launchers with missiles in transport and launch containers (each launcher has a package of 6 containers), a multifunctional radar with headlights, and a fire control point.

All platoon fire control points and computers are integrated into an information network in such a way that one of the three radars can replace all the others. The battery command post (located on one of the launchers) can receive target designations from a higher headquarters and issue data on the air situation to subordinate fire control points, as well as to several (up to 8) short-range complexes.

To increase the survivability of the complex, it is assumed that the launcher will be dispersed from the positions of the control center and radar at a distance of up to 25 km.

Thus, in contrast to the US.Khok air defense system, the NASAMS air defense system has increased mobility, an increased number of target channels, a high degree of automation and duplication of control systems, a reduced number of vehicles and maintenance personnel.

3. 3 Organization, combat capabilities of Istr unitseair defense fighters

In NATO countries, fighter aviation is represented by units and subunits. At the same time, in some countries there are special units of fighter-interceptors, in others - squadrons of fighter-interceptors are either part of units for another purpose, or are directly part of the formations and formations of the Air Force.

There are special units of interceptor fighters in the FRG - a fighter aviation squadron, in Great Britain - an aviation group (in the mother country), in Belgium and Italy - a fighter aviation wing. In addition, in Italy, fighter aviation squadrons (IAE) are part of mixed air wings. In Greece, the IAE are part of the air wings, and in Turkey, they are part of the air bases. In Denmark, Norway and Holland, the IAE are directly part of TAK. The special units of fighter-interceptors include two IAE each. The number of aircraft in squadrons: in Great Britain and Italy - 12, in Denmark - 16, in Turkey - 20, and in other NATO countries (Germany, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, Greece) - 18 each.

Squadrons consist of 3 x-4 x units of 4 aircraft.

The combat readiness of the air defense system is determined by the ability of air defense units and subunits and air defense fighter aircraft, as well as command and control and warning bodies, to immediately repulse a sudden air enemy.

The states of alert in the joint NATO air defense system are entered, as a rule, by the Supreme Commander of the NATO Allied Forces in Europe in accordance with the alarm system, which at the present time is called the "NATO Warning System". However, in the event of a threat of air attack within the boundaries of responsibility of certain areas (sectors) of air defense, the commanders of the OTAK (air defense of areas) or the heads of air defense sectors can independently introduce increased levels of combat readiness to subordinate units and subunits until an alert is declared on the scale of the NATO Allied Forces.

According to the experience of NATO exercises, the states (degrees) of combat readiness of the NATO air defense system can be as follows: "Normal" "Alpha", "Bravo", "Charlie", "Delta" ( A , B , C , D ).

State "Normal" (daily) is introduced automatically after the inclusion of an air defense unit or subunit in the NATO combined armed forces. According to NATO standards, in each unit (unit), at least 85% of air defense systems and 70% of air defense fighters that are part of the combat composition of the joint NATO air defense system must be combat-ready. Air defense units have 2-3 shifts of combat crews, and for each combat-ready aircraft there are 1.5-2 trained crews.

In peacetime, air defense forces on duty are allocated from among the combat-ready forces and means.

In daily readiness ("Normal"), two aircraft (10-15%) are assigned to the duty forces from each squadron of air defense fighters, which are in 5 or 15-minute readiness for take-off. On average, 50% of all air defense fighters from the duty forces are in 5-minute readiness, and the remaining 50% are in 15-minute readiness to take off.

15% of launchers from each division of the Patriot air defense system, Us.Hok air defense system - in 20-minute readiness, Nike-Hercules air defense system - in 30-minute readiness for launch are allocated to the duty units of the air defense system.

The rest of the SAM units are in 3-hour or more readiness.

In the event of a real threat of an air attack or when working out the issues of bringing the joint NATO air defense system to full combat readiness during the exercises, the following states of combat readiness can be declared to the air defense forces and means: "Alpha", "Bravo", "Charlie" and "Delta" (A, B,C,D).

When declaring a state "Alpha" the number of on-duty fighters and air defense units of the joint NATO air defense system is doubled compared to the daily state of "Normal". At the same time, 50% of the fighters on duty are in 5-minute readiness, and the remaining 50% are in 15-minute readiness to take off.

With state declaration "Bravo" (no later than 3 days before the start of hostilities) 75% of the units of the Patriot, Nike-Hercules, Us.Hok air defense systems are transferred to the duty forces (ready for launch no more than 20 minutes), and 50% combat-ready air defense fighters.

When declaring a state "Charlie" (introduced when there is a real danger of a war during the "Threat Prevention" or "Orange" events, no less than 36 hours in advance) all combat-ready units and subunits of air defense systems and 75% of combat-ready air defense fighters are transferred to duty forces, 50% of air defense units on duty are transferred to full combat readiness, the rest - in 20-minute readiness for launch.

When entering the state "Delta" all on-duty units and subunits of the air defense system are transferred to readiness for immediate combat operations, and all combat-ready air defense fighters are put on 5-minute combat readiness for departure.

An analysis of the materials of NATO exercises shows that it takes up to 3 hours to transfer 50% of the combat-ready air defense units that are not on combat duty to the duty forces in emergency conditions, and up to 12 hours for all air defense systems.

Possible standards for the allocation of air defense systems and air defense fighters to the duty forces (in%) when declaring various states are shown in the table:

Table 17

NATO command pays great attention to maintaining high combat readiness and increasing the level of combat training of forces and means of the air defense system. On the scale of zones and individual areas of air defense, systematic checks of the combat readiness of units of fighter-interceptors, air defense systems, command and control units and radar posts, as well as periodic scheduled air defense exercises are carried out, both on the scale of the exercises of the joint NATO Armed Forces, and independently within the framework of zones, regions and air defense sectors (up to several exercises per month).

The number of fighter-interceptors in the NATO Air Force is relatively small. Their ratio to other aircraft in the NATO Air Force as a whole is 1:3.5. The main reasons for this ratio should be considered: the large role assigned to the air defense system and the presence of a significant number of tactical fighters capable of performing tasks of intercepting air targets if necessary.

Fighter aviation is the main maneuverable air defense system designed to intercept air targets, mainly outside the fire zones of anti-aircraft missiles.

Fighter-interceptors of the central air defense zone are based in two echelons. In the first echelon, at a distance of 150-200 km from the border with the CIS countries, there are squadrons of the Netherlands and Belgium, and at a depth of up to 250 km - tactical fighters of the US Air Force, which are involved in solving air defense tasks.

The basing density of fighter-interceptors in peacetime is, as a rule, two squadrons per airfield. By the beginning of hostilities, fighter-interceptors disperse and are usually based in squadrons.

The following types of fighter-interceptors are in service with NATO fighter-interceptor units and subunits:

F-16A - in Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, Turkey, Denmark;

F-104G,S - in Italy, Germany and Turkey;

F-4F - in Germany and Turkey;

"Tornado" F-3, "Phantom" F-3, "Typhoon" EF-2000 - in Germany, England:

"Mirage" F-3, 2000, "Rafale" - in France and Greece;

F-5A - in Greece and Turkey.

Tactical fighters can also be used to intercept air targets.

Capabilities of fighter-interceptors

All fighter-interceptors are supersonic and all-weather (with the exception of the F-104G,S and F-5). The aircraft in service are mainly 3rd generation aircraft: F-4F, Phantom F-3, Mirage F-1,2000, F-4E. There are 4th generation aircraft: F-16, F-15, "Tornado" and 4 ++ "Typhoon" EF-2000, "Rafal".

All-weather fighter-interceptors are equipped with a combined weapon control system designed to detect and intercept targets.

This system, as a rule, includes: an interception and aiming radar, a calculating device, an infrared sight, an optical sight and an autopilot. Interception and aiming stations allow receiving data on air targets from the control and warning center (post).

The received data is fed into the autopilot and displayed in the cockpit. The fire is opened automatically or by the pilot.

Basic tactical and technical data of US and NATO fighter-interceptors

Table 18

		ThatRnecessary	EF-2000
Wingspan, m
Aircraft length, m
Norm. take-off weight, t
Fuel weight main / pb, t
Thrustelei, t


Rtact. H=500 m, km
Bomb nbutload, t
Cannon (stv x cal mm)
Missiles "V-V"A.I.M.-9 A.I.M.-7, A.I.M.-120	6 A.I.M.

Airborne radars installed on fighter-interceptors make it possible to detect air targets such as fighters at ranges from 30 to 70 km or more, and to capture targets for auto-tracking at ranges from 20 to 30 km. On 4th generation aircraft, radars make it possible to detect targets at ranges of 120-150 to 300 km and switch to auto-tracking at ranges of 65-90 to 120 km.

All aircraft are equipped with radar exposure warning receivers. All interceptor fighters have a speed of 1,300 to 1,400 km/h at low altitudes, 2,100 to 2,500 km/h at high altitude, and a vertical speed of 180 to 350 m/s.

The tactical range of fighters in solving the problem of gaining air superiority at low altitudes is from 400 to 500 km and from 800 to 1,000 km at high altitudes. To increase the tactical range, all fighter-interceptors are provided with the suspension of additional fuel tanks and all are equipped with an in-flight refueling system.

The armament of fighter-interceptors includes guided air-to-air missiles, 20-30 mm caliber guns built into the fuselage, as well as unguided aircraft missiles. From 3 to 8 guided air-to-air missiles can be simultaneously suspended for each aircraft. The use of air-to-air missiles against air targets is possible from almost any direction, i.e. under all angles, both with belittling and with excess relative to the goal.

Fighter-interceptors of the 4th generation (F-15, F-16) have a high thrust-to-weight ratio (exceeds one) and, therefore, have a high rate of climb (up to 350 m/s) at low altitudes.

For the purpose of electronic countermeasures, each aircraft can hang jamming stations and infrared trap resetters in hanging containers.

Tactical characteristics of fighter-interceptor weapons

The Air Forces of the United States, England and France are armed with 22 modifications of Sparrow, Sidewinder, AMRAAM, ASRAAM, Skyflash, Mazhik, and Matra guided missiles.

Table 19

Basic tactical - technical data ur "in-in"

Characteristics	" Spa R row "	"Sidewinder"		AIM-132ASRAAM	"Phoenix"
Rocket weight / warhead kg
Dstr min/max
Height
Warhead type	Rod/of	Rod/of	fragmentation	office nbutright	Sterzhnev
Nav systemeden	PA RLGSN	IKGSN	Coman-inertz + PA RLGSN	IKGSN	Command-inerts + PA RLGSN

All of these missiles are homing. Guidance occurs either by the thermal radiation of the target, or by the electromagnetic energy reflected from the target, emitted by the intercept and aiming radar of the fighter. Such a homing missile is called semi-active.

Semi-active radar homing systems can automatically switch to targeting jammers.

enia, perceiving pulsed or continuous radiation reflected from the target in the 1-3 cm wavelength range, can be aimed at the target from any direction from the rear and front hemispheres in any meteorological conditions.

Missiles with semi-active radar heads homingenia require the target to be irradiated by an aircraft interception and aiming radar up to the moment of meeting with the target, which links the maneuver of the fighter. In addition, they still have insufficient noise immunity, as a result of which they have somewhat lower pointing accuracy than missiles with infrared heads.

The advantages of missiles with infrared homing heads areIare:

High noise immunity, better pointing accuracy;

Possibility of use at extremely low altitudes;

Free maneuver of a fighter after a missile launch.

These rockets are simpler in design. They can be launched according to the data of the fighter's airborne radar or with the help of an optical sight, both with an excess and with a decrease relative to an air target.

At night, the launch range of missiles with infrared homing heads is somewhat greater than during the day.

Missiles with infrared homing heads also have disadvantages:

dependence of the effectiveness of their application on meteorological conditions and characteristics of the propagation of heat radiation of the target;

the possibility of their homing to traps with sources of infrared radiation;

the impossibility of aiming them at targets when firing towards the sun.

For some low-radiating targets in the thermal sector, for example, helicopters, automatic balloons and others, the attack may not take place.

An increase in the probability of hitting targets is achieved by suspension on SD fighter-interceptors with semi-active radar and infrared homing heads.

guided air-to-air missiles, Adopted before 1960, they were completed with high-explosive, high-explosive fragmentation and fragmentation warheads, and URs released after 1960 are usually equipped with rod warheads (UR "Sparrow", "Sidewinder"). The warheads of all recently developed guided missiles are equipped with non-contact (radar or infrared) and contact fuses. The use of proximity fuses, triggered at a short distance, increases the likelihood of hitting her. The probability of hitting a target with missiles that have only a contact fuse is lower than that of missiles with proximity fuses, since the probability of a direct hit on the target does not exceed 0.4.

aircraft guns are available on all aircraft that are used as fighter-interceptors. The rate of fire of the British aviation 30-mm cannon "Aden" - 1200-1400 rds / min, the French 30-mm "Defa" - 1,400 - 1,500 rds / min, and the American 20 mm six-barreled gun "Volcano" - 4,000 - 6,000 rds/min The effective range of aircraft guns is up to 700-800 m.

Unguided aircraft missiles (NAR) are auxiliary weapons of fighter-interceptors and are intended for actions against air targets from short ranges (maximum range up to 1-2 km, depending on the angles, height, speed of the target and the fighter). The United States and NATO are armed with more than 15 types of air-to-air NARs with a caliber from 38 to 127 km. All known NARs, with the exception of the American "Gini" AIR-2A, which has a nuclear charge (TNT equivalent - 1.5-2 kt, projectile weight 360 kg), are equipped with a high-explosive fragmentation or high-explosive warhead and contact fuses. On interceptor fighters, NARs are located mainly in retractable installations, less often in suspended multi-barrel tubular installations. To reach the line of attack and calculate the initial data for firing, the weapon control system used for SD is used.

The disadvantages of NAR are the short range and low probability of hitting the target.

Fighter control in the air

To intercept air targets in the United States and NATO countries, both air defense fighters are used, which are part of special fighter units and subunits designed for air defense purposes, and tactical fighters that are in service with tactical fighter and fighter-bomber units and subunits.

Air defense fighters and tactical fighters use three basesinnyh way of fighting:

interception from a duty position at an aerodrome;

interception from a position of duty in the air (combat air patrol);

free hunting.

Control of units and subunits of fighters in the air is carried out mainly in the automated control system of the Air Force and Air Defense "ACSS" from the centers and posts of control and warning (TsUO and PUO). In addition, this is the directorate of tactical aviation and aircraft of the AWACS system.

On the ground and in the area of airfields, fighter units and subunits are controlled from the command posts of air bases and command posts of units and formations.

Depending on a number of conditions fighter control when aiming at air targets, it can be carried out ways directly, circular management and advance planning.

Immediate control - the main control method. In this case, from the appropriate control points (TsUO, PUO), aircraft of the AWACS system, the altitude, heading and flight speed of the intercepting fighter, as well as the distance to the target, the number and type of enemy aircraft and maneuver, are automatically indicated to the instruments or by voice to the crew, preventing aircraft collisions.

The fighter is guided from the ground until the target is detected by the airborne radar. After finding the target, the pilot reports the course and distance to it, as well as the height and number of aircraft. He then carries out an attack on the target using his radar.

In the automated control system of computers installed in the TsUO (and later on the PUO), they provide guidance commands directly to the fighter's autopilot, while guidance and even attack can be performed fully automatically, without the intervention of the pilot. It also provides an exit from the attack and return to its airfield.

Direct control provides the most complete use of both the capabilities of the fighter itself and its equipment and weapons.

But, direct control has row shortcomings :

The need for accurate and continuous information about the air situation, as well as continuous radio communications between the TsUO (PUO) and fighters;

Exposure to radio interference of all elements of the control system and the possibility of overloading control channels.

Composition

Both types of fire platoons have one AN / MPQ-46 target illumination radar, three M192 launchers with three MIM-23B anti-aircraft guided missiles on each.

In addition, the main firing platoon includes an AN / MPQ-50 pulse targeting radar, an AN / MPQ-51 radar range finder, an information processing center and an AN / TSW-8 battery command post, and an advanced one - an AN / MPQ-48 targeting radar and control post AN / MSW-11.

In the main fire platoon of the reinforced battery, in addition to the pulse targeting radar, there is also an AN / MPQ-48 station.

Each of the batteries of both types includes a technical support unit with three M-501E3 transport charging machines and other auxiliary equipment. When deploying batteries at the starting position, an extended cable network is used. The time for transferring the battery from the traveling to the combat position is 45 minutes, and the clotting time is 30 minutes.

A separate anti-aircraft division "Improved Hawk" of the US Army includes either four standard or three reinforced batteries. As a rule, it is used in full force, however, an anti-aircraft battery can independently solve a combat mission and in isolation from its main forces. An independent task of combating low-flying targets is also capable of being solved by an advanced fire platoon.

Single-stage, made according to the "tailless" aerodynamic configuration, with an "X"-shaped arrangement of aerodynamic surfaces.

In its bow are a semi-active radar homing head (under a radio-transparent fiberglass fairing), on-board guidance equipment and power sources. SAM is aimed at the target by the method of proportional approach.

The combat equipment of the rocket includes a high-explosive fragmentation warhead (weight 54 kg), a remote fuse and a safety actuator that cocks the fuse in flight and issues commands to self-destruct the rocket in case of a miss. The SAM uses a solid-fuel single-chamber engine with two thrust modes. The maximum flight speed is 900 m/s. In the tail section of the rocket there are hydraulic drives of aerodynamic control surfaces and electronic equipment of the onboard control system.

The missile is stored and transported in sealed aluminum alloy containers, where wings, rudders, warhead igniters and engines are also located separately from it.

It is a structure of three rigidly connected open guides mounted on a movable base, which is mounted on a single-axle trailer. Elevation angle change is made by means of a hydraulic drive. Rotation of the movable base with PU is carried out by means of a drive placed on the trailer. Electronic drive control equipment was also installed there, which ensures guidance of missiles located on the launcher to a preemptive point, and equipment for preparing missiles for launch. When deployed at the starting position, the launcher is leveled using jacks.

Made on the basis of a light self-propelled tracked chassis, it is designed to deliver missiles from a technical position and subsequently load the launcher. A hydraulically driven charger provides the ability to load the vehicle and load the launcher simultaneously with three missiles. For storage of missiles after assembly and their transportation, racks are used, which are transported in the back of trucks and on single-axle car trailers.

Designed to detect air targets flying at high and medium altitudes, and determine their azimuth and range. The maximum range of the station is about 100 km. Its operation (in the frequency range of 1 - 2 GHz) provides a low level of attenuation of electromagnetic energy under adverse weather conditions, and the presence of a moving target selection device ensures effective detection of air attack means in conditions of reflections from local objects and when using passive interference. Thanks to a number of circuit solutions, the station is protected from active interference.

Operating in the continuous radiation mode, it is designed to detect air targets at low altitudes and determine their azimuth, range and radial velocity. The maximum range of the station is more than 60 km. Its antenna rotates synchronously with the antenna of the pulsed targeting radar and provides a correlation of data on the air situation displayed on the indicators of the battery command post. The selection of signals proportional to the range and radial velocity of the target is carried out by means of digital processing of radar information performed at the information processing point. The station is equipped with built-in equipment for monitoring the operation and indicating failures.

Serves for automatic tracking and irradiation of a selected aerial target with a narrow beam, as well as for transmitting a reference signal to a missile aimed at a target with a wide antenna beam. The station operates in the frequency range of 6-12.5 GHz. To capture a target for autotracking, the radar antenna, according to the target designation data received from the battery command post or information processing point, is set in the direction necessary for sectoral target search.

Radar rangefinder AN/MPQ-51 is a pulse radar operating in the frequency range of 17.5-25 GHz, which makes it possible to measure the distance to the target and provide this information to the backlight radar in conditions of suppression of the latter by active interference.

is designed for automatic data processing and communication of the batteries of the complex. The equipment is housed inside a cabin mounted on a single-axle trailer. It includes a digital device for automatic processing of data coming from both types of target designation radars, equipment for the "friend or foe" identification system (the antenna is mounted on the roof), interface devices and communications equipment.

Control post for forward fire platoon AN/MSW-11 used as a fire control center and platoon command post. The post is also capable of solving the tasks of an information processing point, to which it is similar in terms of equipment, but is additionally equipped with a control panel with a circular view indicator, other display means and controls. The combat crew of the post includes a commander (fire control officer), a radar operator and a communications operator. Based on the information about the targets received from the AN / MPQ-48 targeting radar and displayed on the all-round visibility indicator, the air situation is assessed and the target being fired is assigned. Targeting data on it and the necessary commands are transmitted to the AN / MPQ-46 illumination radar of the advanced firing platoon.

AN/TSW-8 battery command post located in the cab, which is installed in the back of a truck. It includes the following equipment:

combat control panel with means of displaying data on the air situation and controls (in front of it are the workplaces of the crew commander and his assistant),
remote control "azimuth - speed",
two consoles for fire control operators, through which the issuance of target designation of each of the illumination radars, the turn of their antennas in the direction of targets designated for firing and tracking targets in manual mode.

There is also a complex of auxiliary equipment, including a filter-ventilation unit.

Tactical and technical characteristics

Testing and operation

The combat work of the complex and the functioning of its means in the process of firing are carried out as follows.
The AN/MPQ-50 pulse target designation radar and the AN/MPQ-48 target designation station, operating in continuous mode, search and detect air targets. At the command post of the AN / TSW-8 battery, when it works together with the information processing point (and in the forward firing platoon - at the control post of AN / MSW-11), based on the data received from these radars, the tasks of identifying targets, assessing the air situation, determining the most dangerous targets, issuing target designation of the firing section. After the target is captured by the AN / MPQ-46 illumination station, it is tracked automatically or (as a rule, in a difficult jamming environment) in manual mode. In the latter case, the battery command post operator uses the range information received from the AN / MPQ-51 radar rangefinder. In the process of tracking the target, the illumination station irradiates it. A launcher with a missile selected for firing at a target is guided to a pre-empted point. The missile homing head captures the target.

After the launch command arrives (from the battery command post or the forward firing platoon control center), the missile leaves the guide and, having reached a certain speed, begins to aim at the target. At the same time, its homing head uses the (reference) signals reflected from the target and received from the illumination station. Evaluation of the shooting results is performed on the basis of data obtained as a result of processing the Doppler signal of the target illumination station at the information processing point.

Modernization

The "Improved Hawk" air defense system modernization program, which began in 1979, has now entered its third phase. At this stage, it is planned to carry out work in a number of areas, the main of which are:

- giving the complex the possibility of simultaneously hitting several targets through the use of an additional antenna with a wide beam in the radar illumination. It is believed that when firing at several targets, the range of their destruction will be 50-70 percent. range achieved when firing at a single target.
- Replacement of the battery command post and the information processing point with a control post, basically similar to the post of the advanced firing platoon, but differing in the presence of a second control panel and a digital computing device. Both control panels of the post are planned to be equipped with digital means of displaying the air situation, similar to the means of displaying the Patriot air defense system.
- Increasing the mobility of air defense systems while reducing the number of transport units of the complex (from 14 to 7) by providing the possibility of transporting missiles to launchers and replacing the M-501E3 transport-loading machine with a machine equipped with a hydraulically driven lift, which was created on the basis of a truck. On the new TZM and its trailer, one rack with three missiles on each will be transported. It is reported that the deployment and collapse time of the battery will be halved.
- Equipping the radar and launcher of the complex with navigation equipment and a digital computing device to give the complex the ability to fire at targets according to data from the AN / MPQ-53 radar of the Patriot air defense system.

After the completion of the modernization program for the "Improved Hawk" air defense system in the United States and other NATO countries, it is planned to create modifications of this complex that would better meet the requirements for combating modern air attack weapons.

So, the American company Raytheon is developing the ACWAR radar)