Zoning of the earth. The doctrine of geographical zoning What is the law of natural

ZONALITY LAW

LAW OF ZONALITY formulated by V. V. Dokuchaev (1898) regularity in the structure of the geosphere, manifested in the orderly arrangement of geographical zones on land and geographical belts in the ocean.

Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. - Chisinau: Main edition of the Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia. I.I. Grandpa. 1989

LAW NATURAL HISTORICAL
LAW OF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

See what the "LAW OF ZONALITY" is in other dictionaries:

- (otherwise the law of azonality, or provinciality, or meridionality) the pattern of differentiation of the vegetation cover of the Earth under the influence of the following reasons: the distribution of land and sea, the topography of the earth's surface and the composition of mountain ... Wikipedia

LAW OF VERTICAL ZONING- see Vertical zonality of vegetation. Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. Chisinau: Main edition of the Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia. I.I. Grandpa. 1989... Ecological dictionary

Natural land zones, large divisions of the geographic (landscape) shell of the Earth, naturally and in a certain order replacing each other depending on climatic factors, mainly on the ratio of heat and moisture. IN… … Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Wikipedia has articles about other people with that surname, see Dokuchaev. Vasily Vasilyevich Dokuchaev Date of birth: March 1, 1846 (1846 03 01) Place of birth ... Wikipedia

- (March 1, 1846 November 8, 1903) famous geologist and soil scientist, founder of the Russian school of soil science and soil geography. He created the doctrine of the soil as a special natural body, discovered the basic laws of the genesis and geographical location of soils. ... ... Wikipedia

Vasily Vasilyevich Dokuchaev Vasily Vasilyevich Dokuchaev (March 1, 1846 - November 8, 1903) is a well-known geologist and soil scientist, the founder of the Russian school of soil science and soil geography. He created the doctrine of the soil as a special natural body, discovered the main ... ... Wikipedia

"The World Around" Grade 2 Author: Lemeshko Irina Ivanovna, Secondary School No. 141 Remembering what we know Why is it warmer at the equator than at the pole? The steep (direct) rays of the sun fall there, in contrast to the gentle (oblique) rays in the polar regions. Discovering new knowledge Select real ecosystems from the list (textbook, § 19). Garden Oak grove Swamp Field City What natural ecosystems are most common in our area? The climate of Central Russia is moderately warm and humid. It is suitable for many woody plants. Therefore, forest ecosystems predominate in Central Russia. This natural area is called FOREST. We are going to the south of Russia. The south of Russia has a warmer climate. Spring comes early there. The summer in that region is dry, so the trees cannot grow. In the south of Russia, large areas are occupied by grassy ecosystems - steppes. This is the STEPPE zone. We are going to the north of Russia. The north of Russia is in a colder climate. Spring comes later there, summer is short, cold prevents trees from growing. Treeless ecosystems are TUNDRA. They are covered with snow most of the year. We visited the TUNDRA zone. CONCLUSIONS To the north the climate is colder, and to the south it is warmer. The scenery of nature is also changing. There are no forests in the south and north. Large areas with similar natural conditions, soil, flora and fauna are called natural zones. What natural areas in Russia did you learn about? In the cold belt of Russia there is a natural tundra zone. In the temperate zone of Russia there is a natural forest zone. In the temperate zone of Russia there is a natural steppe zone. The law of natural zoning. In the direction from the pole to the equator, natural zones replace each other in a certain order. This order is the same on all continents. What shape do natural areas have on a map or globe? The climate depends on the distribution of heat and moisture on Earth, so natural zones are in the form of belts. Why are there more natural zones on Earth than belts? Even in one belt, the conditions are diverse: in the temperate zone there is both a forest and a steppe, so there can be several natural zones in one zone. What natural areas did you learn about today? In which one does spring come first? Tundra, forest and steppe zones. In the steppe zone, spring comes earlier. How are natural areas different from ecosystems? The main difference is the size. Several ecosystems can exist in a natural area. Living and non-living nature is the same. Work on the map: determine in which belt the natural zones are located. Zone Belt Tundra cold Forest temperate Steppe temperate Climate cold humid moderate humid moderate dry What do trees lack in the tundra? In the steppe? In the tundra - there is not enough heat, in the steppe - moisture. Sources of information: 1. Texts, tasks and illustrations from the textbook for the 2nd grade “The world around. Our planet Earth” A.A. Vakhrusheva, O.V. Bursky, A.S. Rautiana. 2. Tasks from the Guidelines for the teacher on the course "The World Around" for the 2nd grade A.A. Vakhrusheva, E.A. Samoilova, O.V. Chikhanova.

The presented factual material of the previous chapters allows us to draw general conclusions about the characteristic features of the geographic envelope as a whole and its patterns, which are the result of interpenetration, interaction of the earth's crust, lower atmosphere, hydrosphere, vegetation, soils and wildlife.

The geographic envelope has a certain structure. It is expressed in the phenomenon zonality, V. V. Dokuchaev created the doctrine of natural zones, in which zoning was interpreted as world law. Dokuchaev expressed the idea that each natural zone (tundra, forest zone, steppe, desert, savannah, etc.) is a regular natural complex in which living and inanimate nature are closely related and interdependent. On the basis of the doctrine, the first classification of natural zones was created, which was subsequently deepened and concretized by L. S. Berg.

Forms of manifestation of zoning are different. They acquire specific features in connection with the complex structure and diversity of the material composition of the geographic envelope. This is confirmed by the zonality of various natural components, such as climate, geochemical processes, the distribution of the main life forms of plants, soils, etc.

The phenomenon of zoning is due to the influence of two main factors of the planetary-cosmic order: the radiant energy of the Sun and the internal energy of the Earth. The manifestation of general patterns of territorial differentiation of the geographical shell is associated with them: zonality and regionality(azonality), which appear together. The distribution of the oceans, the diversity of the relief of the land surface, the complexity of its geological structure violate the "ideal" zoning scheme. Different parts of the geographic envelope acquire individual features, which complicates its structure. This phenomenon should be understood as regionality.

As a result of the unequal development of various areas in the composition of the geographical envelope, a set of natural complexes of varying complexity and size, which are systems of subordinate natural units of different ranks.

The largest latitudinal-zonal subdivision of the geographic envelope is the geographic belt. It is distinguished on the basis of differences in the main types of radiation balance and the nature of the general circulation of the atmosphere, and is close in its position to the climatic zones of B.P. Alisov. The relative homogeneity of the climate within the belt is reflected in other components, such as vegetation, soils, wildlife, etc.

The following geographical zones are distinguished on the globe: one equatorial, two subequatorial, two tropical, two subtropical, two temperate, two subpolar and two polar - arctic and antarctic (Fig. 83).

What is a geographic zone?

The belt does not have the correct ring shape. It can expand and contract under the influence of topography (mainland) or sea currents (ocean). The belt is most homogeneous over the ocean. On the continents, within the belts, sectors are distinguished that differ in the degree of moisture. The greatest contrasts are found in the intracontinental, western oceanic and eastern oceanic sectors. Sector boundaries often coincide with orographic boundaries (Cordillera, Andes).

Geographical zones are subdivided into zones. The formation of zones occurs due to the uneven distribution of heat and moisture on the surface of the Earth. Zones with the same ratio of heat and moisture are repeated to a certain extent in each belt and their boundaries are associated with certain values of the radiation balance and radiation dryness index to the earth's surface. The last indicator is determined from the formula

where R is the annual radiation balance of the underlying surface, r is the annual rainfall in the same area, L is the latent heat of vaporization.

From the table below. 6 it can be seen that the repetition of types of geographical areas in each zone depends on the repetition of certain values TO.

The distribution of geographical belts and zones on the earth's surface is shown on the map (see Fig. 83). Associating zone boundaries with values TO it is possible to explain the violations of geographical zonality visible on the map, for example, the wedging out of zones, their rupture, deviation from the latitudinal strike. Zones can acquire a direction close to meridional (North America). The dependence of the development of certain zones in

oceanic sectors of the belts (zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests), others - in the inland (forest-steppe and steppe zones).

The position of zonal boundaries is determined not only by climatic factors, but also by azonal factors (relief, geological structure). Their influence is manifested in the process of historical development of the entire geographical envelope. The influence of orography is especially great. In the mountains of each geographical zone, a certain type of vertical zonality is formed, which is associated with vertical belts of vegetation and soils. Each zone is characterized by a strictly defined set of belts, changing in height in a sequence similar to some extent to the location of latitudinal geographical zones. originality

high-altitude belts as special natural complexes is expressed not only in the features of their climate, but also in a number of other phenomena: the intensity of weathering processes, the nature of rivers, mountain glaciers, soil formation features. Some altitudinal belts, such as alpine meadows, high mountain deserts, have no analogues among latitudinal zones. The nature of altitudinal zonality in the mountains and its severity, depending on the position in the geographical zones, are shown in fig. 83 and 84.

Geographical zones are subdivided into subzones. In soil and geobotanical terms, the subzones are characterized by the predominance of zonal subtypes of soils and plant formations. This physical and geographical unit is most clearly expressed in zones of large north-south extent: the tundra zone of Eurasia, the taiga zone, the tropical savannah, etc. It must be borne in mind that the subzones do not always coincide with the boundaries of soil and plant subzones. Geobotanists do not distinguish, for example, forest-steppe and semi-desert subzones, since such types of vegetation do not exist.

Consideration of the issue of natural zonality has not only theoretical but also practical significance in connection with the analysis of natural processes caused by the intensive use of natural resources. Based on the calculations of the heat balance, it becomes possible to determine the rational norms of irrigation, to assess its impact on the climate regime. The ameliorative direction of the transformation of nature represents a higher level of knowledge of geographical phenomena. The rational integrated use of natural resources provides for a constructive transformation of nature. An example of this is the solution of the problem of regulating the level of the Caspian Sea, irrigation of the deserts of Central Asia, development of oil and gas and forest resources of Western Siberia, etc.

- A source-

Bogomolov, L.A. General geography / L.A. Bogomolov [and d.b.]. – M.: Nedra, 1971.- 232 p.

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Everyone knows that the distribution of solar heat on Earth is uneven due to the spherical shape of the planet. As a result, different natural systems are formed, where in each of them all components are closely connected with each other, and a natural zone is formed, which is found on all continents. If you follow the animal in the same zones, but on different continents, you can see a certain similarity.

Law of geographic zoning

The scientist V.V. Dokuchaev at one time created the doctrine of natural zones, and expressed the idea that each zone is a natural complex, where living and inanimate nature are closely interconnected. Later, on this basis of the teaching, the first qualification was created, which was finalized and more specified by another scientist L.S. Berg.

The forms of zoning are different due to the diversity of the composition of the geographic envelope and the influence of two main factors: the energy of the Sun and the energy of the Earth. It is with these factors that natural zonality is associated, which manifests itself in the distribution of the oceans, the diversity of the relief and its structure. As a result, various natural complexes were formed, and the largest of them is the geographical zone, which is close to the climatic zones described by B.P. Alisov).

The following geographic regions are distinguished by two subequatorial, tropical and subtropical, temperate, subpolar and polar (Arctic and Antarctic). subdivided into zones, which are worth talking about more specifically.

What is latitudinal zoning

Natural zones are closely connected with climatic zones, which means that zones, like belts, gradually replace each other, moving from the equator to the poles, where solar heat decreases and precipitation changes. Such a change of large natural complexes is called latitudinal zonality, which manifests itself in all natural zones, regardless of size.

What is altitudinal zoning

The map shows, if you move from north to east, that in each geographical zone there is a geographical zonality, starting from the Arctic deserts, moving on to the tundra, then to the forest tundra, taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests, forest-steppe and steppes, and, finally, to the desert and subtropics. They stretch from west to east in stripes, but there is another direction.

Many people know that the higher you climb the mountains, the more the ratio of heat and moisture changes towards low temperature and precipitation in solid form, as a result of which the flora and fauna change. Scientists and geographers gave this direction their name - altitudinal zonality (or zonality), when one zone replaces another, encircling mountains at different heights. At the same time, the change of belts occurs faster than on the plain, one has only to climb 1 km, and there will be another zone. The lowest belt always corresponds to where the mountain is located, and the closer it is to the poles, the fewer these zones can be found at a height.

The law of geographical zoning also works in the mountains. Seasonality, as well as the change of day and night, depend on geographical latitude. If the mountain is close to the pole, then you can also meet the polar night and day there, and if the location is near the equator, then the day will always be equal to the night.

ice zone

Natural zonality adjacent to the poles of the globe is called ice. A harsh climate, where snow and ice lie all year round, and in the warmest month the temperature does not rise above 0 °. Snow covers the entire earth, even though the sun shines around the clock for several months, but does not warm it at all.

Under too severe conditions, few animals live in the ice zone (polar bear, penguins, seals, walruses, arctic fox, reindeer), even fewer plants can be found, since the soil-forming process is at the initial stage of development, and mostly unorganized plants (lichen , moss, algae).

tundra zone

A zone of cold and strong winds, where there is a long long winter and a short summer, because of which the soil does not have time to warm up, and a layer of permafrost soils is formed.

The law of zonality even works in the tundra and divides it into three subzones, moving from north to south: arctic tundra, where mainly moss and lichens grow, typical lichen-moss tundra, where shrubs appear in places, distributed from Vaigach to Kolyma, and Southern shrub tundra, where the vegetation consists of three levels.

Separately, it is worth mentioning the forest-tundra, which stretches in a thin strip and is a transition zone between the tundra and forests.

taiga zone

For Russia, Taiga is the largest natural zone, which stretches from the western borders to the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan. The taiga is located in two climatic zones, as a result of which there are differences within it.

This natural zonality concentrates a large number of lakes and swamps, and it is here that the great rivers in Russia originate: the Volga, Kama, Lena, Vilyui and others.

The main thing for the plant world is coniferous forests, where larch dominates, spruce, fir, and pine are less common. The fauna is heterogeneous and the eastern part of the taiga is richer than the western.

Forests, forest-steppes and steppes

In the mixed zone, the climate is warmer and wetter, and latitudinal zonality is well traced here. Winters are less severe, summers are long and warm, which contributes to the growth of trees such as oak, ash, maple, linden, and hazel. Due to complex plant communities, this zone has a diverse fauna, and, for example, bison, muskrat, wild boar, wolf, and elk are common on the East European Plain.

The zone of mixed forests is richer than in coniferous ones, and there are large herbivores and a wide variety of birds. Geographical zonality is distinguished by the density of river reservoirs, some of which do not freeze at all in winter.

The transitional zone between the steppe and the forest is the forest-steppe, where there is an alternation of forest and meadow phytocenoses.

steppe zone

This is another species that describes natural zoning. It differs sharply in climatic conditions from the above-mentioned zones, and the main difference is the lack of water, as a result of which there are no forests and cereal plants and all the various grasses that cover the earth with a continuous carpet predominate. Despite the fact that there is not enough water in this zone, the plants tolerate drought very well, often their leaves are small and can curl up during the heat to prevent evaporation.

The fauna is more diverse: there are ungulates, rodents, predators. In Russia, the steppe is the most developed by man and the main zone of agriculture.

Steppes are found in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, but gradually they disappear due to plowing, fires, and animal grazing.

Latitudinal and altitudinal zoning is also found in the steppes, so they are divided into several subspecies: mountainous (for example, the Caucasus Mountains), meadow (typical for Western Siberia), xerophilous, where there are many soddy cereals, and desert (they became the steppes of Kalmykia).

Desert and tropics

Sharp changes in climatic conditions are due to the fact that evaporation exceeds many times precipitation (7 times), and the duration of such a period is up to six months. The vegetation of this zone is not rich, and mostly there are grasses, shrubs, and forests can be seen only along the rivers. The animal world is richer and a bit similar to that found in the steppe zone: there are many rodents and reptiles, and ungulates roam in nearby areas.

The Sahara is considered the largest desert, and in general this natural zonality is characteristic of 11% of the entire earth's surface, and if you add the Arctic desert to it, then 20%. Deserts are found both in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, and in the tropics and subtropics.

There is no unambiguous definition of the tropics; geographical zones are distinguished: tropical, subequatorial and equatorial, where there are forests similar in composition, but having certain differences.

All forests are divided into savannahs, forest subtropics, and their common feature is that the trees are always green, and these zones differ in the duration of dry and rainy periods. In the savannas, the rainy period lasts 8-9 months. Forest subtropics are characteristic of the eastern outskirts of the continents, where there is a change in the dry period of winter and wet summer with monsoon rains. Tropical forests are characterized by a high degree of moisture, and precipitation can exceed 2000 mm per year.

A region in a broad sense, as already noted, is a complex territorial complex, which is delimited by the specific homogeneity of various conditions, including natural and geographical ones. This means that there is a regional differentiation of nature. The processes of spatial differentiation of the natural environment are greatly influenced by such a phenomenon as zonality and azonality of the geographic envelope of the Earth.

According to modern concepts, geographical zonality means a regular change in physical and geographical processes, complexes, components as you move from the equator to the poles. That is, zonality on land is a successive change of geographical zones from the equator to the poles and a regular distribution of natural zones within these zones (equatorial, subequatorial, tropical, subtropical, temperate, subarctic and subantarctic).

The reasons for zoning are the shape of the Earth and its position relative to the Sun. The zonal distribution of radiant energy determines the zoning of temperatures, evaporation and cloudiness, salinity of the surface layers of sea water, the level of its saturation with gases, climates, weathering and soil formation processes, flora and fauna, hydro networks, etc. Thus, the most important factors determining geographic zoning are the uneven distribution of solar radiation over latitudes and climate.

Geographic zoning is most clearly expressed on the plains, since it is when moving along them from north to south that climate change is observed.

Zoning is also manifested in the World Ocean, and not only in the surface layers, but also on the ocean floor.

The doctrine of geographical (natural) zonality is perhaps the most developed in geographical science. This is due to the fact that it reflects the earliest patterns discovered by geographers, and the fact that this theory forms the core of physical geography.

It is known that the hypothesis of latitudinal thermal zones arose in ancient times. But it began to turn into a scientific direction only at the end of the 18th century, when naturalists became participants in circumnavigations around the world. Then, in the 19th century, a great contribution to the development of this doctrine was made by A. Humboldt, who traced the zonality of flora and fauna in connection with climate and discovered the phenomenon of altitudinal zonality.

Nevertheless, the doctrine of geographical zones in its modern form originated only at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. as a result of research by V.V. Dokuchaev. He is admittedly the founder of the theory of geographic zonation.

V.V. Dokuchaev substantiated zonality as a universal law of nature, manifesting itself equally on land, sea, and mountains.

He came to understand this law from the study of soils. His classic work "Russian Chernozem" (1883) laid the foundations of genetic soil science. Considering soils as a “mirror of the landscape”, V.V. Dokuchaev, when distinguishing natural zones, named the soils characteristic of them.

Each zone, according to the scientist, is a complex formation, all components of which (climate, water, soil, soil, flora and fauna) are closely interconnected.

L.S. Berg, A.A. Grigoriev, M.I. Budyko, S.V. Kalesnik, K.K. Markov, A.G. Isachenko and others.

The total number of zones is defined in different ways. V.V. Dokuchaev singled out 7 zones. L.S. Berg in the middle of the 20th century. already 12, A.G. Isachenko - 17. In modern physical and geographical atlases of the world, their number, taking into account subzones, sometimes exceeds 50. As a rule, this is not a consequence of any errors, but the result of a passion for too detailed classifications.

Regardless of the degree of fragmentation, the following natural zones are represented in all options: arctic and subarctic deserts, tundra, forest tundra, temperate forests, taiga, temperate mixed forests, temperate broadleaf forests, steppes, semi-steppes and deserts of the temperate zone, deserts and semi-deserts of the subtropical and tropical belts, monsoon forests of subtropical forests, forests of tropical and subequatorial belts, savannah, equatorial humid forests.

Natural (landscape) zones are not ideally correct areas that coincide with certain parallels (nature is not mathematics). They do not cover our planet with continuous stripes, they are often open.

In addition to zonal patterns, azonal patterns were also revealed. An example of it is the altitudinal zonality (vertical zonality), which depends on the height of the land and changes in the heat balance with height.

In the mountains, a regular change in natural conditions and natural-territorial complexes is called altitudinal zonality. It is also explained mainly by climate change with height: for 1 km of ascent, the air temperature drops by 6 degrees C, air pressure and dust content decrease, cloudiness and precipitation increase. A unified system of altitudinal belts is being formed. The higher the mountains, the more fully expressed altitudinal zonality. The landscapes of altitudinal zonation are basically similar to the landscapes of natural zones on the plains and follow each other in the same order, with the same belt located the higher, the closer the mountain system is to the equator.

There is no complete similarity between natural zones on the plains and vertical zonality, since landscape complexes change vertically at a different pace than horizontally, and often in a completely different direction.

In recent years, with the humanization and sociologization of geography, geographical zones are increasingly being called natural-anthropogenic geographical zones. The doctrine of geographic zoning is of great importance for regional studies and country studies analysis. First of all, it allows you to reveal the natural prerequisites for specialization and management. And in the conditions of modern scientific and technological revolution, with a partial weakening of the dependence of the economy on natural conditions and natural resources, its close ties with nature continue to be preserved, and in some cases even dependence on it. The remaining important role of the natural component in the development and functioning of society, in its territorial organization is also obvious. Differences in the spiritual culture of the population also cannot be understood without referring to natural regionalization. It also forms the skills of adapting a person to the territory, determines the nature of nature management.

Geographic zonality actively influences regional differences in the life of society, being an important factor in zoning, and, consequently, in regional policy.

The doctrine of geographic zoning provides a wealth of material for country and regional comparisons and thus contributes to the clarification of country and regional specifics, its causes, which, ultimately, is the main task of regional studies and country studies. So, for example, the taiga zone in the form of a plume crosses the territories of Russia, Canada, Fennoscandia. But the degree of population, economic development, living conditions in the taiga zones of the countries listed above have significant differences. In regional studies, country studies analysis, neither the question of the nature of these differences, nor the question of their sources can be ignored.

In a word, the task of regional studies and country studies analysis is not only to characterize the features of the natural component of a particular territory (its theoretical basis is the doctrine of geographical zonality), but also to identify the nature of the relationship between natural regionalism and the regionalization of the world according to economic, geopolitical, cultural and civilizational nym, etc. grounds.