Subordination of systematic groups of animals. variety of living organisms. Systematics

Theory for preparation for block No. 4 of the Unified State Examination in biology: with system and diversity organic world.

Systematics of the organic world

Systematics - This is a part of botany and zoology that studies the diversity of living forms. Systematics gives scientific names to organisms, evaluates similarities and differences between them.

An important part of taxonomy is taxonomy, the purpose of which is the division of organisms into groups (taxa) and the arrangement of these groups in an order that reflects their kinship and hierarchy.

Taxonomic categories

The science of classifying animals and plants is called taxonomy, it determines the relationship between organisms. The founder of scientific systematics was the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus, who introduced (1753) the so-called binomial nomenclature, which makes it possible to determine the position of any animal or plant in the system with maximum accuracy. According to this nomenclature, each species receives a double name: generic and specific. All names are written in Latin. The generic name is spelled with capital letter, species - with a small. The degree of similarity between organisms belonging to the same taxonomic category increases with the transition to categories of a lower rank.

In biological taxonomy, objects are classified using a system of hierarchically subordinate taxonomic categories (species, genus, family, order, class, department, kingdom) and binary nomenclature developed by C. Linnaeus. Using these seven taxonomic categories, one can describe systematic position any of known to science types.

Empire and Life

Kingdom and Domain

Kingdom

Kingdom Bacteria
Kingdom of Archaea
Kingdom Protista ( eukaryotes)
Kingdom of Chromista (eukaryotes)
Plant Kingdom (eukaryotes)
Kingdom Mushrooms (eukaryotes)
Kingdom Animals (eukaryotes)
Kingdom Viruses

Type and Division

Type - one of the highest ranks of the taxonomic hierarchy in zoology. In botanical, mycological and bacteriological classifications, the term department corresponds to it.

Class

Latin names of classes, like taxa, have a standard ending - psida.

Order and Squad

One of the main categories of taxonomy, uniting related plant families. The Latin name of the order is usually formed by adding the ending ales to the basis of the family name. The number of orders in different phylogenetic systems is not the same (according to one system, all families of flowering plants are combined into 94 orders, according to another - into 78). Related orders are grouped into classes. In this case, intermediate categories can be superorder and subclass. In the taxonomy of animals, order corresponds to Order.

Family

The family unites closely related genera that have a common origin. Large families are sometimes divided into subfamilies. Relatives are combined into orders in animals, in orders in plants, in some cases into intermediate groups - superfamilies, suborders. The Latin names of families, like taxa, have standard endings - aceae.

Genus

The main supraspecific taxonomic category that unites phylogenetically closest (closely related) species. The scientific name of the genus is denoted by one Latin word. Genera that include only 1 species are called monotypic. Genera with several or many species are often divided into subgenera, uniting species that are especially close to each other. Each genus is necessarily part of a family, but between these two taxonomic categories, intermediate ones are often distinguished - tribes grouped into subfamilies, and the latter already into families.

View

The main structural unit in the system of living organisms, the qualitative stage of their evolution, i.e. the main taxonomic division in the taxonomy of animals, plants and microorganisms. A species is a set of populations of individuals capable of interbreeding with the formation of fertile offspring and, as a result, giving transitional hybrid populations between local forms, inhabiting a certain area (territory, water area), having a number of common morpho-physiological features and types of relationships with abiotic (inert) and biotic (living) environment, separated from other similar groups of individuals by the almost complete inability to interbreed in natural conditions. Those. in the modern definition of the concept of a species, almost complete reproductive isolation in natural conditions is of the utmost importance (some absolutely isolated species in nature can effectively interbreed with other species under artificial conditions). Although among taxonomists there are still some disagreements in the definition of what a species is, but in general agreement has been reached.

The main taxa are kingdom, type (department), class, order (order), family, genus, species. Each previous group in this list unites several subsequent ones (for example, a family unites several genera and, in turn, belongs to any detachment or order). As you move from the highest hierarchical group to the lowest, the degree of kinship increases. For a more detailed classification, auxiliary units are used, the names of which are formed by adding the prefixes "above-" and "sub-" to the main units, for example, super-kingdom, subspecies. Only a species can be given a relatively strict definition; all other taxonomic groups are defined rather arbitrarily.

Since ancient times, observing animals, people have noticed similarities and differences in their structure, behavior, and living conditions. Based on their observations, they divided animals into groups, which helped them comprehend the system of the living world. Today, the desire of a person to systematically understand animal world became the science of classifying living organisms - systematics.

Principles of taxonomy

The foundations of modern taxonomy were laid by the scientists Lamarck and Linnaeus.

Lamarck proposed the principle of kinship as the basis for assigning animals to one group or another. Linnaeus introduced binary nomenclature, that is, the double name of the species.

Each type in the name has two parts:

genus name;
species name.

For example, the pine marten. Marten - the name of the genus, which may include many species (stone marten, etc.).

Forest - the name of a certain species.

View

The view is the initial element of the classification.

Organisms are classified into the same species according to a number of criteria:

similar structure and behavior;
identical set of genes;
similar ecological living conditions;
free interbreeding.

Species can be superficially very similar. Previously it was thought that malarial mosquito- one species, now it has been found out that these are 6 species that differ in the structure of eggs.

Genus

We usually name animals according to their genera: wolf, hare, swan, crocodile.

Each of these genera can contain many species. There are also genera containing only one species.

Rice. 1. Types of bears.

Differences between species of the genus can be obvious, as between a brown and polar bear, and completely invisible, as between twin species.

Family

Genera are grouped into families. The family name may be derived from the generic name, for example, marten or bearish.

Rice. 2. The cat family.

Also, the name of the family can report on the features of the structure or lifestyle of animals:

lamellar;
bark beetles;
cocoonworms;
dung flies.

Related families are grouped into orders.

Detachments

Rice. 3. Order of bats.

For example, the predatory detachment includes such animals that are different in structure and lifestyle, such as:

caress;
polar bear;
fox.

Brown bear from the order of carnivores in the case good harvest berries and mushrooms long time not to hunt, and the hedgehog from the order of insectivores hunts almost every night.

Class

Classes are numerous groups of animals. For example, class gastropods has about 93 thousand species, and the class of open-jawed insects - more than a million.

Moreover, new species of insects are discovered every year. According to some biologists, in this class there may be from 2 to 3 million species.

Types are the largest taxa. The most important of them:

chordates;
arthropods;
shellfish;
annelids;
flatworms;
roundworms;
sponges;
coelenterates.

The largest taxa are kingdoms.

All animals are united in the animal kingdom.

We give the main systematic groups in the table "Classification of animals".

Discrepancies

Scientists have different views on the classification of the animal world. Therefore, in textbooks, a certain group of animals is often referred to as different taxa.

For example, unicellular animals are sometimes classified as protists, and sometimes they are considered animals of the protozoan type.

Often additional elements of the classification are introduced with prefixes over-, under-, infra-:

subtype;
superfamily;
infraclass and others.

For example, crustaceans were previously considered a class within the phylum Arthropoda. In the new books they are considered a subtype.

What have we learned?

The science of taxonomy deals with the classification of species of animals and other organisms. Having studied this topic in Biology Grade 7, we learned the main and additional taxa, in which taxa of the lower order are grouped. Classification of animals is carried out according to certain characteristics. The higher the order of the taxon, the more common the characters will be.

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At present, the organic world of the Earth has about 1.5 million animal species, 0.5 million plant species, and about 10 million microorganisms. It is impossible to study such a variety of organisms without their systematization and classification.

A great contribution to the creation of a taxonomy of living organisms was made by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778). He put the principle of hierarchy, or subordination, as the basis for the classification of organisms, and took the form as the smallest systematic unit. For the name of the species, a binary nomenclature was proposed, according to which each organism was identified (named) by its genus and species. The names of systematic taxa were proposed to be given in Latin. For example, the domestic cat has the systematic name Felis domestica. The foundations of Linnean systematics have been preserved to this day.

The modern classification reflects evolutionary relationships and family ties between organisms. The principle of hierarchy is preserved.

A species is a collection of individuals that are similar in structure, have the same set of chromosomes and a common origin, freely interbreed and give fertile offspring, adapted to similar habitat conditions and occupying a certain area.

Currently, nine main systematic categories are used in taxonomy: empire, superkingdom, kingdom, type, class, order, family, genus and species.

Organism classification scheme

According to the presence of a formed nucleus, all cellular organisms are divided into two groups: prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Prokaryotes (non-nuclear organisms) are primitive organisms that do not have a clearly defined nucleus. In such cells, only the nuclear zone containing the DNA molecule stands out. In addition, many organelles are absent in prokaryotic cells. They have only an outer cell membrane and ribosomes. Prokaryotes are bacteria.

Table Examples of classification of organisms

Eukaryotes are truly nuclear organisms, they have a clearly defined nucleus and all the main structural components of the cell. These include plants, animals, fungi. In addition to organisms that have a cellular structure, there are also non-cellular life forms - viruses and bacteriophages.

These forms of life represent, as it were, a transitional group between animate and inanimate nature. Viruses were discovered in 1892 by the Russian scientist D.I. Ivanovsky. In translation, the word "virus" means "poison". Viruses consist of DNA or RNA molecules covered with a protein shell, and sometimes additionally with a lipid membrane. Viruses can exist in the form of crystals. In this state, they do not reproduce, do not show any signs of life and can persist for a long time. But when implemented in living cell the virus begins to multiply, suppressing and destroying all the structures of the host cell.

Penetrating into the cell, the virus integrates its genetic apparatus (DNA or RNA) into the genetic apparatus of the host cell, and the synthesis of viral proteins and nucleic acids begins. Virus particles are assembled in the host cell. Outside a living cell, viruses are incapable of reproduction and protein synthesis.

Viruses cause various diseases in plants, animals, and humans. These include tobacco mosaic viruses, influenza, measles, smallpox, polio, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS. The genetic material of the HIV virus is presented in the form of two RNA molecules and a specific reverse transcriptase enzyme, which catalyzes the reaction of viral DNA synthesis on the viral RNA matrix in human lymphocyte cells. The viral DNA is then integrated into the DNA of human cells. In this state, it can persist for a long time without showing itself. Therefore, antibodies in the blood of an infected person are not formed immediately and it is difficult to detect the disease at this stage. During the division of blood cells, the DNA of the virus is transferred, respectively, to daughter cells.

Under any conditions, the virus is activated and the synthesis of viral proteins begins, and antibodies appear in the blood. First of all, the virus infects T-lymphocytes responsible for the production of immunity. Lymphocytes cease to recognize foreign bacteria, proteins and produce antibodies against them. As a result, the body ceases to fight any infection, and a person can die from any infectious disease.

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacterial cells (bacteria eaters). The body of a bacteriophage consists of a protein head, in the center of which is viral DNA, and a tail. At the end of the tail are tail processes that serve to attach to the surface of the bacterial cell, and an enzyme that destroys the bacterial wall.

Through the channel in the tail, the DNA of the virus is injected into the bacterial cell and inhibits the synthesis of bacterial proteins, instead of which the DNA and proteins of the virus are synthesized. In the cell, new viruses are assembled, which leave the dead bacterium and invade new cells. Bacteriophages can be used as drugs against pathogens of infectious diseases (cholera, typhoid).

Abstract keywords: variety of living organisms, systematics, biological nomenclature, classification of organisms, biological classification, taxonomy.

Currently, more than 2.5 million species of living organisms have been described on Earth. To streamline the diversity of living organisms are systematics, classification And taxonomy.

Systematics - a branch of biology, the task of which is to describe and divide into groups (taxons) of all currently existing and extinct organisms, to establish family ties between them, to elucidate their common and particular properties and characteristics.

Sections biological taxonomy are biological nomenclature And biological classification.

Biological nomenclature

Biollogical nomenclature is that each species receives a name consisting of generic and specific names. The rules for assigning appropriate names to species are regulated international nomenclature codes.

For international species names, use Latin language . The full name of the species also includes the name of the scientist who described the species, as well as the year of publication of the description. For example, the international name house sparrow - Passer domesticus(Linnaeus, 1758), but field sparrow - Passer montanus(Linnaeus, 1758). Usually, in printed text, species names are italicized, but the name of the describer and the year of description are not.

The requirements of the codes apply only to international species names. In Russian, you can write and " field sparrow " And " tree sparrow ».

biological classification

The classification of organisms uses hierarchical taxa(systematic groups). Taxa have different ranks(levels). The ranks of taxa can be divided into two groups: obligatory (any classified organism belongs to the taxa of these ranks) and additional (used to clarify the relative position of the main taxa). When systematizing different groups, a different set of additional taxon ranks is used.

Taxonomy- the branch of taxonomy that develops theoretical basis classification. Taxon a group of organisms artificially identified by a person, related to one degree or another of kinship and. at the same time, it is sufficiently isolated so that it can be assigned a certain taxonomic category of one rank or another.

IN modern classification there is the following taxon hierarchy: kingdom, department (type in animal taxonomy), class, order (squad in animal taxonomy), family, genus, species. In addition, allocate intermediate taxa : over- and sub-kingdoms, over- and sub-divisions, over- and sub-classes, etc.

Table "Diversity of living organisms"

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Systematics (classification, taxonomy) is the science of the diversity of living organisms and their distribution into groups based on (evolutionary) relationship.

Systematic units (taxa) in decreasing order:

Types and orders are used in the classification of animals, while divisions and orders are used in the classification of plants and fungi.

The largest of the systematic units- kingdom. The smallest (initial, minimal, basic unit of taxonomy) is a species.

Types/divisions are divided into classes, classes into orders/orders, orders/orders into families, etc. And vice versa: genera are made up of species, families are made up of genera, orders/orders are made of families...

Taxonomists can distinguish many additional taxa - subtype, subclass, etc. For example, a person belongs to the subtype Vertebrates.

All species have a "double name": the first word is the name of the genus, the second is the name of the species.

Choose one, the most correct option. In the system of the organic world, vertebrates are
1) subtype
2) type
3) class
4) squad

Answer

1. Establish the sequence in which the systematic groups of plants are located, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) clover
2) legumes
3) red clover
4) angiosperms
5) dicot

Answer

2. Establish the sequence in which the systematic groups of plants are located, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) dandelion
2) Compositae
3) dandelion officinalis
4) dicot
5) angiosperms

Answer

3. Establish the sequence of arrangement of the systematic groups of the plant, starting with the smallest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Wild radish
2) Radish
3) Angiosperms
4) Dicotyledons
5) Plants
6) Cruciferous

Answer

4. Arrange in the correct sequence the systematic categories of plants, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) ranunculus
2) angiosperms
3) buttercup caustic
4) dicot
5) buttercup

Answer

5. Establish a layout sequence systematic categories, used in the classification of plants, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) violet
2) dicot
3) tricolor violet
4) angiosperms
5) violet

Answer

6. Install correct sequence arrangement of systematic taxa of warty birch, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) warty birch
2) birch
3) angiosperms
4) plants
5) dicot
6) eukaryotes

Answer

7. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) plants
2) shrub cherry
3) rosaceous
4) dicot
5) angiosperms
6) cherry

Answer

8. Establish a sequence of systematic categories characteristic of the plant kingdom, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.
1) Angiosperms
2) Nightshade
3) Dicotyledons
4) Black nightshade
5) Nightshade

Answer

9. Establish the sequence of arrangement of systematic groups of plants, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) White lamb
2) Yasnotka
3) Angiosperms
4) Dicotyledons
5) Plants
6) Lamiaceae

Answer

10. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Angiosperms
2) Plants
3) Sosnovsky's hogweed
4) Umbrella
5) Dicotyledons
6) Hogweed

Answer

11. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Angiosperms
2) Plants
3) Mullein bear ear
4) Norichnikovye
5) Dicotyledons
6) Mullein

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. At the heart of the natural classification system flora lies
1) kinship, common origin of groups
2) similarity external structure plant organisms
3) the similarity of life processes in a plant organism
4) adaptation of organisms to the environment

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. What is the name of a group of plants that unites related species
1) family
2) gender
3) class
4) population

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. Kind of chamomile pharmacy combines
1) a variety of flowering plants
2) a set of individuals based on their relationship
3) related genera of plants
4) plants of one natural community

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. Systematists subdivide plant families into
1) orders
2) squads
3) childbirth
4) types

Answer

1) Chordates
2) Snakes
3) Reptiles, or Reptiles
4) Central Asian cobra
5) Scaly
6) Asp snakes

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. There is no department in plant taxonomy
1) mossy
2) dicot
3) flower
4) gymnosperms

Answer

1. Establish the sequence of the systematic categories used in the classification of animals, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) tiger
2) feline
3) predatory
4) mammals
5) Ussuri tiger
6) chordates

Answer

2. Establish a sequence that reflects the position of the species Homo sapiens in the system, starting with the smallest category. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) People
2) Mammals
3) Primates
4) Chordates
5 persons
6) Homo sapiens

Answer

3. Establish the sequence in which the systematic groups of animals are located, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Rodents
2) Squirrel
3) Squirrels
4) Common squirrel
5) Chordates
6) Mammals

Answer

4. Set the correct order of the taxa of the animal, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Hedgehog
2) Animals
3) Chordates
4) Insectivores
5) Mammals
6) Hedgehogs

Answer

5. Establish the sequence of the systematic taxa of the animal, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Hares
2) Mammals
3) White hare
4) Chordates
5) Lagomorphs

Answer

6. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Chordates
2) Animals
3) Mammals
4) Cetaceans
5) Whale
6) Whale blue

Answer

7. Set the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Artiodactyls
2) Animals
3) Mammals
4) Chordates
5) Spotted deer
6) Deer

Answer

1. Establish the sequence of arrangement of systematic taxa of the plant, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Meadowgrass
2) Bluegrass
3) Angiosperms
4) Monocots
5) Plants
6) Cereals

Answer

2. Set the correct sequence of the systematic taxa of the plant, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) Flowering
2) Plants
3) Cereals
4) Cereals
5) Monocots
6) Rye

Answer

3. Establish the sequence of arrangement of systematic taxa of the plant, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Onion
2) Monocots
3) Bow
4) Plants
5) Onion
6) Flower

Answer

Establish the sequence of arrangement of systematic groups of animals, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Round heads
2) Lizards
3) Reptiles
4) Vertebrates
5) Round-eared
6) Chordates

Answer

1. Set the correct sequence of the systematic taxa of animals, starting with the smallest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) passerines
2) thrush fieldfare
3) chordates
4) birds
5) thrush
6) thrush

Answer

2. Establish the order of the systematic taxa of the animal, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Chordates
2) Chicken
3) Animals
4) Guinea fowl
5) Birds
6) Turkey
7) African guinea fowl

Answer

3. Establish the sequence of arrangement of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Vertebrates
2) Animals
3) Birds
4) White partridge
5) Partridge
6) Chordates

Answer

4. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Birds
2) Animals
3) Chordates
4) Vertebrates
5) Village swallow
6) Swallow

Answer

5. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Passerines
2) Vertebrates
3) Common magpie
4) Birds
5) Magpies
6) Corvidae

Answer

Set the sequence reflecting the systematic position of the housefly species in the classification of animals, starting with the smallest group. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Diptera
2) Arthropods
3) Flies
4) Animals
5) Housefly
6) Insects

Answer

Set the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) animals
2) mosquito
3) arthropods
4) insects
5) Diptera
6) malarial mosquito

Answer

Establish the order in which the systematic taxa of the animal are arranged, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) Coleoptera
2) insects
3) bronze
4) bronze green
5) animals
6) arthropods

Answer

Set the correct sequence in the classification of the pond frog, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Pond frog
2) Amphibians
3) Animals
4) Real frogs
5) Tailless
6) Chordates

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. What sub-kingdoms unite animals
1) invertebrates and vertebrates
2) arthropods and chordates
3) unicellular and multicellular
4) birds and mammals

Answer

1. Establish the order in which the systematic taxa of the animal are located, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) South Russian tarantula
2) tarantula
3) arthropods
4) arachnids
5) spiders
6) wolf spiders

Answer

2. Establish the order in which the systematic taxa of the animal are arranged, starting with the smallest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Scorpions
2) Animals
3) Imperial scorpion
4) Eukaryotes
5) Arachnids
6) Arthropods

Answer

Establish the order in which the systematic taxa of the animal are arranged, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Insects
2) Leaf beetles
3) Coleoptera, or Beetles
4) Colorado potato beetle
5) Arthropods
6) Animals

Answer

Establish the sequence of systematic taxa of the fungus, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Agaric order
2) Amanitaceae family
3) Agaricomycetes class
4) genus Amanita
5) Department of Basidiomycetes
6) view Amanita muscaria
7) Kingdom Mushrooms

Answer

Establish the order in which the systematic taxa of the animal are arranged, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Cartilaginous
2) Tiger shark
3) Cranial (Vertebrates)
4) Chordates
5) Sharks
6) Animals

Answer

Establish the order in which the systematic taxa of the animal are arranged, starting with the smallest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Animals
2) Lepidoptera
3) Insects
4) Moths
5) Arthropods
6) Birch moth

Answer

Choose two correct answers from five and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. The terms of systematics of organisms include
1 class
1) fish
2) stingrays
3) chordates
4) cartilaginous fish
5) vertebrates
6) sea cat

Answer

Choose three options. What systematic taxa characterize mucor?
1) Prokaryotes
2) Eukaryotes
3) Cell Empire
4) kingdom Mushrooms
5) plant kingdom
6) animal kingdom

Answer