Hierarchy of biological systematics. variety of living organisms. Systematics
At present, the organic world of the Earth has about 1.5 million animal species, 0.5 million plant species, and about 10 million microorganisms. It is impossible to study such a variety of organisms without their systematization and classification.
A great contribution to the creation of a taxonomy of living organisms was made by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778). He put the principle of hierarchy, or subordination, as the basis for the classification of organisms, and took the form as the smallest systematic unit. For the name of the species, a binary nomenclature was proposed, according to which each organism was identified (named) by its genus and species. The names of systematic taxa were proposed to be given on Latin. For example, the domestic cat has the systematic name Felis domestica. The foundations of Linnean systematics have been preserved to this day.
The modern classification reflects evolutionary relationships and family ties between organisms. The principle of hierarchy is preserved.
A species is a collection of individuals that are similar in structure, have the same set of chromosomes and a common origin, freely interbreed and give fertile offspring, adapted to similar habitat conditions and occupying a certain area.
Currently, nine main systematic categories are used in taxonomy: empire, superkingdom, kingdom, type, class, order, family, genus and species.
Organism classification scheme
According to the presence of a formed nucleus, all cellular organisms are divided into two groups: prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes (non-nuclear organisms) are primitive organisms that do not have a clearly defined nucleus. In such cells, only the nuclear zone containing the DNA molecule stands out. In addition, many organelles are absent in prokaryotic cells. They have only an outer cell membrane and ribosomes. Prokaryotes are bacteria.
Table Examples of classification of organisms
Eukaryotes are truly nuclear organisms, they have a clearly defined nucleus and all the main structural components of the cell. These include plants, animals, fungi. In addition to organisms that have a cellular structure, there are also non-cellular life forms - viruses and bacteriophages.
These forms of life represent, as it were, a transitional group between animate and inanimate nature. Viruses were discovered in 1892 by the Russian scientist D.I. Ivanovsky. In translation, the word "virus" means "poison". Viruses consist of DNA or RNA molecules covered with a protein shell, and sometimes additionally with a lipid membrane. Viruses can exist in the form of crystals. In this state, they do not reproduce, do not show any signs of being alive, and can survive. long time. But when implemented in living cell the virus begins to multiply, suppressing and destroying all the structures of the host cell.
Penetrating into the cell, the virus integrates its genetic apparatus (DNA or RNA) into the genetic apparatus of the host cell, and the synthesis of viral proteins and nucleic acids begins. Virus particles are assembled in the host cell. Outside a living cell, viruses are incapable of reproduction and protein synthesis.
Viruses cause various diseases in plants, animals, and humans. These include tobacco mosaic viruses, influenza, measles, smallpox, polio, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS. The genetic material of the HIV virus is presented in the form of two RNA molecules and a specific reverse transcriptase enzyme, which catalyzes the reaction of viral DNA synthesis on the viral RNA matrix in human lymphocyte cells. The viral DNA is then integrated into the DNA of human cells. In this state, it can persist for a long time without showing itself. Therefore, antibodies in the blood of an infected person are not formed immediately and it is difficult to detect the disease at this stage. During the division of blood cells, the DNA of the virus is transferred, respectively, to daughter cells.
Under any conditions, the virus is activated and the synthesis of viral proteins begins, and antibodies appear in the blood. First of all, the virus infects T-lymphocytes responsible for the production of immunity. Lymphocytes cease to recognize foreign bacteria, proteins and produce antibodies against them. As a result, the body ceases to fight any infection, and a person can die from any infectious disease.
Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacterial cells (bacteria eaters). The body of a bacteriophage consists of a protein head, in the center of which is viral DNA, and a tail. At the end of the tail are tail processes that serve to attach to the surface of the bacterial cell, and an enzyme that destroys the bacterial wall.
Through the channel in the tail, the DNA of the virus is injected into the bacterial cell and inhibits the synthesis of bacterial proteins, instead of which the DNA and proteins of the virus are synthesized. In the cell, new viruses are assembled, which leave the dead bacterium and invade new cells. Bacteriophages can be used as drugs against pathogens of infectious diseases (cholera, typhoid).
The science of classifying animals is called systematics or taxonomy. This science determines the relationship between organisms. The degree of relationship is not always determined resemblance. For example, marsupial mice are very similar to ordinary mice, and tupai are very similar to squirrels. However, these animals belong to different orders. But armadillos, anteaters and sloths, completely different from each other, are united in one squad. The fact is that family ties between animals are determined by their origin. Examining the structure of the skeleton and dental system animals, scientists determine which animals are closest to each other, and paleontological finds of ancient extinct species of animals help to establish more precisely family ties between their descendants. plays an important role in animal taxonomy genetics the science of the laws of heredity.
The first mammals appeared on Earth about 200 million years ago, having separated from the animal-like reptiles. The historical path of development of the animal world is called evolution. In the course of evolution, there natural selection- only those animals survived that managed to adapt to the conditions environment. Mammals have developed in different directions, forming many species. It so happened that animals with a common ancestor at some stage began to live in different conditions and acquired different skills in the struggle for survival. Converted them appearance, from generation to generation, changes useful for the survival of the species were fixed. Animals whose ancestors looked the same relatively recently began to differ greatly from each other over time. Conversely, species that had different ancestors and passed through different evolutionary paths sometimes find themselves in the same conditions and, changing, become similar. So unrelated species acquire common features, and only science can trace their history.
Classification of the animal world
The living nature of the Earth is divided into five kingdoms: bacteria, protozoa, fungi, plants and animals. Kingdoms, in turn, are divided into types. Exist 10 types animals: sponges, bryozoans, flatworms, roundworms, annelids, coelenterates, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms and chordates. Chordates are the most advanced type of animal. They are united by the presence of a chord - the primary skeletal axis. The most highly developed chordates are grouped into the vertebrate subphylum. Their notochord is transformed into a spine.
kingdoms
Types are divided into classes. Total exists 5 classes of vertebrates: fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles (reptiles) and mammals (animals). Mammals are the most highly organized animals of all vertebrates. All mammals are united by the fact that they feed their young with milk.
The mammal class is divided into subclasses: oviparous and viviparous. Oviparous mammals reproduce by laying eggs like reptiles or birds, but the young are suckled. Viviparous mammals are divided into infraclasses: marsupials and placentals. Marsupials give birth to underdeveloped young, which long time worn in the mother's brood pouch. In placental, the embryo develops in the womb and is born already formed. At placental mammals There is a special organ - the placenta, which exchanges substances between the mother's organism and the embryo during intrauterine development. Marsupials and oviparous do not have a placenta.
Animal types
Classes are divided into squads. Total exists 20 orders of mammals. In the subclass of oviparous - one order: monotremes, in the infraclass of marsupials - one order: marsupials, in the infraclass of placental 18 orders: edentulous, insectivorous, woolly wings, bats, primates, carnivores, pinnipeds, cetaceans, sirens, proboscis, hyraxes, aardvarks, artiodactyls, calluses, lizards, rodents and lagomorphs.
Mammal class
Some scientists distinguish an independent detachment of tupaya from the order of primates, a detachment of jumping birds is isolated from the order of insectivores, and predatory and pinnipeds are combined into one order. Each order is divided into families, families - into genera, genera - into species. In total, about 4,000 species of mammals currently live on earth. Each individual animal is called an individual.
Basic terms and concepts tested in examination work : species, binary nomenclature, class, classification, division, detachment, order, family, systematics, genus, taxon, type.
Plant taxonomy, branch of botany concerned with the natural classification of plants. Individuals with many similar external and internal features grouped into groups called species. Burning buttercup - one species, Kashupian buttercup - another, etc. Similar friend on the other species, in turn, are combined into one genus: for example, all buttercups belong to the genus of the same name - Buttercup, and all clematis - plants of the family - buttercups are united in the genus Clematis. Certain similarities between buttercups, anemone, columbine, clematis and some other genera allow them to be combined into one family- buttercup. Families are arranged in order orders- in classes. So, for example, all buttercups belong to the order Ranunculaceae. Orders are formed classes. All buttercups belong to the class of dicotyledonous plants. All dicotyledonous flowering plants are included in the Department angiosperms. And all plants form kingdom plants. There is a hierarchical system of groups of different ranks. Each such group, regardless of rank, for example, the genus Buttercup, the family Ranunculaceae or order Ranunculaceae, is called taxon . The principles of identification and classification of taxa are dealt with by a special discipline - taxonomy .
Systematics- a necessary basis for any branch of botany, because. it characterizes the relationship between various plants and gives plants official titles allowing specialists from different countries to exchange scientific information.
The first serious attempts to create scientific classification plants found their fullest expression in the works of the brilliant Swedish botanist of the 18th century. Carl Linnaeus, from 1741 to 1778 professor of medicine and natural history at Uppsala University. He classified plants mainly according to the number and arrangement of stamens and carpels (the reproductive structures of a flower). Linnaeus introduced the so-called binary nomenclature - a system of double names of plant species, which he borrowed from the German botanist Bachmann (Rivinius): the first word corresponds to the genus, the second (specific epithet) - to the actual species. Linnaeus had many students, and some of them traveled around America, Arabia, in search of new plants. South Africa and even Japan.
The weakness of the Linnaean system is that his rigid approach at times did not reflect the obvious closeness between organisms or, on the contrary, brought together species that were clearly distant from each other.. It is known, for example, that three stamens are characteristic of both cereals and gourds, and, for example, in labiates similar in many other ways, they can have two or four. However, Linnaeus himself considered the “natural” system to be the goal of botany and managed to identify more than 60 natural groups of plants.
The following classification systems for plants and animals are currently accepted.
The basic principle of combining organisms into one taxon is the degree of their relationship. The further they are separated from each other by their family ties, the larger taxonomic group they form. Organisms are systematized on the basis of different signs. Plants are classified according to body structure, the presence or absence of certain organs or tissues, the structure of a flower, seed, and a number of other features. Animals are also classified according to the degree of kinship, external and internal similarity, feeding methods and a number of other features. The most important taxonomic group for biologists is the species - a group of individuals similar in appearance and internal structure, occupying a certain area and giving fertile offspring when crossed. It is believed that a species is a group that actually exists in nature, because all evolutionary transformations occur at the population-species level.
EXAMPLES OF TASKS
Part A
A1. The main struggle for existence takes place between
1) classes 3) families
2) departments 4) types
A2. The area is the area of distribution
1) detachment 2) species 3) kingdom 4) class A
AZ. Specify correct order classification
1) class - type - family - detachment - species - genus
2) type - class - order - family - genus - species
3) detachment - family - genus - species - department
4) species - genus - type - class - detachment - kingdom
A4. Specify the sign on the basis of which two finches can be attributed to different species.
1) live on different islands
2) differ in size
3) bring fertile offspring
4) differ in chromosome sets
A5. Which of the taxonomic groups of plants is indicated incorrectly?
1) class dicot
2) department of angiosperms
3) conifer type
4) cruciferous family
A6. The lancelet belongs to
1) class of chordates 3) type of animals
2) a subclass of fish 4) a subtype of non-cranial
A7. Cabbage and radish belong to the same family based on
1) the structure of the root system
2) leaf venation
3) stem structures
4) the structure of the flower and fruit
A8. In which case are the "kingdoms" listed? organic world?
1) bacteria, plants, fungi, animals
2) trees, predators, protozoa, algae
3) invertebrates, vertebrates, chlorophyll
4) spore, seed, reptiles, amphibians
Part B
IN 1. Choose three titles families plants
1) dicot
2) bryophytes
Systematics (classification, taxonomy) is the science of the diversity of living organisms and their distribution into groups based on (evolutionary) relationship.
Systematic units (taxa) in decreasing order:
Types and orders are used in the classification of animals, while divisions and orders are used in the classification of plants and fungi.
The largest of the given systematic units is the super-kingdom. The smallest (initial, minimal, basic unit of taxonomy) is a species.
Types/divisions are divided into classes, classes into orders/orders, orders/orders into families, etc. And vice versa: genera are made up of species, families are made up of genera, orders/orders are made of families...
Taxonomists can distinguish many additional taxa - subtype, subclass, etc. For example, a person belongs to the subtype Vertebrates.
All species have a "double name": the first word is the name of the genus, the second is the name of the species.
Choose one, the most correct option. In the system of the organic world, vertebrates are
1) subtype
2) type
3) class
4) squad
Answer
1. Establish the sequence in which the systematic groups of plants are located, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) clover
2) legumes
3) red clover
4) angiosperms
5) dicot
Answer
2. Establish the sequence in which the systematic groups of plants are located, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) dandelion
2) Compositae
3) dandelion officinalis
4) dicot
5) angiosperms
Answer
3. Establish a layout sequence systematic groups plants starting with the smallest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Wild radish
2) Radish
3) Angiosperms
4) Dicotyledons
5) Plants
6) Cruciferous
Answer
4. Arrange in the correct sequence the systematic categories of plants, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) ranunculus
2) angiosperms
3) buttercup caustic
4) dicot
5) buttercup
Answer
5. Establish a layout sequence systematic categories, used in the classification of plants, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) violet
2) dicot
3) tricolor violet
4) angiosperms
5) violet
Answer
6. Set the correct sequence of systematic taxa of warty birch, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) warty birch
2) birch
3) angiosperms
4) plants
5) dicot
6) eukaryotes
Answer
7. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) plants
2) shrub cherry
3) rosaceous
4) dicot
5) angiosperms
6) cherry
Answer
8. Establish a sequence of systematic categories characteristic of the plant kingdom, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.
1) Angiosperms
2) Nightshade
3) Dicotyledons
4) Black nightshade
5) Nightshade
Answer
9. Establish the sequence of arrangement of systematic groups of plants, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) White lamb
2) Yasnotka
3) Angiosperms
4) Dicotyledons
5) Plants
6) Lamiaceae
Answer
10. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Angiosperms
2) Plants
3) Sosnovsky's hogweed
4) Umbrella
5) Dicotyledons
6) Hogweed
Answer
11. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Angiosperms
2) Plants
3) Mullein bear ear
4) Norichnikovye
5) Dicotyledons
6) Mullein
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. At the heart of the natural classification system flora lies
1) kinship, common origin of groups
2) similarity external structure plant organisms
3) the similarity of life processes in a plant organism
4) adaptation of organisms to the environment
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. What is the name of a group of plants that unites related species
1) family
2) gender
3) class
4) population
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. Kind of chamomile pharmacy combines
1) a variety of flowering plants
2) a set of individuals based on their relationship
3) related genera of plants
4) plants of one natural community
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. Systematists subdivide plant families into
1) orders
2) squads
3) childbirth
4) types
Answer
1) Chordates
2) Snakes
3) Reptiles, or Reptiles
4) Central Asian cobra
5) Scaly
6) Asp snakes
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. There is no department in plant taxonomy
1) mossy
2) dicot
3) flower
4) gymnosperms
Answer
1. Establish the sequence of the systematic categories used in the classification of animals, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) tiger
2) feline
3) predatory
4) mammals
5) Ussuri tiger
6) chordates
Answer
2. Establish a sequence that reflects the position of the Homo sapiens species in the system, starting with the smallest category. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) People
2) Mammals
3) Primates
4) Chordates
5 persons
6) Homo sapiens
Answer
3. Establish the sequence in which the systematic groups of animals are located, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Rodents
2) Squirrel
3) Squirrels
4) Common squirrel
5) Chordates
6) Mammals
Answer
4. Set the correct order of the taxa of the animal, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Hedgehog
2) Animals
3) Chordates
4) Insectivores
5) Mammals
6) Hedgehogs
Answer
5. Establish the sequence of the systematic taxa of the animal, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Hares
2) Mammals
3) White hare
4) Chordates
5) Lagomorphs
Answer
6. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Chordates
2) Animals
3) Mammals
4) Cetaceans
5) Whale
6) Whale blue
Answer
7. Set the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Artiodactyls
2) Animals
3) Mammals
4) Chordates
5) Spotted deer
6) Deer
Answer
1. Establish the sequence of arrangement of systematic taxa of the plant, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Meadowgrass
2) Bluegrass
3) Angiosperms
4) Monocots
5) Plants
6) Cereals
Answer
2. Set the correct sequence of the systematic taxa of the plant, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) Flowering
2) Plants
3) Cereals
4) Cereals
5) Monocots
6) Rye
Answer
3. Establish the sequence of arrangement of systematic taxa of the plant, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Onion
2) Monocots
3) Bow
4) Plants
5) Onion
6) Flower
Answer
Establish the sequence of arrangement of systematic groups of animals, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Round heads
2) Lizards
3) Reptiles
4) Vertebrates
5) Round-eared
6) Chordates
Answer
1. Set the correct sequence of the systematic taxa of animals, starting with the smallest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) passerines
2) thrush fieldfare
3) chordates
4) birds
5) thrush
6) thrush
Answer
2. Establish the order of the systematic taxa of the animal, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Chordates
2) Chicken
3) Animals
4) Guinea fowl
5) Birds
6) Turkey
7) African guinea fowl
Answer
3. Establish the sequence of arrangement of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Vertebrates
2) Animals
3) Birds
4) White partridge
5) Partridge
6) Chordates
Answer
4. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Birds
2) Animals
3) Chordates
4) Vertebrates
5) Village swallow
6) Swallow
Answer
5. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Passerines
2) Vertebrates
3) Common magpie
4) Birds
5) Magpies
6) Corvidae
Answer
Establish a sequence that reflects systematic position species Housefly in the classification of animals, starting with the smallest group. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Diptera
2) Arthropods
3) Flies
4) Animals
5) Housefly
6) Insects
Answer
Set the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) animals
2) mosquito
3) arthropods
4) insects
5) Diptera
6) malarial mosquito
Answer
Establish the order in which the systematic taxa of the animal are arranged, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) Coleoptera
2) insects
3) bronze
4) bronze green
5) animals
6) arthropods
Answer
Set the correct sequence in the classification of the pond frog, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Pond frog
2) Amphibians
3) Animals
4) Real frogs
5) Tailless
6) Chordates
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. What sub-kingdoms unite animals
1) invertebrates and vertebrates
2) arthropods and chordates
3) unicellular and multicellular
4) birds and mammals
Answer
1. Establish the sequence of the systematic taxa of the animal, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) South Russian tarantula
2) tarantula
3) arthropods
4) arachnids
5) spiders
6) wolf spiders
Answer
2. Establish the order in which the systematic taxa of the animal are arranged, starting with the smallest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Scorpions
2) Animals
3) Imperial scorpion
4) Eukaryotes
5) Arachnids
6) Arthropods
Answer
Establish the order in which the systematic taxa of the animal are arranged, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Insects
2) Leaf beetles
3) Coleoptera, or Beetles
4) Colorado potato beetle
5) Arthropods
6) Animals
Answer
Establish the sequence of systematic taxa of the fungus, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Agaric order
2) Amanitaceae family
3) Agaricomycetes class
4) genus Amanita
5) Department of Basidiomycetes
6) view Amanita muscaria
7) Kingdom Mushrooms
Answer
Establish the order in which the systematic taxa of the animal are arranged, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Cartilaginous
2) Tiger shark
3) Cranial (Vertebrates)
4) Chordates
5) Sharks
6) Animals
Answer
Establish the order in which the systematic taxa of the animal are arranged, starting with the smallest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Animals
2) Lepidoptera
3) Insects
4) Moths
5) Arthropods
6) Birch moth
Answer
Choose two correct answers from five and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. The terms of systematics of organisms include
1 class
1) fish
2) stingrays
3) chordates
4) cartilaginous fish
5) vertebrates
6) sea cat
Answer
Choose three options. What systematic taxa characterize mucor?
1) Prokaryotes
2) Eukaryotes
3) Cell Empire
4) kingdom Mushrooms
5) plant kingdom
6) animal kingdom
Answer
© D.V. Pozdnyakov, 2009-2019
Biology [ Complete reference to prepare for the exam] Lerner Georgy Isaakovich
4.1. Systematics. The main systematic (taxonomic) categories: species, genus, family, order (order), class, type (department), kingdom; their subordination
The main terms and concepts tested in the examination paper: species, binary nomenclature, class, classification, division, detachment, order, family, systematics, genus, taxon, type.
Plant taxonomy, branch of botany concerned with the natural classification of plants. Individuals with many similar external and internal features are combined into groups called species. Burning buttercup - one species, Kashupian buttercup - another, etc. Similar to each other species, in turn, are combined into one genus: for example, all buttercups belong to the genus of the same name - Buttercup, and all clematis - plants of the family - buttercups are united in the genus Clematis. Certain similarities between buttercups, anemone, columbine, clematis and some other genera allow them to be combined into one family- buttercup. Families are arranged in order orders- in classes. So, for example, all buttercups belong to the order Ranunculaceae. Orders are formed classes. All buttercups belong to the class of dicotyledonous plants. All dicotyledonous flowering plants are included in the Department angiosperms. And all plants form kingdom plants. There is a hierarchical system of groups of different ranks. Each such group, regardless of rank, for example, the genus Buttercup, the family Ranunculaceae or order Ranunculaceae, is called taxon . The principles of identification and classification of taxa are dealt with by a special discipline - taxonomy .
Systematics- a necessary basis for any branch of botany, because. it characterizes the relationship between various plants and gives plants official names that allow specialists from different countries to exchange scientific information.
The first serious attempts to create a scientific classification of plants found their most complete expression in the works of the brilliant Swedish botanist of the 18th century. Carl Linnaeus, from 1741 to 1778 professor of medicine and natural history at Uppsala University. He classified plants mainly according to the number and arrangement of stamens and carpels (the reproductive structures of a flower). Linnaeus introduced the so-called binary nomenclature - a system of double names of plant species, which he borrowed from the German botanist Bachmann (Rivinius): the first word corresponds to the genus, the second (specific epithet) - to the actual species. Linnaeus had many students, and some of them traveled to America, Arabia, South Africa and even Japan in search of new plants.
The weakness of Linnaeus's system is that his rigid approach at times did not reflect the obvious closeness between organisms or, on the contrary, brought together species that were clearly distant from each other. It is known, for example, that three stamens are characteristic of both cereals and gourds, and, for example, in labiates similar in many other ways, they can have two or four. However, Linnaeus himself considered the “natural” system to be the goal of botany and managed to identify more than 60 natural groups of plants.
The following classification systems for plants and animals are currently accepted.
The basic principle of combining organisms into one taxon is the degree of their relationship. The further they are separated from each other by their family ties, the larger the taxonomic group they form. Organisms are systematized on the basis of different signs. Plants are classified according to body structure, the presence or absence of certain organs or tissues, the structure of a flower, seed, and a number of other features. Animals are also classified according to the degree of kinship, external and internal similarity, feeding methods and a number of other features. The most important taxonomic group for biologists is the species - a group of individuals similar in external and internal structure, occupying a certain area and producing fertile offspring when crossed. It is believed that a species is a group that actually exists in nature, because all evolutionary transformations occur at the population-species level.
EXAMPLES OF TASKS
Part A
A1. The main struggle for existence takes place between
1) classes 3) families
2) departments 4) types
A2. The area is the area of distribution
1) detachment 2) species 3) kingdom 4) class A
AZ. Specify the correct order of classification
1) class - type - family - detachment - species - genus
2) type - class - order - family - genus - species
3) detachment - family - genus - species - department
4) species - genus - type - class - detachment - kingdom
A4. Specify the sign on the basis of which two finches can be attributed to different species.
1) live on different islands
2) differ in size
3) bring fertile offspring
4) differ in chromosome sets
A5. Which of the taxonomic groups of plants is indicated incorrectly?
1) class dicot
2) department of angiosperms
3) conifer type
4) cruciferous family
A6. The lancelet belongs to
1) class of chordates 3) type of animals
2) a subclass of fish 4) a subtype of non-cranial
A7. Cabbage and radish belong to the same family based on
1) the structure of the root system
2) leaf venation
3) stem structures
4) the structure of the flower and fruit
A8. In which case are the "kingdoms" of the organic world listed?
1) bacteria, plants, fungi, animals
2) trees, predators, protozoa, algae
3) invertebrates, vertebrates, chlorophyll
4) spore, seed, reptiles, amphibians
Part B
IN 1. Choose three titles families plants
1) dicot
2) bryophytes
5) moth
6) rosaceous
IN 2. Choose three animal order names
2) reptiles
3) cartilaginous fish
5) tailless (amphibians)
6) crocodiles
VZ. Match the taxon with the group of animals that form this taxon
AT 4. Establish the sequence of subordination of systematic groups of plants, starting with the largest
A) department Angiosperms D) genus Wheat
B) family Cereals D) class Monocots
B) awnless wheat species
Part With
C1. Classify a dog named Rex.
From the book Photography. Universal tutorial author Korablev DmitrySUBORDINATION An important property of a composition is the subordination of its parts between groups. Often this is facilitated by the principles of symmetry. Sometimes the connection between different objects is established on the basis of life experience through associations with the structure. human body,
From the book ABC Murphy author author unknownSystematics Main Theorems New systems breed new problems. Consequence: It is not necessary to produce new systems unnecessarily. The main postulates of the developed theory of systems Everything is a system. Everything is part of an even larger system. The universe is infinitely systematized as from below
From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(SI) author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (TA) of the author TSB From book Emergencies social nature and protection from them author Gubanov Vyacheslav Mikhailovich From book latest book facts. Volume 2 [Mythology. Religion] author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich From the book One sentence: aphorisms, sayings, definitions author author unknown From the book Thematic and lesson planning for life safety. Grade 11 author Podolyan Yury Petrovich From the book Thematic and lesson planning for life safety. Grade 10 author Podolyan Yury PetrovichSystematics Main Theorem New systems breed new problems. Consequence One should not unnecessarily produce new systems. ~ Generalized uncertainty principle Systems tend to grow and dissolve as they grow. ~ Other formulations 1. Complicated
From the Oxford Manual of Psychiatry author Gelder MichaelYu.P. Podolyan Thematic and lesson planning on life safety To the textbook M.P. Frolova, E.N. Litvinova and others. “Fundamentals of life safety. Grade 11, edited by Yu.L. Vorobiev Grade 11 Methodical
From the book History of the European Football Championships author Zheldak Timur A.Yu.P. Podolyan Thematic and lesson planning on life safety To the textbook M.P. Frolova, E.N. Litvinova and others. “Fundamentals of life safety. Grade 10, edited by Yu.L. Vorobiev Grade 10 Methodical
From the book Social Studies. Full course preparation for the exam author Shemakhanova Irina AlbertovnaBasic categories for classification in psychiatry Psychiatry uses several categorical classification systems, but the main categories contained in them are the same (see Table 3.1). Table 3.1. Main classification categories Mental retardation
From the book Psychology of Communication. encyclopedic Dictionary author Team of authors From the book Training for Beginners author Rutskaya Tamara Vasilievna5.9. The procedure for hiring. The procedure for concluding and terminating an employment contract Labor law is a branch of law that regulates the process labor activity arising labor and related other relations. Sources labor law: Constitution of the Russian Federation,
From the author's book From the author's bookInternational Order of Testing Class 3 (IPO 3) Appendix 4Section A: Tracking Top score - 100 Voice command "Search" - Track retention - 80 points - Items (7+7+6) - 20 points Finding three items lost at a distance of approximately 800 steps at least