family psychology 

Human anatomy: the structure of internal organs

Human anatomy. Systems and organs. Behin P.

M.: 2007. - 38 p.

The collection "Human Anatomy: Systems and Organs" is the most complete collection anatomical tables of the human body. Paired with a set of tables "Diseases and disorders" - it represents the best anatomical reference book on the modern book market. The world's best anatomical tables "Human Anatomy. Systems and Organs" are offered to your attention. These popular tables focus on various systems and organs of the body. The authors have made additions to the compilations of world famous tables and added the best anatomical tables from their collection to them. A team of highly trained medical artists, consultants, and physicians have painstakingly crafted each chart to ensure it is accurate, understandable, and up-to-date. The reproduction quality of all tables has been improved with digital technologies, terminology and illustrations have been updated and revised to reflect the latest advances in medical science. Each table is provided with callouts and pointers, so it is easy to use. The desktop format of the collection should facilitate the study of the anatomy of the human body, patient consultation or reference. Here are tables of all the main systems and organs of the human body. This reference book is the most comprehensive collection of anatomical tables of the human body.

Format: djvu

Size: 24.6 MB

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List of tables
Body systems
Respiratory system
autonomic nervous system
Nervous system
Digestive system
endocrine apparatus
female reproductive system
The male reproductive system
lymphatic system
Vascular system
System of bones and their connections
Muscular system
genitourinary system
Organs and parts of the body
Prostate
General anatomical structure of the brain
Brain
Anatomical structure of the inner ear
Vestibulocochlear organ - the organ of hearing and balance
Ear, throat, nose
Pharynx and larynx Cranial and spinal nerves
Organ of vision Skull
Anatomy of teeth
Hair
Leather
kidneys
Liver
Head and neck
Vertebrae and spinal column
Shoulder and elbow
Hands and wrists
Feet and ankles
Hip and knee joints

The topographic anatomy of the facial nerve is rather confusing, due to the fact that it passes through the facial receiving and giving processes.

Where does it start?

It departs immediately from three nuclei: motor, secretory and sensory fibers. Then, through the auditory opening, it passes into the thickness of the temporal bone into the internal auditory meatus. Here the intermediate nerve is added to it, and a knee is formed on the bend of the canal, which, taking the form of a knot, gives the intermediate nerve the property of sensitivity. The anatomy of the facial nerve and the scheme will be discussed in this article.

Division into branches

To enter the thickness of the parotid gland, the facial nerve is divided into separate processes: the lingual branch, the posterior auricular nerve, the digastric and stylohyoid branches. The intermediate gives such branches as the stirrup and stony nerves, connective tissue with drum weaving and with vagus nerve, terminal branch (drum string). The diagram of the anatomy of the facial nerve is unique.

branches

Once again, the facial nerve diverges in the thickness of the parotid gland, giving two main branches - a small lower and a powerful upper one, which then also branch out, moreover, radially: up, forward and down to the muscles of the face. As a result, the parotid plexus is formed.

facial nerve(anatomy diagram will be shown in the photo) consists of the following parts:

  • nerve trunk (more precisely, its processes);
  • spaces of the cerebral cortex, which are responsible for the work of mimic muscles;
  • nuclei located between the bridge and the medulla oblongata;
  • lymph nodes and a network of capillaries that feed nerve cells.

Functions

Anatomy (the diagram is posted above) is considered. Now let's talk about its functions.

The main task of the facial nerve is to provide faces. However, everything is complicated by the fact that before its branching into small parts, it is intertwined with the intermediate nerve and partially shares duties with it. Through the internal auditory opening, they move into the tunnel of the facial nerve, where a knee is formed from it, providing sensory to the intermediate nerve.

The facial nerve underlies the motor activity of almost all facial muscles, however, in combination with the intermediate nerve, it has taste and secretory fibers.

The course of the fibers of the facial nerve is very interesting and must be carefully considered.

Facial nerve lesions

In case of malfunctions or infringement of the channel, paralysis of the motor muscles of the face may occur. Visually, its asymmetry is observed: the relaxed part has the effect of a mask due to its immobility, the eye on the affected side does not close, there is an increase in lacrimation due to the fact that the mucous membrane is irritated by dust, air, which, in turn, can cause conjunctivitis. Wrinkles on the forehead and the area around the nose and lips straighten out, the corners of the mouth are directed downward, the person cannot wrinkle his forehead himself.

In humans, the facial nerve is often affected (its branches, their anatomy and topography are shown in detail in the photo).

If for any reason the main, motor function is affected, then we are talking about It is characterized by the following outward signs: paralysis of the muscles responsible for facial expressions, complete asymmetry of the face, the speech apparatus is impaired, it is possible to take fluids to a limited extent. If the nerve was affected at the time when it was located in the pyramidal bone, then in addition to the above signs, deafness and lack of taste sensations are also noted.

Neuritis is a neurological disease characterized by an inflammatory process. It can appear on the central part of the face and on the periphery. Symptoms depend on the area of ​​the affected nerve. The disease develops either due to hypothermia (primary neuritis) or as a complication of other diseases (secondary).

It is characterized by an acute onset, pain radiates behind the ear, and asymmetry of the face is observed after a few days. Depending on the affected part, the symptoms may vary. In case of violations of the nucleus of the facial nerve, a person develops muscle weakness faces. When a nerve is pinched in the region of the brain bridge, strabismus occurs, as well as paralysis of almost the entire muscles of the face. If the infringement occurred at the exit, it will result in impaired or short-term hearing loss. Importance has the human facial nerve. The structure, functions and problems have been studied for a long time.

In chronic otitis media, neuritis may be concomitant, arising from inflammation in the middle ear, and therefore may be accompanied by a feeling of backache. If mumps accompanies, then symptoms of general intoxication appear - chills, body aches, high fever.

Principles of therapy

The scheme of treatment of the facial nerve in case of infringements and inflammatory processes must necessarily be complex. Therapy includes:

  • diuretics, which remove fluid from the network of capillaries;
  • glucocorticosteroid agents;
  • drugs that dilate blood vessels;
  • vitamins (usually group B).

Such treatment eliminates the main cause of the disease, since inflammation of the facial nerve is often the result of another disease, a secondary disease. Nervous ailments are most often accompanied by very unpleasant sensations, so the patient is prescribed analgesic drugs. For the treatment to be faster and more effective, the facial muscles need to be completely at rest.

The complex treatment also includes physiotherapy procedures. From the second week of the disease, it is allowed to apply facial massage and exercise therapy with a gradually increasing load. Surgery is very rarely required. Surgery indicated when neuralgia is congenital or resulting from mechanical trauma. An operation of this kind consists in the fact that incorrectly fused and torn nerve endings are sewn together. Also surgical intervention legitimate when ineffective drug treatment within six months (maximum - eight months). If you ignore the process and do not use the listed methods of therapy, facial muscles can completely atrophy without the possibility of recovery in the future. The only way out is surgical plastic surgery of the face, the material for which is taken from the victim's leg.

Conclusion

Thus, with timely application for medical care and proper treatment, recovery and recovery will be quite long, but the prognosis remains favorable. To avoid relapse, you need to monitor your health, avoid hypothermia and treat such conditions in a timely manner. inflammatory processes like tonsillitis, SARS, etc.

We examined the facial nerve - anatomy and symptoms of damage, and also described the principles of treatment.

Name: The world's best anatomical tables. Human anatomy. Systems and organs.
Behen P.
The year of publishing: 2007
Size: 24.64 MB
Format: djvu
Language: Russian

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Name: Illustrated Atlas of Human Anatomy
Macmillan b.
The year of publishing: 2010
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Let's look at the anatomy internal organs a person and his anatomical systems in pictures, as well as a photo of how they look in the human body.

(Human Anatomy, Photo #1.1)

(Human Anatomy, Photo #1.2)

Photo human anatomy, his nervous system. In one day, 3 mld. is delivered and processed to the central nervous system. messages. Our brain is forced to analyze all this and make a choice of what to ignore and what to react to, this happens in less than one second.

(Human Anatomy, Photo #2.1)

(Human Anatomy, Photo #2.2)

(Human Anatomy, Photo #2.3)

Body anatomy, photo of the circulatory system. During rest, the human heart pumps approximately five liters of blood through the body every minute. To fulfill all that is necessary for life is incredible a complex system The circulatory system uses about 60,000 miles of vessels.

(Human Anatomy, Photo #3.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #3.2)

Man photo, anatomy of the digestive system. Duodenum- This is the center of the functioning of digestion, as it receives gastric hummus, as well as bile from the liver and enzymes from the pancreas. It is impossible for such complex channels to evolve simultaneously.

(Human Anatomy, photo #4.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #4.2)

Human anatomy in pictures, muscular system. About 700 separate muscles are counted in the human body, coordinated with each other without any flaws, such a system could not have arisen gradually during evolution.

(Human Anatomy, photo #5.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #5.2)

Photos anatomy of human bones. A human thigh bone can support one ton of weight, how is that possible? The structure of human bones is hollow inside and arranged the same as in the structures of bridges and buildings in our time.

(Human Anatomy, photo #6.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #6.2)

Human anatomy photo of the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are the cleansing centers of the entire human body, they are responsible for transporting toxins and cleaning the internal environment. Did you know that thanks to regular exercise, the lymphatic system will be in order?

(Human Anatomy, Photo #7.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #7.2)

The brain is the general of our body. In pictures Anatomy of the brain, its departments responsible for different functions organism. The human brain is incredibly complex and weighs only 1kg to 2kg, depending on age.

(Human anatomy, photo #8.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #8.2)

Anatomy photo of the heart- double pump with autonomous nervous system. The human heart, in order to maintain life, must beat without interruption and stops about 100,000 times a day.

(Human anatomy, photo #9.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #9.2)

Human anatomy, lungs in the photo. In one day, our lungs carry 12,000 liters through them. air and 6.000 l. blood. Interestingly, not a single beneficial mutation was observed in the lungs by humans, but only harmful ones, this indicates the impossibility of lung evolution.

(Human Anatomy, photo #10.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #10.2)

Picture anatomy of the human liver. The liver claims to be the largest glandular organ in the human body.

(Human Anatomy, photo #11.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #11.2)

digestive tract, anatomy photo. Interestingly, the length of the human intestine is from 7 to 10 meters.

(Human Anatomy, photo #12.1)

(Human anatomy, photo #12.2)

Photo anatomy of the kidney. In 24 hours, the kidneys clear toxins from up to 2 thousand liters of blood, while having 1 million filter elements.

(Human anatomy, photo #13.1)

(Human anatomy, photo #13.2)

Human anatomy, stomach photo. The human stomach can digest a substance that is much denser in composition than it is. It is amazing that he does not digest himself, although he consists of flesh!

(Human anatomy, photo #14.1)

Our nose can recognize a trillion smells. Our ear has 24,000 "hair" cells that convert vibrations into electrical impulses, we can hear sounds very low level acoustics. Our eyes are able to analyze about 50 thousand data at the same time. Our skin is waterproof, antibacterial, antifungal, elastic, flexible, sensitive, self-healing, it is able to absorb only the necessary chemical elements and reject others. It is porous, self-lubricating, produces vitamins, produces odorous substances, and can sense temperature, vibration, and pressure.

All these amazing facts human anatomy simply screams to us not about evolution, but about the existence of an intelligent design of the Super-wise Creator.