Dream Interpretation Udilova 

Non-black earth zone. The main features of farming systems in various natural and economic zones. Non-chernozem zone. What have we learned

The Non-Chernozem Region, or, more precisely, the Non-Chernozem Zone, is a vast territory stretching from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to the forest-steppe zone in the south with its chernozem soils and from Baltic Sea to Western Siberia. There are 28 regions and republics, as well as Perm region, Nenets autonomous region and two federal cities. The Non-Chernozem zone is included in four large economic regions - North-Western, Northern, Volga-Vyatka and Central. Its total area is 2824 thousand km 2. This is more than the area of ​​France, Spain, Italy, Sweden, Norway, Finland and Germany combined. About 60 million people live in the Non-Chernozem region, that is, more than 1/3 of the population of Russia. Since ancient times, the Non-Chernozem Zone has played and continues to play an important role in the history of our Motherland, in its economic and cultural development. Here, in the interfluve of the Oka and Volga, at the end of the 15th century. the Russian centralized state arose. The Russian national culture was created in the Non-Black Earth region, from here the Russians settled throughout the vast country. For centuries, the Russian people have defended their freedom and independence on this territory. Russian industry was born here, large Russian cities have grown and are developing.

And in our time, the Non-Chernozem region has retained a paramount role in the political, economic and cultural life countries. The center of the Non-Black Earth Region, St. Petersburg, the Urals are the most important industrial bases, forges of scientific and working personnel. In the Non-Black Earth Region there is the capital of our Motherland - Moscow, the second in economic and cultural significance city ​​- St. Petersburg and such major cities and industrial centers as Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg, Perm, Yaroslavl, Izhevsk, Tula, etc.

The Non-Chernozem region is an important agricultural region of Russia. Here is 1/5 of the area of ​​agricultural land in the country.

development Agriculture the presence of huge tracts of arable land, many meadows and pastures, as well as good moisture, almost complete absence droughts True, the soils here are poor in humus. However, the soils of the Non-Chernozem region in climatically favorable areas during the necessary reclamation (drainage, liming, mineral fertilizers) can produce up to 80 centners of cereals and up to 800–1000 centners of potatoes per hectare.

The development of agriculture in the Non-Black Earth region on the basis of its intensification, melioration, complex mechanization and chemicalization is the level of a national task.

The development of the Non-Black Earth region will take more than one decade. It is necessary to increase the production of various agricultural products.

But the accelerated growth in the production of grain, meat, milk, potatoes, vegetables, and other products is only one of the aspects of the growth of agriculture in the Non-Black Earth region. After all, all the products received must be stored and processed. Therefore, new grain elevators, meat processing plants, dairy plants, storage facilities for potatoes and vegetables are being built here.

It is especially important to organize large mechanized farms in dairy and meat animal husbandry, the main branch of agriculture in the Non-Chernozem region. The population of this zone is the largest consumer of milk and fresh meat.

Work is underway to change the structure and geography of cultivated crops. Thus, due to wheat, the areas under oats and barley are being expanded, as they are more productive and, in addition, suitable for livestock feed, work is underway on a more rational distribution of industrial crops (primarily flax), on the concentration of planting potatoes and vegetables.

The primary task is to develop new non-chernozem lands for arable land, improve existing arable land, and increase its fertility. Another important task is the creation of cultural pastures.

An important task has been set before the Non-Chernozem region - the transformation into a region of highly productive agriculture and animal husbandry, as well as the development of industries related to them.

It is unthinkable to fulfill the tasks of transforming the agriculture of the Non-Chernozem region without the active participation of young people. This goal will be attractive to young men and women, here there is an opportunity for everyone to apply their knowledge, energy, and show love for work on earth.


INTERNATIONAL INDEPENDENT

ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLITICAL UNIVERSITY

INTERNATIONAL INDEPENDENT UNIVERSITY

OF ENVIRONMENTAL & POLITICAL SCIENCES

BY SUBJECT:

RATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

"PROBLEM OF RATIONAL USE OF NON-BLACK EARTH LANDS"

Completed by: 3rd year student

Specialty: SK service and tourism

Soprunova Julia Vyacheslavovna

Checked by: teacher

Shcherba Vladimir Afanasievich

Introduction

1. The composition of the non-chernozem zone.

2. Characteristics of the Non-Black Earth Region.

3. Problems of rational use of non-Chernozem land and ways to solve them.

Conclusion.

Introduction

Earth - universal natural resource necessary for many branches of human activity. For industry, construction, land transport, it serves as the ground on which production facilities, buildings, and structures are located.

Earth- a kind of resource. First, it cannot be replaced by other resources. Secondly, although land is a universal resource, each of its plots can be used most often for only one purpose - for arable land, haymaking, construction, etc. Thirdly, land resources can be considered exhaustible, since their area is limited by the size of the earth's land, the state, and a particular economy. But, having fertility, land resources (namely soil), with their proper use and agricultural technology, regular fertilization, soil protection and reclaimed measures, resume and even increase their productivity.

1. Composition of the non-chernozem zone

Non-chernozem, Non-chernozem zone- Agricultural and industrial region of the European part of Russia.

In total, the Non-Chernozem region includes 32 subjects of the federation, incl. 22 oblasts, 6 republics, 1 krai, 1 autonomous okrug and 2 federal cities. The area is 2411.2 thousand square meters. km

It was named after the predominant type of soil as opposed to Chernozem.

Includes four economic regions:

Northern economic region

Northwestern economic region

Central economic region

Volga-Vyatka economic region,

as well as individual regions of Russia:

Kaliningrad region

Perm region

Sverdlovsk region

Udmurtia

northern region

Republic of Karelia

Komi Republic

Arhangelsk region

Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Vologda Region

Murmansk region

Northwestern region

Includes the following subjects of the Russian Federation:

Leningrad region

Novgorod region

Pskov region

St. Petersburg

central District

Includes the following subjects of the Russian Federation:

Bryansk region

Vladimir region

Ivanovo region

Kaluga region

Kostroma region

Moscow region

Oryol Region

Ryazan Oblast

Smolensk region

Tver region

Tula region

Yaroslavskaya oblast

Volgo-Vyatsky district

Includes the following subjects of the Russian Federation:

Mordovia

Kirov region

Nizhny Novgorod Region

The Non-Chernozem region is a huge territory stretching from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to the forest-steppe zone and from the Baltic Sea to Western Siberia. The non-chernozem region is named after soil cover, which is dominated by podzolic soils.

Since ancient times, the Non-Chernozem region has played and is playing an important role in the history of Russia, in its economic and cultural development. Here, in the interfluve of the Oka and Volga, at the end of the 15th century, the Russian state arose, from here the population then settled throughout the vast country. For centuries, people have defended their freedom in this territory. The industry of Russia was born here.

In our time, the Non-Chernozem region has retained a paramount role in the political, economic and cultural life of the country. Here are located big cities- centers for the training of qualified personnel, the most important industrial bases, areas most developed by man, good hayfields and pastures for livestock, since the landscapes of the Non-Black Earth region are mostly favorable for life and economic activity person.

2. Characteristics of the Non-Black Earth Region

The Non-Chernozem region is an important agricultural region. Here is 1/5 of the area of ​​agricultural land in Russia. The development of agriculture here is facilitated by good moisture, the almost complete absence of drought. True, the soils here are poor in humus, but with proper reclamation they can give good harvests rye, barley, flax, potatoes, vegetables, forage grasses. But since the first half of the 1960s, there has been a decrease in the growth rate of agricultural products. The reasons for this lie in the adverse human impact on the landscapes of the Non-Black Earth Region, and in the social sphere. The outflow of the population of agricultural areas to the cities turned out to be very unfavorable. population rural population here has been reduced last years by an average of 40%. The reasons for this can be very different: increased industrial construction, more favorable living conditions in cities, underdevelopment social sphere in the villages. As a result of the lack of workers, agricultural land was reduced, attention to anti-erosion work was weakened, bogging and overgrowing of fields began. This eventually led to a drop in the productivity of agricultural land and the lag of the agriculture of the area.

In order to solve the problems that have arisen, a resolution “On measures for the further development of the economy of the Non-Black Earth Region” was adopted. It involved the following measures: improving the living conditions of people, especially in the regions of the North;

improvement (reclamation - a set of measures to improve soils with the aim of a long-term increase in their fertility) of lands by draining and irrigating them, fertilizing, liming soils, effective fight with erosion, uprooting of trees and shrubs, snow retention and regulation of snowmelt, enlargement of fields and improvement of their shape;

3. Problems of rational use of non-Chernozem land and ways to solve them

In the bowels of the Non-Chernozem region there are deposits of iron (KMA), stone (Pechersk basin) and brown (Podmoskovny basin) coal, apatites of the Kola Peninsula, table salts of Lake Baskunchak. Oil is produced between the Volga and the Ural Mountains, as well as in the northeast of the region. Most of the deposit is located in well-developed areas. This increases their value.

During the extraction of minerals, there is a violation of the lands, the destruction of their fertile layer, the creation of new form relief. With the mine method of mining large areas occupy waste rock dumps. In areas of open mining, quarries are formed on the surface of the earth. Sometimes these are extensive pits with a depth of 100-200 m or more. There are many disturbed lands in the Moscow basin, in the areas of development of building materials and peat. The restoration of the value of these disturbed lands (their reclamation) is now given great attention. In their place are reservoirs. They are returned to agricultural and forestry use. For densely populated areas, this is especially great importance.

The problem of the Non-Black Earth region is connected with the use of the natural resources of this region, primarily with the development of agriculture in it. The soils here are not as fertile as black soils, however, soil and agro-climatic resources make it possible to grow rye and barley, flax and potatoes, vegetables and oats, and fodder grasses. Forest floodplain meadows are good hayfields and pastures for livestock. However, agricultural production is not enough here now.

For the further development of agriculture in the Non-Chernozem region, it is necessary rational use and improvement (reclamation) of land, construction of roads and improvement of people's living conditions.

The main type of land reclamation here is the drainage of excessively moistened lands. Along with drainage, fertilization and liming of soils, in some places irrigation and soil erosion control, removal of stones and uprooting of tree and shrub vegetation, snow retention and regulation of snowmelt, enlargement of fields and improvement of their shape are required.

Conclusion

Land degradation has occurred throughout human history. Numerous studies have shown that in the history of agriculture alone, as a result of the development of erosion, secondary salinization, soil dehumification and other phenomena, humanity has lost more than 105 billion hectares, which significantly exceeds the entire world area of ​​arable land. According to the calculations of soil scientists, about 8 million hectares are annually removed from agricultural use in the world due to their development by settlements, highways, mining and other objects.

Rational use of land: expansion of areas under oats and barley due to wheat, as more productive and suitable for fodder crops; rational use of land under crops of flax, potatoes, vegetables. However, the adopted program of transformations could not be implemented, since the economic crisis of the 1980s. profoundly affected the whole country. It is impossible to solve the problem of the Non-Black Earth Region in any one area. Only a complete recovery of the economy will help in this.

The problem of rational use of land resources, their protection from destruction and increase in soil fertility is one of major tasks scientific research. They involve a whole range of sciences - agrochemical, biological, chemical, economic. Geography also plays an important role as a complex science and its branch areas - soil geography, hydrology, geomorphology, climatology, agricultural geography, etc. Only as a result of complex studies can areas requiring reclaimed work be studied and identified, and their consequences predicted. influence on other components of natural complexes.

Bibliography

1. Rakovskaya E.M. Geography: the nature of Russia, a textbook for the 8th grade of educational institutions. M.: "Enlightenment", 2004

2. Abramov L.S. Fundamentals of constructive geography. M.: "Enlightenment", 1999

3. Dronov V.P., Rom V.Ya. Geography of Russia: population and economy, textbook for the 9th grade. M.: Bustard, 2002.

5. www.geography.kz

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About the most little-known territory of the country - countryside- says expert, leading researcher at the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Geography Tatiana Nefedova.

— Your colleagues, urbanists and regional experts, who have already appeared on the pages of Novaya Gazeta, spoke mainly about the fate of cities and towns. But the gigantic territory between these cities remains terra incognita. What is happening today with the Russian village?

— Agriculture and rural settlement are largely tied to natural conditions. According to them, our country can be divided into five unequal parts.


The first is a huge peripheral zone, which occupies more than 40% of the area of ​​Russia. This is a territory with the most difficult natural conditions - the northern part of Siberia, the Far East, the European North. It is impossible to engage in crop production there, the density of the rural population does not exceed 1 person per square kilometer. km, and natural resources have historically been developed in patches.

The taiga forest belt from Karelia, the Komi Republic and the Arkhangelsk region to Amur region and the Khabarovsk Territory can also be attributed to the periphery of the country. Here people mainly lived and live in the forest, the development of the territory went exclusively along the river valleys, and the population density is also low. AT Soviet time agriculture was artificially “drawn in” here with a specialization that was not characteristic of natural conditions. It was kept on huge subsidies and now for the most part curtailed. This is more than 20% of the territory of Russia. That is, two-thirds of the country's territory has neither the rural population nor the conditions for crop production.

The third zone is the classic old-developed Non-Black Earth Region. Forest landscapes also predominate in this zone, however, although subsidized, but rather developed agriculture existed here. Here they grew expensive grain with low productivity, bred livestock with low productivity. When subsidies ran out, agriculture began to “shrink”.

The fourth zone begins with the Kursk, Belgorod regions, partially affects the Volga region, the south of the Urals and Siberia. Its core is the plains of the North Caucasus, especially the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories. It is this Chernozem belt that is the hope and support of our agriculture. Collective farms have been preserved there, agricultural holdings are coming there, there are many farmers. The active population leaving the northern regions, in addition to cities and their suburbs, often chose these areas as their new place of residence.

Finally, the republics of the North Caucasus, Siberia, and the Volga region in many ways resemble the Russian village of the 1950s and 60s. A positive natural increase has been preserved there for a longer time, there are still many young people, people are ready to work in rural areas.

— Let's take a closer look at the socio-economic processes that take place in each of these territories.

- The main thing is to understand that the countryside does not have to be agricultural at all. The population of the first and second zones survives for the most part by hunting, fishing, forestry, and mining. The further south, the greater the role of agriculture in the economy, the more actively the population is employed in it. The most painful processes are taking place today in the Non-Chernozem region, where agriculture is gradually leaving, but people and the cultural layer still remain.

- You have thoroughly studied Russian Non-Black Earth Region on the example of the Kostroma region, which is the subject of several of your studies. Let's use it as a model.

- The regions of the Non-Black Earth region are characterized by very strong demographic and economic contrasts. If in the suburbs of the regional centers the number of the rural population has not changed much, then outside the suburbs, the population losses in the 20th century were great. And the farther from the big city, the worse the situation. More than 70% of the population, primarily young and active, left the peripheral regions. And consequently, the natural decline is higher here.

The periphery of the rest of the non-chernozem regions (the so-called outback, located between the suburbs of large cities) are territories with a strong depopulation of the population. But the remaining population, due to the decline of agriculture and the degradation of Soviet industry, has nothing to do in small towns. Approximately one third of the working-age population in these villages is unemployed, pensioners-grandmothers predominate. And the remaining able-bodied peasants earn "on departure" in cities, and half - in Moscow and the Moscow region. Irreversible changes in agriculture: the area under crops and the number of livestock have been catastrophically reduced. Today, the northern periphery of the rural Non-Chernozem region partly survives at the expense of the forest. Ever since Soviet times, it has become customary that each collective farm had a free forest plot. This is what many of them held on to. In 2007, the new Forest Code equalized agricultural enterprises with other forest tenants, which hastened their bankruptcy. Now the remaining population survives in part by picking mushrooms and berries.

- The monstrous desolation of the periphery of the Non-Black Earth region creates a feeling that rural Russia is dying out. Is it really?

- Not. Even in the regions of the Non-Black Earth Region, mainly in the suburbs of regional capitals, there are steadily developing areas. This can be seen in many indicators. Suffice it to say that 20% of the region's rural population and 25% of agricultural production are concentrated in the suburbs of Kostroma, covering 4% of the region's territory. And enterprises in the form of agricultural cooperatives or new agricultural holdings remain here, and productivity is higher. It would seem, what difference does it make for a cow where to graze? And milk yields in the suburbs of the Non-Chernozem region are always 2-3 times higher, and even grain yields are higher. The main reason is still in human capital, but the infrastructure in the suburbs is better, and ties with the city are stronger.

Although the hinterland does not die completely and comes to life in the summer. Having “sucked out” the population, Moscow and St. Petersburg send troops of summer residents there, who not only concentrate in gardening associations, but buy up empty houses, thereby preserving the villages. Only how many of them - no one knows, the administration has ceased to keep records. Cadastral services do not provide data. Also, no one knows, except for the inhabitants of the villages themselves, how many local residents travels "on departure" to the cities. And it turns out to be absurd: money is allocated to municipalities for local population, but it is not there, but the townspeople registered in Moscow live for a long time. An elementary statistical accounting of all these massive return flows is long overdue, if only in order to understand what is happening in the country, where and how many people actually live and work.

In 2013, my colleagues and I decided to follow in the footsteps of Radishchev, visited all the former postal stations, explored the areas around and wrote two books about our journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow after 200 extra years. When you drive along the highway, you see around only fields overgrown with forests, miserable villages. The production of grain and flax really went away due to low yields and unprofitability. And meat production, for example, has increased. The fact is that there is a change in the types of management - large agricultural holdings are coming to this zone between the two capitals. They grow grain in their subdivisions in the south, and produce meat and milk here, closer to the consumer. The landscape under the new type of management looks different than under the old collective farm. There is no need to plow up huge areas here. Cattle are purchased in purebred form and kept loose in new modernized farms. There are also new milk and meat processing plants. But they are off the highway, and the modern traveler does not see them.


Map provided by Tatyana Nefedova

- Against the background of the subsidized Non-Black Earth Region, the south of Russia, its granaries - the Don, Kuban, Stavropol - look like a hotbed of prosperity.

- There was no such depopulation in the South, it was and remains attractive for migrants. And it's not even the number of rural population. When the most active people leave from generation to generation, as in the Non-Black Earth region, negative social selection occurs. This was not the case here. Therefore, the quality of human capital is different. However, there are serious problems here.

For example, in the west of Stavropol there are almost no abandoned lands, agricultural cooperatives and powerful agricultural holdings are working. And in the villages there is a huge unemployment. Why? The fact is that it is profitable to sow grain here, but not to develop animal husbandry. Therefore, grain crops have increased, and the number of livestock has declined sharply.

And the South of Russia is large villages and villages with a population of up to 10 thousand people. Essentially, rural single-industry towns. With the prevailing crop production, the management needs 20 qualified machine operators and auxiliary workers - that's all! What will the rest of the villagers do? People survive on subsistence farming and otkhodnichestvo. In the relatively prosperous Stavropol Territory, the total number of otkhodniks is greater than in the troubled Kostroma Region.

- All revolutions, all the most painful reforms of the last century and a half in Russia were somehow connected with the struggle for land. And it is clear that this struggle is still not over.

— In Russia, there are two types of regions in which there is a real struggle for land. These are the suburbs of large cities, primarily capitals, and the southern regions. Firstly, the land is too expensive and in demand by realtors and developers, so even quite successful agriculture is being squeezed out. In the south of Russia, where crop production is profitable, the struggle for land shares is going on within agriculture between different producers: collective farms, agricultural holdings, and farmers. In other regions, there is a huge amount of abandoned land, in which few people show interest.

- AT developing countries one of the main threats to farmers and independent agricultural enterprises is giant agroholdings. How is land distributed in Russia? various types owners?

- The problem of Russia is not in the land as such. And that is to preserve the diversity of agriculture created in the 1990s, so that agricultural holdings, agricultural cooperatives, farmers, and commodity and non-commodity farms of the population work. Of course, large modern enterprises have a number of advantages. They provide stable supply in Network shops big cities. Thanks to agricultural holdings, the restoration of abandoned lands, livestock, pigs and poultry began after the crisis of the 1990s. All this is beyond the power of small farms. However, negative consequences lot. Excessive gigantism creates difficulties in managing the divisions of agricultural holdings scattered in different regions, especially since employees are not interested in results. Absorbing collective farms and farms, agricultural holdings increase the dependence of entire regions on one producer. The over-crediting of most of them in modern conditions sanctions has become a very serious problem and could lead to bankruptcies and mass layoffs.

- What is happening in Russia with the basis of any successful agriculture - farmers?

There are many farmers in the south. Only the Caucasian peoples are engaged in animal husbandry there. These are penumbra and shadow farms. No one knows how much livestock they actually keep in abandoned collective farm pits. But Russian farmers, like collective farms, grow wheat and sunflowers. But in order for the income to justify the cost of equipment, fertilizers, at least 300-500 hectares of land are needed. With a land share of 10-15 hectares, this can be achieved only by leasing the land of other farmers and the population. We have often come across a situation where, according to statistics, there are 50-60 farmers in the district, but in reality it turns out that there are only five of them. The rest of these five leased the land.

A significant part of our products (70% of vegetables, half of milk, one third of meat) is still produced by small semi-subsistence farms, mainly for self-sufficiency, although partly for sale. Since we do not have a middle class, the cohort of medium-sized enterprises is also shrinking. And this lack of a stable middle that does not go to extremes is a big misfortune.

— Does the process of “washing out” the rural population in Russia have its own characteristics?

- Urbanization processes are typical for all countries, only some go through certain stages of urbanization earlier, others later. In Russia, the entire twentieth century, the population left the countryside. The most active, oddly enough, was the departure already in the postwar years. It seemed that collective farms were working, wages in the countryside were growing, but the population was still massively striving for cities, where there were more opportunities for self-realization, training, development, other living conditions, etc.


Map provided by Tatyana Nefedova

In the 1990s, the depopulation of the rural population stopped somewhat, people from the Union republics, from the northern and eastern regions of Russia, went to villages, even non-chernozem ones. The main thing was housing. But work was also needed, and a new stage in the attractiveness of cities began. This is especially true of large centers - urbanization in our country has not yet been completed. However, sooner or later it will end. The attractiveness of large cities, due to their overcrowding, transport collapse, and environmental problems, is beginning to decline.

However, urbanization in Russia had two features that explain the pain of its consequences. Our vast expanse is characterized by a relatively sparse network of large cities with their suburbs that attract the population. And between them, as a result of the outflow of the population in the previously developed territories of the Non-Black Earth Region, a socio-economic desert was formed. There is no such thing in Europe. The second feature is related to the specifics of the collective farm and state farm organization, which did not respond adequately to the challenges of the time. AT Western countries the decrease in the rural population stimulated a change in economic mechanisms, the introduction of new technologies to increase productivity, etc. And in the Non-Black Earth Region, flax and grain went under the snow, because there was no one to harvest them, and the sown areas were tightly controlled by the party bodies. The inflexibility of the economic mechanism was offset by the highest agricultural subsidies in the world, and their sharp reduction led to disaster in many areas.

Is there a way to stop the dangerous devastation rural Russia?

As long as people keep leaving. They go not only for work, but also for work. They want a different standard of living. Young people need a different social environment, different opportunities for self-realization, they can no longer be kept by one salary. But if you can't help, at least don't push the rest out.

At the same time, in order to achieve meager savings that are incomparable with social losses, the authorities are accelerating the depopulation of villages in areas of depopulation. First-aid posts are closing - adult children begin to take elderly parents to the cities. Rural settlements are merged - the outlying villages find themselves outside the gravitational field of the new center of the settlement, road repairs do not reach them, shops are closed, mobile shops do not go. Close up rural primary schools, not only school graduates leave, but also young families with children, since not every parent will decide to send a child to a boarding school or drive him every day for tens of kilometers on bad roads on an unreliable bus. You can always find a way out. For example, in Tatarstan, in small villages, teachers' houses are created even for 2-3 children, where the teacher lower grades teach them to high school.

It is important to preserve the most basic infrastructure. After all, their children from the nearest city will come to the grandmothers' houses tomorrow, having retired. Summer residents, including those in Moscow, as a rule, also leave the villages if there are no local residents left, because without supervision their houses begin to be ruined. It must be understood that when a village dies, the territory not only goes out of economic circulation. We lose over her social control. And we need to keep it until a new wave of development of space in the center of Russia. For the next generation, which, under favorable conditions, will want to return here.

The Non-Black Earth Region is a huge territory stretching from the coast to the sea. The Non-Chernozem region is named after, in which podzolic soils predominate.

Since ancient times, the Non-Chernozem region has played and is playing an important role in the history of Russia, in its economic and cultural development. Here, in the interfluve of the Oka and, at the end of the 15th century, the Russian state arose, from here the population then settled throughout the vast country. For centuries, people have defended their freedom in this territory. The industry of Russia was born here.

In our time, the Non-Chernozem region has retained a paramount role in the political, economic and cultural life of the country. Large cities are located here - centers for the training of qualified personnel, the most important industrial bases, areas most developed by man, good hayfields and pastures for livestock, since the Non-Black Earth region is mostly favorable for human life and economic activity.

The Non-Black Earth Region is important. Here is 1/5 of the area of ​​Russia. The development of agriculture here is facilitated by good moisture, the almost complete absence of drought. True, the soils here are poor in humus, but if carried out properly, they can give good yields of rye, barley, flax, potatoes, vegetables, and forage grasses. But since the first half of the 1960s, there has been a decrease in the growth rate of agricultural products. The reasons for this lie in the adverse human impact on the landscapes of the Non-Black Earth Region, and in the social sphere. The outflow of the population of agricultural areas to the cities turned out to be very unfavorable. The rural population here has declined by an average of 40% in recent years. The reasons for this can be very different: increased industrial construction, more favorable living conditions in cities, poor development of the social sphere in the villages. As a result of the lack of workers, the lands were reduced, attention to anti-erosion work was weakened, and overgrowing of fields began. This eventually led to a drop in the productivity of agricultural land and the lag of the agriculture of the area.

In order to solve the problems that have arisen, a resolution “On measures for the further development of the economy of the Non-Black Earth Region” was adopted. It involved the following measures: improving the living conditions of people, especially in the regions of the North;

improvement () of lands by draining and irrigating them, fertilizing, liming soils, effective control, uprooting of trees and shrubs, snow retention and regulation of snowmelt, enlargement of fields and improvement of their shape;

rational use of land: expansion of areas under oats and barley due to wheat, as more productive and suitable for fodder crops; rational use of land under crops of flax, potatoes, vegetables. However, the adopted program of transformations could not be implemented, since the economic crisis of the 1980s. profoundly affected the whole country. It is impossible to solve the problem of the Non-Black Earth Region in any one area. Only a complete recovery of the economy will help in this.

  • The tragic episode - the ruin of Ryazan by Batu in 1237 - occurred in the so-called Old Ryazan - an ancient settlement that existed near the present town of Spassk-Ryazansky, sixty kilometers southeast of Ryazan. Modern Ryazan was called Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky for a long time.
  • Bishop - common name higher Orthodox clergy (bishop, metropolitan, patriarch).

Three regions - Kaluga, Tula and Ryazan - form the southern belt of the Central District. Each of the regions occupies approximately 30 thousand km 2; in total, about 4.5 million people live in them. Most of the belt lies in Zaochye, that is, on the right bank of the Oka. The elevated right bank with fertile soils almost everything is open. Since there are few forests in the region, the houses in the villages are most often not wooden, but brick; you can even find clay huts. Often residential buildings, according to the southern custom, are placed to the street with an end face, and not a facade, as is customary in more northern regions. Some villages, like steppe villages, are stretched along a river or stream: water is in short supply and it is not always possible to build on watersheds, as in the northern regions. Almost every valley or gully is blocked by dams that support ponds: water has to be carefully collected. In city squares, quiet pigeons near Moscow are replaced by noisy turtledoves, mallow appears in front gardens - with these details, the landscape resembles the Ukrainian one.

STEPPE FRONTIER

In fact, southern part the modern Central region is the "Ukraine", that is, the outskirts, the periphery of North-Eastern Russia of the XII-XV centuries. In ancient Russian texts, the expression "Ryazan Ukraine" is found. The proximity of the steppes affects not only the comparative dryness of the climate, black earth and low forests. The Russians, who began to populate the Oka right bank at the end of the 1st millennium, faced the onslaught of nomadic cattle-breeding tribes, which continually invaded the forests from the south. Ryazan was the first among Russian cities to take the blow of the Mongol-Tatar invasion in 1237. Russian legends are associated with these places, the heroes of which bravely resisted the enemy: about the glorious warrior Evpatiy Kolovrat, about the Zaraisk princess who threw herself from the Kremlin tower so as not to become the khan's concubine , about Avdotya Ryazanochka.

Subsequently, the main events unfolded on the steppe borders related to overcoming Russia's dependence on the Horde: the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380 in the upper reaches of the Don and in 1480 Standing on the Ugra - a river that the Horde could not cross. Standing marked the elimination of the yoke: Grand Duke Moskovsky ceased to be a subject of the Khan. However, until the 18th century the steppes continued to disturb the Russian lands with swift raids from the south.

Natural protection from the steppe threat long time were the rivers Oka and its left tributary Ugra. The chroniclers called them the Belt Holy Mother of God who defended the Russian land. A chain of fortress cities arose along the Oka: Kaluga, Serpukhov, Kashira, Kolomna, Ryazan. In the west, this latitudinal defensive line, as it were, continues with the vast Kaluga woodlands, adjoining the famous Bryansk and Smolensk forests, and in the east - with the large and impenetrable swampy-taiga massif Meshcheroy.

On the Serpukhov - Kolomna section, the northern bend of the Oka approaches Moscow at a distance of only about 100 km. If the Horde managed to cross the river here, then they made the further way to the capital in one or two days, and it was almost impossible to stop the enemies on the outskirts of the city. Moscow sought to push the defensive belt to a safer distance. The strengthening and development of Tula played a huge role: it formed a line with Kaluga and Ryazan, about 180 km away from Moscow.

Of all regional cities located on Central Russian Upland, Tula is located the highest above sea level; besides, she "broke away" from major rivers, on the banks of which all the large ancient cities are located.

Using the terms of the rocket scientists, we can say that Tula is in Ancient Russia became the center of advanced strategic warning. Scouts and observers from the steppe outposts and patrols sent information to the city about the movements of the Horde. From here, reports were urgently sent to Moscow.

Over time, from a defensive hub, Tula became the main staging post in the Moscow offensive on the Steppe. The famous Tula arms business to a large extent ensured the expansion of Russian borders to the south. Even when the Steppe was subjugated by the Russians and settled by them, the Kaluga-Tula-Ryazan line remained important as an important frontier in the defense of Moscow. In particular, at this point there were important events associated with the uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov (1606-1607) and the confrontation with his steppe freemen, who were rushing to Moscow. In 1918 here the armies of the Don and Kuban Cossacks, who were advancing towards Moscow, were stopped. In 1920-1921. the southern districts of the Ryazan region were scorched by the uprising of the peasants of the black earth Tambov province, however, these unrest could not spread closer to Moscow. In the fateful 1941, near Tula, a German tank armada, dispersed in the vast steppe, received a decisive rebuff. Tula is the closest neighbor of Moscow, whose banner is lit Golden Star(awarded in 1976) - a sign of the hero city.

At the end of the XX century. the southern regions of the Central District remain not only lands beyond the Oka, not only the Caspian-Black Sea watershed, not only a forest-steppe landscape boundary, but also an important zone in political geography Russia. Along the southern belt runs the border between the northern regions, which express stable support for Moscow's course, and the southern regions, the majority of whose inhabitants are opposed to the central government.

Obviously, the differences in mass moods are to some extent explained by the deep difference between the cultures of the Russian North and the Russian South, which lie on both sides of the Kaluga-Tula-Ryazan line. For centuries, active, courageous, risky people advanced to the defensive lines south of the Oka and Ugra. It is no coincidence that these lands richly watered with blood gave the most popular military leaders: the liberator of Bulgaria from the Turkish yoke, General Mikhail Dmitrievich Skobelev (his family estate was located in the village of Spasskoye on the Tula-Ryazan border); Marshal Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (from the village of Strelkovka in the northeast of the Kaluga region).

It is characteristic that the ancient building of the bishop's house in the ensemble of the Kremlin is called Oleg's chambers by Ryazanians, although the building was built much later than the reign of Oleg Ryazansky (XIV - early XV century). Perhaps, this name flatteringly reminds the residents of the city of the time when their prince bore the title "great", not inferior to Moscow. In Kaluga, the house of the merchant Korobov, built almost a hundred years after the Time of Troubles, is called the chambers of Marina Mnishek. Kaluga residents like to emphasize that their city was for some time the residence of the queen, legally crowned on the Russian throne.

ECONOMY OF THE TERRITORY

In the second half of the XIX century. Russia has established itself in the Caucasus. Gradually, the frontier of newly developed lands and the center of grain production shifted there.

In the southern region of the Central region of Russia, where there was a shortage of land, a mass resettlement of rural residents began. The peasants who left their native lands were rescued by the proximity of the rapidly developing Moscow, which "accepted" a significant part of the "extra" population. And in the XX century. the majority of Moscow settlers come from Ryazan region; now they and their descendants make up at least a quarter of the inhabitants of the capital.

True, both Ryazan and Kaluga provinces from the 19th century. were no longer purely agricultural, and Tula could rightfully be considered a city with a developed industry.

The first ironworks in the city were built as early as 1632 by the Dutch merchant Vinius. Under Peter I, the state Armory. modern industry Tula is represented mainly by such industries as metallurgy and metalworking, mechanical engineering, including the production of weapons. It is unlikely that there are anywhere else such street names as in this city of gunsmiths: Dulnaya, Zamochnaya, Kurkovaya, Powder, Barrel, Shtykovaya ... At the Tula metallurgical plants ("Tu-Lachermet" and Kosogorsky), steel is brewed using unique technologies. These enterprises serve as a kind of experimental centers, a base for training personnel; it is appropriate to recall that the founders of the Ural metallurgy Demidovs, the creators of large metallurgical and metalworking plants in Russia, the Batashevs, were Tula.

Among the machine-building enterprises of Tula, the most significant is Tulamashzavod (manufacturer of scooters, as well as defense products), weapons and cartridge factories, defense enterprises Splav and Shtamp (producing, along with the Grad and Smerch volley fire systems, the famous Tula samovars ), combine plant. The Melodiya factory produces musical instruments, including traditional Russian harmonicas.

Unlike Tula, Ryazan and Kaluga by the beginning of the 20th century. were rather bureaucratic, cultural and merchant centers. The industrialization of these cities began only in Soviet times. They developed under the influence of the Moscow complex of enterprises, in close connection with its industries. Thus, a turbine plant arose in Kaluga, and a plant for calculating and analytical machines in Ryazan.

The specificity of the industry of the Kaluga region is determined by two branches: railway engineering and woodworking. This is due to the special position of the Kaluga land. It is crossed in addition to the Moscow-Kiev radius by a meridional highway connecting Petersburg with Black Sea coast, and a latitudinal line running from Smolensk to the Volga region.

The region is invaded by the wide tongues of the Bryansk and Smolensk woodlands, which provide raw materials for the woodworking and pulp and paper industries. The matches of the Kaluga plant "Giant" and the Balabanov factory are well known. On school notebooks you can find the brand "Kondrovobumprom". Kondrovo, where this enterprise operates, is located fifty kilometers from Kaluga. Nearby is the village of Linen Factory; in 1720 the merchant Goncharov and his companions set up a paper production, and a century later, here, to the great-granddaughter of the merchant Natalya Nikolaevna, her fiance, Alexander Pushkin, came.

Among the cities of the Kaluga region, Obninsk occupies a special place - a well-known scientific center closely connected with Moscow. In Obninsk, in 1954, the first experimental nuclear power plant was put into operation; there are a number of research institutes and laboratories working in the field of physics and the nuclear industry.

The largest enterprise in Ryazan is an oil refinery (refinery), which is of great importance for the entire region. Oil pipelines from the Volga region cross the Central Region in the north (Yaroslavl Oil Refinery) and in the south (Ryazan Oil Refinery). Among the industrial centers of the region, it is worth mentioning the city of Kasimov, where a non-ferrous metal plant operates, using precious metals in production.

The most significant industrial centers are located in the northern parts of the regions under consideration. The extreme south is mainly agricultural: a chain of ancient settlements stretches here, bearing sonorous city names, but in recent decades lost their former status and demoted to urban-type settlements, or even just villages. In the Ryazan region, these are Sapozhok and Pronsk; in Tula - Epifan, Krapivna and Odoev. The city of Chekalin on the border of the Tula and Kaluga regions is a kind of champion: it retains its urban status, although its population is only 1.2 thousand people, which is 10 times less than the official criterion established in Russia. This city stands, as it were, on the boundary between the Central and Central Chernozem regions.

For small settlements the developing influence of the Moscow industrial zone no longer extends, and at the same time they do not yet lie in the real steppe, where rich black soil reliably supports economic life.