Human anatomy. The structure and location of the internal organs of man. The organs of the chest, abdominal cavity, organs of the small pelvis. Facial nerve: anatomy, diagram, structure, functions and features

Name: The world's best anatomical tables. Human anatomy. Systems and organs.
Behen P.
The year of publishing: 2007
Size: 24.64 MB
Format: djvu
Language: Russian

The publication contains unique posters on human anatomy, created by the famous medical artist Peter Bechin. The tables are divided into body systems (respiratory, digestive, genitourinary, muscular, vascular, endocrine, reproductive, nervous, skeletal and joint systems), organs and parts of the body (skull, brain, teeth, pharynx, organ of vision, ear, throat, nose, skin, etc.).

Name: Anatomy of the musculoskeletal system
Pivchenko P.G., Trushel N.A.
The year of publishing: 2014
Size: 55.34 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The book "Anatomy of the musculoskeletal system" under the editorship of Pivchenko P.G., et al., considers general osteology: the function and structure of bones, their development, classification, as well as age characteristics ... Download the book for free

Name: Large Atlas of Human Anatomy
Vincent Perez
The year of publishing: 2015
Size: 25.64 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The "Great Atlas of Human Anatomy" by Vicente Perez is a compact illustration of all sections on normal human anatomy. The atlas contains drawings, diagrams, photograms illuminating the bone-we... Download the book for free

Name: Osteology. 5th edition.

The year of publishing: 2010
Size: 31.85 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The textbook on anatomy "Osteology" presented to your attention, where osteology issues are quite capaciously, at the same time, briefly and easily covered - initial section human anatomy, studying ... Download the book for free

Name: Anatomy of the muscular system. Muscles, fascia and topography.
Gaivoronsky I.V., Nichiporuk G.I.
The year of publishing: 2005
Size: 9.95 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: Tutorial"Anatomy of the muscular system. Muscles, fascia and topography" as always on high level considers with the inherent accessibility of the description of the material the main issues of myology, which are reflected in ... Download the book for free

Name: Human anatomy.
Kravchuk S.Yu.
The year of publishing: 2007
Size: 143.36 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Ukrainian
Description: The presented book "Anatomy of a Human" by Kravchuk S.Yu. kindly provided to us directly by its author to popularize and facilitate the study of the basic for all medical science and one of the most ... Download the book for free

Name: Functional anatomy of the sense organs

The year of publishing: 2011
Size: 87.69 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The presented book "Functional anatomy of the sense organs" edited by Gaivoronsky I.V., et al., considers the anatomy of the organ of vision, balance and hearing. The features of their innervation and ... Download the book for free

Name: Functional anatomy of the endocrine system
Gaivoronsky I.V., Nechiporuk G.I.
The year of publishing: 2010
Size: 70.88 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The textbook "Functional anatomy of the endocrine system" edited by Gaivoronsky IV, et al., examines the normal anatomy of the endocrine glands, their innervation and blood supply. Description... Download the book for free

Name: Illustrated Atlas of Human Anatomy
Macmillan b.
The year of publishing: 2010
Size: 148.57 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: Practical guide The Illustrated Atlas of Human Anatomy, ed., MacMillan B., is a beautifully illustrated atlas of normal human anatomy. Atlas examines the structure...

Human anatomy. Systems and organs. Behin P.

M.: 2007. - 38 p.

The collection "Human Anatomy: Systems and Organs" is the most complete collection anatomical tables of the human body. Paired with a set of tables "Diseases and disorders" - it represents the best anatomical reference book on the modern book market. The world's best anatomical tables "Human Anatomy. Systems and Organs" are offered to your attention. These popular tables focus on various systems and organs of the body. The authors have made additions to the compilations of world famous tables and added the best anatomical tables from their collection to them. A team of highly trained medical artists, consultants, and physicians have painstakingly crafted each chart to ensure it is accurate, understandable, and up-to-date. The reproduction quality of all tables has been improved with digital technologies, terminology and illustrations have been updated and revised to reflect the latest advances in medical science. Each table is provided with callouts and pointers, so it is easy to use. The desktop format of the collection should facilitate the study of the anatomy of the human body, patient consultation or reference. Here are tables of all the main systems and organs of the human body. This reference book is the most comprehensive collection of anatomical tables of the human body.

Format: djvu

Size: 24.6 MB

Download: yandex.disk

List of tables
Body systems
Respiratory system
autonomic nervous system
Nervous system
Digestive system
endocrine apparatus
female reproductive system
The male reproductive system
lymphatic system
Vascular system
System of bones and their connections
Muscular system
genitourinary system
Organs and parts of the body
Prostate
General anatomical structure of the brain
Brain
Anatomical structure of the inner ear
Vestibulocochlear organ - the organ of hearing and balance
Ear, throat, nose
Pharynx and larynx Cranial and spinal nerves
Organ of vision Skull
Anatomy of teeth
Hair
Leather
kidneys
Liver
Head and neck
Vertebrae and spinal column
Shoulder and elbow
Hands and wrists
Feet and ankles
Hip and knee joints

Let's look at the anatomy internal organs a person and his anatomical systems in pictures, as well as a photo of how they look in the human body.

(Human Anatomy, Photo #1.1)

(Human Anatomy, Photo #1.2)

Photo human anatomy, his nervous system. In one day, 3 mld. is delivered and processed to the central nervous system. messages. Our brain is forced to analyze all this and make a choice of what to ignore and what to react to, this happens in less than one second.

(Human Anatomy, Photo #2.1)

(Human Anatomy, Photo #2.2)

(Human Anatomy, Photo #2.3)

Body anatomy, photo circulatory system. During rest, the human heart pumps approximately five liters of blood through the body every minute. To fulfill all that is necessary for life is incredible a complex system The circulation uses about 60,000 miles of vessels.

(Human Anatomy, Photo #3.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #3.2)

Man photo, anatomy digestive system. The duodenum is the center of the functioning of digestion, as it receives gastric hummus, as well as bile from the liver and enzymes from the pancreas. It is impossible for such complex channels to evolve simultaneously.

(Human Anatomy, photo #4.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #4.2)

Human anatomy in pictures, muscular system. About 700 individual muscles are counted in the human body, coordinated with each other without any flaws, such a system could not have arisen gradually during evolution.

(Human Anatomy, photo #5.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #5.2)

Photos anatomy of human bones. A human thigh bone can support one ton of weight, how is that possible? The structure of human bones is hollow inside and arranged the same as in the structures of bridges and buildings in our time.

(Human Anatomy, photo #6.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #6.2)

Human anatomy photo of the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are the cleansing centers of the entire human body, they are responsible for transporting toxins and cleaning the internal environment. Did you know that thanks to regular exercise, the lymphatic system will be in order?

(Human Anatomy, Photo #7.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #7.2)

The brain is the general of our body. In pictures Anatomy of the brain, its departments responsible for different functions organism. The human brain is incredibly complex and weighs only 1kg to 2kg, depending on age.

(Human Anatomy, photo #8.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #8.2)

Anatomy photo of the heart- double pump with autonomic nervous system. The human heart, in order to maintain life, must beat without interruption and stops about 100,000 times a day.

(Human anatomy, photo #9.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #9.2)

Human anatomy, lungs in the photo. In one day, our lungs carry 12,000 liters through them. air and 6.000 l. blood. Interestingly, not a single beneficial mutation was observed in the lungs by humans, but only harmful ones, this indicates the impossibility of lung evolution.

(Human Anatomy, photo #10.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #10.2)

Picture anatomy of the human liver. The liver claims to be the largest glandular organ in the human body.

(Human Anatomy, photo #11.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #11.2)

Digestive tract, anatomy photo. Interestingly, the length of the human intestine is from 7 to 10 meters.

(Human Anatomy, photo #12.1)

(Human anatomy, photo #12.2)

Photo anatomy of the kidney. In 24 hours, the kidneys clear toxins from up to 2 thousand liters of blood, while having 1 million filter elements.

(Human anatomy, photo #13.1)

(Human anatomy, photo #13.2)

Human anatomy, stomach photo. The human stomach can digest a substance that is much denser in composition than it is. It is amazing that he does not digest himself, although he consists of flesh!

(Human anatomy, photo #14.1)

Our nose can recognize a trillion smells. Our ear has 24,000 "hair" cells that convert vibrations into electrical impulses, we can hear sounds very low level acoustics. Our eyes are able to analyze about 50 thousand data at the same time. Our skin is waterproof, antibacterial, antifungal, elastic, flexible, sensitive, self-healing, it is able to absorb only the necessary chemical elements and reject others. It is porous, self-lubricating, produces vitamins, produces odorous substances, and can sense temperature, vibration, and pressure.

All these amazing facts human anatomy simply screams to us not about evolution, but about the existence of an intelligent design of the Super-wise Creator.

The structure of the human body is unique. The coordinated work of each organ ensures vital activity. Each area consists of a specific set of organs.

Man is the most complex organism on our planet, capable of performing several functions simultaneously. All organs have their own duties and perform their work in a coordinated manner: the heart pumps blood, distributing it throughout the body, the lungs process oxygen into carbon dioxide, and the brain processes thought processes, others are responsible for the movement of a person and his life.

Anatomy is a science that studies the human structure. It distinguishes between the external (what can be observed visually) and the internal (hidden from the eyes) structure of a person.

The structure of a person according to external signs

External structure- these are parts of the body that are open to the gaze of a person and can be easily listed:

head - upper round part of the body
neck - the part of the body that connects the head and torso
chest - front part of the body
back - back of the body
torso - human body
upper limbs - hands
lower limbs - legs

The internal structure of a person consists of a number of internal organs that are located inside a person and have their own functions. The internal structure of a person consists of the main more important organs:

brain
lungs
a heart
liver
stomach
intestines

major internal organs of the human

A more detailed enumeration of the internal structure includes blood vessels, glands and other vital organs.

It can be seen that the structure human body similar to the structure of representatives of the animal world. This fact is explained by the fact that from the theory of evolution, man descended from mammals.

Man has evolved along with animals and it is not uncommon for scientists to notice his similarity with some representatives of the animal world at the cellular and genetic level.

Cell - elementary particle of the human body. The accumulation of cells forms the cloth, of which the human internal organs are composed.

All human organs are combined into systems that work in a balanced way to ensure the full functioning of the body. The human body consists of the following important systems:

Musculoskeletal system- provides a person with movement and maintains the body in the required position. It consists of the skeleton, muscles, ligaments and joints
Digestive system - the most complex system in the human body, it is responsible for the process of digestion, providing a person with energy for life
Respiratory system - consists of the lungs and airways, which are designed to convert oxygen into carbon dioxide, oxygenating the blood
The cardiovascular system - has the most important transport function, providing blood to the entire human body
Nervous system - regulates all functions of the body, consists of two types of brain: the brain and spinal cord, as well as nerve cells and nerve endings
Endocrine system regulates nervous and biological processes in the body
Reproductive and urinary system a number of organs that differ in structure in men and women. Have important features: reproductive and excretory
The integumentary system provides protection of internal organs from the external environment, represented by the skin

Video: “Human Anatomy. Where is what?”

The brain is an important human organ

The brain provides a person mental activity distinguishing it from other living organisms. In fact, it is a mass of nervous tissue. It consists of two cerebral hemispheres, the pons and the cerebellum.

Large hemispheres necessary in order to control all thought processes and provide a person with conscious control of all movements
At the back of the brain is cerebellum. It is thanks to him that a person is able to control the balance of the whole body. The cerebellum controls muscle reflexes. Even such an important action as pulling your hand away from a hot surface so as not to damage the skin is controlled by the cerebellum.
Pons lies below the cerebellum at the base of the skull. Its function is very simple - to receive nerve impulses and send them
The other bridge is oblong, slightly lower and connects to the spinal cord. Its function is to receive and transmit signals from other departments.

Video: "Brain, structure and functions"

What organs are inside the chest?

There are several vital organs in the chest cavity:

lungs
a heart
bronchi
trachea
esophagus
diaphragm
thymus gland

structure of the human chest

Rib cage - complex structure, mostly filled with lungs. It contains the most important muscular organ - the heart and large blood vessels. Diaphragm- a wide flat muscle that separates the chest from the abdominal cavity.

A heart - between the two lungs, in the chest is this cavity organ-muscle. Its dimensions are not large enough and it does not exceed the volume of a fist. The task of the organ is simple but important: to pump blood into the arteries and receive venous blood.

The heart is located quite interestingly - oblique presentation. The wide part of the organ is directed upwards back to the right, and the narrow part is downwards to the left.

detailed structure of the heart

From the base of the heart (wide part) come the main vessels. The heart must regularly pump and process blood, distributing fresh blood throughout the body.
The movement of this organ is provided by two halves: the left and right ventricle
The left ventricle of the heart is larger than the right
The pericardium is the tissue that covers this muscular organ. The outer part of the pericardium is connected to the blood vessels, the inner adheres to the heart

Lungs - the largest paired organ in the human body. This organ occupies most of the chest. These organs are exactly the same, but it is worth noting that they have different functions and structure.

lung structure

As you can see in the picture, the right lung has three lobes, compared to the left, which has only two. Also, the left lung has a bend in the left side. The task of the lungs is to convert oxygen into carbon dioxide and saturate the blood with oxygen.

Trachea - occupies a position between the bronchi and the larynx. The trachea is cartilaginous semirings and connective ligaments, as well as muscle tissue on the back wall, covered with mucus. Towards the bottom, the trachea divides into two bronchus. These bronchi go to the left and right lung. In fact, the bronchus is the most common continuation of the trachea. The lung inside consists of many branches of the bronchi. Bronchial functions:

air duct - conduction of air through the lungs
protective - cleansing function

trachea and bronchi, structure

Esophagus a long organ that originates in the larynx and passes through diaphragm(muscular organ), connecting with the stomach. The esophagus has circular muscles that move food to the stomach.

location of the esophagus in the chest

thymus gland - gland, which found its place under the sternum. It can be considered part of the human immune system.

thymus

Video: "Organs of the chest cavity"

What organs are included in the abdominal cavity?

The organs of the abdominal cavity are the organs of the digestive tract, as well as the pancreas along with the liver and kidneys. Here are located: the spleen, kidneys, stomach and genitals. the organs of the abdominal cavity are covered with peritoneum.

internal organs of the human abdomen

Stomach - one of the main organs of the digestive system. In fact, it is a continuation of the esophagus, separated by a valve that covers the entrance to the stomach.

The stomach is shaped like a bag. Its walls are capable of producing special mucus (juice), the enzymes of which break down food.

structure of the stomach

Intestines - the longest and most voluminous part gastric tract. The intestine begins immediately after the outlet of the stomach. It is built in the form of a loop and ends with an outlet. The intestine has a large intestine, a small intestine, and a rectum.
The small intestine (duodenum and ileum) passes into the large intestine, the large intestine into the rectum
The task of the intestine is to digest and remove food from the body.

detailed structure of the human intestine

Liver - the largest gland in the human body. It is also involved in the process of digestion. Its task is to ensure metabolism, to participate in the process of blood circulation.

It is located directly below the diaphragm and is divided into two lobes. The vein connects the liver to duodenum. The liver is closely connected and functions with the gallbladder.

structure of the liver

Kidneys a paired organ located in the lumbar region. They perform an important chemical function - the regulation of homeostasis and urinary excretion.

Kidneys are bean-shaped and are part of the urinary organs. Directly above the kidneys are adrenals.

kidney structure

Bladder - kind of bag for collecting urine. It is located immediately behind the pubic bone in the groin area.

bladder structure

Spleen - located above the diaphragm. It has a number of important functions:

hematopoiesis
body protection

The spleen has the ability to change in size depending on the accumulation of blood.

structure of the spleen

How are the pelvic organs located?

These organs are located in a space limited pelvic bone. It is worth noting that the female and male pelvic organs differ.

rectum - similar organ in both men and women. This is the last part of the intestine. Through it, the products of digestion are excreted. The length of the rectum should be about fifteen centimeters in size.
Bladder differs in location, female and male placement in the cavity. In women, it is in contact with the walls of the vagina, as well as the uterus, in men, it is adjacent to the seminal vesicles and streams that remove the seed, as well as to the rectum

female pelvic (genital) organs

Vagina a hollow tubular organ that extends from the genital slit to the uterus. It has a length of about 10 centimeters and is adjacent to the cervix, the organ passes through the urinary-genital diaphragm
Uterus - an organ made up of muscles. It has the shape of a pear and is located behind the bladder, but in front of the rectum. The body is usually divided into: bottom, body and neck. Performs a reproductive function
Ovary - paired egg-shaped organ. This is the female gland that produces hormones. In them, the maturation of eggs occurs. The ovary is connected to the uterus by the fallopian tubes

male pelvic (genital) organs

seminal vesicle - located behind the bladder and looks like a paired organ. This is a secretory male organ. Its size is approximately five centimeters in diameter. It consists of bubbles connected to each other. The function of the organ is to produce seed for fertilization
Prostate - an organ made up of muscles and glands. It is located directly on the urinary-genital diaphragm. The base of the organ is the urinary and seminal canals

Video: “Human Anatomy. Abdominal organs»

The study of the complex structure of the human body and the layout of internal organs - this is what human anatomy takes. Discipline helps to understand the structure of our body, which is one of the most complex on the planet. All its parts perform strictly defined functions and all of them are interconnected. Modern anatomy is a science that distinguishes both what we observe visually and the structure of the human body hidden from the eyes.

What is human anatomy

This is the name of one of the sections of biology and morphology (along with cytology and histology), which studies the structure of the human body, its origin, formation, evolutionary development above the cellular level. Anatomy (from the Greek Anatomia - incision, opening, dissection) studies how the external parts of the body look. It also describes the internal environment and the microscopic structure of organs.

The selection of human anatomy from the comparative anatomy of all living organisms is due to the presence of thinking. There are several main forms of this science:

Normal, or systematic. This section studies the body of the "normal" i.e. healthy person on tissues, organs, their systems.
Pathological. This is an applied scientific discipline that studies diseases.
Topographic, or surgical. It is so called because it has applied significance for surgery. Complements the descriptive human anatomy.

normal anatomy

Extensive material has led to the complexity of studying the anatomy of the structure of the human body. For this reason, it became necessary to artificially divide it into parts - organ systems. They are considered normal, or systematic, anatomy. She breaks down the complex into the simpler. Normal human anatomy studies the body in a healthy state. This is its difference from the pathological. Plastic anatomy studies appearance. It is used when depicting a human figure.

topographic;
typical;
comparative;
theoretical;
age;
X-ray anatomy.

Pathological human anatomy

This kind of science, along with physiology, studies the changes that occur with the human body in certain diseases. Anatomical studies are carried out microscopically, which helps to identify pathological physiological factors in tissues, organs, their aggregates. The object in this case are the corpses of persons who died from various diseases.

The study of the anatomy of a living person is carried out using harmless methods. This discipline is mandatory in medical universities. Anatomical knowledge is divided into:

general, reflecting methods of anatomical studies of pathological processes;
private, describing the morphological manifestations of certain diseases, for example, tuberculosis, cirrhosis, rheumatism.

Topographic (surgical)

This kind of science has developed as a result of the need for practical medicine. Its creator is the doctor N.I. Pirogov. Scientific human anatomy studies the arrangement of elements relative to each other, the layered structure, the process of lymph flow, blood supply in a healthy body. This takes into account gender characteristics and changes associated with age-related anatomy.

The anatomical structure of a person

The functional elements of the human body are cells. Their accumulation forms the tissue that makes up all parts of the body. The latter are combined in the body into systems:

Digestive. It is considered the most difficult. The organs of the digestive system are responsible for the process of digestion of food.
Cardiovascular. The function of the circulatory system is to supply blood to all parts of the human body. This includes the lymphatic vessels.
Endocrine. Its function is to regulate the nervous and biological processes in organism.
Urogenital. In men and women, it has differences, provides reproductive and excretory functions.
Cover. Protects the insides from external influences.
Respiratory. Saturates the blood with oxygen, converts it into carbon dioxide.
Musculoskeletal. Responsible for the movement of a person, maintaining the body in a certain position.
Nervous. Includes the spinal cord and brain, which regulate all body functions.

The structure of human internal organs

The section of anatomy that studies the internal systems of a person is called splanchnology. These include respiratory, genitourinary and digestive. Each has characteristic anatomical and functional connections. They can be combined by common property exchange of substances between the environment and man. In the evolution of the organism, it is believed that the respiratory system buds from certain sections of the digestive tract.

organs of the respiratory system

They provide a continuous supply of oxygen to all organs, the removal of carbon dioxide formed from them. This system is divided into upper and lower Airways. The first list includes:

Nose. Produces mucus that traps foreign particles when inhaled.
Sinuses. Air-filled cavities in the lower jaw, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal bones.
Throat. It is divided into the nasopharynx (provides air flow), oropharynx (contains tonsils that have a protective function), laryngopharynx (serves as a passage for food).
Larynx. Does not allow food to enter the respiratory tract.

Another part of this system is the lower respiratory tract. They include the organs of the thoracic cavity, presented in the following small list:

Trachea. It starts after the larynx, stretches down to the chest. Responsible for air filtration.
Bronchi. Similar in structure to the trachea, they continue to purify the air.
Lungs. Located on either side of the heart in the chest. Each lung is responsible for the vital process of exchanging oxygen with carbon dioxide.

Human abdominal organs

The abdominal cavity has a complex structure. Its elements are located in the center, left and right. According to human anatomy, the main organs in the abdominal cavity are as follows:

Stomach. It is located on the left under the diaphragm. Responsible for the primary digestion of food, gives a signal of satiety.
The kidneys are located at the bottom of the peritoneum symmetrically. They perform a urinary function. The substance of the kidney is made up of nephrons.
Pancreas. Located just below the stomach. Produces enzymes for digestion.
Liver. It is located on the right under the diaphragm. Removes poisons, toxins, removes unnecessary elements.
Spleen. It is located behind the stomach, is responsible for immunity, provides hematopoiesis.
Intestines. Located in the lower abdomen, absorbs all the nutrients.
Appendix. It is an appendage of the caecum. Its function is protective.
gallbladder. Located below the liver. Accumulates incoming bile.

genitourinary system

This includes the organs of the human pelvic cavity. There are significant differences between men and women in the structure of this part. They are in organs that provide reproductive function. In general, a description of the structure of the pelvis includes information about:

Bladder. Accumulates urine before urination. It is located below in front of the pubic bone.
Genital organs of a woman. The uterus is located under the bladder, and the ovaries are slightly higher above it. They produce eggs that are responsible for reproduction.
Male genitals. The prostate gland is also located under the bladder, responsible for the production of secretory fluid. The testicles are located in the scrotum, they form sex cells and hormones.

Human endocrine organs

The system responsible for regulating the activity of the human body through hormones is the endocrine system. Science distinguishes two devices in it:

diffuse. Endocrine cells here are not concentrated in one place. Some functions are performed by the liver, kidneys, stomach, intestines and spleen.
Glandular. Includes thyroid, parathyroid glands, thymus, pituitary gland, adrenal glands.

Thyroid and parathyroid glands

The largest endocrine gland is the thyroid. It is located on the neck in front of the trachea, on its side walls. Partially, the gland is adjacent to the thyroid cartilage, consists of two lobes and an isthmus, necessary for their connection. The function of the thyroid gland is the production of hormones that promote growth, development, and regulate metabolism. Not far from it are the parathyroid glands, which have the following structural features:

Quantity. There are 4 of them in the body - 2 upper, 2 lower.
A place. They are located on the posterior surface of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland.
Function. Responsible for the exchange of calcium and phosphorus (parathyroid hormone).

Anatomy of the thymus

The thymus, or thymus gland, is located behind the handle and part of the body of the sternum in the upper anterior region of the chest cavity. It consists of two lobes connected by a loose connective tissue. The upper ends of the thymus are narrower, so they go beyond the chest cavity and reach the thyroid gland. In this organ, lymphocytes acquire properties that provide protective functions against cells alien to the body.

The structure and functions of the pituitary gland

A small gland of spherical or oval shape with a reddish tint is the pituitary gland. It is directly related to the brain. The pituitary gland has two lobes:

Front. It affects the growth and development of the whole body as a whole, stimulates the activity of the thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, and sex glands.
back. Responsible for strengthening the work of vascular smooth muscles, increases blood pressure, affects the reabsorption of water in the kidneys.

Adrenal glands, gonads and endocrine pancreas

Paired organ located above the upper end of the kidney in the retroperitoneal tissue is the adrenal gland. On the anterior surface, it has one or more furrows that serve as gates for outgoing veins and incoming arteries. Functions of the adrenal glands: production of adrenaline in the blood, neutralization of toxins in muscle cells. Other elements of the endocrine system:

Sex glands. The testicles contain interstitial cells responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics. The ovaries secrete folliculin, which regulates menstruation, affects nervous state.
Endocrine part of the pancreas. It contains pancreatic islets, which secrete insulin and glucagon into the blood. This ensures the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.

Musculoskeletal system

This system is a set of structures that provide support to parts of the body and help a person move in space. The whole apparatus is divided into two parts:

Bone-articular. From the point of view of mechanics, this is a system of levers, which, as a result of muscle contraction, transmit the effects of forces. This part is considered passive.
Muscular. active part musculoskeletal system - these are muscles, ligaments, tendons, cartilaginous structures, synovial bags.

Anatomy of bones and joints

The skeleton is made up of bones and joints. Its functions are the perception of loads, the protection of soft tissues, the implementation of movements. Bone marrow cells produce new blood cells. Joints are the points of contact between bones, between bones and cartilage. The most common type is synovial. Bones develop as a child grows, providing support for the entire body. They make up the skeleton. It includes 206 individual bones, consisting of bone tissue and bone cells. All of them are located in the axial (80 pieces) and appendicular (126 pieces) skeleton.

Bone weight in an adult is about 17-18% of body weight. According to the description of the structures of the skeletal system, its main elements are:

Scull. Consists of 22 connected bones, excluding only the lower jaw. The functions of the skeleton in this part: protecting the brain from damage, supporting the nose, eyes, mouth.
Spine. Formed by 26 vertebrae. The main functions of the spine: protective, depreciation, motor, support.
Rib cage. Includes sternum, 12 pairs of ribs. They protect the chest cavity.
Limbs. This includes the shoulders, hands, forearms, thigh bones, feet, and lower legs. Provides basic mobility.

The structure of the muscular skeleton

The muscle apparatus also studies human anatomy. There is even a special section - myology. The main function of the muscles is to provide a person with the ability to move. About 700 muscles are attached to the bones of the skeletal system. They make up about 50% of a person's body weight. The main types of muscles are as follows:

Visceral. They are located inside the organs, provide the movement of substances.
Cardiac. Located only in the heart, it is necessary for pumping blood through the human body.
Skeletal. This type of muscle tissue is controlled by a person consciously.

Organs of the human cardiovascular system

The cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood vessels and about 5 liters of transported blood. Their main function is to carry oxygen, hormones, nutrients and cellular waste. This system works only at the expense of the heart, which, remaining at rest, pumps about 5 liters of blood through the body every minute. It continues to work even at night when most of other elements of the body are resting.

Anatomy of the heart

This body has a muscular hollow structure. The blood in it is poured into the venous trunks, and then driven into the arterial system. The heart consists of 4 chambers: 2 ventricles, 2 atria. The left parts are the arterial heart, and the right parts are the venous. This division is based on the blood in the chambers. The heart in human anatomy is a pumping organ, since its function is to pump blood. There are only 2 circles of blood circulation in the body:

small, or pulmonary, transporting venous blood;
large, carrying oxygenated blood.

Vessels of the pulmonary circle

The pulmonary circulation carries blood from the right side of the heart towards the lungs. There it is filled with oxygen. This is the main function of the vessels of the pulmonary circle. Then the blood returns back, but already to the left half of the heart. The pulmonary circuit is supported by the right atrium and right ventricle - for it they are pumping chambers. This circle of blood circulation includes:

right and left pulmonary arteries;
their branches are arterioles, capillaries and precapillaries;
venules and veins that merge into 4 pulmonary veins that flow into the left atrium.

Arteries and veins of the systemic circulation

The corporal, or large, circle of blood circulation in human anatomy is designed to deliver oxygen and nutrients to all tissues. Its function is the subsequent removal of carbon dioxide from them with metabolic products. The circle begins in the left ventricle - from the aorta, which carries arterial blood. It is further divided into:

arteries. They go to all the insides, except for the lungs and heart. Contains nutrients.
Arterioles. These are small arteries that carry blood to the capillaries.
capillaries. In them, the blood gives off nutrients with oxygen, and in return takes away carbon dioxide and metabolic products.
Venules. These are reverse vessels that provide the return of blood. Similar to arterioles.
Vienna. They merge into two large trunks - the superior and inferior vena cava, which flow into the right atrium.

Anatomy of the structure of the nervous system

Sense organs, nervous tissue and cells, spinal cord and brain - this is what the nervous system consists of. Their combination provides control of the body and the interconnection of its parts. The central nervous system is the control center, consisting of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for evaluating the information coming from outside and making certain decisions by a person.

The location of organs in the human CNS

Human anatomy says that the main function of the central nervous system is the implementation of simple and complex reflexes. The following important bodies are responsible for them:

Brain. Located in the brain region of the skull. It consists of several sections and 4 communicating cavities - cerebral ventricles. performs the highest mental functions Keywords: consciousness, voluntary actions, memory, planning. In addition, it supports breathing, heart rate, digestion and blood pressure.
Spinal cord. Located in the spinal canal, is a white cord. It has longitudinal grooves on the front and back surfaces, and the spinal canal in the center. The spinal cord consists of white (a conductor of nerve signals from the brain) and gray (creates reflexes to stimuli) matter.

Watch a video about the structure of the human brain.

Functioning of the peripheral nervous system

This includes elements nervous system located outside the spinal cord and brain. This part is allocated conditionally. It includes the following:

Spinal nerves. Each person out of 31 couples. The posterior branches of the spinal nerves run between the transverse processes of the vertebrae. They innervate the back of the head, deep muscles of the back.
cranial nerves. There are 12 pairs. They innervate the organs of vision, hearing, smell, glands of the oral cavity, teeth and skin of the face.
Sensory receptors. These are specific cells that perceive irritation. external environment and converting it into nerve impulses.

Human anatomical atlas

The structure of the human body is described in detail in the anatomical atlas. The material in it shows the body as a whole, consisting of individual elements. Many encyclopedias were written by various medical scientists who studied the course of human anatomy. These collections contain visual layouts of the organs of each system. This makes it easier to see the relationship between them. In general, the anatomical atlas is a detailed internal structure person.