Obtained by aromatization of petroleum hydrocarbons. General characteristics of oil. Composition of oil. Origin of oil. Oil and gas processing. Educational and methodological manual on organic chemistry
Oil aromatization
Aromatization of oil (petroleum)
The process of chemical refining of oil, the main purpose of which is to obtain aromatic hydrocarbons, mainly benzene, toluene, naphthalene.
A brief electronic reference book on basic oil and gas terms with a system of cross-references. - M.: Russian state university oil and gas named after. I. M. Gubkina. M.A. Mokhov, L.V. Igrevsky, E.S. Novik. 2004 .
See what “Aromatization of oil” is in other dictionaries:
OIL AROMATIZATION- chem. oil refining in order to increase the aromatic content in it. hydrocarbons (benzene derivatives). A. n. increases anti-knock St. Va of motor fuels obtained from oil, and allows the production of aromatic. hydrocarbons for chemicals prosti... ... Big Encyclopedic Polytechnic Dictionary
AROMATIZATION- (new Latin, from Greek aroma incense). Giving something a smell using fragrant substances. Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. AROMATIZATION novolat., from Greek. aroma, incense. Adding scent... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
AROMATIZATION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS- their chemical processing to increase the content of aromatic hydrocarbons. It is most often carried out by catalytic reforming of petroleum naphtha fractions. By aromatizing petroleum products, high-octane gasolines are obtained... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
aromatization of petroleum products- their chemical processing to increase the content of aromatic hydrocarbons. It is most often carried out by catalytic reforming of petroleum naphtha fractions. By aromatizing petroleum products, high-octane... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary
Flavoring of petroleum products- chemical processing of petroleum products in order to increase the content of aromatic hydrocarbons in them (See. Aromatic hydrocarbons) by converting open-chain hydrocarbons into cyclic hydrocarbons. A. n.... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Oil refining- Shell oil refinery in California The purpose of oil refining (oil refining) is the production of petroleum products ... Wikipedia
Kazansky, Boris Alexandrovich- Kazansky Boris Aleksandrovich ... Wikipedia Investor Encyclopedia
1. Write the formulas for the structure of hydrocarbons that can be found in oil and contain 5 carbon atoms per molecule.
2. All types of aviation gasoline begin to distill at a temperature of about 40 0 C and end at a temperature practically no higher than 180 0 C. Name the hydrocarbons containing methane homologues: a) with the lowest; b) with the highest relative molecular weight.
3. Why is it often more difficult to isolate individual hydrocarbons from higher-boiling fractions of oil than to obtain them from low-boiling fractions? Which chemical methods used for recycling oil?
4. It is necessary to prepare a solution of bromine in gasoline with a bromine content that does not change during storage. Should I use straight-run gasoline or cracked gasoline for this?
5. Is it possible to imagine chemical equations processes occurring: a) during oil distillation; b) during oil cracking. Give a reasoned answer.
6. Which petroleum cracking gas is used to produce isopropyl alcohol?
7. What is the difference between the composition of gases from thermal and catalytic cracking? For what purposes are these gases used?
8. What is oil aromatization? Compose reaction equations, explaining this process.
9. What is octane number? Does the structure of hydrocarbons affect the value of this number? Is it possible to increase the octane number of gasoline obtained by distilling oil?
10. Describe gasoline obtained through thermal and catalytic cracking.
11. Indicate the names of the most important petroleum products and list their areas of application.
12. How is cracking different from pyrolysis? What is catalytic reforming?
13. Give geological and geochemical arguments in favor of the organic theory of the origin of oil.
14. Cracking oil produces ethylene, which can be used to produce acetic acid. Give equations for the corresponding reactions.
15. Calculate the volume of oxygen (no.) required to burn 60 kg of gasoline containing 80% heptane isomers and 20% octane isomers.
16. Write the equations for the reactions that can occur with the hydrocarbon dodecane C 12 H 26 during oil cracking.
17. What is petroleum coke? What is it formed from? What is it used for? Give a comprehensive answer.
18. The main processes occurring during the aromatization of oil (catalytic reforming) are the dehydrogenation of naphthenes and the cyclization of alkanes with simultaneous dehydrogenation. Draw up schemes for the formation of these methods: a) benzene; b) toluene.
19. Calculate specific heat combustion of synthesis gas consisting of 0.5 mole fractions of CO and 0.5 mole fractions of H2, under standard conditions and 298 0 K.
20. Calculate the standard thermal effect, the equilibrium constant of the reaction of producing methanol from H 2 and CO at 298 0 K. Determine the temperature at which equilibrium of this reaction occurs under standard conditions.
THEM. KHARCHEV
Educational and methodological manual
By organic chemistry
10th grade
Continuation. See No. 18, 19, 22/2006
Topic 5.
Natural sources of hydrocarbons
Know: composition and use of natural and associated petroleum gas; composition and properties of oil; products derived from petroleum; oil refining methods; use of petroleum products; methods of processing coal; composition and use of coking products.
Be able to: compare the composition of natural and associated petroleum gases; compare the composition and properties of gasoline obtained direct distillation, catalytic cracking and thermal cracking; draw up equations for reactions occurring during cracking and reforming.
Basic concepts: fractional distillation, octane rating, pyrolysis, catalytic and thermal cracking, reforming, coking.
Algorithm 5.1. Cracking of linear alkanes
Exercise. Draw up two cracking schemes for linear hydrocarbon n-octane n-C 8 H 18.
1. Cracking is the splitting of long linear alkane molecules into shorter (along the carbon chain) molecules. The process takes place at 450–550 °C in the presence of catalysts or without them. Typically, the carbon chain breaks approximately in the middle.
2. From one alkane molecule two smaller molecules are obtained - an alkane and an alkene. For alkane
n-C 8 H 18 let’s create two cracking schemes:
3. Reaction equations with written structural formulas of substances have the form:
n-S 8 N 18 n-C 4 H 10 + CH 2 = CHSN 2 CH 3,
n-S 8 N 18 n-C 5 H 12 + CH 2 = CHCH 3.
Algorithm 5.2. Hydrocarbon reforming
Exercise. Draw up n-heptane reforming schemes n-C 7 N 16 and cyclohexane cyclo-C 6 H 12.
1. Reforming, or aromatization of oil, is a chemical reaction during the pyrolysis of oil, which produces hydrocarbons with a benzene ring (arenes).
2. The main processes during reforming are the cyclization of alkanes into cyclohexane derivatives (a) and the dehydrogenation of a saturated ring into a benzene ring (b):
Security questions
1. What are natural springs hydrocarbons?
2. What is the composition of natural and associated petroleum gases?
3. Applications natural gas.
4. What products can be obtained from natural gas and associated petroleum gas? What are their uses?
5. What is the composition of oil?
6. What are the methods of industrial oil refining?
7. Name light petroleum products. Where are they used?
8 . What is the difference between thermal and catalytic cracking in terms of reaction conditions and products formed?
9. What is reforming? For what purpose is it carried out?
10. What is the composition coal?
11. Name the coking fractions.
12 . Name the products of coke production and their application.
13. Security environment during oil refining.
Self-control tasks
1. Create two cracking schemes n-heptane n-C 7 H 16 with the formation of alkanes and alkenes.
2. Write reforming schemes n-octane n-C 8 H 18, at which arenes are formed - ethylbenzene and
1,2-dimethylbenzene (with hydrogen abstraction).
Topic 6. Alcohols and phenols
Know: functional group of alcohols; general formula of alcohols; classification of alcohols; structure of saturated monohydric alcohols; reasons for the occurrence of hydrogen bonding in alcohols and its effect on physical properties; types of isomerism and nomenclature of alcohols; chemical properties of monohydric and polyhydric alcohols, methods of their preparation and use; structure of phenol; classification of phenols; isomerism of phenols; difference between phenols and aromatic alcohols; chemical properties, production and use of phenol; qualitative reaction to phenol.
Be able to: explain the influence of hydrogen bonds in alcohols on their physical properties; make up structural formulas alcohol isomers and name them; draw up reaction equations characterizing the chemical properties and production of monohydric, polyhydric, aromatic alcohols and phenol; explain mutual influence atoms in the phenol molecule and the dependence of the acidic properties of alcohols and phenol on the structure.
Basic concepts: functional group, primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, hydrogen bonding, diols, triols, ethers and esters, esterification, aromatic alcohols, polycondensation.
Algorithm 6.1. Isomerism and nomenclature
saturated monohydric alcohols
Task 1. Name the following compounds using systematic nomenclature:
EXAMPLE).
1. Select the longest carbon chain and number it from the end to which the hydroxy group OH is closest:
2. Indicate with a number the position of the radical (3-),
name the radical (methyl),
name the main chain hydrocarbon with the addition of the suffix “-ol” (butanol),
note the position of the hydroxy group (-2),
write down the full name: 3-methylbutanol-2.
Example b).
1. Number the carbon chain from the hydroxy group:
2. Indicate with a number the position of the substituent (2-),
name the substituent (chlorine),
name the alcohol without a substituent (propanol),
note the position of the hydroxy group (-1),
write down the full name: 2-chloropropanol-1.
Example c).
1. Number the carbon chain on either side:
2. Name the alkane corresponding to the carbon chain (pentane),
write suffixes indicating the presence of two hydroxy groups (diol) in the compound,
indicate the position of hydroxy groups (-2,4),
write down the full name: pentanediol-2,4.
Example).
1. Number the longest carbon chain from the end to which the hydroxy group is closest:
2. Indicate in numbers the position of the radicals (2,5-), note the number and name of the radicals (dimethyl),
name the main chain alcohol (heptanol),
indicate the position of the hydroxy group (-3),
write down the full name: 2,5-dimethylheptanol-3.
Task 2. Write isomer formulas for 2,3-dimethylbutanol-2 and name these substances.
1. Create a formula for the starting alcohol based on its name:
2. Create a formula for the isomer of the position of the hydroxy group:
3. Create formulas for structural isomers:
4. Draw up formulas of isomers of another class - ethers. Saturated monohydric alcohols and ethers have the same composition C n H 2 n+2 O and are isomers:C
Algorithm 6.2. Chemical properties and production of alcohols
Task 1. Write a scheme for obtaining isopropyl alcohol from 1-chloropropane and the reaction equations according to the scheme.
1. Draw up a transformation diagram:
2. Draw up reaction equations according to the scheme indicating the flow conditions and types of reactions.
1) Alkaline hydrolysis:
2) Intramolecular dehydration:
3) Hydration:
Task 2. Compare the acidic properties of ethanol and phenol.
1. Write down the formulas of these substances:
2. Similarity of acidic properties - interaction with an alkali metal:
2C 2 H 5 OH + 2Na 2C 2 H 5 ONa + H 2,
2C 6 H 5 OH + 2Na 2C 6 H 5 ONa + H 2.
3. Difference in acidic properties - phenol exhibits acidic properties more clearly; it interacts not only with sodium, but also with sodium hydroxide:
C 6 H 5 OH + NaOH C 6 H 5 ONa + H 2 O.
Algorithm 6.3. Solving calculation problems
on the topic "Alcohols and phenols"
Task 1. Determine the mass of aldehyde formed during the oxidation of ethanol (yield 75% of theoretical), if it is known that the reaction of the same amount of alcohol with metallic sodium released 5.6 liters (n.s.) of hydrogen.
1. Write down the condition of the problem.
V(H 2) = 5.6 l,
(CH 3 SON) = 75%.
Find:
m(CH 3 SON).
2. Write the equation for the reaction of alcohol with sodium and find the amount of alcohol substance (C 2 H 5 OH):
3. Write the equation for the oxidation of ethanol and find the theoretical mass of the aldehyde m theory:
m theoretical = 22 g.
4. Find the practical mass of the aldehyde:
= m practical / m theory,
m pract (CH 3 CHO) = 0.75 22 = 16.5 g.
Answer. m(CH 3 CHO) = 16.5 g.
Task 2. A mixture of ethyl and propyl alcohols weighing 16.6 g was treated with excess sodium, and 3.36 l (n.s.) of hydrogen was released. Define mass fractions alcohols in the mixture.
1. Write down the condition of the problem.
a mixture of C 2 H 5 OH and C 3 H 7 OH,
m(mixture) = 16.6 g,
V(H 2) = 3.36 l.
Find:
(C 2 H 5 OH),
(C 3 H 7 OH).
2. Enter notation:
m(C 2 H 5 OH) = X G,
m(C 3 H 7 OH) = y G.
Create reaction equations:
V 1 = 22.4 X/(2 46),
V 2 = 22.4 y/(2 60).
3. Create a system of equations and solve it:
4. Find the mass fractions of alcohols in the mixture:
(C 2 H 5 OH) = 4.57/16.6 = 0.275, or 27.5%,
(C 3 H 7 OH) = 72.5%.
Answer. (C 2 H 5 OH) = 27.5%, (C 3 H 7 OH) = 72.5%.
Security questions
1. What substances are called alcohols?
2. What are the general formulas for: a) saturated monohydric alcohols; b) polyhydric alcohols;
c) phenols?
3. Give examples of different classifications of alcohols.
4. What types of isomerism are characteristic of: a) saturated monohydric alcohols; b) polyhydric alcohols; c) phenols?
5. What is the algorithm for composing the names of alcohols?
6. What types of chemical bonds are there in alcohols?
7. What are the causes of hydrogen bonding in alcohols and what is its effect on the physical properties of alcohols?
8. What are the chemical properties of: a) saturated monohydric alcohols; b) polyhydric alcohols;
c) phenols?
9. What are the similarities and differences between the chemical properties of: a) monohydric and polyhydric alcohols;
b) monohydric alcohols and phenol; c) benzene and phenol?
10. What are the similarities and differences (in structure and chemical properties) phenol and aromatic alcohols?
11. What are qualitative reactions to: a) polyhydric alcohols; b) phenols?
12. What are the methods for obtaining: a) alcohols; b) phenol?
13. Define what are: primary (secondary, tertiary) alcohols, hydrogen bond, esterification reaction, polycondensation reaction, diols (triols), ethers, esters, aromatic alcohols.
Self-control tasks
1. Draw up structural formulas of tertiary alcohols containing 7 carbon atoms and name the compounds.
2. Draw up formulas of isomeric diatomic phenols and name the substances.
3. Draw up reaction equations characterizing the duality of the properties of alcohol:
Ethane
13. When 12 g of saturated monohydric alcohol is heated with sulfuric acid, an alkene weighing
6.3 g. Product yield was 75%. Determine the formula of alcohol. How many isomeric alcohols correspond to this composition?
Answer. C 3 H 7 OH – propanol, 2 isomers.
To be continued