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If the baby has a white tongue. The opinion of Dr. Komarovsky. How to clean your tongue from plaque and restore it to a healthy appearance

Many young mothers anxiously ask what these are - white spots on the tongue of a newborn baby, why they are dangerous and how to deal with them. Plaque on the tongue is not always a symptom serious problems with the baby's health. In infants, white spots appear on the tongue after feeding. At artificial feeding traces of the mixture remain on the surface of the tongue. You need to give the baby a few tablespoons of boiled water. Breast milk also leaves its mark on the surface of the mucous membrane; 2-3 spoons of water will easily remove it.

What does a coated tongue mean in a child? It may indicate:

viral stomatitis - a frequent companion of chickenpox, measles, scarlet fever, and other infectious and viral diseases;
dysbacteriosis (in this case, the baby’s entire tongue is covered with plaque);
thrush (the plaque has a cheesy consistency and is not removed from the surface);
disturbances in intestinal function;
allergic reaction after antibiotics.

During illness, especially with sore throat, children's tongue constantly turns white. This is not considered an illness. The child recovers - the unpleasant symptoms disappear.

Possible reasons

Doctors divide the causes of plaque on the tongue into safe and unsafe. The first include:

sticking of formula or breast milk on the surface of the tongue;
remnants of regurgitation after eating;
a harbinger of the eruption of baby teeth in a one-year-old baby;

In this case, the white on the tongue of a newborn goes away on its own, being washed off with water while drinking or after teething. No other special events are required.

K potentially dangerous reasons include:

dysfunction gastrointestinal tract(gastritis, dysbacteriosis, gastric acidity disorders, constipation, disruptions in diet, consumption of inappropriate food, too early complementary feeding);
problems in the functioning of the baby’s nervous system, neuroses (the tongue is coated with a thick coating, teeth marks are visible along the edges);
infectious and viral diseases (stomatitis, thrush);
anemia, vitamin deficiency, decreased hemoglobin in the blood, weakened immunity;
taking antibiotics and other medications;
presence of diabetes mellitus;
insufficient oral hygiene;
in older children, plaque on the tongue may be a sign of diseases of the teeth and oral cavity;

Define the real reason Only a doctor can cause plaque on the tongue, do not self-medicate, consult a pediatrician or dentist.

Treatment

Not all cases of white coating on the tongue require special treatment. If the breast one month old baby the plaque is small, lies in spots, is easily removed by rinsing the mouth with water, there is no need to torment the baby with medical procedures.

If the plaque has a dense consistency and cannot be removed by rinsing, special treatment may be required, taking into account the cause of its formation. In this case, it is important to contact an experienced pediatrician as soon as possible to determine the correct diagnosis and prescribe adequate treatment.

When diagnosing diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, it is necessary to treat the underlying disease; after recovery, the spots on the tongue will disappear on their own. It is important to establish a nutritional system, exclude age-inappropriate foods from the baby’s diet, and slightly delay the introduction of complementary foods.

Treatment of the nervous system of a small child will automatically rid him of a white tongue. You need to contact a pediatric neurologist, determine the cause of the neurosis and get rid of it.

Treatment of viral and infectious diseases requires more serious action. In these cases, the child may have a rise in high temperature, appear bad smell from the mouth. Self-medication will only make the situation worse. In some complex cases, hospital treatment may be necessary. You should not refuse - the doctor knows best. In any case, it is advisable to treat stomatitis under the supervision of a doctor in order to prevent it from becoming chronic.

With thrush (candidomycosis), the baby's tongue and palate are coated. Remove cheesy deposits with a solution of baking soda, in which the pacifier is moistened. It is recommended to treat the baby's mouth with Diflucan.

Additionally, it is necessary to give the baby B vitamins, multivitamins, and carefully monitor oral hygiene.

Traditional methods

In addition to the main forms of treatment, some folk remedies can be used quite effectively. One of the most popular folk methods for treating white plaque on the tongue is natural honey, which has powerful antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal effects. You need to apply it to a cleanly washed finger or a cotton swab, and carefully treat the inner surface of the mucous membrane of the baby’s mouth.

Remember: honey is a strong allergen, it should be used with extreme caution!

To enhance the antibacterial effect, you can mix honey and turmeric to create an effective disinfectant solution. It should be applied to the inner surface of the baby's mouth.

It is recommended to wipe the newborn's tongue with freshly squeezed lemon juice if the child is not allergic to citrus fruits. It not only removes white plaque well, but also has an immunostimulating effect and destroys fungal formations.

Symptoms usually disappear after a few days. If recovery does not occur, it makes sense to contact a qualified specialist.

Dr. Komarovsky advises young parents not to panic at the first signs of a white coating on the tongue of the newborn, but to first observe general condition, behavior, reactions of the baby. If the child eats well, does not refuse the breast, is calm, gains weight, the plaque is not dense, and is easily removed by washing with plain water, there is no need to prescribe treatment. Why injure the baby by wiping the mouth with an unpleasant soda solution; the remaining milk can be washed off with clean water.

If the baby does not sleep well, refuses to breastfeed, shows signs of anxiety, or the plaque has a cheesy consistency, you should be wary. Symptoms indicate thrush (candidiasis) - the most common fungal disease infants. You can become infected with it both during childbirth and in the first days of life. An experienced pediatrician will suggest effective, harmless, pleasant methods of treating the disease, including the use of antifungal drugs, rinses, vitamin complexes.

Disease prevention

Preventing a disease is always easier than curing it, especially when we're talking about about a small child. Simple and effective steps will help you avoid the appearance of a white coating on your baby’s tongue. Preventive measures are as follows:

maintaining maximum cleanliness, you need to thoroughly wash your hands before touching the newborn, boil his dishes, pacifiers, pacifiers, toys that are put into the mouth;
From the first days of life, a baby should have his own dishes to avoid infection with candidiasis (thrush) or stomatitis;
It is undesirable to kiss a baby, especially on the mouth; an adult’s saliva contains both fungi and the herpes virus, and the baby’s immune system is not yet fully strengthened;
After each feeding it is important to give the baby a few spoons boiled water to wash away food residues;
Before each feeding of the baby, it is necessary to wash the breasts, especially the nipples, dry them with a towel, and, if necessary, treat them with a soda solution.

We have explained in detail the reasons causing the appearance white plaque in infants and older children, the main methods of treatment, shared folk recipes to alleviate the condition of babies during the treatment of stomatitis and thrush, and explained the basic rules of prevention. It is important for parents to adhere to strict personal hygiene, trying to protect their baby from infection with infectious and viral diseases that cause unpleasant white spots. A timely visit to a doctor in case of illness will alleviate the child’s condition and prevent the development of complications.

Good afternoon, dear readers. Today I will raise a very pressing topic for many parents - what causes a white coating on the tongue infant and how to deal with it. My family has encountered this, so we have experience not only in terms of theory, but also in the practice of real treatment. So I’ll tell you about my personal opinion and what professionals think about this.

Why does white plaque appear?

Many mothers and fathers believe that this phenomenon necessarily indicates the appearance of some pathology in the baby. At this age, any nonsense - sneezing, coughing or restless behavior - leads to anxiety on the part of the parents.

However, it should be recognized that the reasons for the appearance of a newborn on the tongue are different. Let's start with the simplest ones.

Another reason for white plaque is infectious diseases in the mouth.

How to treat?

Let's start in order. If the problem is a fungus, then treating a white coating on the tongue of an infant is unlikely to be long and difficult. But first you need your pediatrician to confirm the diagnosis. However, the first conclusions can be drawn independently. As I wrote above, under the plaque there will be traces of reddish or pink color. They are usually round or oval in shape. If you see something like this, there is a high probability that this is exactly what you are looking at.

The first thing you need to take care of is eliminating all possible sources of infection. Wash toys, boil nipples, wipe breasts with a soda solution before starting feeding. Because even after recovery there is a risk of re-infection.

I can tell you how to treat white plaque on the tongue in infants from personal experience. First of all, we need a solution of soda in boiled water. For a child, 2% concentration is enough. Use this product to rinse his mouth 4-6 times a day.

Baking soda

Some parents use sodium tetraborate for the same purpose. This is a solution of borax in glycerin. I believe that boron preparations can be harmful for infants. Considering that they can swallow a certain amount. Although I am not a doctor, the benefit of putting borax into the stomach of an infant is questionable.

Top 7 best ointments:

Name	Photo	Manufacturer
		Switzerland
		Russia
Nystatin		Russia
Methyluracil		Russia
		Poland
		Switzerland
Actovegin		Austria

As for furatsilin, this solution is suitable for an adult, but not for a baby. He may even feel sick from the specific taste of this substance.

Doctors may prescribe clotrimazole and other antifungal medications. There are many gels and ointments, but not all of them are approved for use in young children. Always read the instructions carefully. Better yet, look for information on the Internet. There are a lot of useful sites where such data is posted. If we are talking about a severe form, which gives children a lot of discomfort, medicine recommends combining topical drugs and their analogues for internal use. Such treatment methods are the most effective.

There is a special solution with clotrimazole. It has long proven its effectiveness in the fight against fungus. It is good because it is allowed to be used for newborn babies.

It often happens that problems with the gastrointestinal tract and fungus appear simultaneously. It is important to monitor symptoms of problems at work digestive system, so as not to launch them. The causes of thrush are different. Sometimes children become infected at birth, but often the carriers of the infection are maternity hospital workers, from whom children receive the fungus. Moms and dads can also transmit the infection simply by kissing their child. It is unlikely that they will wipe their lips with a soda solution and rinse their mouths with chlorhexidine before each kiss. However, you and I dear parents, we are a source of a lot of infections that the child’s body may not be able to cope with.

Video - How to treat stomatitis in infants

How to recognize candidal stomatitis?

In addition to plaque, there are other symptoms. This is a sour smell from the mouth, swelling, redness of the mucous membrane in the mouth, bad dream and refusal to feed. Over time, as the fungus spreads in the body, you notice diaper rash when you remove the diaper, and a rash appears around your mouth. All these signs indicate that you will have to fight the fungus. Because neglected leads to increased temperature, damage to the lymph nodes, and pain when swallowing. This is much more unpleasant and dangerous for the baby than just a plaque.

Video - Candidal stomatitis

Effective traditional methods of treatment

Our ancestors, although they did not have modern clinics and diagnostic tools, knew very well how to treat a child when a white coating was detected on the tongue. They used decoctions and infusions medicinal plants, which had a lot of useful properties.

In particular, decoctions of oak bark, sage, chamomile, mint and their combinations were used. When using such folk remedies ensured not only the elimination of the fungus, but also effective solution other problems - for example, relieving the inflammatory process.

What to do if the cause of plaque is not a fungus? Contact your pediatrician immediately. He will send you to a gastroenterologist. You will have to undergo several tests, the results of which will make it clear what treatment needs to be prescribed and why a white coating appears on the baby’s tongue. If you take care of hygiene and protect your child from possible sources of infection, there will be much fewer health problems.

I hope that you found my article useful and entertaining. New ones coming soon interesting materials. So subscribe for updates!

Video - Thrush in newborns

The surface of the tongue in healthy children is smooth, even, with evenly spaced papillae of a velvety structure. If you find a white or gray coating on your tongue, be sure to pay attention to the health status of your child.

Often a white coating can be the remains of food, but it happens that a coated tongue is a symptom of one or another pathology in the baby. We'll stop at possible reasons, which can cause the tongue of newborns to turn white, as well as what treatment is necessary.

What does a baby's white tongue indicate?

Many mothers are worried when they see white spots on the tongue of their newborn baby.

The question immediately arises of how dangerous they are, as well as how to combat them. A white coating on the tongue is not always a signal that the child has certain health problems.

In infants, spots may appear on the tongue after feeding, and in bottle-fed babies, traces of the formula may remain. To remove it, just give the child 2-3 tablespoons of boiled water.

What may cause

This happens with a pathology such as:

viral stomatitis is a frequent companion to measles, chickenpox, scarlet fever and other viral and infectious diseases;
thrush (candidal stomatitis) - a white coating of a cheesy consistency that cannot be removed from the surface;
dysbacteriosis - in this case, the child’s entire tongue is covered with plaque;
intestinal dysfunction;
allergic reactions after taking antibiotics.

The tongue may be white in some diseases, especially sore throat. But this cannot be considered a disease. Unpleasant symptoms disappear as the child recovers.

Possible reasons why plaque appears

In medicine, all reasons for the appearance of plaque on the tongue are usually divided into safe and dangerous. The first group includes:

sticking of breast milk or formula residue on the tongue;
a harbinger of the eruption of the first teeth;
as a result of regurgitation after eating.

In such cases, it goes away on the baby’s tongue on its own, being washed off. boiled water. No other events are taking place.

Dangerous reasons include:

disruption of the gastrointestinal tract (dysbacteriosis, gastritis, constipation, malnutrition, too early introduction of complementary foods, acidity disorders);
viral and infectious diseases (for example, stomatitis);
neuroses, dysfunction of the nervous system (thick coating on the tongue, teeth marks can be seen along the edges);
anemia;
immunodeficiency states;
hypo- and vitamin deficiencies;
diabetes mellitus;
insufficient oral hygiene;
use of antibiotics and other medications;
in older children – diseases of the teeth and oral cavity;

A doctor can determine the exact cause. Do not self-medicate under any circumstances. If you find signs of illness in your baby, contact your dentist or pediatrician.

Treatment methods

When a white coating forms on the tongue, a child does not always need special treatment.

If the plaque on a one-month-old baby is insignificant, located in spots, it can be easily removed by rinsing the mouth with water, there is no need to torment the baby with all kinds of medical procedures.

If the plaque is of a dense consistency and is not removed after rinsing, there may be a need for special treatment, and the reason for which it formed must be taken into account. In this case, you should quickly contact a qualified pediatrician who will diagnose correct diagnosis and prescribe adequate treatment.

When diagnosing a pathology of the gastrointestinal tract, it is necessary to prescribe treatment for the underlying pathology; spots on the tongue in this case often disappear on their own after recovery. It is important to improve the baby’s nutrition by excluding from his diet those foods that are not age appropriate, and also to briefly delay the introduction of complementary foods.

If there is a pathology of the nervous system in a small child, treatment can automatically get rid of the white tongue. Therefore, if you suspect this, you should immediately contact a pediatric neurologist, who will determine the cause of the disease and help get rid of it.

Serious action must be taken when treating infectious and viral diseases. In such cases, the baby’s body temperature may rise significantly and an unpleasant odor may appear from the mouth. You can worsen the situation by self-medicating. Sometimes cases are so complex that hospital treatment may be required. In such cases, there is no need to refuse this, because the doctor knows better. In any case, it is recommended to treat stomatitis under medical supervision; this is the only way to avoid its becoming chronic.

With candidomycosis (thrush), plaque covers both the tongue and the roof of the child. Curd deposits can be removed with a solution of baking soda; to do this, simply moisten a pacifier in it. It is recommended to treat the baby's oral cavity with Diflucan. Additionally, the child should be given multivitamins and constantly monitor oral hygiene.

Treatment using traditional methods

Some traditional medicine can also be used very effectively as additional methods of treatment.

One of the most common methods of treatment for the presence of a white coating on the tongue is the use of natural honey. It is characterized by anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antifungal effects. Apply honey to a cotton swab or a well-washed finger, then carefully treat the mucous membrane in the baby’s mouth.

But when using this method, remember that honey is a strong allergen, so you need to be very careful when using it.

To enhance the antibacterial effect, mix honey with turmeric, so you will get an effective solution for disinfection. It must be applied inside the baby's mouth.

It is recommended to wipe the newborn's tongue with freshly squeezed lemon juice if he is not allergic to citrus fruits. This way you can not only remove white plaque, but also achieve an immunostimulating effect and destroy fungal formations.

Most often, the symptoms of the disease disappear after a few days. If recovery does not occur, you should definitely consult a qualified specialist.

Young parents often panic when they discover the first signs of a white coating on the tongue of their newborn baby. But this should not be done; it is better to first observe the baby’s behavior, his reactions and general condition.

If the child does not refuse the breast, he has good appetite, gains weight, is not restless, and the plaque is not dense and can be easily removed by washing it off with plain water, no treatment required. Wiping the oral mucosa with an unpleasant soda solution can only further injure the baby, so the remaining milk can be washed off with clean water.

If the child is restless, does not eat or sleep well, and the plaque is cheesy in nature, you need to be wary. Such symptoms occur with thrush (candidiasis), the most common fungal disease of infants. It can be infected not only in the first days of a baby’s life, but also during childbirth. An experienced pediatrician will advise harmless and effective methods treatments for this pathology, which include the use of antifungal agents, vitamin complexes and rinses.

Prevention methods

It is always easier to prevent the occurrence of any disease than to treat it, especially if it concerns a small child. In order to avoid the appearance of crumbs of white plaque on the tongue, you need to perform simple, but quite effective actions. Preventive measures in this case are as follows:

Maintain maximum cleanliness; before any contact with a newborn, be sure to wash your hands well, and also boil baby dishes, toys, pacifiers and pacifiers.
From the first days, the child must have his own dishes, this will help prevent the possibility of infection with stomatitis or candidiasis (thrush).
Do not kiss the baby on the mouth; the saliva of an adult contains various viruses and fungi, and it is not advisable for a baby whose immune system has not yet fully strengthened to come into contact with them.
After each feeding, give your baby some boiled water to wash off any remaining food.
When starting to feed your baby, always wash your breasts, especially your nipples, dry them with a towel, and, if necessary, treat them with a soda solution.

When a child is born into a family, parents begin to worry about his health. They try to notice in time the signs that would indicate the onset of the disease. Some of them are impossible not to notice. For example, you can easily notice a white coating on the tongue of a newborn.

What does white coating on a baby's tongue mean?

A white coating on a baby’s tongue does not always mean the occurrence of some disease. He may form after feeding. If a newborn is fed formula, residues may remain on the tongue. You can wash them off with boiled water and give it to the baby. Breast milk can also leave traces, which can also be easily washed off with water. Under no circumstances should plaque be removed by force by scraping it, otherwise the skin of the tongue may be damaged.

Doctors believe that the causes of white coating on the tongue may be harmless and unsafe.

Safe for baby Plaque formation in the following cases:

If it is leftover formula or breast milk.
Remains of regurgitation after feeding.
Harbingers that the baby will soon start teething.
Very often, with a sore throat, a child’s tongue turns white. There is no need to be afraid of this, because as he recovers, these symptoms disappear.

Worth worrying about if plaque forms due to the following reasons:

For thrush. In this case, the tongue becomes covered with a coating of cheesy consistency and is almost impossible to remove.
For viral stomatitis. It occurs if a child suffers from scarlet fever, chickenpox, measles and other infectious and viral diseases.
In case of disturbances in the functioning of the stomach and intestines. This could be dysbacteriosis, constipation, eating poor quality food, gastritis, starting complementary foods too early, or problems with stomach acidity.
Disturbances in the functioning of the nervous system, neuroses.
If you are allergic to the use of antibiotics.
Diabetes mellitus.
If the immune system is weakened, the hemoglobin in the blood decreases.
For anemia, lack of vitamins.

Only a doctor can make a correct diagnosis, so do not put off visiting a pediatrician.

Treatment of white plaque on a child’s tongue

In many cases, white plaque does not require special treatment. For example, it is enough for newborns to give a little water to wash away the remaining formula or breast milk.

If there is enough plaque dense consistency, cannot be washed off with water, you need to urgently go to the doctor to determine the cause and prescribe treatment.

If the functioning of the stomach and intestines is disrupted, the underlying disease is first cured. After it is cured, the white plaque will also disappear. The nutrition system must be brought back to normal, it is necessary to remove from the child’s diet all foods that do not correspond to his age, it is better to start complementary feeding a little later.

To tidy up nervous system baby and cure neuroses, you should contact a pediatric neurologist. After treatment, the white plaque will disappear on its own.

If a child is sick with a viral or infectious diseases, then the treatment must be quite serious. The baby's body temperature may rise and his breath begins to smell unpleasant. If you self-medicate, this may worsen the situation. Complex cases require treatment in a hospital setting. For example, stomatitis should be treated only under the supervision of a doctor so that it does not become chronic.

Thrush covers the tongue newborn with a thick white coating. To remove it, use a solution of baking soda, soaking a pacifier in it. Additionally, the baby's oral cavity is treated with Diflucan.

In all cases, the child must be given B vitamins and multivitamins, observing oral hygiene.

Traditional methods of treatment

Together with the main treatment, you can additionally use traditional methods treatment. The most popular of them is the use of natural honey. It protects well from microbes, fungi, and relieves inflammation. Honey is applied to a clean finger or a cotton swab and carefully treated the inner surface of the child’s oral mucosa. But it is worth remembering that honey is a strong allergen, so it must be used with caution.

To enhance its antibacterial effect, mix honey and turmeric. The result is an effective disinfectant mixture, which is also applied to the inner surface of the mouth.

If the child does not suffer from allergies, you can wipe his tongue with freshly squeezed lemon juice. It will not only remove white plaque, but also destroy all harmful bacteria.

Prevention of white plaque

It is easier to prevent the occurrence of a disease than to treat it later. This is especially true for young children. Prevention should include the following:

Thus, an important condition for preventing the disease in a child is maintaining personal hygiene rules parents. Timely consultation with a doctor allows you to prevent the development of complications.

The cause of white plaque in infants

Appearance white coating on the tongue of a baby with breastfeeding the phenomenon is quite common. The reasons for this may vary. In which situations it is worth sounding the alarm and taking action, and in which situations we should leave everything as is, let's take a closer look.

When is a white coating on a baby's tongue normal?

If any person eats only milk, his tongue will be white. The tongue is a mirror of nutrition and an indicator of the health of the entire gastrointestinal tract. Its mucous membrane is special, has a rough surface, so food particles are retained and color it accordingly. Usually the mucous membrane takes on the color of the food eaten.

The next portion of food removes the previous coating and paints it in its own color. A baby's food is monotonous, so a white coating on the surface of a baby's tongue is normal in most cases.

Pathological white coating on the tongue of a child under one year old

But let's talk about pathology in more detail. “Bad” white plaque looks different:

It begins to “roll” and forms lumps that are located not only on the surface of the tongue, but also on the inside of the cheeks and gums.
It looks like cottage cheese, which is why it gets the name “thrush”.
Sometimes clusters appear on the lips.
When you try to remove them, the mucous membrane begins to bleed, and redness (inflammation) is visible underneath them. With a harmless white coating there is no inflammation!
At the same time, the child becomes capricious and does not latch on well.

This pathology is called thrush or candidiasis of the oral mucosa.

Rarely, white plaque accompanies acute respiratory diseases:

angina;
scarlet fever;
flu.

White plaque may appear in children who were treated with hormonal sprays.

Causes of pathological white plaque on the tongue

The cause of “bad” plaque is mushrooms. In children, there are two ways of its occurrence:

Intrauterine;
Postnatal (after birth).

The intrauterine (congenital) route of infection occurs when the fetus comes into contact with infected amniotic fluid. During the birth process, the child comes into close contact with the mother’s birth canal, and then infection occurs.

Children born to mothers with urogenital candidiasis suffer from thrush 20 times more often than those born to mothers who are simply carriers of this pathogen.

In the future (postnatal path), infection with the fungus can occur through the hands of the mother or medical staff. The second predisposing fact is that the oral mucosa of a newborn is still weak in terms of protection. The ability to salivate in small children is low, the activity of salivary lysozyme is low, and other protective factors are in the development stage. So the conditionally pathogenic flora is activated.

Oral candidiasis is often caused by antibacterial therapy, unsanitary living conditions for children, and even thumb sucking by newborns.

Dr. Komarovsky points out another reason for the appearance of thrush - dry mouth. Dryness occurs when the nose is blocked and the child is forced to breathe through the mouth. In this case, the mucous membrane must be moistened more often and nasal breathing restored.

Treatment of oral candidiasis in infants

Usually limited to local treatment. To do this, doctors recommend treating the mucous membranes:

10-25% solutions of borax in glycerin,
2% sodium bicarbonate solutions,
1-2% potassium permanganate solution.

From modern means- this is a 0.1% solution of hexetidine (Hexoral). Geksoral is prescribed 2 times a day and the affected areas are treated with a moistened swab.

In case of persistent course with relapses, Nystatin is indicated at 50,000-100,000 units per day in 3 doses or Fluconazole at the rate of 5-8 mg/kg body weight once a day. The duration usually does not exceed 1 week.

When a coating appears on your tongue, you shouldn’t immediately get upset and take pills. First, try to strengthen sanitary and hygienic measures: treat the baby's pacifier, hands, toy and fingers in a solution of soda (sodium bicarbonate). Moisten the oral cavity (you can use sea water) with regular boiled water, give after each feeding. Make sure your child breathes through his nose. As you grow older, your defense mechanisms will become stronger and the thrush will go away.

Lyubov Maslikhova, therapist, specially for the site site