What is the lowest temperature on earth. The highest temperature on earth

What about the weather? And in +50°C and -50°C, and even in a larger range, in principle, you can live. Air conditioners, fans and jackets will help us with this. Well, someone, of course, will die and nothing can be done about it, because we do not live in a terrarium.

What is the most low temperature air has been registered on Earth?

The lowest air temperature on Earth was recorded at the Soviet Antarctic station "Vostok" on July 21, 1983, when a platinum thermometer at the meteorological site showed -89.2 ° C. This is the coldest temperature ever meteorological observations.

The lowest temperature recorded in our country is -78°С. Incredible frost took place in the upper reaches of the Indigirka River.

The lowest air temperature in the inhabited regions of the planet was recorded in 1964 in Yakutia in the village of Oymyakon - -71.1 ° C. The entire interfluve of the upper reaches of the Yana and Indigirka rivers is considered to be the region of the pole of cold. northern hemisphere.

What is the most heat air has been registered on Earth?

The highest temperature on Earth recorded in Libya in 1922 is +57.8°C.

The highest soil temperature was recorded at the Shurchi station in Uzbekistan. The temperature of irrigated light gray soils here reaches 79°C. At the Repetek station in Turkmenistan, the sand is heated to 77°C.

What is the maximum outdoor temperature a person can withstand?

For a short time, a person can be in dry air at a very high temperature. A person can tolerate a temperature of 160°C. This was proved by the English physicists Blagden and Chantry, who conducted an experiment on themselves. A person can tolerate a temperature of 104°C for 26 minutes, 93°C for 33 minutes, 82°C for 49 minutes, and 71°C for 1 hour; This was established in the course of experiments with healthy human volunteers.

What is the minimum outdoor temperature a person can withstand?

It depends on the state of his health and clothing, but most importantly - on the speed of the wind. In Yakutia in winter, people spend hours in the cold, with air temperatures below -50 ° C, but they are suitably dressed, and in the conditions of the central part of the Siberian anticyclone, wind is usually observed. In Antarctica, winterers at continental stations are also quite long time have to be outdoors, but there very coldy often accompanied by strong winds. Therefore, warm windproof clothing is not enough there, and people are forced to wear a mask or cover their face with a hood of a fur jacket (“parkas”). The personnel of scientific stations in the Arctic and Antarctic, who, by the nature of their occupation, are systematically forced to be outdoors, sometimes use electrically heated clothing, which is lighter in weight than ordinary warm clothing, and less bulky, less restricting movement. The minimum temperature at which people have been in the air for a short time is -88°C.

And two more facts

The maximum temperature of solid objects with which people can contact for a long time is about 50 degrees Celsius (a burn occurs at a higher temperature).

At a constant body temperature of more than 42 ° C, a person dies.

AT last years The climate has changed a lot, and not only in the direction of warming. Such changes are especially noticeable in zones of a sharply continental climate. Here the summer is impossibly hot, the winter is very frosty. Let's look for answers to the questions: where is the lowest temperature on Earth? Where is the coldest place?

Climate of the Northern Hemisphere in the 19th century

It would seem that the coldest should be the North and South Poles, as the farthest from the equator. In fact, everything is not so simple.

There are several in the Northern Hemisphere settlements, which can rightly be called the "poles of cold". All of them are located in Russia. And this is not surprising, since it owns a huge part of the northern territories.

A long time ago, in the 19th century, in one of these villages (Verkhoyansk), a critical temperature was recorded - 63.2 degrees below zero. It is located in the northeast direction from Yakutsk, 650 kilometers from it. In the same area in January 1885, an even greater minus temperature mark was noted - 67.8 degrees. At that time, it was the lowest temperature on Earth.

Verkhoyansk at that time was a place of exile for political prisoners. The measurements were made, as expected, at an equipped weather station by one of the political exiles, I. A. Khudyakov. In this regard, in Verkhoyansk there is a monument called "The Pole of Cold". There is also a curious local history Ulus Museum with the same name.

Frosts of the 20th century, modernity

In the middle of the 20th century, temperature measurements were made at Oymyakon, a village located slightly south (4 degrees) of Verkhoyansk. This was done by S. V. Obruchev (the son of the author of the works “Sannikov Land” and “Plutonia”). According to his data, it turned out that a minus mark of 71.2 degrees is possible here. And it was at that time the lowest temperature on Earth.

The Oymyakon depression is located above the Verkhoyansk one. In addition, it is surrounded by mountains that trap frosty and dry air in the depression. However, this temperature has not been observed in practice. And yet, Oymyakon became famous as the most frosty place.

Oymyakon. Fight for the title of "pole of cold"

In fact, Obruchev's calculations were made near another village - Tomtor, located 30 kilometers from Oymyakon. Since almost all geographical objects of this region (plateaus, depressions, etc.) are called Oymyakon, that is why Oymyakon became so famous.

In Tomtor itself, already in February 1933, a temperature mark was recorded at the weather station - minus 67.7 degrees. That is, until the record for the lowest temperature on Earth (Verkhoyansk, 1885) is broken with a lag of 0.1 degrees. The residents of Tomtor themselves believe that the weather station was built later, when the climate began to warm. And so, most likely, they would have broken the record long ago.

Average temperatures over 15 years in Verkhoyansk minimum temperature was only minus 57, and in Tomtor it was minus 60.0 degrees. And according to the absolute minimums for the same period of time, the temperatures are as follows: Verkhoyansk - 61.1, and Tomtor - 64.6 degrees. It turns out that it is colder in Tomtor than in Verkhoyansk.

Oymyakonskaya meteorological station, in connection with the record data, is noted in the Guinness Book. But the Yakut authorities changed everything. They decided and recognized Verkhoyansk as the “pole of cold”. Perhaps in order to attract more tourists.

East station. The lowest temperature on Earth

The achievements of the aforementioned Verkhoyansk and Tomtor pale in comparison to the temperatures of the Vostok station located in East Antarctica. This is the real "Pole of Cold".

This station is located at an altitude of almost 3.5 kilometers above sea level, on the ice dome itself. It recorded the lowest temperature mark - minus 89.2 degrees. It is amazing! Even in summer, the temperature here is kept within - 20-40 degrees below zero! It is worth feeling and seeing it in order to understand what real cold means.

East Antarctica has the lowest temperature on Earth.

Dashti Loot, Libyan Desert

The hottest air on Earth was recorded in 2005 in Libya in the Dashti Lut desert. The thermometer showed plus 70 degrees Celsius.

At this temperature, you can cook food without using fire, since the surfaces of objects are so hot in the sun that you can safely fry fried eggs on them. And walking barefoot on the ground is impossible. The air even in the shade warms up to 60 degrees.

There is another desert in Libya - El Azizia. On it in September 1922, a positive temperature of 57.8 degrees was noticed.

There is a Death Valley in the USA. The most hot temperature at around 56.7 degrees. BUT average temperature summer here is +47 degrees.

Universe. The coldest place

The lowest temperature in the universe is in the Boomerang Nebula. It is believed that this is the coldest place in the entire universe. Minus 272 °C is her temperature. This is despite the fact that minus 273 ° C is taken as the lowest temperature - the lowest accepted limit of all temperatures.

Where does this temperature come from? What's happening?

At the very center of this nebula is a dying star, which has been emitting gases in the form of wind for 1500 years, moving at an unimaginably high speed - 500,000 kilometers per hour. The gas escaping from the nebula cools in the same way as the air that people exhale. The temperature of the gas itself is two degrees less than the temperature of the place where it then expands. Due to the rapid expansion, it cooled down to 272 Celsius.

This amazing nebula got its name because of the similarity in appearance with a boomerang, although it is believed that it looks more like a butterfly. This is due to the fact that the Australian scientists who discovered this place in 1980 did not have such powerful telescopes as they do now, and saw only separate fragments of the nebula. The modern Hubble telescope took the most accurate picture.

Thus, the places on Earth where the highest and lowest temperatures are, respectively, the Libyan desert of Dashti Lut and East Antarctica. And there is no limit to such phenomena of nature.

As a result of climate change, the annual temperature air. Earlier, in the Iranian Desht-Lut, the highest temperature on the Earth's surface was recorded - 70.7 ° C. Your attention is invited to the top 10 hottest places in the world.

10. Al-Kuwait (Kuwait) - 51 ° C. The climate is tropical, dry. During May-October, the air temperature ranges from 40 to 50 °C. Winds carry dust and sand. In December-January, the thermometer shows 12-18 ° C. In winter, cyclones bring rare precipitation.

Al-Kuwait is the capital of Kuwait, the center of culture, trade and entertainment in Asia. Next to the ancient mosques are five-star hotels, and small markets are the neighbors of giant supermarkets. There are garden and park complexes in the city.

Capital - on south coast Gulf of Kuwait. On its outskirts there are salt marshes, which are filled with water during the rainy season. The basis flora- shrubs and hard-leaved grasses. Among the animals near the city there are insects and rodents.

9. Riyadh ( Saudi Arabia) - 52 °C. The climate is tropical, desert. The temperature in summer fluctuates in the range of 40-43 °C. With an air humidity of 10-13%, the heat is hard to bear. In winter, the temperature is 20-28 °C, sometimes it drops to 8-14 °C. Humidity rises to 40-49%. During the year - only 100-130 mm of precipitation.

The capital of Saudi Arabia lies on the territory of the fertile Wadi Hanifa valley. The area of the city is 1600 sq. km. The population is 5 million people. Most of the buildings in Riyadh were built at the turn of the 80-90s of the last century. There are 140 mosques in the capital.

The city is the political and national center of the country. Thanks to super profits from oil production, the capital has developed hotel business, medicine, and built a modern airport.

8. Dallol (Ethiopia) - 53 ° C. The climate is tropical. During 1960-1966, the average temperature in the city was 34.4°C. Now - about 25 °C.

January is the coldest mean annual temperature is 22.4 °C) and the driest month of the year (average precipitation is 0 mm). In hot April, the average temperature is 30 °C. Most precipitation in August - 273 mm, and during the year on average - 874 mm.

Formed 900 million years ago, the crater of the Dallol volcano is considered the lowest in the world, located 45 m below sea level. Nearby - sources of mineral salts.

There are no good roads to Dallol settlement. Only caravans transport salt collected near the city.

7. Tirat Zvi (Israel) - 53.9 ° C. The religious center is located near the border with Jordan. Near the city is the saving river Jordan. From the heat, local residents (759 people as of the end of 2016) hide under awnings and in pools. The city is located 220 m below sea level. The local TIV meat processing plant sells products domestically and internationally.

Pride of Tirat Zvi - 18,000 date trees, thanks to which the settlement is honorary title the largest manufacturer in Israel. The technology developed by scientists from Tirat-Zvi and the Volcani Institute preserves palm leaves for several months. The city supplies tens of thousands of palm leaves for Sukkot - a Jewish holiday that lasts for 8 days, includes meals and an overnight stay in a tent, dedicated to the mention of the ancestors walking in the Sinai desert.

6. Kebili (Tunisia) - 55 ° C. The climate is moderately warm. The average temperature is 18.7 °C. Precipitation falls 605 mm. In July - 0 mm, and in December - 102 mm. Kebili is a classic oasis with palm trees and water. 150,000 people live in the city on an area of 22,084 km. In the west it borders on Algiers.

The pride of the city is Lake Chott el-Jerid. The body of water is covered with a rough salt shell that can support the weight of a car. Races on high-speed fireballs are regularly held here.

The road to the city of Tozeur runs along the lake. The driver seems to be moving through a tunnel. This optical delusion is the result of reflection sunlight from the salt surface of the lake. If the thermometer shows 30 °C, mirages appear. Visibility is reduced by winds that blow sand.

5. Timbuktu, Mali - 55°C The climate in the city is arid. The minimum precipitation in January is 0 mm, the maximum in August is 72 mm, and the average for the year is 176 mm. The highest average temperatures are in June - 33.9 °C, the lowest - in January - 20.6 °C. AT warm time the thermometer sometimes shows over 50 ° C. Salvation for the inhabitants of the city is the Niger River. Although it is 24 km away.

Previously, Timbuktu was the commercial, scientific and religious center of Africa. Now the settlement houses a collection of ancient manuscripts.

The city tried to absorb the Sahara. Winds regularly brought desert gifts - dunes - to the city. Therefore, in 1988, Timbuktu was included in the lists of objects world heritage UNESCO. Thanks to the consistent actions of the world community, the advance of the Sahara was stopped. In 2005, the city was excluded from the list.

4. Rub al-Khali, Arabian Peninsula - 56 ° C The desert lies on the territory of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman and the United Arab Emirates. One of the largest in the world - 650,000 sq. km. The average temperature in summer is 47 °C. In this case, the air often warms up to 50 ° C, and the sand - up to 70 ° C. Precipitation falls 35 mm.

Rub al Khali - flat desert. The winds move 300-meter red-orange sand dunes, exposing patches of gypsum and gravel.

Images from space allowed scientists to make sure that settlements were located on the territory of Rub al-Khali 5 thousand years ago. For example, Ubar is the City of a thousand pillars. Also, earlier there was a network of lakes and rivers, flora and fauna flourished. Now The groundwater hid from the hot sun at a depth of 10 meters.

In the desert, camel thorns and saltwort predominate among plants. One hundred species of animals, including: Beyza antelope, camels, snakes, jerboas and scorpions.

3. El-Azizia (Libya) - 57.7 ° C. The city of 4,000 people holds the unofficial record for the highest temperature in the shade. But the World Weather Station does not recognize it, not trusting the means used to determine the temperature. In summer, the thermometer shows 48.9 °C. The average annual temperature is lower than in Dallol or the Deshte Lut desert.

Humidity rarely drops below 80%, so the heat is easier to bear. The winds bring healing air from mediterranean sea. City is important shopping center, and until 2001 it was also administrative. El Azizia is located near the Sahel desert of Jeffar. Tourists are captivated by the unique ancient architecture of the Berbers.

Near the city is a thousand-year-old fortress Qasr al-Haj made of stone and plaster. AT Peaceful time acted as a kind of refrigerator for food.

2. Death Valley (USA) - 56.7 ° C. The lowest stretch of the Mojave Desert and North America- 86 meters below sea level. With an area of 7800 sq. km. the park is the largest in the US. Less than 50 mm of precipitation falls annually, which is enough for small rodents and shrubs. Most hot month- July with an average temperature of 46 °C during the day and 31 °C at night. In winter, the thermometer drops to 5-20 °C. The average annual temperature is 24.8 °C.

A feature of Death Valley is the stones that move. This fact is confirmed by traces and photos from space. Do not sit still as tiny stones the size of a soccer ball, and 500-pound giants.

Death Valley was named in the middle of the 19th century. Then numerous gold miners tried to shorten the path to California through the hot lowlands. Not everyone managed to get out alive, hence the names: Funeral Ridge, Last Chance Ridge and Death Valley.

1. Deshte-Lut (Iran) - 70.7 ° C. The salt desert is considered the unofficial winner of the ranking, since in 2005 temperature information was obtained using a space satellite.

Characteristics Deshte-Lut - salt marshes and sands. Constant winds led to the appearance of bizarre stone images that are shaped like pillars and mushrooms.

Even in such a hot place there is a reservoir! drainless salt Lake- in the south of the desert in the lowlands of Nemekzar. Appears on a short time only in spring.

The length of Deshte-Lut is 550 km, the width is 100-200 km. The images from space show numerous sandstorms. Temperatures above 50 ° C are the norm in the desert. The hottest place in the desert is the Henda Beryan plateau with an area of 480 sq. km. It is covered with brown lava.

Global warming is knocking loudly on the door of planet Earth. Perhaps we will soon witness new temperature records.

Domestic winters are severe, frosty and very long. It is at this time of the year that we are so drawn to where the sun shines warmly and brightly. Do you know which country in the world is the hottest? In what cities of the planet the air temperature rises to unimaginable values? You will find answers to these questions in our article.

Climate records of the planet

When in summer the air warms up to +30 degrees, we languish from the heat and pray to the Almighty for a cool rain. But there are hotter places on our planet, where temperature values can reach +40 ... 50 o Celsius. What are these places? And where is the most hot country in the world? Let's find out.

In meteorology, there is such a thing as "absolute temperature maximum". This is the highest air temperature recorded at a certain point on Earth in the entire history of observations. This is one of the main indicators that allows you to highlight the 10 hottest countries in the world (or cities). So, for example, for Moscow this value is +38.2 o C, but for Athens (the sultry capital of Europe) - +48.0 o C.

Enough long time record for the globe it was customary to consider the temperature +58.2 o C. It was recorded back in 1922 in the desert of Libya, not far from the city of Tripoli. However, in 2012 the World Meteorological Organization denied these figures. According to the data of satellite monitoring of the earth's surface, the absolute maximum air temperature was recorded in 2005 in the Deshte-Lut area in southwestern Iran (+70.7 o C).

So, where is the hottest country in the world located? And how many degrees does the thermometer show on its territory? Read more about this later in the article.

The hottest countries in the world: TOP 10

There are many truly “hot” states in the world. Most often, they are located in the equatorial and tropical latitudes. After all, it is these parts of the globe that receive in a year the largest number solar heat. But which country is the hottest in the world? To be called such, it must have high temperatures throughout the calendar year.

So, the ten hottest countries in the world have next view:

Ethiopia (10th place).
Indonesia (9th place).
Jamaica (8th place).
India (7th place).
Malaysia (6th place).
Vietnam (5th place).
Bahrain (4th place).
UAE (3rd place).
Botswana (2nd place).
Qatar (1st place).

Dubai, UAE).
Baghdad (Iraq).
Al-Kuwait (Kuwait).
Riyadh (Saudi Arabia).
Ahvaz (Iran).

Ethiopia

Ethiopia is located in the eastern part of Africa. Since the country is located in equatorial latitudes, it is not much cooler in winter than in summer. The climate of the eastern regions of Ethiopia is characterized by extreme dryness and sultryness.

Indonesia

The average temperature of the warm season: +31 o C.

As such, there is no division into seasons in Indonesia either. Annual temperature fluctuations here do not exceed 3-5 degrees. The Indonesian heat is significantly complicated by the high humidity of the air, due to the proximity of the open ocean. However, in mountainous areas this island country it is quite possible to freeze even in the hottest months of the year.

Jamaica

The average temperature of the warm season: +31 o C.

The climate of Jamaica is tropical maritime, very humid. It is just as hot here in winter as it is in summer. And here is the distribution precipitation is strictly seasonal. Most of rain falls in autumn. According to historical reports, the first European colonizers in Jamaica had a hard time. It took a long time for the Europeans to adapt to the unusual Jamaican climate.

India

India is a distinctive and colorful country, one of the most popular among tourists. From harsh northern winds it is securely protected by the chain of the Himalayan mountains. But the hot air from the Thar Desert is freely distributed throughout almost its entire territory. Unlike all of the above states, in India there is some seasonality of the climate: in winter, the average air temperature here drops to +15 degrees.

Malaysia

The average temperature of the warm season: +32 o C.

In the middle of our rating is the Asian state of Malaysia. The climate here is humid (due to the proximity of the sea) and hot (due to the proximity to the equator). However, the Malaysian heat is "diluted" a little by the monsoons, which bring heavy and prolonged rains in spring and autumn.

Vietnam

A similar situation is observed in Vietnam: in the transitional seasons of the year, monsoons bring precipitation and, often, typhoons. But the winter in this country is quite dry, even in comparison with the hot summer. In general, Vietnam is the hottest country in South-East Asia.

Bahrain

The average temperature of the warm season: +33 o C.

The tiny kingdom of Bahrain is located on an island archipelago in the Persian Gulf. abundance tropical deserts minimizes the amount of precipitation and, as a result, indicators of air humidity. In summer, air temperatures here are often kept at around +40 degrees, but in winter they drop to +17 ° C.

United Arab Emirates

The average temperature of the warm season: +37 o C.

In the UAE, the climate is characterized by excessive dryness and sultryness. The hottest months of the year are July and August. At the same time, the heat does not subside even at night, remaining at the level of + 34 ... 35 ° C. Almost the entire territory of the UAE is covered with sand. But this did not stop the Arab sheikhs from turning their country into one of the most attractive tourist destinations in the Middle East.

Botswana

The average temperature of the warm season: +40 o C.

Another African country in our ranking is Botswana. Two seasons are clearly distinguished here: hot winter (since it Southern Hemisphere) and relatively cool summer, when the air temperature averages +25 degrees. Even small frosts sometimes occur within the Kalahari Desert.

Qatar

The average temperature of the warm season: +41 o C.

Finally, the hottest country in the world is Qatar. locals they are not particularly surprised when they see +50 degrees on their thermometer. And it's in the shade! Most of the country is occupied by deserts, so sandstorms blow here throughout the year.

One of Qatar's main problems is the shortage drinking water. Solve it by desalination. That is why water in this country is more expensive than gasoline.

In physics, temperature is a quantity that quantitatively expresses the degree of heating of various bodies. Considering that the field of study often includes not only solid bodies, but liquids and gases, there are more general concept temperature, as a degree of kinetic energy of particles.

The system unit of temperature measurement is Kelvin (abbreviated as K), in which absolute zero is taken as the reporting point - the state of matter with zero kinetic energy of particles. In everyday life, degrees Celsius (abbreviated ° C) are most often used, for which the reporting point corresponds to the freezing point of water. One degree Celsius is equal to Kelvin, and corresponds to 1/100 of the temperature difference between the freezing point and the boiling point of water. Absolute zero is −273.15 degrees Celsius.

From point of view quantum physics and at absolute zero temperature there are zero oscillations, which are due to the quantum properties of particles and their surrounding physical vacuum.

Average annual temperature

Our planet is in the life zone of its star. The zone of life is the space far enough away from its star, in which the existence of water in liquid form is possible on the surface of the planet. Modern meteorologists (specialists in terrestrial climate and weather) most often use surface air temperature measurements using mercury or alcohol thermometers (the freezing point of mercury and alcohol is -38.9°C and -114.1°C, respectively).

According to the international methodology, measurements should take place at a height of two meters from the earth's surface in a special meteorological booth, remote from the anthropogenic landscape. The average annual surface air temperature on the Earth's surface is +14°С. At the same time, in some parts of the planet, the surface air temperature differs greatly from this value due to different seasons or days, different geographical latitude, distance from the ocean, elevation above mean sea level, and proximity to volcanic areas.

Earth temperature range

The smallest temperature drop in surface air is observed in the equatorial regions of the World Ocean. So on Christmas Island, which is located in the central equatorial part Pacific Ocean seasonal temperature differences are limited to the range of 19-34 degrees Celsius. However, it is believed that the most even climate is observed in the town of Garapan on the island of Saipan (Mariinsky Islands). During 9 years from 1927 to 1935, the lowest temperature here was recorded on January 30, 1934 (+19.6°С), and the highest - on September 9, 1931 (+31.4°С), which gives a drop of 11 .8°С.

Continents are characterized by much higher temperature differences. In Death Valley (California), +56.7°C was recorded on July 10, 1913, and +57.8°C was recorded on July 13, 1922 (this value was later disputed). At the Russian Vostok station, on July 21, 1983, -89.2°C was observed. The largest temperature difference was recorded in the Russian Verkhoyansk - 106.7°C: from -70°C to +36.7°C. The lowest average annual temperature was recorded in 1958 on south pole(-57.8°C). The highest average annual temperature was recorded in the town of Ferandi (Ethiopia) in the 60s of the 20th century (+34°C).

The surface temperature of the Earth is still characterized by extreme values due to the fact that the dark surface during the day can warm up to much higher temperatures compared to air. In Death Valley (California) on July 15, 1972 +93.9°C was recorded. It is likely that such high surface temperatures can cause under conditions strong wind anomalous short-term bursts of air temperature (in July 1967, a sharp increase in air temperature up to +87.7°С was registered in Iranian Abadan).

Distribution of annual maximum temperatures of the Earth

The surface of our planet is a source of thermal electromagnetic radiation, the maximum of which is in the infrared region of the spectrum (according to Wien's displacement law).

Due to this property, near-Earth satellites can measure the temperature of any point on the Earth's surface, unlike ground-based weather stations.

An analysis of the Aqua satellite images for 2009-2013 made it possible to determine that the maximum surface temperature in the Iranian desert in 2005 reached +70.7 °C.

Statistical distribution of annual maximum temperatures surface on the planet shows four clusters (glaciers, forests, savannas/steppes and deserts).

Another analysis of satellite images from 1982-2013 showed that minimum temperatures in Antarctica can reach -93.2 °C.

Despite the fact that earth's surface On average, it receives 30 thousand times more energy from the Sun than from the bowels of the earth, geothermal energy is an important element in the economy of some countries (for example, Iceland).

Drilling record Kola well showed that at a depth of 12 km the temperature reaches +220°C.

Isotherm +20 °C in earth's crust passes at depths from 1500-2000 m (permafrost areas) to 100 m or less (subtropics), and comes to the surface in the tropics. In mountainous areas thermal springs have temperatures up to +50…+90 °C, and in artesian basins at depths of 2000-3000 m water with a temperature of +70…+100 °C and more.

The point where the minimum temperature was observed is not the most high part glacier: its height is about 3900 meters against 4093 meters at Plateau A (Argus).

An earlier analysis of the Aqua satellite images from 2004-2007 confirms that the coldest winter temperatures occur on the B ridge, which connects the A plateau and the F (Fuji) plateau.

In areas of active volcanism, thermal springs appear in the form of geysers and steam jets, bringing steam-water mixtures and vapors to the surface from depths of 500-1000 m, where the water is in an overheated state (+150 ... +200 °C). Temperatures up to +400 °C are observed in underwater hydrothermal springs (“black smokers”). In volcanoes, the lava temperature can rise up to +1500°C.

Based on laboratory experiments, seismological data and theoretical calculations, it is believed that temperatures in the bowels of the planet can exceed 7 thousand degrees. Several variants of the theoretical temperature of the deep layers of the planet.

If our planet did not have an atmosphere, then according to the Stefan-Boltzmann law, its average temperature would not be +14 ° C, but -18 ° C. The difference is explained by the fact that the Earth's atmosphere absorbs part of the thermal radiation of the surface ( the greenhouse effect). This largely explains why, with increasing altitude above the surface of the planet, not only pressure decreases, but also temperature.

The temperature maximum in the stratosphere (at an altitude of about 50 km) is explained by the interaction of the ozone layer with ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. The temperature peak in the exosphere (ionosphere) is associated with the ionization of molecules in the outer rarefied layers of the atmosphere under the action of solar radiation. Daily fluctuations in this layer can reach several hundred degrees. In the exosphere, the Earth's atmosphere escapes into space.

Temperature fluctuations in other planets of the solar system

A good example of temperature fluctuations if the Earth had no atmosphere is. According to the observations of the LRO satellite, the surface temperature of our satellite varies from +140°C in small equatorial craters to -245°C at the bottom of the Hermite polar crater. The latter value is even less than the measured surface temperature of Pluto -245 °C or any other celestial body Solar System for which temperature measurements were made. Thus, temperature fluctuations on the moon reach 385 degrees. According to this indicator, the Moon ranks second in solar system after .

Measurements of instruments left by the crews of the Apollo 15 and Apollo 17 missions showed that at a depth of 35 cm, temperatures are on average 40-45 degrees warmer than at the surface. At a depth of 80 cm, seasonal temperature fluctuations disappear, and the constant temperature is close to -35 °C. It is estimated that the temperature of the core of the Moon is 1600-1700 K. Much higher temperatures can occur during the fall of asteroids.

Thus, fianites were found in ancient terrestrial craters, for the formation of which from zircon temperatures exceeding 2640 Kelvin are required. Achieving such temperatures is impossible with terrestrial volcanism.

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