Palmistry 

Subordinate clauses of manner and degree. Lesson summary "complex sentences with subordinate clauses of manner of action, measure and degree, comparative"

Subordinate clause of measure and degree

Subordinate clause answering the questions how much? to what extent? to which wall? and indicating the degree of quality or degree of action; attached to the main sentence with the help of conjunctions that, so that, as if, exactly, allied words as far as, since, etc.; sometimes it has additional shades of meaning of consequence, comparison. Silvio was too smart and experienced not to notice this(Pushkin). Yesterday we were so tired that we didn’t even look around properly.(Arsenyev). The shout seemed so loud to Aksinya that she fell face down to the ground(Sholokhov). Until now it was as easy to think as it was to get to the junction station(Nikulin).


Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what a “subordinate clause of measure and degree” is in other dictionaries:

    A subordinate clause is the dependent part of the main clause in a complex sentence. Example: Petya ran away from class so as not to miss the concert. By analogy with the minor members of the sentence (definitions, additions and ... ... Wikipedia

    A subordinate clause that explains the content of the main sentence by comparison based on any associations; attached to the main sentence by conjunctions as, as if, as if, as if, exactly, just as, as if, etc...

    A sentence whose parts are connected by subordinating conjunctions or allied words. It’s not a waste of effort if it produces such results (N. Ostrovsky). The battle is won by the one who firmly decided to win it (L. Tolstoy). Subordinating connection… … Dictionary of linguistic terms

    Adverb, particle and conjunction. I. adv. 1. interrogative. Indicates a question about circumstances, image, method of action: how? [Chatsky:] Ah! how to comprehend the game of fate? Griboedov, Woe from Wit. How did this putty get into his pocket? Chekhov, Steppe.… … Small academic dictionary

    - (indicative) words. Demonstrative and attributive pronouns and adverbs found in the main clause and attached to themselves by a subordinate clause that specifies their meaning. What was especially scary was that there was smoke above the fire... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

    1) what, what, what, what, about, places. 1. interrogative. Indicates a question about an object, phenomenon, sign, etc. What is he looking for in a distant country? What did he throw in his native land? Lermontov, Parus. What would you like: tea or coffee? Hey Afanasya, coffee for the doctor, yes... ... Small academic dictionary

1. Questions: clauses of manner and degree answer questions How? how? to what extent? to what extent? How many? how much?

2. Main word: clauses of manner and degree are attached to the phrase significant word(verb, adverb, adjective, participle, adverb, noun) and index word ( ).

3. Communications: subordinate clauses of manner of action and degree are attached to the main sentence using: a) allied words (how, how much, how much ); b) unions (what to ). The main sentence must have an indicative word - a circumstance of the manner of action, measure and degree ( so much, so much, so much, to such an extent, to that extent, so much ).

4. Place in a sentence: if the means of communication is a conjunction, then the subordinate clause comes after the main clause; if a subordinate clause is attached to the main clause using a conjunctive word, the subordinate clause can appear before or after the main clause.

For example:

1. The shooters caught so many fish [How many?], What couldn't get the net out(Arsenyev).

[noun + decree next], ( What– union).

2. Since then she tried everything do this [How?], to she was praised(Panova).

[Ch. + decree next], ( to– union).

3. People were interesting Samghin so [how much?], how much he, looking closely at them, saw himself not like them(M. Gorky).

[cr. adj. + decree next], ( how much– union. word).

Pay attention!

1) As noted, complex sentences with subordinate clauses of manner and degree in the main clause necessarily have an indicative word. If there is no demonstrative word with the meaning of manner of action, measure and degree, then this is a different type of subordinate clause. Demonstrative words are usually adverbs of manner, measure, and degree, but sometimes they can serve another syntactic function. However, in this case, demonstrative words emphasize the degree of manifestation of the characteristic, etc.

She so beautiful that just breathtaking(Goltsov).



2) Each of the conjunctions used in subordinate clauses of manner of action and degree brings its own shade of meaning to the meaning of the complex sentence: conjunction What – the meaning of the consequence ( Glade so colorful that dazzles in the eyes); union to – target value, desirability value, possibility ( Money hide it so that not found). However, the meaning of the manner of action and degree is fundamental in them, which is emphasized by the indicative word in the main sentence with the same meaning.

Subordinate clauses that refer to one word in the main clause also include:

subordinate clauses,
additional clauses (explanatory),
subject clauses,
predicate clauses.

Subordinate clauses that refer to the entire main clause

Adverbial clauses, except for clauses of manner and degree, as a rule, refer to the entire main clause, but the question for them is usually asked from the predicate.

Comparative clauses

1. Questions: comparative clauses answer the questions: How? like what? However, it is not always possible to ask exactly these questions about a comparative clause. Therefore it is necessary to pay special attention on their means of communication.

2. Communications: comparative clauses are attached to the main clause unions: as, as if, as if, as if, just like that (meaning “how”), as if, no matter what, just as, just like, than, rather than, than if, than... by that etc.

Complex sentences with comparative conjunctions in the main clause may have demonstrative words with the meaning of measure and degree:

Wind vomited overcoat So [How?], as if wanted to tear her in two(Telpugov).

Such subordinate clauses combine the meaning of comparison with the meaning of manner of action and degree. In a number of manuals they are referred to as subordinate clauses of manner of action and degree.

A special group among sentences with comparative clauses are those in the main clause of which there is an adjective or adverb in comparative degree, and the subordinate clause is attached to the main clause by conjunctions than, rather than :

There is much in your mind more thoughts, feelings and poetic power, how you assumed(Paustovsky); The young man received from home more than should have expected(Pushkin); How We should go to the bridge, let's look better ford(Krylov).

Instead of the comparative form, pronouns are also used different, different , pronoun adverb otherwise :

Of course, Crimea turned out to be completely different than I thought about him(Paustovsky).

This group complex sentences differs not only in its special structure, but also special significance. In a number of manuals, such constructions are distinguished as independent types of subordinate clauses.

Sentences with double conjunctions also occupy a special place in the system of complex sentences than... the . It is difficult to distinguish between the main and subordinate clauses in them, since both parts cannot exist independently. Traditionally, a subordinate clause is considered to have the first part with a part of the conjunction how , while the second part (with part of the union those ) is considered the main clause:

How smaller woman we love those it's easier for her to like us(Pushkin).

3. Place in a sentence: comparative clauses can appear after the main clause, before the main clause, or in the middle of the main clause.

For example:

1. Serve me[How?], How you served him(Pushkin).

, (How– union).

2. With dull sounds[like what?], as if someone hits a cardboard box with their palm, grenades explode(Perventsev).

[ , (as if– union),].

3. How The day's shooting is drawing to a close, those The land surveyor becomes more grumpy and unceremonious(Kuprin).

(how), [those ].

Pay attention!

1) As already noted, comparative clauses are close in meaning to clauses of manner and degree. Sometimes you can ask both of them the same question. How? . In the main clause of complex sentences with such subordinate clauses there may be the same demonstrative words, first of all - an indicator word So . Therefore, to distinguish between these types of subordinate clauses, it is necessary to take into account the totality of all features. Please also note that How in the subordinate clause of manner of action and degree it is a conjunctive word, and in the comparative clause it is a conjunction.

2) Comparative clauses are often incomplete sentences.

Wide shadows walk across the plain, How clouds across the sky(Chekhov) – predicate omitted walk.

It is necessary to distinguish an incomplete subordinate clause from a comparative clause. In a comparative clause, the predicate may be omitted - it is already named in the main clause (see example above). Since in a subordinate clause with an omitted predicate, the subject and secondary members remain, grammatically dependent on the predicate (adverbial, complement), the predicate can be easily restored.

Wed: How egg in shell(Chekhov). – His existence is enclosed in this tight program, How egg concluded into the shell.

If in a comparative construction there are no members of the sentence that depend on the predicate, then it turns into a comparative phrase.

They drank grandma's liqueur, yellow, like gold, dark, like tar, and green(M. Gorky).

3) Communications what, what... what in comparative clauses they are conjunctions, not allied words (these are not pronouns in the instrumental case!).

subordinate clauses, clauses of time, clauses of reasons, clauses of purpose, clauses of conditions, clauses of concession, clauses of consequences.

Subordinate clauses

1. Questions: subordinate clauses answer questions Where? Where? where?

2. Communications: subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause allied words: where, where, where . In the main part they correspond demonstrative words as a function of circumstance of place: there, there, from there, everywhere etc.

3. Place in a sentence: subordinate clauses can appear before the main clause, in the middle of the main clause, but more often - after the main clause.

For example:

1. No greatness there [Where?], Where no truth(L. Tolstoy).

[ op. word], ( Where– union. word).

2. [Where?] Where needle, there and thread(proverb).

(Where– union. word), [op. word ].

3. He left from there [where?], where went to the horse yard(A.N. Tolstoy).

[ op. word], ( where– union. word).

Pay attention!

1) Where, where, where cannot be unions. These are always allied words.

2) These connecting words ( where, where, where) can be used in attributive and additional clauses. The means of distinguishing between types of subordinate clauses is the question, as well as the syntactic function of demonstrative words in the main sentence.

Wed: He's coming there [Where?], Where no one has been– subordinate clause; He arrived to that city [Which?], Where never been I Don't know [what?], Where I'll spend the night– subordinate explanatory clause.

Subordinate clauses that refer to the entire main clause also include:

comparative clauses, clauses of time, clauses of reasons, clauses of purpose, clauses of conditions, clauses of concession, clauses of consequences.

Clauses of time

1. Questions: clauses answer questions When? How long? since when? until when?

2. Communications: subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause unions:when, while, while, before, as soon as, as, suddenly, barely, while, since, as long as, as etc.

Compound conjunctions since, as long as, while, as, before and others can fully perform the function of the union. However, depending on the meaning and logical stress, a compound conjunction can be divided into two parts (the subordinate clause in this case stands after the main one, in the middle of the main one). The first part is part of the main sentence and is an indicative word - a tense adverb: at that time, insofar as, since then, until then, before How ) remains in the subordinate clause and independently performs the function of a subordinating conjunction. In this case, the comma is placed once - in the middle of the compound conjunction.

General rules dividing a compound conjunction into an index word and a simple subordinating conjunction see paragraph 2.4 Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with one subordinate clause.

1. [When?] After four hours of vigil at Stepan's bedside passed, Ivan Ivanovich lost his soul(Kopyaeva).

(after– union), .

2. And even after that[When?], How the poems were published, he returns to them again and again(Chukovsky).

[decree. words, ( How– union),].

3. Place in a sentence: subordinate clauses can appear after the main clause, before the main clause, or in the middle of the main clause.

For example:

1. [When?] When I was younger, I couldn't write a single chapter(Fadeev).

(When– union), .

, (Bye– union).

Pay attention!

When in the subordinate tense it is a conjunction, and not a conjunction word, as in the attributive clause or in the explanatory clause.

Wed: [When?] When the impatient ones calmed down, I sat down more comfortably(Telpugov) – subordinate tense; When– union; Came up moment [Which?], When we have to say goodbye– subordinate clause; When- a union word.

Subordinate clauses that refer to the entire main clause also include:

comparative clauses, clauses, clauses of reasons, clauses of purpose, clauses of clause, clauses of concession, clauses of consequences.

Additional reasons

1. Questions: subordinate reasons answer questions Why? why? because of what? for what reason?

2. Communications: subordinate reasons are attached to the main clause unions:since, since, for, because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in connection with the fact that, especially since, then that etc.

Compound conjunctions due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, because, because and others can fully perform the function of the union. However, depending on the meaning and logical stress, a compound conjunction can be divided into two parts. The first part is part of the main sentence and is an indicative word - an adverbial circumstance: because of that, as a consequence of that, thanks to that, in connection with that, because, therefore etc.; second part of the compound conjunction ( What ) remains in the subordinate clause and independently performs the function of a simple subordinating conjunction. In this case, the comma is placed once - in the middle of the compound conjunction.

3. Place in a sentence: subordinate reasons can appear after the main clause, before the main clause, or in the middle of the main clause.

For example:

1. The Russian language, of necessity, included many foreign words [Why?], because Many foreign concepts have entered Russian life(Belinsky).

, (because– union).

2. [Why?] Because the snow that fell at night seemed to cover everything with cotton wool and sheets, it became light all around, like in an operating room(Field).

(because– union), .

3. Bombs fall into the water, into the sand, into the swamp That's why [Why?], What the formation of enemy aircraft is broken and torn apart(Gaidar).

[decree. next], ( What– union).

4. As a result [Why?], What On his orders, they stopped sending women children with babies to corvee; these same children did the most difficult work in their half(L. Tolstoy).

[decree. words, ( What– union),].

Subordinate clauses that refer to the entire main clause also include:

comparative clauses, clause clauses, clauses of time, clause purposes, clause clauses, clause clauses, clause clauses, consequential clauses.

Subordinate goals

1. Questions: subordinate clauses answer questions For what? For what? for what purpose?

2. Communications: subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause unions: so that, in order to, in order to, then in order to , particle unions if only, if only etc.

Compound conjunctions in order to, then in order to and others can fully perform the function of the union. However, depending on the meaning and logical stress, a compound conjunction can be divided into two parts. The first part is part of the main sentence and is an indicative word - a circumstance of the goal: with that, for that, then etc.; second part of the compound conjunction ( to ) remains in the subordinate clause and independently performs the function of a simple subordinating conjunction. In this case, the comma is placed once - in the middle of the compound conjunction.

For general rules for dividing a compound conjunction into an indicative word and a simple subordinating conjunction, see paragraph 2.4. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with one subordinate clause.

3. Place in a sentence: subordinate goals can appear after the main clause, before the main clause, or in the middle of the main clause.

For example:

1. For that [for what purpose?], to enter Prishvin, talk to him, you need to slow down the flow of your soul(Soloukhin).

[decree. words, ( to– union),].

2. He used his eloquence[for what purpose?], so that turn Akulina away from her intentions(Pushkin).

, (so that– union).

3. The brigade commander decided to stop the pursuit until dawn[for what purpose?], so that tighten up reserves by morning(Sholokhov).

, (so that– union).

Subordinate clauses that refer to the entire main clause also include:

comparative clauses, clauses, clauses of time, clauses of reasons, clauses of conditions, clauses of concession, clauses of consequences.

Subordinate clauses

1. Questions: subordinate clauses answer the question under what condition?

2. Communications: subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause unions:if, if, when (meaning “if”), once (meaning “if”), if, if, how (meaning “if”), etc.

In complex sentences with conditional clauses, compound double conjunctions can be used: if..., then; if..., so; once..., so; like... so etc.

Unlike compound conjunctions like since, as long as, while etc. the second part of the double union ( then, so ) is always in the main clause, and it is part of a conjunction, not a demonstrative word. Subordinate clauses with double conjunctions always come before the main clause:

Onceyou already agreed So I can't refuse you(Dahl).

3. Place in a sentence: subordinate clauses can appear after the main clause, before the main clause.

For example:

1. [Under what condition?] If If there was sand on the shallows, you could see animal tracks(Arsenyev).

(If– union), .

2. [Under what condition?] If you're a ruddy guy, you'll be my brother(Pushkin).

(if– union), .

, (When– union).

4. [Under what condition?] How the soul is black, so and you can't wash it off with soap(proverb).

(How– union), [ so and ].

Subordinate clauses that refer to the entire main clause also include:

comparative clauses, clause clauses, clauses of time, clauses of causes, clauses of purpose, clauses of concession, clauses of consequences.

Subordinate clauses

1. Questions: subordinate clauses answer questions no matter what? in spite of what?

2. Communications: subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause using:

  • unions: although, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, let (meaning “although”), let (meaning “although”), for nothing that (meaning “although”), etc.;
  • allied words: how, how much, what, where, where, who etc. – with obligatory particle neither .

Compound conjunctions despite the fact that, despite the fact that usually, but not always, divided into two parts, the first of which ( despite; regardless) goes into the main clause and becomes an indicative word - isolated circumstance concessions:

He looks neat, clean, despite the fact that his clothes are pretty worn(Fedoseev).

3. Place in a sentence: subordinate clauses can appear after the main clause, before the main clause, or in the middle of the main clause.

For example:

1. It was already quite warm[despite what?], Although there was loose, heavy snow all around(Semushkin).

, (Although– union).

2. [Despite what?] How would neither girls all over the world said, everything becomes sweet in their mouths(Fadeev).

(no matter how– union. word), .

3. Nothing worked for him[despite what?], What no matter what he does(Fadeev).

, (whatever– union. word).

Pay attention!

1) In subordinate clauses, concessions with allied words how, how much, what, where etc. a particle is always written neither , since it does not have a negative, but an intensifying meaning, and it strengthens the statement.

Wed: How many I neither I listened, I couldn’t distinguish a single sound(Paustovsky). – Although I diligently I listened, but I couldn’t distinguish a single sound.

2) It is necessary to distinguish between a union to in a subordinate clause from a conjunctive word whatever in the subordinate clause. In the subordinate clause What is a member of the sentence, and neither strengthens the statement.

Compare: [For what purpose?] To there were no personal accounts between us, I am forced to write a report on my removal from office(Furmanov) – subordinate clause of the goal; union of purpose to written together; [Despite what?] What would neither he said, I vouch for him(Leskov) – subordinate clause of concession; allied word What written separately with the particle would .

3) If the subordinate clause comes before the main clause, then at the beginning of the main clause there may be a coordinating adversative conjunction: but, however, yes, but .

Althoughthe lie still lives But only truth improves(M. Gorky).

Such complex sentences occupy an intermediate position between complex and complex sentences. But still, these are basically complex sentences.

4) In a number of manuals, subordinate clauses with conjunctive words are not considered subordinate clauses. whatever, whoever, wherever etc.; Concessive subordinate clauses include only those that are attached to the main sentence by the listed conjunctions and only two connecting words - no matter how, no matter how much .

Subordinate clauses that refer to the entire main clause also include:

comparative clauses, clauses, clauses of time, clauses of causes, clauses of purpose, clauses of conditions, clauses of consequences.

Subordinate corollaries

1. Questions: subordinate corollaries answer the question what follows from this?

2. Communications: subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause using a conjunction So .

3. Place in a sentence: subordinate clauses come after the main clause.

For example:

The snow became whiter and brighter, So it hurt my eyes looking at him(L. Tolstoy).

, (So– union).

Pay attention!

1) So is the only conjunction that is used in subordinate clauses of consequence, and it is used only in this type of subordinate clause.

2) Union So cannot be divided into two parts, like many other compound unions. It is always completely included in the subordinate clause. If this conjunction is dissected, then not only the structure of the sentence will change, but also the meaning of the subordinate clause.

Wed: He dressed warmly So the frost is not scary for him– subordinate clause with conjunction So ; He got dressed So, What the frost is not scary for him– subordinate clause of manner of action and degree, So – indicative word in the main clause, What – subordinating conjunction in a subordinate clause.

Note. A number of manuals also highlight subordinate clauses:

1) Questions: subordinate clauses answer the questions: what is the conclusion from this? what is the assessment of this? What can be noted about this?

2) Communications: subordinate clauses are attached to the main sentence using allied words: What (V various forms without prepositions and with prepositions), why, why, why .

3) Place in a sentence: subordinate clauses come after the main clause, and in the main clause there are no indicators that sentences of this type follow them (except for intonation, which shows that the sentence is not complete).

The main clause in a complex sentence with a subordinate clause is complete in form and content. The subordinate clause contains an additional message, an assessment of the situation in the main sentence, a conclusion, and individual comments about the message in the main part.

For example:

1. Such[wild, deserted, inhospitable] taiga affects people's psyche, What it was noticeable from my companions(Arsenyev). IN in this case the subordinate clause provides an observation that confirms the general judgment expressed in the main clause.

2. Working on jasper, Russian artists and craftsmen learned to understand and appreciate the stone, to look for artistic intent in it, to merge the artist’s idea with the properties of the material, What is one of the greatest achievements in the history of stone cutting art(Fersman). This subordinate clause expresses an assessment.

3. For what walks along the shore(Arsenyev). This subordinate clause gives an additional message.

In general, complex sentences with subordinate clauses are close in meaning to complex and non-conjunct complex sentences. It is no coincidence that the conjunctive words what, why, why can be replaced demonstrative pronouns and pronoun adverbs: What → This ; why → that's why ; For what → then .

Wed: Having destroyed the fish in one area, the otter moves up or down the river, For what walks along the shore. – Having destroyed the fish in one particular area, the otter moves up or down the river, for this it walks along the bank).

Plan for parsing a complex sentence

1. Specify type complex sentence(complex sentence).

2. Name the main clause and subordinate clause (highlight grammatical bases).

3. Indicate what the subordinate clause refers to (to the entire main clause or to one word in the main clause).

4. Determine the type of subordinate clause.

5. Indicate means of communication: union or union word; indicative word (if it is in the main sentence).

6. Indicate the place of the subordinate clause in relation to the main clause.

7. Construct a diagram of a complex sentence.

Sample parsing

Young people So shocked by this meeting, What (Ginsburg).

A complex sentence consists of two simple ones. Main offer: Young people So shocked by this meeting, grammatical basis – young people are shocked. Subordinate clause: What They are silent for a while, looking at us; grammatical basis - are silent, subject omitted young people. The subordinate clause refers to the predicate shocked, expressed short communion. Clause of manner and degree. Communications - Union What and index word So (in the main clause). The subordinate clause comes after the main clause.

[cr. prib. + decree next], ( What– union).
mode of action and degree

Subordinate clauses that refer to the entire main clause also include:

comparative clauses, clauses, clauses of time, clauses of reasons, clauses of purpose, clauses of clauses, clauses of concession.

Subordinate clauses in Russian are dependent parts of the main clause in a complex sentence. That is, they play the role of secondary members of the sentence. Therefore, the types of subordinate clauses are divided taking into account the role played in the sentence. You can ask one question for the entire secondary sentence, just as you do with the members of the sentence.

Main types of subordinate clauses

Four types of them are considered: attributive, adverbial, explanatory and connective. We can give examples that represent all types of subordinate clauses:

  1. The flowerbed that was planted in the yard left side from the porch, it resembled a smaller copy of the town - a sort of Flower Town from Nosov’s fairy tale about Dunno. (Definitive).
  2. And I imagined that restless and funny little people really lived there. (Expository).
  3. And we don’t see them because they are hiding from us underground. (Adverbial).
  4. But as soon as we leave somewhere, the short ones get out of their hiding places and begin to vigorously enjoy life. (Connection).

Determinative clauses

These subordinate clauses in Russian define the attribute of one noun or sometimes a phrase consisting of a noun and a demonstrative word. They serve as answers to questions Which? whose? which? These minor offers join the main part with allied words whose, which, who, what, which, from where, where, when. Usually in the main part of a complex sentence there are such demonstrative words as such, everyone, everyone, any or That in various forms of childbirth. The following proposals can be taken as examples:

  • Living beings, ( which?) who live on the planet next to people, feel a kind human attitude towards them.
  • Reach out your hand with food, open your palm, freeze, and some bird, ( which?) whose voice is heard in the bushes of your garden in the morning, will sit on your hand with trust.
  • Every person ( Which?) who considers himself the pinnacle of the Almighty's creation, must correspond to this title.
  • Whether it’s a garden, a forest or an ordinary yard, (Which?)where everything is familiar and familiar, can open the door to a person amazing world nature.

Subordinate clauses

Interesting types of subordinate clauses that relate not to a single word or phrase, but to the entire main part. They are called connecting. Often these parts of a complex sentence contain the meaning of the consequence, supplementing or explaining the content of the main part. Secondary sentences of this type are joined using allied words where, how, when, why, where, what. Examples:

  • And only next to his mother does any baby feel protected, what is provided by nature itself.
  • Caring for cubs, tenderness for one’s offspring, self-sacrifice are embedded in a creature at the level of instinct, how every creature has an inherent need to breathe, sleep, eat and drink.

Explanatory clauses

If the author of the text wants to clarify, specify one word of the main part, which has the meaning of thought, perception, feeling or speech. Often these clauses refer to verbs, such as say, answer, think, feel, be proud, hear. But they can also specify adjectives, for example, happy or glad. It is often observed when these types of subordinate clauses act as explanations of adverbs ( clear, necessary, necessary, known, sorry) or nouns ( message, thought, statement, rumor, thought, feeling). Explanatory clauses are added using:

Unions (so that, what, when, as if, how and others);

Any allied words;

Particles (of the union).

Examples include the following compound sentences:

  • Have you ever watched, ( What?) how amazingly he plays sunlight, reflected in drops of dew, insect wings, tiles of snowflakes?
  • One day, a person will surely be incredibly happy about this beauty, ( what?) that I discovered a unique world of beauty.
  • And it immediately becomes clear, ( What?) that everything around was created for a reason, that everything is interconnected.
  • Consciousness will be filled with indescribable feelings of joy, (which?) as if you yourself are a part of this amazing and unique world.

Clauses of manner and degree

Adverbial clauses are divided into several subtypes. A group of dependent parts of compound sentences that relate to the attribute or action named in its main part, and denote its degree or measure, as well as image, are classified as subordinate clauses of manner of action and degree. They usually answer the following questions: how? how much? How? to what extent? The design of the connection between the subordinate and the main part looks something like this: full adjective + noun + such; full adjective + such; verb + so. The joining of these subordinate clauses is ensured by conjunctions so that, what, as if or allied words how much, how much and some others. Examples:

  • The girl laughed so contagiously, so spontaneously, that it was difficult for everyone else not to smile.
  • The ringing sounds of her laughter broke the tense silence of the room, as if multi-colored peas from a bag suddenly scattered.
  • And the baby’s face itself changed so much, as far as this was possible in this case: the girl, exhausted by the disease, could easily be called a lovely and absolutely healthy child.

Adverbial clauses

These dependent clauses indicate the place of origin of the action, which is named in the main part of the complex sentence. Referring to the entire main sentence, they answer the following questions: where? Where? Where? and are joined by allied words where, where, where. Often there are demonstrative words in the main clause there, everywhere, there, everywhere, from everywhere and some others. The following examples of such proposals can be given:

  1. It is quite easy to determine the cardinal directions in the forest thicket, where there is moss on the trees.
  2. The ants were dragging on their backs building material for their anthills and food supplies from everywhere, wherever these hardworking creatures could get.
  3. I am always drawn there, to magical lands, where we went with him last summer.

Adverbial clauses of time

Indicating the time of action, these subordinate clauses refer both to the entire main sentence and specifically to one predicate. You can ask the following questions about this type of subordinate clause: How long? until when? When? since when? Often there are demonstrative words in the main part of the sentence, for example: sometimes, once, always, now, then. For example: Animals will then be friendly with each other, (When?) when they grow up next to each other since childhood.

Adverbial clauses, causes, goals, consequences

  1. If the dependent parts of complex sentences answer questions in what case? or under what condition? and relate either to the predicate of the main part or to the whole of it, joining with the help of conditional conjunctions once, if, if, if, when And How(meaning “if”), then they can be classified as subordinate conditions. Example: And even the most inveterate scoundrel turns into a serious and well-mannered gentleman, ( in what case?)when he becomes a parent, be it a human, a monkey or a penguin.
  2. For questions because of what? Why? for what reason? why? adjunct reasons answer. They are joined using causal conjunctions because, because, since. Example: For a baby in early childhood the authority of the parent is unshakable, ( Why?) because his well-being depends on this creature.
  3. Dependent clauses indicating the purpose of the action named in the main part and answering questions For what? for what purpose? For what?, are called subordinate clauses. Their connection to the main part is ensured by target unions in order to, then in order to (in order to). Example: But even then you should accompany your requirements with explanations ( for what purpose?) then, so that the baby grows into a thinking person, and not a weak-willed robot performer.
  4. Dependent parts of a sentence that indicate a conclusion or result, indicate a consequence arising from the above in the main part of the sentence, are called subordinate clauses of the consequence and relate to the entire main sentence. They are usually joined by consequence unions That's why or So, for example: Education is a complex and regular process, ( what follows from this?) therefore, parents should always be in shape and not relax even for a minute.

Adverbial clause comparisons

These types of dependent clauses in complex constructions relate either to the predicate or to the entire main part and answer the question like what?, joining comparative unions as if, than (that), as if, exactly. Subordinate clauses differ from comparative phrases in that they have a grammatical basis. For example: The polar bear cub so funny fell on his side and lifted his paws up, it looks like a naughty boy playing happily in the sandbox with his friends.

Circumstantial clauses

Dependent clauses in a complex construction, denoting circumstances in spite of which the action indicated in the main part has been or can be committed, are called subordinate clauses of concession. You can ask them questions: contrary to what? no matter what? and join to the main thing with the help of concessionary unions at least (even though), let (even though), that, for nothing, despite and some others. Conjunctive combinations are often used: no matter how much, whatever, whenever, whoever, no matter how and the like. Example: Even though the panda cubs were playing happily, their dark spots around their eyes gave the impression of sad thoughtfulness.

A literate person should always remember: when writing, sentences that are part of a complex sentence are separated by commas.

Subordinate measures and degrees answer the questions “how much?”, “to what extent?”, “to what extent?”. Subordinate clauses are conditional and refer to the adverb of measure and degree in the main part (the words “so”, “so much”, “enough”) and to some phrases with the same meaning. Subordinate clauses are introduced by conjunctions WHAT, SO, and the allied words HOW MUCH, HOW MUCH. Comparative conjunctions AS, AS, AS WELL can also be used. The subordinate clause in this type of sentence is in postposition. During the daylight hours, Thumbelina managed to do as much as many girls cannot do in a week. She was too careful not to miss a single speck in the mouse hole.

The last two types of clauses have a lot in common. The differences are that in comparative clauses the use of a correlative word is optional, whereas in clauses of measure and degree the correlative words are required.

NGN with modus operandi clauses

Clauses of manner of action answer the question “how?”, “in what way?”. Subordinate clauses are conditional and refer to the adverb “so” or the combination “thus” in the main part. Subordinate clauses are introduced by the conjunctions WHAT, SO THAT, AS WHAT, AS WHAT and the conjunctive word AS. The subordinate clause in this type of sentence is in postposition and interposition. Thumbelina tried to clean up so that her mistress would praise her. Thumbelina cried as if the swallow's death meant her death. Realizing that the swallow was alive, she rejoiced as she had never rejoiced before.

The main part may be incomplete if the correlative word is missing, which is usually the case colloquial speech. "You will do as I tell you!" - the mouse screamed.

Subordinate clauses of the manner of action are sentences that indicate the method of action named in the main sentence and answer the questions how? how? Example: [This man behaved like this] (as if no one was around).

These subordinate clauses are attached to the main sentence using conjunctions like, so that, as if, as if, exactly; sometimes they have additional shades of meaning: comparison, consequence. Example: [He dreamed of living his life like] (like his father). [I left him like that], (as if we had parted forever)

Such subordinate clauses in the main part often correspond to the demonstrative word so, which performs the function of an adverbial manner of action: Example: A brave guy fights to the death - the way one fights in war (A. Tvardovsky). He spoke in a way that none of us can speak now - in a convex, rich language (K. Paustovsky).

Subordinate measures and degrees indicate the measure and degree of manifestation of a characteristic or action in the main sentence and answer the questions to what extent? to what extent? How many? how much?

In the main part they correspond to the demonstrative words so, such (meaning so much), to such an extent, to that, so much, so much. They denote a high degree of manifestation of an action, state, attribute, quantity and are combined with verbs, adverbs, adjectives, nouns: Example: [She knew life as poorly as possible] (as much as possible at 20 years old). (A. Kuprin).

If there is no demonstrative word with the meaning of measure and degree, then this is a different type of subordinate clause. Demonstrative words are usually adverbs of manner, measure, and degree, but sometimes they can serve another syntactic function. However, in this case, demonstrative words emphasize the degree of manifestation of the attribute: Example: [The nature in these places is so fabulous], (it’s simply breathtaking).

Subordinate measures and degrees are attached to the main sentence with conjunctions that, so that, as if, as if, exactly, as if and with allied words like, how much, how much, since: Example: [This was said so firmly and authoritatively] (that Lunin could only obey ). (N. Chukovsky). [People were so interesting to Samghin] (to the extent that, looking closely at them, he saw himself as different from them). (M. Gorky).

You need to be able to distinguish subordinate measures and degrees from subordinate clauses of manner of action. To do this, you need to ask the right question: Example: The sleeves and upper tails of the shirt were greasy and shiny to such an extent that they looked like yuft. (M. Gorky). - greasy and shiny to what extent? how much? , but not how? how?

Indicate SPPs with subordinate clauses of the manner of action. He spoke in a way that none of us can speak now - in a convex, rich language. The shooters caught so many fish that they could not pull out the net. The clearing is so colorful that it dazzles your eyes.

Indicate SPPs with adverbial modus operandi White acacias smelled so strongly that their sweet, sugary, candy smell was felt on the lips and in the mouth. He spoke about everything in his own way and in such a way that it was remembered for a lifetime. I love her so much that words can’t say it all.

The subordinate comparative clause explains the actions, states, objects, signs indicated in the main sentence through comparison with other actions, objects, signs. Comparative clauses answer the questions how? like what? [His delight faded], (like a candle going out from strong wind). (A. Chekhov).

They join the main sentence with comparative conjunctions as if, as if, as if, exactly that (colloquial), just as (bookish), as if, etc.: [It will become somehow joyful and painful], ( as if someone is whispering about love). (N. Rubtsov).

Subordinate comparative clauses refer to the entire main sentence as a whole; it is often impossible to pose a question to them. These features make comparative clauses different from similar clauses of manner of action, measure and degree. Wed. : Lisa began to slowly lower herself, as if she needed to pick something up from the floor. (K. Fedin). - I have seen ice drift many times, and it was always as if some force was reluctantly breaking the dirty ice. (V. Kataev).

Comparative clauses can appear after the main clause, before the main clause, or in the middle of the main clause. [Serve me], (as you served him). (A. Pushkin). [With dull sounds (as if someone is hitting a cardboard box with their palm), grenades explode]. (E. Perventsev). (The closer the day's survey comes to an end), [the more grumbling and unceremonious the surveyor becomes]. (A. Kuprin).

A special place in the system of complex sentences is also occupied by sentences with the double conjunction than. . . topics It is difficult to distinguish between the main and subordinate clauses in them, since both parts cannot exist independently. Traditionally, a subordinate clause is considered to be the first part with the than part of the conjunction, while the second part (with the that part of the conjunction) is considered the main clause: (The less we love a woman), [the easier it is for her to like us]. (A. Pushkin).

Comparative clauses should be distinguished from comparative clauses, which do not contain a predicate: Pine, /like a resinous tree/, is almost impervious to rotting.

The comparative phrase is often confused with the subordinate comparative, in which the predicate, suggested by the predicate of the main sentence, is omitted: [Seryozha grew up in the family], (like grass (grew) in the steppe).

To learn to distinguish such constructions, you need to understand that in the comparative clause there are words related to the omitted predicate. So in this sentence in the steppe - an adverb of place related to the predicate. In comparative usage there are no such words: /Like a slender poplar/, he rushed about on his dun horse. (N. Gogol).