Rare photos of our celebrities from a “past life”. Few people remember them like this... Forgotten melodies: Ukrainian musical instruments that few people remember
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The forgotten genius of the revolution.
We all know the names of the leaders October revolution- Lenin, Trotsky, Bukharin. But few people remember that ideological inspirer Revolution in Russia was Parvus Alexander Lvovich, whose name communist historians tried not to remember.
But first things first, the future revolutionary Israel Lazarevich Gelfand was born in 1867 in Belarus, into a poor family. But this did not stop him from going to Switzerland to study when he grew up. In Europe, our hero became imbued with Marxist ideas and became close to the “Emancipation of Labor” group, which included G. Plekhanov,
V. Zasulich. In 1891, he received his PhD, moved to Germany and joined the German Social Democratic Party. In the 1890s in Munich, Helphand's apartment became a meeting center for German and Russian Marxists. At this time he communicated quite closely with V.I. Lenin and R. Luxemburg. From the very beginning of the Iskra publishing house, he began publishing in the newspaper. In 1894, he signed one of the articles as Parvus, and under this name he went down in history. The fiery revolutionary Trotsky considered Parvus an outstanding Marxist figure! But Lev Davidovich also later recalled that he had two mutually exclusive dreams. One dream is about a revolution in Russia, the second is to get rich!!!
The 1902 incident with the writer M. Gorky speaks about the moral character of our Marxist. Parvus was the writer's agent and staged the play "At the Bottom" on stages in Germany with great success. Part of the money from the production was to be received by Parvus (agent's fee), the second part was intended for Gorky, and the third was to go to the party treasury of the RSDLP. However, Gorky claimed that no one except Parvus saw the money!
1905 was the most fruitful year for Parvus; he actively participated in the revolution: he wrote proclamations and spoke at factories to workers. At the same time, he published the famous “Financial Manifesto,” which spoke about corruption in the Russian government, its financial insolvency and false balance sheets. For this opus he was sentenced to 3 years of exile, but Parvus fled before reaching his destination. In subsequent years, he became interested in the revolution in the Balkans, then participated in the revolutionary movement in Turkey. In Constantinople, his dream came true - he finally became rich, becoming a representative of German companies supplying weapons to Turkey.
With the outbreak of World War I, Parvus took a pro-German position. In Constantinople, he met with the German envoy and this fact was documented by the Austrian historian Elisabeth Hersch! She also found in the archives secret telegrams from the German Foreign Ministry and the embassies of Switzerland, Denmark and Sweden, which testified to the preparation of a revolution in Russia. Of course, these countries did not really want Russia, which was gaining momentum, to win the war. And not last role Parvus played a role in the death of the empire. In 1915, he provided the German Secretary of State Jagow with a “Plan of Preparation for the Revolution,” in which he described how to lead Russia out of the First World War with the help of revolutionary agitation:
1. strikes at arms factories;
2. explosions of railway bridges (this would interrupt the supply of ammunition to the army);
3. agitation among workers and peasants (especially in port cities);
4. organization of uprisings directed against tsarism;
5. support for party newspapers abroad;
6. inciting anti-Russian sentiments in Ukraine, Finland, and the Caucasus;
7. organizing escapes of political prisoners from prisons and hard labor.
All this, according to Parvus, should have led to the abdication of the tsar, whose place would be taken by a government ready to negotiate with Germany. Parvus asked for 5 million rubles to implement his program. The Germans allocated 2 million. Having received an advance of 1 million rubles, Parvus transferred it to his accounts in Copenhagen and founded an enterprise that was engaged in trade transactions, including illegal sales of coal and weapons in Germany, Russia and Denmark. A true “patriot”, he sold weapons to the enemies of his Motherland! He invested the proceeds from his deals in creating media that turned the whole world against the tsarist regime of Russia.
In 1915, he separated from the Bolsheviks. Trotsky published an article in the Iskra newspaper, where he called Parvus a traitor.
Parvus promised the Germans that the plan would be implemented in 1916, but he was mistaken because there were quite patriotic sentiments in Russia! In addition, Lenin categorically refused to unite with other social parties (many of them took patriotic positions in relation to the warring Russia).
Then there was February revolution with the Provisional Government, which continued the war with Germany, and only after the rebellion in October 1917, led by the Bolsheviks, fed by the Germans, Parvus’s plan came true. In 1918, a separate peace was signed between the Bolshevik government and Germany (the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk), according to which vast Russian territories were ceded to the Germans.
After these events, Parvus was no longer needed by either side. Imperial Germany was wary of his social democratic views, and Lenin's government decided not to bring him into its ranks. Beginning in 1918, he began to criticize Lenin and his policy of nationalizing banks (due to this, Parvus lost millions stored in the accounts of Russian banks). Then he decided to raise the funds necessary for propaganda against the Bolsheviks, but it was too late! The communists seized power and had no intention of giving it up.
In 1921, Parvus retired from revolutionary affairs and settled in Germany, where he died in 1924. All his records and bank accounts disappeared without a trace.
The love of music is in the heart of every Ukrainian. From time immemorial, parents taught their children to play musical instruments from childhood - the people prepared future talents. And they made musical accessories from dishes, household equipment, wood, clay and even horse hair.
A variety of folk instruments that have come down to us since the times Kievan Rus, impressive. However, many of them are kept only in museums or gathering dust in the attics of old-timers. Their melodies have long been forgotten, so it is unlikely that you will be able to see them in everyday life. Let's correct this blatant injustice!
In the Carpathians you can still hear the loud sound of trembitas. The legendary musical instrument of the Hutsuls has long been the only means of communication between shepherds and the village. Something like mobile phone... 3 m long.
Trembita reported on sheep going out to pasture and warned of the approach of the enemy. They played on it when the child was born. They caroled with trembita, and they invited her to the wedding. The sound of trembita can be heard 10 km away. The time of day was determined by its shadow, and the most experienced shepherds predicted the weather - thunderstorm or rain - by the sound of the trembita.
Although the trembita is long, it is not at all heavy - up to 1.5 kg. This makes it easy to hold while playing. To make an instrument, a spruce tree that has been struck by lightning is often chosen.
I wonder what longest musical instrument in the world was made by Ukrainians. Yes, yes, this is trembita! Its length can reach 8 m, and the production of a unique instrument takes about 2 years.
An instrument with a fantastic sound that imitates the singing of birds and the voices of wild animals is the ocarina. Translated from Italian, ocarina means “duckling.” But in Ukraine they call it cuckoo- the instrument reproduces the cuckoo’s singing so subtly.
It is made of clay or wood and is shaped like an egg. Typically the instrument has 10 playing holes. But the whistles - painted ceramic lambs, birds, horses - are simpler and have only one playing hole.
Once upon a time, these folk toys, which children love to play with, had a protective meaning. People believed that whistling drove away evil spirits from children.
Now ocarinas and whistles are a national Ukrainian brand. Just remember the whistle in the shape of a bird with a whistle tail - this is the invention of a Ukrainian master from Cherkassy, Yuri Zbandut.
The sound of this unique instrument reminds me of a bull's roar. Previously, musicians made it themselves: they took a small barrel and covered the top hole with leather. A tuft of horse hair was attached to the center of the skin. Yes Yes! You put your hand in the kvass and pull your hair. The pitch of the sound changes depending on where the hand stops.
Now the bugay sounds in the countries that were part of Austria-Hungary, and is associated with Christmas holidays and carols. You can hear how the bull roars in the video for the track “Vidlik” by the Ukrainian electro-folk band “ONUKA” - the musical instrument forms the basis of the bass line of the melody.
Resembling a large bowler hat, tulumbas was an integral part of the military life of the Zaporozhye Cossacks. The formidable game of tulumbas convened a council of Cossacks or elders, reported enemy attacks and even conveyed orders during battle.
The Cossacks always took tulumbas on campaigns, tying them to the saddle. The roar of military drums and the piercing crack of tambourines sowed panic among the enemy troops.
The largest tulumbas - the alarm - were kept in the Zaporozhye Sich. Eight people could hit them at the same time.
Two cauldron-shaped drums of different sizes are called timpani. In the Sich, tulumbas (aka kettledrums) were considered sacred and belonged to the kleinods of the Zaporozhian Army. The kettledrums were in charge of a separate serviceman - Dovbysh.
I have long forgotten the sound of heels and drymba - one of the most ancient musical instruments of our ancestors. Archaeologists suggest that humanity has been using drymba since Neolithic times. This is confirmed by fragments of musical instruments on mammoth bones found in the Chernivtsi region.
The Hutsuls considered the drymba a women's instrument. The Jew's harp in the hands of the hostess was the main musical instrument at vespers in Carpathian villages. The Hutsuls had another one interesting custom: guys gave drymba to girls for whom they had deep feelings.
Horn
For a long time in Ukraine they knew an instrument called a gudok or a smyk. On the frescoes of the St. Sophia Cathedral there is an image of a buffoon (musician) playing a flat pear-shaped instrument with strings and a short neck. The whistle had three strings and was played with an arched bow.
While playing, the instrument was pressed to the chest or placed vertically on the knees. The sound of the whistle could be heard in the company of wandering musicians and from court buffoons. However, there were even ensembles of horn players who performed with horns of different sizes. That’s what they were called: buzzer, buzzer, buzzer, buzzer.
In the middle of the 17th century. one of the oldest stringed bowed instruments of the Eastern Slavs suffered a great tragedy. By decree of Patriarch Nikon, the whistle and other “demonic instruments”, which were created by the hands of talented craftsmen, were taken from people and burned. Subsequently, another bowed instrument, the violin, finally replaced the whistle.
Bagpipes
Duda, ram, fur, goat - all these are popular names for bagpipes - a favorite musical instrument of Ukrainians. The tanned skin of a goat or calf is used to make a continuous fur - a reservoir for air. Having filled the bagpipe with air, the musician presses it with his elbow and causes the shrill sound of the peeps of the playing pipe. At the same time, the performer can sing one verse of the song, accompanying the singing by playing the pipe.
The origins of bagpipes go back to antiquity. IN Ancient Rome bagpipes were played in theaters and in military bands. In Ukraine, the instrument was part of the orchestra of the Zaporozhye Army. But most of all, shepherds loved to play the pipe.
The making of bagpipes was treated with love - the fur was decorated with tassels, rattles, horn carving and metal chasing were used. Sometimes the bagpipes were decorated with a sculptured goat's head.
Torban
Barskaya bandura is what people once called torban. And for good reason: the instrument was expensive and required careful handling and virtuoso play by the performer.
They say, Ukrainian hetmans Ivan Mazepa and Petro Doroshenko liked to play on it. Torban was considered a decoration for concert evenings, but in late XIX V. the tool disappears. Complex design, high cost and impressive dimensions made it inconvenient to use and inaccessible to ordinary people.
Of course, these are not all ancient musical instruments of Ukrainians. The lyre, cymbals, tambourine, and goat bass will make anyone dance. We will definitely tell you about these and other folk instruments that delighted the ears of our ancestors in one of the following stories.
In the meantime, a small bonus for those who read the article to the end is an impeccable playing of the dulcimer by musician and composer Miron Paliychuk at the Pirogovo National Museum of Architecture and Life.
In August 1968, not only Soviet troops. Few people remember this, or simply do not want to remember. Together with Soviet Army German, Polish, Bulgarian, and Hungarian military units restored order in the country.
In general, the number of troops brought into Czechoslovakia was: - USSR - 18 motorized rifle, tank and airborne divisions, 22 aviation and helicopter regiments, about 170,000 people; - Poland - 5 infantry divisions, up to 40,000 people; - GDR - motorized rifle and tank division, up to 15,000 people in total; - Hungary - 8th motorized rifle division, separate units, total 12,500 people; - Bulgaria - 12th and 22nd Bulgarian motorized rifle regiments, total number 2164 people and one Bulgarian tank battalion with 26 T-34 vehicles.
The strict “don’t shoot” policy put Soviet military personnel in the most disadvantageous position. Confident of complete impunity, the “young democrats” threw Soviet soldiers stones and Molotov cocktails, insulted them and spat in their faces. Yuri Zemkov, standing on guard at the monument to Soviet soldiers-liberators, was hit in the chest with a triangular bayonet by someone from the crowd of people eager to desecrate the monument to those who died in 1945. His comrades raised their machine guns, but, following the order, did not shoot.
As soon as the GDR soldiers appeared nearby, everything became calm. The Germans, without hesitation, used weapons. In our time, they prefer to remain silent about the participation of troops from Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary and the GDR in the operation. Why, after all, all these countries merged in a single ecstasy with NATO and the EEC! Some have already written that the GDR troops did not enter Czechoslovakia. However, those who personally took part in those events recall: “The Czechs lying on the roads seriously slowed down the advance of Soviet mechanized and tank columns. The tank columns of the GDR passed without even stopping, right over those lying on the roads...”
The Germans in Czechoslovakia behaved similarly Polish troops. As one of the Soviet soldiers recalls: “The Germans stood next to us, walking almost with their sleeves rolled up... At first, someone tried to organize something like barricades of cars in their way. But the Germans were not at a loss and simply moved their tanks, without even turning around. And in general, where they saw a sideways glance, they would just start a fight. And the Poles didn’t let go either. But the Czechs didn’t throw anything at them, much less shoot, they were afraid. .."
We must not forget about the problem Sudetenland and the German minority on the territory of Czechoslovakia, which is like a thorn long years poisoned relations between countries. After entering the territory of Czechoslovakia officers The GDR began to develop amazing activity in agitating the German minority in the Sudetenland. Their actions were clearly aimed at the impending annexation of the Sudetenland. One of the witnesses, a representative of the German minority Otto Klaus, says:
On August 21, 1968, I turned on the radio and started shaving. Suddenly I heard the first phrase on the Prague radio station: “... do not provoke the Soviet occupiers, prevent bloodshed.” I dropped everything and ran out into the street like lightning. In Liberec on the streets I saw German units in combat readiness. One column after another, only Germans. I only heard German commands. They're probably crazy in Prague. These are not Russians at all. These are the Germans.
When I entered my office, three GDR army officers were already sitting there. Without any ceremony they told me that they had come to free us from Czech oppression. They resolutely demanded my cooperation...
Two other Czechoslovak citizens German origin, Otmar Szymek and his friend Karel Haupt from Kadan, described two meetings with the East German occupation army as follows:
We were riding a motorcycle. Group German soldiers stopped us and wanted to know if we had leaflets with us. They searched us, but found nothing. They asked us if we were part of the German minority. When we confirmed, they told us that we should build a “people's revolutionary militia” (Revolutionäre Volkswehr), since this territory would probably be annexed to the GDR. We thought it was a stupid joke. However, later, when we heard from other members of the German Cultural Union (Deutscher Kulturverband) that they were called for similar activities, we reported to Prague...
The Czechoslovak intelligence service - under the leadership of Josef Pavel - received hundreds of such reports. Members of national minorities - Germans, Poles, Hungarians living in Czechoslovakia, received an invitation to cooperate from the occupation units of the respective countries. Everyone wanted to quietly bite off their piece of the pie.
Terentyev Andrey
In our age modern technologies photography seems to have completely lost its value: to get a lot of pictures, you just need to press a button on your smartphone or camera many times. But before, when digital photos could only be dreamed of, every frame was worth its weight in gold!
It's great that many people still treasure old archival photos, with which you can plunge into the past and remember the old days. Celebrities are no exception to this rule, so we invite you to enjoy rare photographs of our celebrities before they began to bask in the glory.
Anna Semenovich has not changed at all since then!
Leonid Agutin at the evening in memory of Konstantin Simonov. Moscow, 1984
Alika Smekhova with her father Veniamin Smekhov, famous actor and director
Do you recognize the girl driving? Yes, this is Lera Kudryavtseva herself in her youth!
Cute blonde in the photo - Maria Kozhevnikova with her friend at McDonald's
Nastya Zadorozhnaya and Sergei Lazarev in the early 90s. The guys often toured with the group “Fidgets” in the countries of the post-Soviet space.
Roza Syabitova with children 20 years ago
Larisa Guzeeva in her youth
Young and green Vladimir Presnyakov and Leonid Agutin
Alla Pugacheva during filming in Tallinn, 1978
Philip Kirkorov and Vyacheslav Dobrynin
Natasha Koroleva and Igor Krutoy in the early 1990s
Meeting of Joseph Kobzon with Yuri Gagarin
These photos are from " past life» stars allow you to plunge into the atmosphere when the past was the present. It is true what they say is that images captured on film have a special mood; they resemble a still from a film. And if over digital photographs professionals work for hours, giving the desired contrast, brightness and saturation, correcting color correction and defects, then the pictures of bygone times are beautiful without any changes or interventions.
Newsreels from those times usually show the Energia from such an angle that the payload is almost invisible.
Only in some photographs can one see a giant black cylinder docked to the Energia. With its first launch, the world's most powerful launch vehicle was supposed to launch a battle station of unprecedented size into orbit.
Unlike disposable IS satellite fighters, the new Soviet spacecraft were supposed to intercept several targets. It was planned to develop a variety of space weapons for them: there were space-based lasers, space-to-space missiles, and even electromagnetic guns.
For example, the Cascade system, designed on the basis of the base unit of the Mir station, but with a far from peaceful mission, was intended to destroy satellites in high orbits with missiles. Special space-to-space rockets were created for it, but they were never tested.
Another combatant was more lucky space station– “Skif”, equipped laser weapons under the anti-satellite defense program. In the future, it was planned to equip it with a laser system for destroying nuclear warheads.
The spacecraft, almost 37 m long and 4.1 m in diameter, had a mass of about 80 tons and consisted of two main compartments: a functional service unit (FSB) and a larger target module (TM). The FSB was only slightly modified for this new task A 20-ton ship being developed for the Mir station. It housed control systems, telemetric monitoring, power supply and antenna devices. All instruments and systems that cannot withstand vacuum were located in a sealed instrument-cargo compartment (ICG). The propulsion compartment contained four main engines, 20 attitude control and stabilization engines and 16 precision stabilization engines, as well as fuel tanks. On the side surfaces were placed solar panels, opening after entering orbit. A new large head fairing that protects the vehicle from oncoming air flow was first made of carbon fiber. The entire device was painted black for the required thermal conditions.
The central part of the "Skif" was an unpressurized structure, where its most important load was placed - a prototype of a gas-dynamic laser. Of all various designs The gas-dynamic laser operating on carbon dioxide (CO2) was chosen. Although such lasers have a low efficiency (about 10%), they have a simple design and are well developed. The development of the laser was carried out by an NPO with the cosmic name “Astrophysics”.
A special device - a laser pumping system - was developed by a design bureau that dealt with rocket engines. This is not surprising: the pumping system is a conventional liquid rocket engine.
To prevent the escaping gases from rotating the station when firing, it had a special instantaneous exhaust device, or, as the developers called it, “pants.”
A similar system was to be used for the block with an electromagnetic gun, where the gas path was to operate to exhaust the turbogenerator.
(According to some reports, the laser was planned not to run on carbon dioxide, but on halogens - the so-called excimer laser. According to official data, "Skif" was equipped with cylinders with a mixture of xenon and krypton. If you add, for example, fluorine or chlorine, you will get the base excimer laser (mixtures of argon fluorine, krypton chlor, krypton fluorine, xenon chlor, xenon fluorine).
Skif did not have time for the first launch of Energia, so it was decided to launch a mock-up of the battle station, as indicated by the letters “DM” in its name - a dynamic mock-up. The launched module contained only the most basic components and a partial supply of the working fluid - CO2. There was no laser optical system at the first launch, as its delivery was late. There were also special targets on board, which were planned to be shot from the station in space and the guidance system tested on them.
In February 1987, Skif-DM arrived to dock with Energia at a technical position.
On board "Skif-DM" in capital letters on a black surface his new name was written - “Pole”, and on the other was written “Mir-2”, although nothing to do with peaceful orbital station He didn't have "peace". By April the station was ready for launch.
The launch took place on May 15, 1987. It should be noted that the station was attached to the launch vehicle backwards - this was required by the peculiarities of its design. After separation, it had to turn 180 degrees and, using its own engines, gain the necessary speed to enter orbit. Due to an error in software the station, having turned 1800, continued to rotate, the engines fired in the wrong direction and, instead of entering orbit, the Skif returned to Earth.
The TASS report on the first launch of Energia read: “The second stage of the launch vehicle launched the overall weight model of the satellite to the design point... However, due to abnormal operation of its on-board systems, the model did not enter the specified orbit and splashed down in the Pacific Ocean.”
Thus the battle space plans were drowned unrealized Soviet Union, but so far not a single country has managed to even come close to the now almost mythical “Scythian”.