Demo versions of the exam in computer science. B1: number systems. Purpose of KIM Unified State Examination
FIPI comment: "For topics this direction the view of man as a representative of society is relevant. Society largely shapes the individual, but the individual can also influence society. Topics will allow you to consider the problem of the individual and society from different sides: from the point of view of their harmonious interaction, complex confrontation or irreconcilable conflict. It is equally important to think about the conditions under which a person must submit social laws, and society - to take into account the interests of each person. Literature has always shown interest in the problem of the relationship between man and society, the creative or destructive consequences of this interaction for the individual and for human civilization."
So, let's try to figure out from what positions these two concepts can be viewed.
1. Personality and society (in agreement or in opposition). Within this subsection, you can talk about the following topics: Man as part of society. The impossibility of human existence outside of society. Independence of judgment of an individual. The influence of society on a person’s decisions, the influence of public opinion on a person’s tastes, his life position. Confrontation or conflict between society and an individual. A person’s desire to become special, original. Contrasting human interests with the interests of society. The ability to devote one’s life to the interests of society, philanthropy and misanthropy. The influence of the individual on society. The place of a person in society. The attitude of a person to society, to his own kind.
2. Social norms and laws, morality. The responsibility of a person to society and society to a person for everything that happens and the future. A person's decision to accept or reject the laws of the society in which he lives, to follow the norms or to break the laws.
3. Man and society in historical, state terms. The role of personality in history. The connection between time and society. Evolution of society.
4. Man and society in a totalitarian state. Erasing individuality in society. Society's indifference to its future and bright personality capable of fighting the system. The contrast between the “crowd” and the “individual” in a totalitarian regime. Diseases of society. Alcoholism, drug addiction, lack of tolerance, cruelty and crime.
HUMAN- a term used in two main senses: biological and social. In a biological sense, man is a representative of the species Homo sapiens, the family of hominids, the order of primates, the class of mammals - the highest stage of development of organic life on Earth.
In a social sense a person is a being that arose in a collective, reproduces and develops in a collective. Historically established norms of law, morality, everyday life, rules of thinking and language, aesthetic tastes, etc. shape human behavior and mind, make individual person representative of a certain way of life, culture and psychology. A person is an elementary unit of various groups and communities, including ethnic groups, states, etc., where he acts as an individual. Recognized in international organizations and in the legislation of states, “human rights” are, first of all, individual rights.
Synonyms for "Man": face, personality, person, individual, individuality, soul, unit, biped, human being, individual, king of nature, someone, working unit.
SOCIETY- V in a broad sense — large group people united by a common goal with stable social boundaries. The term society can be applied to all of humanity (human society), to historical stage development of all humanity or its individual parts (slave society, feudal society, etc. (see Socio-economic formation), to the inhabitants of the state (American society, Russian society etc.) and to individual organizations of people (sports society, geographical society and so on.).
Sociological concepts of society differed primarily in their interpretation of the nature of the compatibility of human existence and in their explanation of the principle of the formation of social ties. O. Comte saw such a principle in the division of functions (labor) and in solidarity, E. Durkheim - in cultural artifacts, which he called “collective representations.” M. Weber called mutually oriented, i.e. social, actions of people the unifying principle. Structural functionalism considered the basis of the social system social norms and values. K. Marx and F. Engels considered the development of society as a natural historical process of changing socio-economic formations, which are based on a certain method production activities of people. Its specificity is determined by production relations independent of people’s consciousness, corresponding to the achieved level productive forces. On the basis of these objective, material relations, systems of corresponding social and political institutions, ideological relations, forms of consciousness. Thanks to this understanding, each socio-economic formation appears as an integral concrete historical social organism, characterized by its economic and social structure, value-normative system of social regulation, characteristics and spiritual life.
For modern stage The development of society is characterized by an increase in integration processes against the background of an increasing diversity of economic, political and ideological forms. Scientific and technical social progress, having resolved some contradictions, gave rise to others, even more acute, put human civilization before global problems, on the solution of which the very existence of society and the paths of its further development depend.
Synonyms for "Society": society, people, community, herd; crowd; public, environment, environment, public, humanity, light, human race, human race, brotherhood, brethren, gang, group.
FIPI commentary on the topic “Man and Society” :
"For topics in this direction, the view of a person as a representative of society is relevant. Society largely shapes the individual, but the individual is also capable of influencing society. The topics will allow us to consider the problem of the individual and society from different sides: from the point of view of their harmonious interaction, complex confrontation or irreconcilable conflict. It is equally important to think about the conditions under which a person must obey social laws, and society must take into account the interests of each person. Literature has always shown interest in the problem of the relationship between man and society, the creative or destructive consequences of this interaction for the individual and for human civilization. "
Recommendations for students:
The table presents works that reflect any concept related to the direction “Man and Society”. You DO NOT need to read all of the works listed. You may have already read a lot. Your task is to revise your reading knowledge and, if you discover a lack of arguments within a particular direction, fill in the existing gaps. In this case you will need this information. Take it as a guide to huge world literary works. Please note: the table shows only a portion of the works that contain the problems we need. This does not mean at all that you cannot make completely different arguments in your work. For convenience, each work is accompanied by small explanations (third column of the table), which will help you navigate exactly how, through which characters, you will need to rely on literary material(the second mandatory criterion when assessing a final essay)
An approximate list of literary works and carriers of problems in the direction of "Man and Society"
| Direction | Sample list of literary works | Carriers of the problem |
|---|---|---|
| Human and society | A. S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" | Chatsky challenges Famus society |
| A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" | Evgeny Onegin, Tatyana Larina– representatives secular society– becomes hostage to the laws of this society. | |
| M. Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time” | Pechorin- reflection of all vices younger generation of its time. | |
| I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov" | Oblomov, Stolz- representatives of two types generated by society. Oblomov is a product of a bygone era, Stolz is a new type. | |
| A. N. Ostrovsky. "Storm" | Katerina- a ray of light in " dark kingdom» Kabanikha and Wild. | |
| A.P. Chekhov. "Man in a Case." | Teacher Belikov with his attitude to life, he poisons the lives of everyone around him, and his death is considered by society as a deliverance from something difficult | |
| A. I. Kuprin "Olesya" | Love of the “natural man” ( Olesya) and a man of civilization Ivan Timofeevich couldn't pass the test public opinion and social structure. | |
| V. Bykov “Roundup” | Fedor Rovba- victim of society living in difficult period collectivization and repression. | |
| A. Solzhenitsyn “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” | Ivan Denisovich Shukhov- victim of Stalinist repressions. | |
| R. Brdbury. "A Sound of Thunder" | The responsibility of each person for the fate of the entire society. | |
| M. Karim “Pardon” | Lubomir Zuch– a victim of war and martial law. |
“Man and Society” is one of the topics of the final essay on literature for graduates of 2019. From what positions can these two concepts be considered in the work?
For example, you can write about the individual and society, about their interaction, both about agreement and about opposition. The approximate ideas that may be heard in this case are varied. This is a person as a part of society, the impossibility of his existence outside of society, and the influence of society on something connected with a person: his opinion, tastes, life position. You can also consider the confrontation or conflict between an individual and society; in this case, it would be useful to give examples from life, history or literature in your essay. This will not only make the work less boring, but will also give you a chance to improve your grade.
Another option for what to write about in an essay is the ability or, conversely, inability to devote one’s life to public interest, philanthropy and its opposite – misanthropy. Or, perhaps, in your work you will want to consider in detail the issue of social norms and laws, morality, the mutual responsibility of society to man and man to society for everything past and future. An essay devoted to man and society from a state or historical perspective, or the role of the individual (concrete or abstract) in history, will also be interesting.
Personally, I believe that it is impossible to abstract ourselves from society while being a human being, that is, a biosocial being. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin himself said this. One way or another, we are all born into society. We are also dying in society. We have no choice, everything is already predetermined before we are born, before we have the opportunity to choose. But in everyone’s hands is their future and, possibly, the future of the people around them.
So can one single person change society?
Personally, I believe that nothing is impossible, that absolutely any person can achieve something and then control the masses, thereby deforming society and the social system. But if you are very poor, unknown, uneducated, then it will be very difficult for you to change anything without making a huge effort. Pondering the question of this essay, I immediately remembered several works of art, in which the problem of the relationship between man and society is raised.
Thus, the main character of Turgenev’s “Fathers and Sons,” Evgeny Bazarov, is a vivid example of a person who goes against society, against the established foundations in this very society.
As his comrade Arkady said: “He is a nihilist.” This means that Bazarov rejects everything, i.e. he is a skeptic. Despite this, he is unable to come up with anything new. Evgeny is one of those people who only criticize, attracting more and more people to his views, but without any specific, alternative ideas and views. Thus, as we see throughout the novel, Bazarov only argues with the older generation, without saying anything concrete in return. His job is to deny, but others will “build.” As we see in in this example Bazarov fails to change society - he dies at the end of the novel. Personally, I think that the main character was ahead of his time, born when no one was ready for change.
In addition, let us remember the novel “Crime and Punishment” by F. M. Dostoevsky. Main character In this work, Rodion Raskolnikov develops his own theory about “trembling creatures” and “those who have the right.” According to it, all people in the world are divided into “lower” and “higher”. The former can be killed by the latter without any consequences or punishment. The main character cannot be one hundred percent sure of it, which is why he decides to check it himself. He kills the old pawnbroker, thinking that this will only make things better for everyone. As a result, for a long time After the murder, the hero is tormented by mental anguish and conscience, after which Rodion confesses to the crime and receives his second punishment. In this example we see how the main character had his own own idea, a theory that did not spread among people and died in the head of its creator. Rodion could not even overcome himself, so he could not change society in any way.
Reflecting on the problem of this essay, I came to the conclusion that one person cannot change the entire society. And the examples given from the literature helped me with this.
Updated: 2017-10-25
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