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Philosophical problems of interaction between society and nature. Ecological problems of the present and ways of their solution. Problems of the relationship between society and the natural environment

Before considering the complex problem of the relationship between society and nature, trends in their relationship, it is necessary to define the basic concepts. Nature is an objective reality that exists outside and independently of human consciousness.

In the narrow sense of the word, namely in relation to the concept of "society", by "nature" they understand the entire material world, with the exception of society, as a set of natural conditions for its existence. Society as a form of joint life activity of people is a separate part of nature and at the same time is inextricably linked with it.

The evolution of philosophical ideas about the relationship between society and nature was determined mainly by the degree of development of the society itself, as well as by the economic, political, religious and other views that dominated at one time or another.

Initially, with an extremely primitive material base and the strength of society, nature was quite rightly assessed by people as a force immeasurably more significant and perfect. IN ancient philosophy nature is regarded as a mother-nurse, as the cause of the emergence of man. Approximately the same we observe in the views of the representatives of the materialistic direction of that time: a person - as a set of atoms (Democritus). In the Middle Ages, European philosophical thought was strongly influenced by religion. Therefore, nature, and first of all man himself, were considered as God's creations. Man, as a higher being, created by God in his own image and likeness, endowed with an immortal soul, begins to be opposed to a “lower” sinful nature. And speech goes already not about the merging of man with nature, but about their opposition and exaltation of man over nature. Interest in the study of the material world is falling and not encouraged. In the Renaissance - the heyday of culture and, above all, art - views on the relationship between nature and society on short period become different. Nature is seen as a source of beauty, joy and inspiration and is opposed to a destructive and vicious civilization. There are calls to return back to nature, to the "golden age" of mankind.

The essence of environmental problems lies in the deepening contradiction between the productive activity of mankind and the stability of its natural habitat. In the process of productive activity, humanity creates inanimate objects and living organisms, i.e. techno-mass. According to the calculations of scientists, the techno-mass created by mankind, or as it is also called the artificial environment, is already 10 times more productive than the natural one. The artificial environment steps on the natural environment and absorbs it. And this is one of the most important factors that determines the setting of E.P. for mankind. The growth of emissions of CO2, sulfur oxides and nitrogen into the atmosphere can lead to an increase in temperature, which in turn will raise the level of the world ocean and lead to land flooding. As a result, hundreds of millions of people are at risk of becoming environmental refugees. General conclusion: any species is able to survive within a fairly narrow biological niche, i.e., a combination of various conditions and environmental factors. However, there are thresholds external conditions, for which it dies. In present time humanity has come to such a threshold value.

Ways to solve E.P.: since the cause of this problem is scientific and technological progress, it must be suspended, up to a zero increase in gross social wealth. However, this will give rise to a number of social and demographic problems (poverty, hunger in developing countries). Therefore, it is necessary to change the paths of development of modern civilization and, above all, to think about changing the person himself, about the revolution in himself. It is necessary to change the social attitudes of the individual and society, to reorient humanity from the ideology of the offensive growth of production and consumption of mat-x values ​​to spiritual self-improvement.

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More on the topic Philosophical problems of interaction between society and nature. Environmental problems of our time and ways to solve them.:

  1. Global problems and ways to solve them. Perspectives of Humanity
  2. The main historical stages of interaction between nature and society. Genesis of ecological problems.
  3. 22. Consciousness as a subject of philosophical research. different approaches to solving the problem of the nature of consciousness. Consciousness and self-awareness.

1. The essence of modern approaches to the problem of relationships in the "nature-society" system. The main trends in the development of environmental ideas

The problem of interaction between nature and society has become particularly acute in present stage, which is characterized by the transition from the industrial to the post-industrial phase of development - on a global scale and from a rigidly centralized to a market economy - in the states of the post-Soviet space. Today it has become obvious that the tasks of preserving the environment and economic development are interrelated: it is impossible to ensure sustainable economic development by destroying and depleting the natural environment. Idea sustainable development, which arose as a result of mankind's awareness of the limited natural resource potential for economic growth, as well as the impending danger of irreversible negative changes in the environment, has found wide recognition in the world. Based on the recommendations and principles set out in the documents of the UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), many countries have developed national concepts and strategies for sustainable development, which provide for a balanced solution of socio-economic tasks, problems preservation of a favorable environment and natural resource potential to meet the needs of present and future generations of people.

The problem of the relationship between nature and man is very multifaceted and has versatile aspects: philosophical, social, legal, political, economic, etc. Many scientists in different historical epochs were interested in the development of these interactions, the influence of the natural environment on man, his economic activity.

The relationship between society and nature is characterized by certain regularities; one can even single out several qualitatively unique stages in the interaction between nature and society. In the first two stages: in the Old Stone and New Stone Ages, the natural factor played an important role: natural conditions decreased hunting productivity. During this period, they began to actively cut down forests, build canals, etc. At the third stage, which is associated with the industrial revolution at the turn of the 18th–19th centuries, more and more new sources of raw materials and energy are involved in the economic turnover. Industrial production has increased the possibilities of both transforming the environment in the interests of man, and increased the violation of the ecological balance. Relations between nature and society in many countries of the world, especially in large industrial areas, began to acquire a critical character.

These tendencies intensified immeasurably with the onset in the second half of the 20th century. era of the scientific and technological revolution (NTR), it was marked by the emergence of fundamentally new ways of obtaining raw materials and energy. The rise of science and technology has led in a number of cases to unjustified extravagance in the operation of natural resources, and as a result - to the reduction of arable land and the deterioration of their quality characteristics, the depletion of the once richest deposits of coal, oil, gas, the destruction of forests, the extermination of many species of animals and plants, the growing shortage fresh water, intense air pollution. Further uncontrolled, unmanaged development of such human activities is fraught with the danger of a global environmental catastrophe.

Currently, there are already a number of global environmental problems: this is global climate change (which is associated with the "greenhouse effect" - a significant emission of "greenhouse gases" into the atmosphere); destruction of the Earth's ozone layer - the appearance of the so-called "ozone holes"; acid rain and transboundary air pollution; deforestation; biodiversity loss; land degradation, etc.

Main Feature global problems is that no country alone can cope with them. The natural environment of a single country is integral part planetary ecological system, and the solution of such global problems as the protection of the ozone layer, the prevention of anthropogenic climate change, etc. unrealistic without the combined efforts of the entire world community.

In addition to global environmental problems, there are so-called national and ecosystem problems that exist, respectively, at the level of a single country and a separate ecosystem. For example, in Russia topical issue of the national economy is the neutralization and processing of waste, air pollution from mobile sources, primarily vehicles, increasing pollution of surface and groundwater, incl. used for the needs of drinking water supply, as a result of which 50% of the Russian population is forced to use water that does not meet standards, and many others.

The deterioration of the state of the environment requires the adoption of immediate measures to protect it. Issues of the state of the environment and its protection are studied by such a scientific discipline as environmental science. . The main measures to protect the environment are:

– mainstreaming environmental and development issues into political and economic decision-making;

– compliance with the requirements of environmental protection legislation and environmental standards;

- the use of economic means and instruments to cover the costs associated with environmental pollution (introduction of pollution charges, penalties);

- introduction of equipment and technology that meets environmental requirements;

– introduction of a system of environmental restrictions and regulations for nature management regimes;

– carrying out environmental expertise and environmental impact assessment in the implementation of one or another economic activity;

– formation of specially protected natural areas, natural world heritage sites, etc.

– carrying out environmental protection measures, such as landscaping, planting forests, arranging the banks of small rivers, clearing springs, recreation areas, etc.

– implementation international cooperation in the field of environmental protection, etc.

In the process of environmental protection, an important role belongs to social movements"green" (for example, the Russian environmental movement "Kedr"), the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Nature, the Russian Ecological Union.

Norms of payment for pollution of natural resources, their purpose

At the stage of transition to a market model of management, the main element of the economic mechanism of nature management becomes price, or tax regulation. Instruments of price regulation used in domestic economic practice can be conditionally divided into incentive(preferential taxation, preferential lending), forced(resource payments, pollution charges, fines for exceeding limits), and compensatory measures (damage compensation, creation of environmental funds, etc.).

Payments for pollution of natural resources were first introduced in the 1990s. on the initiative of the USSR State Committee for Nature Protection. It should be noted that until the 1990s, the introduction of pollution charges was considered almost as a “recognition” of the right to pollute, which contradicted the official political and ideological canons of that time. In addition, there were practically no methodological studies on the introduction of such a fee.

Pollution charging performs a number of economic functions:

- stimulating;

- accumulating;

- distributive;

- control.

In particular, it stimulates enterprises to reduce harmful emissions, provides a mechanism for achieving design targets, as well as the current level of technology (working on the best technology), which is generally aimed at ensuring the structural restructuring of the economy. Thus, polluting enterprises have an alternative: to continue to pollute, which is associated with significant payments that affect their economic situation, or, conversely, to direct funds for the environmental renewal of production, resource conservation, which leads to environmental improvement and a decrease in the natural resource intensity of national income. In addition, as a result of payments for nature use, a stable source of financing for environmental protection activities is formed in the form of nature protection funds.

The introduction of environmental pollution charges encourages business leaders to find reserves for the purchase and commissioning of waste gas treatment plants, treatment facilities and other environmental protection equipment; has a stimulating effect on enterprises that did not have developed and approved volumes of scientific and technical standards for maximum allowable emissions (MPE) and maximum allowable discharges (MPD).

In addition to these functions, environmental payments allow solving the following tasks:

· ensure that the natural factor is taken into account as part of production costs and results;

· coordinate the interests of enterprises in the sphere of nature management, consumers of natural resources and the national economy as a whole;

· take into account the specific nature of the process of nature management in the organization of relations between enterprises and authorities and management, the credit and financial system, state and local budgets;

· Compensate the damage to the owner of natural resources in the event of the withdrawal of the latter from the sphere of traditional use or the deterioration of their quality;

· at least partially compensate for the damage to recipients from environmental pollution and depletion.

Payments for environmental pollution are, in fact, a kind of payment for natural resources, and the assimilation potential of the natural environment acts as natural resources here, i.e. payment for emissions (discharges) of pollutants into the environment is considered as a payment for the use of the assimilation ability of the natural environment to dilute and neutralize harmful substances.

The emergence of society. The history of human society, in a certain sense, is a picture of its changing interaction with nature. However, the society did not exist initially. The history of its origin is inseparable from the history of the formation of man himself. Being a part of nature, a person gradually, in the process of labor and communication, is formed as a social being. This process has as its beginning the separation of man from the animal world, the formation of social motives in his behavior. Along with natural and social selection comes into force (in relation to communities). Those communities survived that were subject to certain socially significant requirements: cohesion of mutual assistance ... This socially significant was consolidated natural selection and transfer of experience. In the transformation of the primitive herd into human society, social patterns played an increasingly important role against the background of biological ones. This was done primarily in the labor process.

Labor is characterized by a collectively organized, purposeful social mode of activity.

Labor is a process between man and nature, a process in which man mediates, regulates and controls the exchange of matter between himself and nature by his own activity. Thus, labor is the main material force that led to the emergence and formation of human life itself - society. However, its action would be impossible without the formation of language, which is the most important means of implementing the labor process.

The natural environment is a natural condition for the life of society. “The history of the Earth and the history of mankind are two chapters of one novel” - Herzen. Society is part of a larger whole - nature. Man lives on earth within its thin shell - the geographic environment. It is the zone of human habitation and the sphere of application of his forces. The geographical environment is that part of nature that constitutes a necessary condition for the life of society, being involved in the process of social production. Without it, our life is impossible.

Since its inception, human society has changed surrounding nature and changed itself under its influence. The impact of society on nature is determined by the development of material production, science and technology, and social needs. At the same time, the scope of the geographic environment expands, the accumulation of new properties that increasingly distance it from its virgin state. If we deprive the modern geographical environment of its properties, created by the labor of many generations, and put modern society in the original natural conditions, then it will not be able to exist.

In turn, the geographical environment also influences the development of society. Let us compare the development of the peoples of the north and south, the tropics. The geographical environment influences the economic specialization of countries and regions. So, if in the conditions of the tundra the population is engaged in reindeer breeding, and in the subtropics - in the cultivation of citrus fruits. The influence of the geographical environment on society is a historical phenomenon: the deeper into the depths of centuries, the weaker the forces of society, the greater its dependence on the geographical environment.

Is the environment of society limited only by the geographical environment? No. Qualitatively different natural environment his life is the sphere of all living things - the biosphere. As a result of a long evolution, the biosphere has developed as a dynamic, internally differentiated equilibrium system. It develops along with the evolution of the Universe and all living things.

In addition to all living things, the biosphere includes humans. Moreover, its influence greatly changes the biosphere. With the development of mankind, a transition is being made to a new qualitative state - the noosphere, which is the sphere of the living and intelligent. The noosphere is thus a new special reality associated with deeper and more comprehensive forms of society's transformative impact on nature.

The problem of the relationship between man and nature in its entirety has always been the subject of deep philosophical interest. One way or another, the greatest thinkers of the past turned to it, trying to determine the place and role of man in the Universe. In this regard, the question arises: how does the environmental problem, which has become one of the most urgent and requires urgent natural-scientific, technical-economic and socio-political solutions, correlate with the eternal philosophical problem of the relationship between man and nature?

The philosophical field of analysis of this problem extends from man, taken in his entirety, to nature in its three main meanings: 1) the Universe; 2) the part of the Universe related to the society; 3) the inner basis of a person. The ecological field is much narrower. The basic concept for ecology is the concept of the environment drawn from the conceptual apparatus of the ecology of animals and plants; it can be defined as a part of nature in which man exists and the focus of which he is, directly encountering it in his activity.

The concept of "nature" reflects the genetic aspect of the origin of man (the word "nature" is submissive to the words "genus", "spring"). At the specific ecological level, this difference can be eliminated, but it acquires importance at the level of philosophical analysis.

It should be noted that between the philosophical and specific environmental levels, as well as between the concepts of "nature" and "natural environment", there is no impassable abyss. The totality of the characteristics of the natural environment that are taken into account increases as a person receives all more information about the influence of nature on its existence and turns an increasing part of nature into its habitat. In theoretical terms, bearing in mind the well-known dialectical position “everything is connected with everything”, the concept of “natural environment” can be considered as some equivalent to the concept of “nature” in the sense of a part of the Universe that correlates with human society.



The ecological point of view is brought closer to philosophy and circumstances of a different plan. Ecology in the broad sense of the word tries to determine the place of man in his natural environment, while philosophy reflects on the place of man in the Universe. Ecology is turned to the future and strives for the most distant forecast, philosophy is turned to infinity and eternity. Therefore, it can be said that ecology is something transitional between specific sciences and philosophy on the subject plane, just as general methodology is transitional from specific sciences to philosophy on the epistemological level. There are other circumstances that bring philosophy closer to ecology, which will be discussed later. From this, however, it does not follow that it is possible to identify the ecological problem with the philosophical problem of the relationship between man and nature.

The latter is possible only if the ecological problem includes the problem of man, that is, if it overcomes the boundaries of itself. Usually, however, conversations about ecological philosophy do not go further than extrapolation to the philosophical problem of the interaction between man and nature given the ecology of plants and animals. Such a philosophy is limited to the notion that the main problem facing humanity is the problem of survival (according to the way the ecologist looks at the goals biological organisms and communities), and the main means of solving it is to ensure the balance of a person with his environment (similar to the strategy for the development of natural ecological systems). Such a point of view would be justified to some extent if humanity had one important problem left - environmental and there would be no other social problems, the solution of which, by the way, is largely related to and determines the solution of the environmental problem.

This consideration, of course, should not call into question either the relevance of the environmental problem itself, or the significance of the philosophical problem of the relationship between man and nature, or the effectiveness of the philosophical analysis of environmental issues, which the philosopher considers at his level, like any other. A philosophical view of the current environmental situation can be fruitful for the correct formulation of the environmental problem, its deep and comprehensive understanding and the development of a global environmental strategy. Moreover, the need for a philosophical approach always increases during difficult and critical periods in the development of society, and a philosophical view is especially important when a problem becomes more complicated, when the fundamental principles relating to it begin to be discussed. At the same time, the situation often becomes aggravated and requires effective concrete solutions, which are difficult to find precisely because it is necessary to develop new principles on which human activity in this area would be based. In our opinion, a similar situation is now emerging in the interaction of man with his natural environment. That is why the emergence of many specific environmental programs should not postpone or even call into question the legitimacy of a philosophical approach to the environmental problem.

Philosophy is the search for absolute truth in a rational form, and historically it is the first branch of culture to recognize the rational nature of human culture, trying to use this rationality as a means.

Regarding the role of philosophy in solving the environmental problem, various views were expressed, up to the denial of this role, since this problem is purely practical. However, one of the reasons why the ecological problem has not been solved is the lack of attention to its philosophical aspects. In not so distant times, there was a belief that philosophy is not needed to improve the ecological situation, it is just necessary not to pollute the natural environment. Nowadays, one can come across the assertion that philosophy as such, due to its predominantly rational orientation, is in principle unable to help solve the environmental problem, since other, irrational methods of thinking are required (the name of ecosophy is proposed instead of philosophy).

However, philosophy is important for the ecological problem not only because the relationship between man and nature has always been the subject of close philosophical attention.

Currently, the noosphere is understood as the sphere of interaction between man and nature, within which rational human activity will become the determining factor.

As part of modern look on the concept of sustainable (permissible) noospheric development, one can assume that humanity will not necessarily be led by the masters of science, who “know the ways” and prescribe them to people; humanity will act either on the principle common sense or according to the circumstances. However, the main thing that it should know is the direction of the development of the biosphere within the framework of its co-evolution with Homo sapiens.

UDC 502:574

Makhotlova M.Sh. one , Karashaeva A.S. 2, Tembotov Z.M. 3

1 Candidate biological sciences, 2 Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, 3 Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kabardino-Balkarian State agricultural university» named after V.M. Kokov, (Nalchik)

PROBLEMS OF RELATIONSHIP OF SOCIETY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

annotation

The article highlights issues related to the construction of models of ecological systems: models of environmental protection, as well as models of the relationship between society and nature.Alternative ways of coexistence of man and nature are considered.

Keywords: Environment, man and nature, society and nature, environmental protection, ecological crisis.

Makhotlova M.SH. 1 but A.S. 2, Tembotov Z. M. 3

1 Candidate of Biological Sciences, 2 Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, 3 Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, FGBOU VO “Kabardino–Balkarian state agrarian University named after V.M. Kokov, (Nalchik)

THE PROBLEM OF RELATIONS BETWEEN SOCIETY AND THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

Abstract

The article highlights the issues associated with the construction of models of ecological systems: models for the protection of the natural environment, as well as model of relation of society and nature. Discusses alternative ways of coexistence of man and nature.

keywords: environment, man and nature, society and nature, protection of the environment, the environmental crisis.

Introduction

Nature and natural resources are the basis on which human society lives and develops, the primary source of meeting the material and spiritual needs of man. Society cannot exist without the natural environment. Man is a part of nature and how Living being, with its elementary vital activity, has an important impact on the natural environment. Man and nature are inseparable from each other and are closely interconnected. For a person, as well as society as a whole, nature is the environment of life and the only source for the existence of resources.

Maintaining nature in a livable state is possible only with the right strategy for the social and economic activities of people. Ecology, in order to justify the hopes placed on it, should not be limited to consideration of the problems of "environmental protection" or "rational use of resources". A broader theory of the interaction of society with nature is needed, which makes it possible to foresee long-term trends in the development of the ecological situation, to propose fundamental, rather than momentary measures to improve it. Some believe that society is, in essence, a part of nature, only changed. Others, on the contrary, “lose” nature, reducing it to society. The word "nature" itself, like almost all words in natural language, is ambiguous. At a minimum, it is used in a broad and narrow sense. Nature is understood as the whole diversity of reality, it is a kind of analogue of the objective world in its endless manifestations. Nature acts as a synonym for the concept of the Universe, matter, being.

The aim of the study is the structure of ecological knowledge, which consists in the development of modern processes associated with an increase in the intensity of human anthropogenic impact on the natural environment.

The threat of a global ecological crisis makes it necessary to emphasize the all-encompassing influence of nature on people's lives and requires reckoning with the objective factors of human existence.

Let's try to build a modern model of interaction between society and nature. In our opinion, an adequate model for analyzing the relationship between society and nature is the concept of a system as a complex, i.e. an approach associated with the study of the integrity of heterogeneous in their material composition, but the same in terms of their functions. As is known, the unifying basis of a set of integrity is the homogeneity and similarity of their constituent components. Together, this limits the system from other objects, separating it from the environment.

What gives a complex model of interaction between nature and society in comparison with other ideas about this interaction?

First of all, it involves the rejection of the interpretation of nature as something external to society, nature enters here into a system of interaction, which makes it possible to avoid both conservative and progressive utopianism. If the former believes that nature can be preserved as such, apart from human influence, then the latter is inclined to believe that one can “live without nature”, in an artificial environment. Within the framework of the systemic complex, the dispute about whether society includes nature, or nature - society, is already illegal. They interact in the exact sense of the word, forming an inseparable continuum. This does not mean that there are no contradictions between them or that the contradictions are in some kind of symmetrical balance. Due to the various laws of development of nature and society, their ratio is almost always asymmetrical, but it is not predetermined, it is changeable, dialogical.

Forming the complex "nature - society" both in general and in its particular manifestations, we must remember that this is a complex nonlinear system. Each of the components is affected by the other, acts at the same time as both cause and effect. Cause and effect are interchanged, from which follows the consideration of nature not just as an object, but as a side of interaction. The conscious subject - society, a person in a longer perspective also turns out to be an object - experiences the consequences of his own transformative activity (Table 1).

Table 1. Ecological consciousness "nature-society"

In the process of the historical development of the "nature-society" system, the dialectical wrapping of the dependence of subject and object is carried out continuously.

Let us not, however, be too deceived by our victories over nature. For each such victory, nature takes revenge on us. Each of these victories, it is true, in the first place, has the consequences that we mainly count on, but in the second and third places, completely different unforeseen consequences, which often destroy the significance of the first.

At every step, facts remind us that we by no means rule over nature in the same way that a conqueror rules over a foreign people, we rule over it in the same way as someone who is outside nature - that we, on the contrary, are our flesh , blood and brain belong to it and are inside it, that all our dominion over it consists in the fact that we, unlike all other beings, are able to cognize its laws and correctly apply them.

The real process of interaction between society and nature excludes any "absolutely primary" and "absolutely secondary", it is a two-way process that can be correctly understood by examining each side, considering them as equivalent categories. With this approach, the preservation of the integrity of "nature - society" implies the simultaneous development of both nature and society. However, in any interaction one should look for its leading side. Such a side is the one from which each new circle of development begins, as a result of which the specifics of relations in the “nature-society” system must be approached historically. So, in the period of the formation of man and society, natural factors were decisive. It was on their condition that the existence of a person and society depended decisively or not. The influence of nature as a factor in the development of society is also great in the period of the appropriating economy, the agrarian subsistence economy. State of the art productive forces has not yet made it possible to change nature in such a way as to ensure the development of society without direct dependence on the state of wildlife. The consumption of natural products prevails, and not their production, adaptation to the existing conditions of existence, and not their change.

All of the above means that now the solution to the problem of optimizing the interaction of society with nature depends on the level of development of society, on how it will build its relations with nature in the future. The further the process of development of civilization has gone, the more the state of nature is determined by its character and direction. The expedient ecological behavior of people is closely connected with their social behavior, with personal values ​​and ideals that they profess (Figure 1.)

Figure 1. Model of interaction between society and the natural environment

For the preservation of civilization and the survival of mankind, it is necessary that the system "nature - society" change without violating its dynamic balance. The contradiction that arises in it requires the resolution of an adequate and responsible assessment of the current state of affairs, great managerial art (diagram 1).

Diagram 1. The degree of importance of environmental problems

The model of interaction between society and nature is:

  • recognition of interaction as a special, separate and independent system, not reducible either to nature, no matter how broadly it is interpreted, or to society, no matter how radically it influences it;
  • consideration of this system as a complex with a dialogical nature of the relationship between the components creates the necessary ideological prerequisites for mastering the environmental situation, developing the right strategy for our actions.

Discussing environmental problems, pronouncing the words "nature", "society", "environment", etc. far from always give an account of how much the meaning of these words has changed literally over recent decades. They use them stencilled, not taking into account that we live in a fundamentally different world, compared even with our recent problems. This new provision not only introduces some corrections into the content of the concepts “nature”, “society”, but changes them conceptually. In this change in the world, one must also look for the underlying causes of the aggravation of the ecological situation, when people began to talk not about prosperity and development, but about survival, with the continuous growth of their technical capabilities and economic power (diagram 2)

Diagram 2. Interest in environmental problems of our time (in %)

If we are not afraid of broad generalizations, then it can be argued that we have now entered a stage comparable in its significance to the neolithic revolution. She, as is known, was a transition from the appropriating and adaptive activity of man in nature (fishing, gathering, hunting) to its directed transformation and change.

Related your novels of the fact that you are familiar with the greatest progress, you have a lot of experience with a mexaless operation, identifying the contacts of the cocuality. In this activity, people have achieved tremendous success, spreading it eventually to the entire planet. There are practically no unused or untouched territories left on the surface of the globe. Water and air are also processed, becoming both an object and a means of labor.

However, until a certain time, the matter was limited to the transformation of existing forms of reality, when its studied changing properties are perceived by a person. He sees, hears, feels the object of his labor - he directly interacts with it, like a living physical being. He remains within the framework of the world corresponding to his biophysical nature. This world is called the macroworld. The episodic penetration of scientists beyond the limits of reality, given to man as a bodily being and perceived by the senses directly, began with the discovery of radiation in the 19th century. sdelav passcheplenie atoma ppoizvodstvennoy zadachey, chelovek included in diapazon ppakticheskogo deystviya tak nazyvaemy mikpomip - pealnost novyx masshtabov, nesoizmepimuyu audio with ego fizicheskimi silami nor with ego chuvstvennymi opganami (atomnaya, subatomnaya pealnost, polya, izlucheniya, lazepy) kotopye stanovyatsya elementami ego okpuzhayuschey environment, his new "nature".

The other pole of this incommensurability was going out into space, exploring other planets, preparing for them, etc. - activity on a mega-world scale. It also contributes to a radical change in the environment, presents a person with new requirements that are directly incompatible with his physicality. About 300 people - astronauts were in the "megaworld", in an environment completely unsuitable for human life.

NA samoy zemle nachalos osvoenie nedp and pazpabotka minepalnyx pesupsov, in a okeane depths, Where fakticheski net opganicheskix fopm matepii, net life nachalos ovladenie skopostyami with kakimi ne pepedvigaetsya no odno biologicheskoe suschestvo. Using artificial devices, a person understands, hears, sees, smells much further and deeper than his natural organs allow, which leads to an increase in situations in which they This, in turn, leads to an increase in the role of consciousness, mentally, mediated activity, to the creation and application of computers, artificial intelligence systems.

The sphere of activity of mankind, in the second half of the 20th century, exceeded the sphere of the spread of biological life, overcame its borders. Within the framework of the interaction of nature and society, the rational activity of a person becomes the main determining factor in development. Human activity, in the conditions of a new (informational) stage of scientific and technical progress, begins to go beyond not only feelings, but also his imagination and thinking. New types of activity appear, where ordinary human thinking and feelings no longer guide us.

A computer reality is being formed, where a person is semi-present, more precisely, is present only with his consciousness, playing all actions with minimal participation of his body. The criterion for the existence of being, “naturalness” in such a teleinformation world is the popular operator principle: what I see, I get, I have, what is perceived, that is. To be means to be present in perception. A lot of people have appeared for whom information-computer reality is more important than objective reality, because most of the time they live in it. They need nature only insofar as they are "themselves" natural beings.

Awareness of the ongoing changes within the framework of the scientific and technological revolution now seems to be insufficient, narrow, even if we talk about its social consequences, because in addition to production, they capture all spheres of people's existence - art, recreation, love, health, although, of course, changes remain their core in the nature of labor, the development of science and technology. Society is becoming more and more a society of designers, engineers, programmers. Theory and practice of forecasting, modeling, design, as well as different kinds organizational and managerial activity is now the most massive type of thinking and activity of people. Science as a whole begins to be regarded not simply as a body of knowledge, but as a system of activity, and becomes the most important social institution.

Conclusions:

  1. Changing society changes the very concepts of "nature", "world", "reality". After all, we know nature through our means of cognition and activity. Although in principle it is given to man in all the richness of its infinite properties and spatial states, its actual existence as a habitat is of a historical nature and depends on the achieved level of production and culture.
  2. The reassessment of nature in the light of new uses is often the reason international conflicts. The world in general and the world as a human reality do not coincide not only in their volume, but also in their properties. The activity of a social person forms an artificial habitat. But where there is artificiality, there is complexity, because everything artificial requires conscious regulation and management.

Conclusion

The growth of human influence in the world leads to the need to manage not only artificially created objects, but also naturally existing processes - nature, because it is already losing the ability to spontaneously utilize the consequences and production waste. We must pay for the comprehensive adaptation of nature to our needs by purposeful efforts to maintain its own balance, up to the transition to its restoration. Although, in contrast to the activity of creating technical systems, in relation to nature, a person is active not as a creator, but as a transformer (since he does not turn it into artificial objects), nature is more and more drawn into the sphere of his activity, which gives rise to contradictions, the solution of which requires taking into account the fact that a new specific integrity "nature - society" is being formed.

However, no matter what difficulties the future promises, people continue to live and they have no choice but to be optimists, to look for ways to solve the problems that confront them. We can hope for survival if we choose, to the extent that depends on us, the right strategy for our activity, if we find ways to counteract the crisis tendencies of civilization.

As a person moves from “discovery of the world” to its “invention”, surrounding himself with “second nature”, the sphere of conscious purposeful activity turns from an element of life into an integrity, an element of which is life. The sphere of human activity becomes wider than the biological niche of his being as a bodily being. "Mind" transcends life. This is also the root cause of the environmental problems that humanity has faced and which have called into question the future prospects of its development.

Literature

  1. Garkovenko R.S. General theory relations of society with nature and global ecology // Philosophical problems of global ecology. M., 1983.
  2. Novak V.A. The most important environmental problem // information bulletin. - - No. 5.
  3. Tatevosov R.V. Human ecology: from the past to the future // scientific works MNEPU, Ecology series, reports of the All-Russian Conference M.: MNEPU, 2001.

References

  1. Garkavenko R.S. General theory of the relationship of society with nature and global ecology // Philosophical problems of global ecology. M., 1983.
  2. Novak V.A. the most important environmental problem // information Bulletin. - 2004. - N5.
  3. The tadevosov R.V. human Ecology: from past to future // proceedings of the mnepu, series Ecology, reports of all-Russian conference, Moscow: mnepu, 2001.