Native American genocide in the United States. Destruction of the Indians in North America. The story of an ordinary cynical genocide

The Indians (the indigenous population of America) were exterminated almost completely by all sorts of prairie conquerors and other criminals, whom the United States and Canada still consider national heroes.

And it becomes very insulting for the courageous natives of North America, whose murder on a national basis is hushed up. Everyone knows about the Holocaust, the genocide of the Jews, but about the Indians... The democratic community somehow passed by. This is exactly genocide. People were killed just because they were Indians! More than half a century after the discovery of America, the local population was not considered human at all. That is, they naturally took them for animals. Based on that that Indians are not mentioned in the Bible. So it's like they don't exist.

Hitler is a puppy compared to the "conquerors of America": as a result of the Holocaust of the American Indians, also known as the "Five Hundred Years' War", 95 of the 114 million natives of the current territories of the United States and Canada were destroyed.
Hitler concept concentration camps, owes much to his study of English and the history of the United States.

He admired the Boer camps in South Africa and for the Indians in the Wild West, and often in his immediate environment, he praised the effectiveness of the destruction of the indigenous population of America, the red savages who cannot be captured and tamed - from hunger and in unequal battles.

The term Genocide comes from the Latin (genos - race, tribe, cide - murder) and literally means the destruction or extermination of an entire tribe or people. The Oxford English Dictionary defines genocide as "the deliberate and systematic extermination of ethnic or national groups", and refers to the first use of the term by Raphael Lemkin in reference to Nazi activities in occupied Europe.

The United States government has refused to ratify the UN genocide convention. And not smart. Many aspects of the genocide were implemented on the indigenous peoples of North America.

The list of American genocide policies includes: mass extermination, biological warfare, forced eviction from their homes, imprisonment, the introduction of values other than indigenous ones, forced surgical sterilization of local women, a ban on religious rites, etc.

final decision

The "final solution" to the North American Indian problem became the model for the subsequent Jewish holocaust and South African apartheid.

But why is the biggest holocaust hidden from the public? Is it because it has been going on for so long that it has become a habit? It is significant that information about this Holocaust is deliberately excluded from the knowledge base and consciousness of the inhabitants of North America and the whole world.

Schoolchildren are still taught that large areas of North America are uninhabited. But before the arrival of Europeans, American Indian cities flourished here. Mexico City had more people than any city in Europe. The people were healthy and well fed. The first Europeans were amazed. Agricultural products cultivated by indigenous peoples have won international recognition.

The Holocaust of North American Indians is worse than apartheid in South Africa and the genocide of Jews during World War II. Where are the monuments? Where are memorial ceremonies held?

Unlike post-war Germany, North America refuses to recognize the extermination of the Indians as genocide. The North American authorities do not want to admit that this was and remains a systemic plan to exterminate the majority of the indigenous population.

The term "Final Solution" was not coined by the Nazis. It was the Administrator of Indian Affairs, Duncan Campbell Scott, of Canada Adolf Eichmann, who, in April 1910, was so concerned about the "Indian problem":
“We recognize that Indian children are losing their natural resistance to disease in these cramped schools, and that they are dying at a much higher rate than in their villages. But this in itself is not a reason to change the policy of this department to finally solve our Indian problem."

IN THE NAME OF THE LORD

Marlon Brando in his autobiography devotes several pages to the genocide of the American Indians:
"After their lands were taken from them, the survivors were rounded up on reservations, and the government sent missionaries to them, who tried to get the Indians to become Christians. After I became interested in American Indians, I found that many people they don't even consider them human beings, and it's been that way since the beginning.

Cotton Mather, Lecturer at Harvard College, Honorary Doctorate from the University of Glasgow, Puritan Minister, prolific writer and publicist known for research Salem witches, compared the Indians to the children of Satan and considered God's will to kill pagan savages who stood in the way of Christianity.

In 1864, an American army colonel named John Shevinton, shooting another Indian village from howitzers, said that Indian children should not be spared, because lice grow out of nits. He told his officers, "I have come to kill Indians, and I think it is a right and an honorable duty. And every means under God's heaven must be used to kill Indians."

The soldiers cut off the vulva indian women and pulled them over the bows of saddles, and from the skin of the scrotum and breasts of Indian women they made pouches, and then demonstrated these trophies along with the cut off noses, ears and scalps of the killed Indians at the Denver Opera House. Enlightened, cultured and devout civilizers, what more can I say?

When once again the United States declares its desire to enlighten yet another people mired in savagery, lack of spirituality and totalitarianism, one should not forget that the United States itself thoroughly stink of carrion, the means they use can hardly be called civilized, and they hardly have goals that do not pursue their own gain.

“Hitler's concept of concentration camps owes much to his study of the English language and the history of the United States. He admired the camps for the Boers in South Africa and for the Indians in the Wild West, and often in his inner circle praised the effectiveness of the destruction of the native population of America, the red savages who cannot be captured and tamed - from hunger and in unequal battles.

"Adolf Hitler" John Toland

Native Americans have the highest mortality rate. Although smallpox, measles, influenza, whooping cough, diphtheria, typhus, bubonic plague, cholera, and scarlet fever were the main killers, European colonists introduced them all. Some historians believe that "European" diseases caused 80% of all Indian deaths.

Smallpox played an important role in the killing of American Indians

American Indian Genocide: A Sociological Perspective

The term Genocide comes from the Latin (genos - race, tribe, cide - murder) and literally means the destruction or extermination of an entire tribe or people. The Oxford English Dictionary defines genocide as "the deliberate and systematic extermination of an ethnic or national group", and refers to the first use of the term by Raphael Lemkin in reference to Nazi activities in occupied Europe. The term was first documented at the Nuremberg trials as a descriptive and not a legal term. Genocide usually refers to the destruction of a nation or ethnic group.

The UN General Assembly adopted the term in 1946. Most people tend to associate mass killings of specific people with genocide. However, in 1994, the UN Convention on the Punishment and Prevention of the Crime of Genocide describes genocide beyond the direct killing of people as the destruction and destruction of culture. Article II of the Convention lists five categories of activities that are directed against a particular national, ethnic, racial or religious group, which should be considered genocide.

Killing members of such a group;
Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of such a group;
Deliberately creating a group of such living conditions that are calculated for its physical destruction in whole or in part;
Measures designed to prevent childbearing among such a group;
Forced transfer of children from one human group to another.

The United States government has refused to ratify the UN genocide convention. And not smart. Many aspects of the genocide were implemented on the indigenous peoples of North America. The list of American genocide policies includes: mass extermination, biological warfare, forced eviction from their homes, imprisonment, the introduction of values other than indigenous ones, forced surgical sterilization of local women, a ban on religious rites, etc.

Before the arrival of Columbus, the lands now occupied by the 48 states of America were inhabited by over 12 million people. Four centuries later, the population was reduced to 237 thousand, i.e. by 95%. How? When Columbus returned in 1493 on 17 ships, he began to implement a policy of slavery and mass extermination of the population of the Caribbean. Within three years, five million people were killed. Fifty years later, the Spanish census recorded only 200,000 Indians! Las Casas, the foremost historian of the Columbian era, cites numerous accounts of horrific acts perpetrated by Spanish colonists on indigenous peoples, including hanging en masse, burning scythes, butchering children and feeding them to dogs - the list of atrocities is impressive.

With the departure of Columbus, this policy did not stop. The European colonies, and subsequently the newly formed United States, continued a similar policy of conquest. Mass killings took place all over the country. Not only were the Indians massacred, slaughtering entire villages and scalping the captives, the Europeans also used biological weapons. British agents distributed blankets to the tribes that were deliberately contaminated with smallpox. More than a hundred thousand Mingos, Delawares, Shawnees and other tribes inhabiting the banks of the Ohio River have been swept away by this disease. The US Army has adopted this technique and used it against plains tribals with equal success.

Forced eviction

In the shortest time after the American Revolution, the United States began to pursue a policy of eviction of the American Indians. Under a 1784 treaty signed at Fort Stansix, the Iroquois were required to cede land in western New York and Pennsylvania. Many of the Iroquois went to Canada, some took US citizenship, but the tribe rapidly degenerated as a nation, losing most of its remaining land in the last decades of the eighteenth century. The Shauns, Delawares, Ottawanes, and several other tribes, watching the fall of the Iroquois, formed their own confederation, calling themselves the United States of Ohio, and declared the river to be the boundary between their lands and the possessions of the settlers. The start of subsequent hostilities was only a matter of time.

"Indian boarding school" - cultural genocide

Forced assimilation

Europeans consider themselves carriers of high culture and the center of civilization. The colonial worldview divides reality into parts: good and evil, body and spirit, man and nature, the cultured European and the primitive savage. American Indians are not characterized by such dualism, their language expresses the unity of all things. God is not a transcendent Father, but the Great Spirit that feeds all this polytheism, belief in many gods and several levels of the divine. At the heart of most Native American beliefs was a deep conviction that some invisible force, a powerful spirit that permeates the entire universe, carries out the cycle of birth and death for all living things. Most American Indians believe in a universal spirit, supernatural qualities in animals, heavenly bodies and geological formations, seasons, dead ancestors. Their world of the divine is too different from the personal salvation or damnation of individuals, as the Europeans believed. For the latter, such beliefs were pagan. Thus, conquest was justified as a necessary evil that would give the peoples of the "Indians" a moral consciousness that would "correct" their immorality. Thus the bare economic interest is transformed into a noble, even moral motive, declaring Christianity as the only redemptive religion that demands allegiance from all cultures. Thus, the conquistadors, invading the lands of the Indians, striving to expand the empire, accumulate treasures, land and cheap labor, turned out to be the bearers of salvation for the local pagans.

CULTURE

Culture is the expression of people's creativity and includes practically all their activities: language, music, arts, religion, medicine, agriculture, culinary styles, institutions that regulate social life. The destruction of American culture is more than a massacre. Colonization not only kills the Indians. She kills them spiritually. Colonization distorts relationships, destroys established relationships, and corrupts.

Almost simultaneously with the physical destruction of entire tribes, strategies were being pursued to assimilate Indian children. Forts were erected by the Jesuits in which indigenous youth were imprisoned, where they were indoctrinated Christian values and forced to hard physical labor. Education is an important tool in changing not only the language but also the culture of impressionable young people. The founder of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania, Captain Richard Pratt, in 1892, described the philosophy of his school as follows: "To kill an Indian is to save a man." The children of the school were forbidden to speak their native language, they were forced to wear a uniform, cut their hair and submit to strict discipline. A few Indian children were able to escape, others died of disease, and some died of homesickness.

Children forcibly separated from their parents, after their native value systems and knowledge were supplanted by colonial thinking, did not know their mother tongue after returning from boarding school. They were strangers both in their own world and in the world white man. In the film Lakota Women, these children are called apple children (red on the outside, white on the inside). They couldn't fit in anywhere, they couldn't assimilate with any culture. This loss of cultural identity leads to suicide and violence. The most destructive aspect of alienation is the loss of control over one's destiny, over one's memories, over one's own past and future.

The forced introduction of colonial thinking into the minds of American Indian children served as a means of disrupting the transmission of cultural values between generations, a cultural genocide used by the American government as another means of taking land from American Indians.

Forced deportation

Insatiable greed for foreign land remains the root cause, but many people now believe that the removal of the Indians was the only way their salvation from destruction. As long as Indians lived in close proximity to whites, they died as a result of disease, alcohol, and poverty. In 1830, the eviction of the Indians began. Forced marches of entire settlements led to high mortality. The infamous expulsion of the five civilized tribes of the Choctaw, Creek, Chikasaw, Cherokee, and Seminole is a depressing page in the history of the United States. By 1820, the Cherokee, who had created a written constitution modeled on the United States Constitution, newspapers, schools, and government offices in their communities, opposed the eviction. In 1938, Cherokee federal troops were evicted by force. About four thousand Cherokee died during the relocation due to poor planning by the United States government. This exodus is known as the Trail of Tears. More than a hundred thousand American Indians eventually crossed the Mississippi River, leaving their own lands taken by the white colonialists.

Sterilization

Article II of the 1946 United Nations General Assembly Resolution: For the purposes of this Convention, genocide means the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group as such: (d) measures calculated to preventing childbearing among such a group. In the mid-1970s, Dr. Choctaw, an Indian, was approached by a 26-year-old Indian woman. As it turned out, she was sterilized at the age of twenty at the Indian Health Service Hospital in Claremont, Oklahoma. Subsequently, it turned out that 75 percent of sterilized Indian women signed consent forms for sterilization, not understanding what kind of operation it was, or believing that it was reversible.

An investigating journalist found that 3,000 Indian women were sterilized by the Indian health services a year, between 4 and 6 percent of the childbearing population. Dr. Ravenhold, director of the federal government's Office of Population Affairs, later confirmed that "surgical sterilization is becoming increasingly important in last years birth control method.

INTELLECTUAL WEALTH

American Indians felt comfortable in an environment as close to nature as possible. For them, the environment is sacred, it has cosmic significance, it is a paradise for all forms of life - and it is worthy of protection and even worship. This is the mother who gives life and needs to be taken care of. It has deep meaning from an ecological point of view.

The attitude of Europeans to the land is different. It's just a soulless material that can be manipulated, that can be changed at will. Europeans use their natural wealth for personal gain.

FINAL DECISION

The "Final Solution" to the North American Indian problem became the model for the subsequent Jewish Holocaust and South African apartheid.
Why is the biggest holocaust hidden from the public? Is it because it has been going on for so long that it has become a habit? It is significant that information about this Holocaust is deliberately excluded from the knowledge base and consciousness of the inhabitants of North America and the whole world.
Schoolchildren are still taught that large areas of North America are uninhabited. But before the arrival of Europeans, American Indian cities flourished here. Mexico City had more people than any city in Europe. The people were healthy and well fed. The first Europeans were amazed. Agricultural products cultivated by indigenous peoples have won international recognition.

The Holocaust of North American Indians is worse than apartheid in South Africa and the genocide of Jews during World War II. Where are the monuments? Where are memorial ceremonies held? Unlike post-war Germany, North America refuses to recognize the extermination of the Indians as genocide. The North American authorities do not want to admit that this was and remains a systemic plan to exterminate the majority of the indigenous population.

As in the case of the Jewish genocide, this plan would not have been so effective without the traitors of its own people. The policy of direct slaughter was transformed into destruction from within. Governments, armies, police, churches, corporations, doctors, judges and ordinary people have become cogs in this killing machine. The complex campaigns of this genocide were developed at the highest levels of government in the United States and Canada. This cover-up continues to this day.

“We recognize that Indian children are losing their natural resistance to disease in these cramped schools, and that they are dying at a much higher rate than in their villages. But that in itself is not grounds for changing the policy of this department, aimed at the final solution of our Indian problem.

The European colonization of the Americas forever changed the life and culture of Native Americans. In the 15th-19th centuries, their settlements were devastated, the peoples were exterminated or enslaved. The first group of American Indians Columbus encountered, the 250,000 Arawaks of Haiti, were enslaved. Only 500 survived 1550, and by 1650 the group had died out completely.

IN THE NAME OF THE LORD

Marlon Brando in his autobiography he devotes several pages to the genocide of the American Indians:

“After their lands were taken from them, the survivors were rounded up on reservations, and the government sent missionaries to them, who tried to force the Indians to become Christians. After I became interested in American Indians, I found that many people don't even consider them human beings. And so it was from the very beginning.

Cotton Mather, lecturer at Harvard College, Honorary Doctorate from the University of Glasgow, Puritan minister, prolific writer and essayist, known for his research on the Salem Witches, compared the Indians to the children of Satan and considered it God's will to kill pagan savages who stood in the way of Christianity.

In 1864, an American army colonel named John Shevinton, shooting another Indian village from howitzers, said that Indian children should not be spared, because lice grow out of nits. He told his officers: “I have come to kill Indians, and I consider it a right and an honorable duty. And it is necessary to use any means under the sky of God to kill the Indians.”

The soldiers cut off the vulvas of Indian women and pulled them over the pommel of saddles, and made pouches from the skin of the scrotum and breasts of Indian women, and then displayed these trophies along with the cut off noses, ears and scalps of slain Indians at the Denver Opera House. Enlightened, cultured and devout civilizers, what more can I say?

The massacre near Yellow Creek (April 30, 1774), the execution of the Indians at Wounded Knee (December 29, 1890), the massacre on Sand Creek (November 29, 1864) and a number of other cases of destruction of the indigenous population. At the same time, the genocide of Indians in the United States was often carried out with the knowledge of the authorities and even with the help of regular armed forces. In this photograph, American soldiers pose next to a grave containing the bodies of the Indians they shot.

It is perhaps impossible to establish the total number of Indians killed in the United States. However, a number of historians and Native American organizations claim that several million indigenous people died from the genocide of Indians in the United States, which amounted to more than half of their total number.

It should be noted that the extermination of Indians in the United States was carried out not only by direct force, but also by indirect methods. For example, the large-scale extermination of bison proclaimed by the American government in the 19th century led to the almost complete destruction of these animals. This hurt the Indians, for whom bison meat was the staple food. From the famine, which was provoked by the Americans, many indigenous people died.

American General Philip Sheridan wrote: “The buffalo hunters have done more in the last two years to solve the acute problem of the Indians than the entire regular army has done in the last 30 years. They destroy the material base of the Indians. Send them gunpowder and lead, if you like, and let them kill, skin and sell them until they have exterminated all the buffalo!”

Sheridan in the US Congress proposed to establish a special medal for hunters, emphasizing the importance of the extermination of bison. Colonel Richard Irving Dodge said, "The death of every buffalo is the disappearance of the Indians."

This slaughter reached a particular scale in the 60s during the construction of the railway. Not only did they feed the entire huge army of workers with bison meat, and they sold the skins. The so-called "hunt" reached the point of absurdity, when only tongues were taken from animals, and the carcasses were left to rot.

The wholesale extermination of bison reached its peak in the 60s of the XIX century, when the construction of the transcontinental railway began. Buffalo meat was fed to a huge army of road workers, and the skins were sold. Specially organized groups of hunters pursued bison everywhere, and soon the number of animals killed was about 2.5 million per year. Railroad advertisements promised bloody entertainment for passengers: shooting at buffaloes right from the windows of the cars. The hunters sat on the roofs and platforms of the train and fired for nothing at the grazing animals. No one picked up the carcasses of the dead animals, and they were left to rot on the prairies. The train passing through huge herds left behind hundreds of dying or maimed animals.

Bison were also killed for fun: American railroad companies advertised for passengers to shoot buffalo from the windows of their train cars. In 1887, the English naturalist William Mushroom, who traveled across the prairies, noted: There were buffalo trails everywhere, but there were no live bison. Only the skulls and bones of these noble animals turned white in the sun.

The winters of 1880-1887 became hungry for the Indian tribes, among them there was a high mortality rate.

The hunter Buffalo Bill, hired by the administration of the Kansas Pacific Railroad, gained great fame, having killed several thousand bison. Subsequently, he selected several dozen people from the starving Indians and staged “performances”: the Indians acted out scenes of attacks on the settlers in front of the audience, shouted, etc., then Buffalo Bill himself “saved” the colonists.

The settlers, whose story Hollywood never ceases to sing, simply destroyed the bison and the Indians died of hunger. US national hero William Frederick Cody, better known as Buffalo Bill, single-handedly killed 4280 (!) bison in eighteen months (1867-1868). The glorification of Buffalo Bill, for example, on Wikipedia, comes to the ridiculous - he is served as a caring supplier - he allegedly provided food for the workers who cost the Trans-American railroad. Descriptions of atrocities such as Cody, who destroyed bison for fun, or because of cutting out their tongues (the carcasses of the killed giants were simply left to rot) are diligently blurred by stories about the heroic pages of the “battle for the country”. But these were ordinary villains, murderers, no different from the stamp “bloodthirsty redskin”. The same Cody, already from 1870 being the hero of cheap novels, in 1876 personally scalped the leader of the Shaen tribe, Yellow Hand (according to other sources - Yellow Hair).

When the Americans (we will already call them that) realized that there were still too many Indians, they simply began to be massively driven from all over the country along the infamous "Trail of Tears" to concentration camps (reservations). One of the many gangs that fed on this field destroyed 28,000 bison in a year. A monument to Buffalo Bill, the buffalo killer, was erected.

Another very effective way to destroy the Indians in the United States is humanitarian aid, which was sent to the Indian reservations by the "humane" American government. Previously, food products and things included in the humanitarian cargo were infected with pathogens of various diseases. After such "gifts" entire reservations died out.

Here is a map of Indian reservations in the modern United States. (Clickable)

*Extremist and terrorist organizations banned in Russian Federation: Jehovah's Witnesses, National Bolshevik Party, Right Sector, Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), Islamic State (IS, ISIS, Daesh), Jabhat Fatah ash-Sham, Jabhat al-Nusra ”, “Al-Qaeda”, “UNA-UNSO”, “Taliban”, “Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar people”, “Misanthropic Division”, “Brotherhood” Korchinsky, “Trident them. Stepan Bandera", "Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists" (OUN)

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The last Russian-Turkish war began with a scandal at the top of the Russian Empire

Finance Minister Baron Mikhail Khristoforovich Reitern The History Collection/Alamy Stock Photo/Vostock Photo The Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878 began almost with an open scandal at the top of the Russian Empire, which postponed it for half a year. On September 14, 1876, the Minister of War sent an urgent telegram to the Minister of Finance, "in order to prepare funds in case of mobilization of troops." The head of the Ministry of Finance, Baron Reitern, defiantly retired to a country estate, ignoring the telegram of the military. Just a challenge...

"Indian Wars" - each of us heard these words. In the imagination, a picture familiar from westerns and other adventure films immediately arises: a convoy of immigrants crossing the endless prairie is attacked by the Indians. Savages on horseback, dressed in bright national costumes, with painted faces, decorated with feathers, brandishing tomahawks and firing from Winchesters with a wild whoop, trying to kill the unfortunate "pale faces" and scalp them. Well, Hollywood (an integral part of US agitprop) is doing a great job, and it is not for nothing that huge sums of money are being poured into it. But one must understand that the image of savage Indians, whose life consists only in hunting for the scalps of peaceful settlers, has nothing to do with reality.

The history of the relationship between the natives of North America and immigrants from Europe is written, without exaggeration, in blood. By the blood of the natives of the New World. Who were only to blame for the fact that they lived in a region with good climatic conditions. They lived on fertile lands, on the banks of clear deep rivers. Determine the number of Indian tribes that occupied the territory of the modern United States at the time of the beginning European colonization, pretty hard. Researchers call various numbers: one million to five million. Although all aborigines were genetically related to each other, there was no single nation. The territory of the present United States was inhabited by several hundred tribes.

Nevertheless, scientists identify several large cultural and historical communities that developed by the end of the 15th century. The Indians of the Pacific coast (Chinook, Haida, Kwakiutl, Tlingit, Salish, Wakashi, Tsimshian, etc.) were mainly engaged in hunting sea animals, as well as fishing. They lived in large tribal communities ruled by elected leaders. In their environment, property inequality was quite significant, a clear hierarchy of society was traced. The Indians of California (Campo, Cahuilla, Chumash, Miwoks, Modocs, Oloni, Paiutes, etc.) were engaged in hunting and gathering. One of their main foodstuffs was ... acorns, from which they made many dishes. Some of the tribes led a nomadic way of life and lived in primitive equality, some moved to a settled way of life, they had leaders, property inequality developed (albeit rather slowly).

The Indians of the Rocky Mountains (Mono, Pima, Papago, Shoshone, etc.) were mainly engaged in hunting. Living in very unfavorable climatic conditions, they retained primitive tribal relations for a longer time, although by the middle of the 19th century they also had the institution of military leaders. The Indians, who occupied the territory of the South-West of the modern USA, stood at a higher level of development. Southwest (modern states of New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado) is the region of ancient agricultural civilizations. The outstanding agricultural cultures of the Pima and Pueblo, as well as the unique Navajo culture, arose here. Local Indians lived in fortified settlements, built irrigation facilities, grew a variety of cultivated plants, planted gardens, domesticated the turkey. They came close to the creation of statehood.

The vast expanses of the Central and Great Plains (famous prairies) were occupied by numerous tribes of hunters and gatherers: Sioux, Dakota, Lakota, Blackfoot, Apache, Comanche, Arapaho, Cheyenne, etc. Buffalo served as the main source of food and clothing for them, so the Indians moved after herds of these animals, overcoming many kilometers and not staying long in one place. These tribes were at the stage of decomposition of primitive communal relations, they had leaders and elders.

The tribes of the Iroquois, Abenaki, Hurons, Mohicans, Massachusetts, and others, collectively known as the "Woodland Indians," lived in the Northeast. They led sedentary life by farming. Hunting and gathering served as an additional source of food. The Indians lived in small villages, lived in large family communities. At the head of each clan and tribe were two leaders: one "civilian", and the second - a military one. Women played a very important role in management and economy. The tribes that inhabited the modern Southeast of the United States (Delaware, Creeks, Muskogee, Cherokee, Chickasaw, etc.) lived in settlements that stood on the banks of rivers or the sea, were engaged in very productive agriculture and hunting. Among these tribes, property and social inequality was already very noticeable. Some of them came close to creating states, and the Natchez tribe, who lived in Louisiana, even created a monarchical state that largely copied the Aztec empire.

The independent development of Indian tribes was interrupted in 1492, when a Spanish expedition led by Christopher Columbus discovered the Bahamas. Three years later, in 1495, the era of the so-called. "Conquests" - the era of the conquests of the New World. The conquerors were at first the Spaniards and the Portuguese, later they were joined by the Dutch, French and British. European "knights" unleashed a fierce war against the local population. War of annihilation. What was her reason? First, Europeans were attracted by gold. They were literally obsessed with the idea of finding the mythical "country of El Dorado" - a country where gold supposedly literally lies underfoot. However, the aliens themselves did not want to work in the gold mines at all - in their opinion, Indian slaves should have done this.

The second reason was that the Europeans sought to seize fertile and exploitable territories. In Western Europe at that time, capitalist relations began to actively develop. A few became rich, while the majority became impoverished and ruined. Yesterday's peasants, artisans, small merchants, unable to compete with big business, lost everything and became beggars. The discovery of America gave them new hope. I hope to get my own land again, to become a prosperous person. Only now, the fact that PEOPLE already lived on this earth was not taken into account.

Why? The fact is that the Europeans did not consider the Indians to be people! Three races were mentioned in the Bible: "Japhetic" (Caucasians), "Simitic" (Mongoloids) and "Chamic" (Negroids). Not a word was said about the Indians. In addition, the Indians were not Christians, but professed their traditional religions. All this made it possible for Catholic and Protestant theologians to equate the Indians with ... animals !!! In all seriousness, it was argued that the natives of America had no soul, therefore, firstly, their land automatically became "no man's land" and each colonist could seize it with impunity, and, secondly, it was possible to treat the natives like wild animals. Thus, on behalf of the “Lord God” himself, the European settlers were given, in fact, carte blanche for outrages and violence. They could do anything with the locals: "tame" (i.e. enslave) or exterminate.

In 1493, Pope Alexander VI divided the "newly discovered lands" between the Spanish and Portuguese kings. Thus began the first act of the Indian drama. In 1513, a detachment of Spanish conquistadors under the command of Juan de León landed on the coast of present-day Florida. The Spaniards were looking for gold and immediately began a war against local residents. So, in 1515, the Spaniards massacred several hundred indigenous people of East Florida, and captured 500 people as slaves and sent them to plantations in Puerto Rico. In 1521, Juan de Leon walked along the coast of Florida with fire and sword, but in the end, the combined forces of the Indian tribes managed to defeat the conquerors, while the newly-minted governor himself found his inglorious end.

However, after de Leon rushed other predators. In 1525, the Spanish massacred about a hundred Indians and enslaved another 60 along the coast of North Carolina. In 1526, the conquistadors launched an offensive in Georgia, but, having met stubborn resistance from the Indians, they were forced to retreat. In general, despite the superiority in weapons and equipment, the Spanish knights, clad in armor and armed steel swords and arquebuses, they could not at that time break the courageous resistance of the Indians, who stubbornly defended their independence. In 1527, Panfilo de Narvaez's expedition set out to conquer Florida. The Spaniards took hostages, burned villages, destroyed food supplies, trying to force the Indians to recognize the authority of the Spanish king. Nevertheless, the knights were defeated and were forced to shamefully flee. In 1539 the conquerors came again. This time they were led personally by the governor of Cuba, Hernando de Soto. For four years, the Spaniards fought in the territory of the modern states of Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, Arkansas and Oklahoma. The path of the conquistadors was “crowned” with burned villages and the corpses of recalcitrant Indians. And yet, the Spaniards again failed to gain a foothold in North America. The Indians offered fierce resistance, de Soto himself died in 1542, and the miserable remnants of his army barely reached Mexico.

At the same time, the attention of the Spaniards was drawn to the Southwest. In 1540, the conquistador Francisco de Coronado, known for his cruelty, set out on a campaign to conquer these lands. The first blow was taken by the Zuni Indians, who lived in New Mexico. The Spaniards captured their settlements and robbed everything clean. After that, the Coronado detachments launched an offensive in Arizona, Colorado, and Texas. Everywhere their path was accompanied by unparalleled robberies and violence; according to contemporaries, Coronado left "scorched earth" behind him. However, all the efforts of the conquerors were again shattered by the stamina of the Indians, who fought to the end. As a result, in 1542 the remnants of the conquerors ingloriously returned home.

However, failures did not force the Spaniards to retreat. In the second half of the 16th century, they intensify their pressure on Florida. As a result, they succeeded, having destroyed most of the coastal tribes, to establish their control over part of the territory of Florida. However, the attempts of the conquistadors to enslave the Indians of the inner parts of the peninsula invariably met with stubborn resistance and failed. In the 1570s, the Spaniards stepped up their pressure on the lands of the southwest of the modern United States. The Hopi, Navajo, Pueblo, and Zuni tribes offered stubborn resistance to the invaders. The Spaniards, in turn, brought down cruel repressions on the recalcitrant. The conquered lands were seized by the nobles, who turned the Indians into their serfs. The Catholic Inquisition also appeared, which began cruel persecution of the "pagans", arranging frightening burnings at the stake. This whole system of cruel exploitation and open arbitrariness aroused the resistance of the courageous Indians, who more than once rose up in arms against the invaders. The Spaniards did not feel safe anywhere and sat out in fortified forts, however, the Indians often captured them too. The conquistadors failed to consolidate their dominance over the "subjugated" lands.

However, at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries, new predators appeared in North America - the Dutch, French and British. In 1607, the British founded the city of Jamestown in what is now Virginia. In 1610 the French built Quebec, and in 1620 New Amsterdam appeared. It should be noted that the Indians met the first settlers very friendly, helped them to get used to the new place. They provided food, taught to grow local crops. However, for all this, the whites paid with black ingratitude. It never occurred to them to thank the Indians, without whom all the settlers would have died in the very first winter: according to their ideas, the "savages" were simply obliged to serve the Christians and follow all their orders. Plantations of tobacco, cane and cotton soon began to appear in the South. The planters, of course, did not intend to work themselves, but dreamed of taking advantage of the gratuitous labor of the Indians. Armed gangs staged attacks on Indian settlements, captured captives and turned them into slavery. The colonialists also captured children and women, forcing the men to lay down their arms and work on the plantations.

In the North, the situation of the Indians was even worse. Masses of colonial farmers who needed land rushed there. And the people who inhabited these lands were not needed at all. Whites seized lands and drove the Indians to the West, and those who did not want to leave their native places were brutally killed. Soon the indigenous people realized that if they want to save life and freedom, they will have to join the fight. Into a fight not for life, but for death, with a cruel and treacherous enemy who did not recognize any "noble laws", who vilely attacked and destroyed everything that came in his way. The Indians, who, before the arrival of the whites, practically did not know wars and led the life of peaceful hunters and farmers, were to become Warriors.

However, in this war, the Indians were initially doomed. And the point is not even that the whites possessed firearms and steel armor, not that they were united, and the Indian tribes were fragmented. Native Americans were not killed by bullets - they were killed by DISEASE. The colonialists brought in New World previously unknown diseases there: plague, smallpox, measles, tuberculosis, etc. The Indians had no immunity from them. So, for example, 80% of all Abenaki died of smallpox, without even engaging in battles with the whites. Some tribes of the disease mowed clean, and colonists came to the "liberated" lands in this way.

And yet the Indians did not give up and did not ask for mercy. They preferred to die in battle than to live as slaves. The Indian drama was coming to its climax. The first blow was taken by the Algonquian tribes living on the lands of modern New England. Beginning in 1630, English Protestant settlers methodically "cleared" the land from the Indians. At the same time, the Indian tribes were drawn into the Anglo-French rivalry: for example, the French made alliances with the Hurons and Algonquins, and the British enlisted the support of the Iroquois League. As a result, the Europeans pitted the Indians against each other, and then finished off the winners.

One of the most bloody dramas was the destruction of the Pequot tribe in 1637, who lived in Connecticut. This small tribe refused to acknowledge the sovereignty of the English crown. Then the English suddenly attacked the Pequots. Surrounding their settlement at night, they set fire to it, and then staged a terrible massacre, killing everyone indiscriminately. Over 600 people were killed in one night. After that, the British staged a real hunt for the surviving Pequots. Almost all of them were killed, and the few survivors were enslaved. Thus, the colonialists made it clear to all Indians what fate awaits all the rebellious.

There was also endless slaughter in the South: the English planters first tried to turn the Indians into slaves, but they refused to work on the plantations, escaped and raised uprisings. Then it was decided to completely kill them all, and to import slaves from Africa to the plantations. By the middle of the 17th century, the colonialists had essentially destroyed all the Indians who lived on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. The survivors went to the West, but the colonialists, greedy for the land, rushed there too. As a result, the Indians realized that one by one they would be defeated and destroyed. As a result, in 1674, the Wampanoag, Narrangaset, Nipmuk, Pokamptuk, Abenaki tribes entered into an alliance and rallied around the great sachem Metakom. In 1675 they raised an uprising against the British. A stubborn war was going on whole year, however, the Iroquois League came out on the side of the British, which predetermined the outcome of the war. The colonialists brutally dealt with the rebels. Metakom himself was treacherously murdered on August 12, 1676. The British sold his wife and children into slavery, and the leader's body was quartered and hung on a tree. The severed head of Metacom was impaled and put on display on a hill in Rhode Island, where it remained for more than twenty years. The Wampanoag and Narrangaset tribes were almost completely exterminated. The number of victims is evidenced by the fact that by the beginning of the war, 15,000 Indians lived in New England. And by the end of it, only 4,000 remained.

In 1680, the Indians became embroiled in a long war between England and France that raged until 1714. The British and French preferred to fight with the hands of the Indians, as a result of this fratricidal massacre, by the beginning of the 18th century, there were practically no indigenous people left in New England. The survivors were expelled by the British. Expansion continued in the 18th century. It was led by both the British and the French. The first focused mainly on the "development" of North and South Carolina. Muscogee tribes living here were destroyed and expelled from their native lands. Violence and excesses of the colonialists caused a powerful uprising in 1711, launched by the Iroquois Tuscarora tribe. The Chikasawas soon joined them. The stubborn war went on for two years and ended with the massacre of the British over the vanquished. The Tuscarora tribe was almost completely destroyed.

The French at that time conquered the so-called. Louisiana - vast lands from Ohio to Kansas and from Quebec to the Gulf of Mexico. Back in 1681, they were declared the property of the French crown, and at the beginning of the 18th century, the city of New Orleans was built at the mouth of the Mississippi, which became the base of the invaders. The Indians resisted valiantly, but the advantage was on the side of the Europeans. especially cruel hit Natchez living on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The Natchez, as mentioned above, were one of the most developed peoples of North America. They had a state headed by a deified monarch. The Natchez monarchs refused to recognize themselves as vassals of the French king, as a result, starting from 1710, the French waged a series of extermination wars against the Indians, ending by 1740 with the almost complete destruction of the Natchez. However, the French did not succeed in completely subjugating the Indians. But their most stubborn opponent was the Iroquois. The Iroquois League, which united five related tribes, was the main center of resistance to the colonialists. Since 1630, the French have repeatedly declared war on the League, but all their attempts to break the resistance of the Indians invariably failed.

Meanwhile, the British in 1733 began the colonization of Georgia, accompanied by the massacre of the peaceful Indian population. And in 1759 they started a war against the Cherokee, during which they savagely killed several hundred civilians and forced the Indians to move to the West. The steady advance of the British led to the fact that in 1763 the Algonquian tribes rallied around the great leader of the Ottawa tribe, Pontiac. Pontiac vowed to stop white expansion. He managed to gather a large force, his military alliance included almost all the Algonquins who lived in the Northeast. By 1765, he had defeated almost all the British garrisons in the Great Lakes region, with the exception of the well-fortified Fort Detroit, which was besieged by the rebels. The Indians were close to victory, but the British managed to draw the Iroquois into the war on their side, presenting the matter in such a way that if Pontiac won, he would start a war with the League. The betrayal of Pontiac's "allies" - the French, who suddenly made peace with the British and stopped supplying the Indians with firearms and ammunition, also played a role. As a result, the Algonquins were defeated, and Pontiac was forced to make peace. True, the British could not boast of victory either: the English king forbade the colonists to cross the Appalachian mountains. However, fearing the power of Pontiac, the British organized his assassination in 1769.

In 1776, the North American colonies rebelled against the English king. I must say that both warring parties sought to involve the Indians in the fighting, promising them various benefits. They succeeded: the Indian tribes again found themselves on different front lines and killed each other. So, the Iroquois League supported the English king. As a result, immediately after the victory, the newly-minted American authorities unleashed new war. They conducted it extremely cruelly: they did not take prisoners. They burned to the ground all the captured villages, tortured and killed women, the elderly and children, destroyed all food supplies, dooming the Indians to starvation. As a result of many years of stubborn fighting, the resistance of the Indians was broken. In 1795, the Iroquois League (or rather, what was left of it) signed a surrender. Huge lands in the Great Lakes region passed under the control of the whites, and the surviving Indians were placed on reservations.

In 1803, the US government bought Louisiana from France. The French, desperate to conquer the freedom-loving Indian tribes and busy with wars in Europe, left it to the new owners to do. Of course, no one asked the Indians themselves about anything. Immediately after the purchase, masses of immigrants rushed to the West. They were eager to get free lands, and the indigenous population, as was already customary, was to be destroyed.

In 1810, the tribes of Ojibwe, Delaware, Shawnee, Miami, Ottawa and others united around the courageous leader of the Shawnee Tecumseh and his brother, the prophet Tenskwatawa. Tecumseh led the resistance to the colonialists north of the Ohio River, hatching the idea of an independent Indian state. In 1811 the war began. In the stronghold of the rebels created by Tecumseh - the "City of the Prophet", warriors from many tribes of the Middle East and South of the USA flocked, who agreed to take part in the uprising. The war was very stubborn, but the numerical and technical superiority of the whites played a role. Tecumseh's main military forces were defeated on November 7, 1811 at the Battle of Tippecane by future US President General Harrison. But in 1812, Tecumseh supported part of a powerful confederacy of the Creek tribe living in Alabama, and the uprising received a new impetus. In June 1812, the United States declared war on the British Empire, and Tecumseh and his supporters joined the British army. With only 400 of his soldiers, he captured the hitherto impregnable Fort Detroit without a single shot, forcing his garrison to capitulate by military cunning. However, on October 5, 1813, the great Shawnee chief died in action while fighting for the British with the rank of brigadier general. The betrayal of the whites again played its fatal role - at the decisive moment of the battle of Downville, the English soldiers shamefully fled from the battlefield and Tecumseh's warriors were left face to face with a superior enemy. Tecumseh's rebellion was put down. The Creek tribes held out until 1814, but were also defeated. The victors staged a terrible massacre, destroying several thousand civilians. After that, all the lands north of the Ohio River came under the control of the United States, the Indians were either driven off their lands or placed on reservations.

In 1818, the United States government bought Florida from Spain. Planters rushed to the newly acquired state, who began to unceremoniously seize ancestral Indian lands and destroy the indigenous population who refused to work for the slave owners. The Seminoles were the most numerous among the tribes of Florida. Led by their leaders, they waged a stubborn war against the invaders for forty years and defeated them more than once. However, they failed to withstand the US Army. By 1858, almost all the Indians of Florida (several tens of thousands of people) were destroyed. Only about 500 Indians remained alive, whom the colonialists placed in reservations in the swamps.

And in 1830, under pressure from the planters, the US Congress decided to deport all the indigenous inhabitants of the Southeastern United States. By this time, the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Creek tribes had reached a high level of development. They built their cities, engaged in agriculture and various crafts, opened schools and hospitals. The constitutions they adopted were much more democratic than the US Constitution. The whites themselves called the Indians of the Southeast "civilized people." However, in 1830 they were all forcibly deported from their places to the west of the Mississippi, while all their real estate and almost all movable property was appropriated by the white colonialists. The Indians were essentially settled in the bare steppe, without giving them any means of subsistence, as a result, about a third of the members of these tribes died from hunger and deprivation associated with deportation.

Such blatant violence could not go unavenged. In 1832, the Sauk and Fox Indian tribes took up arms against the invaders. They were led by the 67-year-old leader Black Hawk. Only a year later, with great difficulty, the Whites managed to defeat the rebels. The defeat of the Indians caused new reprisals from the victors.

The mass deportation of Indian tribes to the right bank of the Mississippi began. The white settlers who came to the inhabited places shamelessly robbed the unfortunate and committed all sorts of atrocities, remaining unpunished. By the late 1830s, there were almost no natives left east of the Mississippi; those who managed to avoid deportation were herded onto reservations.

In 1849, the United States defeated Mexico and took away its lands in the Southwest Rocky Mountains as well as California. At the same time, England was forced to cede Oregon to the USA. A stream of colonialists immediately rushed there. Indians were driven from the best lands and robbed of their property. As a result, in the same year, the tribes of the North-West (Tlingit, Wakashi, Tsimshians, Salish, etc.) declared war on the whites. For four long years, hostilities flared in the territory of the modern states of Oregon and Washington. The Indians fought courageously, but without firearms, could not resist. Tens of thousands of Native Americans were killed, their villages burned. Many tribes of the Northwest were wiped out entirely, while others were left with a few hundred people who were evicted deep into Oregon to mountain reservations.

The fate of the Indians of California was very tragic. Already in 1848, gold was found there, as a result, a lot of adventurers and bandits who wanted to get rich rushed to the region. Gold lay on the Indian lands, and therefore the tribes of peaceful hunters and gatherers were doomed. On February 26, 1860, on Indian Island, off the coast of northern California, six local residents massacred the Wiyot Indians, killing 60 men and more than 200 women, children and the elderly. Shasta City in Northern California paid $5 per head of an Indian in 1855; a settlement near Marysville in 1859 paid a bounty from donated funds "for every scalp or other convincing evidence" that an Indian had been killed. In 1863, Honey Lake County paid 25 cents for an Indian scalp. By the early 1870s most of California Indians were destroyed or evicted to the interior, desert parts of the state. The most stubborn resistance was offered to the white invaders by the modocs, led by the leader Kintpuash (“Captain Jack”), which lasted from 1871 to 1873. The uprising ended with the heroic defense of the mountain citadel of Lava Beds by a handful of modoks from the US Army and the capture of the leader Kintpuash, who was soon convicted by a white court and hanged as a criminal. After being exiled to "Indian Territory", out of 153 modocs who survived the war, by 1909 only 51 remained alive.

After the end of the American Civil War, in 1865 the American government declared the lands of the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains open to "free colonization". All land was declared the property of a white settler who first came to these places. And what about the Indians - Navajos, Apaches, Comanches, Shoshone, Lakota - the original owners of the prairies and mountains? It was decided to put an end to them once and for all. In 1867, Congress passed the Reservation Indian Removal Act. From now on, all Indian tribes with one stroke of the pen lost their ancestral lands and had to live in reservations located in desert and mountainous areas remote from the water. Without the permission of the American authorities, not a single Indian would henceforth dare to leave his reservation.

It was a verdict. A verdict to all tribes without exception. The descendants of the first settlers who came to the New World back in the Stone Age, they became strangers, non-citizens in their native land. The Indian drama has come to its end. The Indians naturally refused to capitulate and prepared for war. The whites also had no doubt that the Indians would fight: the plans for the war were drawn up ahead of time. It was decided to break the Indians with hunger. In this regard, American soldiers launched a real hunt for bison, which served as the main source of food for the inhabitants of the Great Plains. For 30 years, several MILLIONS of these animals have been destroyed. So, only in one Kansas in one 1878 about 50 thousand of these animals were destroyed. It was one of the largest ecocides on the planet.

The second way to suffocate the recalcitrant was to poison fresh water sources. The Americans poisoned the waters of rivers and lakes with strychnine for real industrial scale. This caused the death of several tens of thousands of Indians. However, in order to break the freedom-loving inhabitants of the prairies, it took a lot of blood to shed. The Indians resisted courageously. Several times they smashed large detachments of the American army. The Battle of the Little Bighorn River in Montana in 1876 gained worldwide fame when a combined force of Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians destroyed an entire detachment of American cavalry led by General Custer. And there were many such examples! The Indians stormed the forts, cut the railroads, waged skilful guerrilla warfare in the mountains. However, the forces were unequal. The colonizers stopped at nothing. With fire and sword, they "combed" the mountains and prairies, destroying the detachments of the recalcitrant. The whites were armed with multi-shot revolvers, rapid-fire rifles, and rifled artillery. In addition, the Indian tribes were never able to coordinate actions with each other, which the colonialists took advantage of. They smashed every nation one by one.

By 1868, the Shoshone were almost completely destroyed. In 1872, the Cheyenne ceased resistance, in 1879 the Comanches were finally defeated. Apaches fought with the fury of the doomed until 1885. The Sioux held out the longest - until the beginning of 1890. But in the end, they too were crushed. The denouement of the drama came on December 29, 1890, near Wounded Knee in South Dakota, when American soldiers from the 7th Cavalry Regiment shot more than 300 people from the Lakota people who had gathered for the ritual festival of the Dance of the Spirits and the former total chipization in Italy begins, therefore, unprepared for resistance. The Lakota survivors were escorted to the reservations. The Indian Wars are over. There was no surrender - there was simply no one else to fight.

Scientists still cannot determine exactly how many indigenous people of North America died during the beginning of white colonization. They died from swords and arquebuses, from rifles and cannons, from hunger and cold during various deportations. The most modest figures are 1 million, although in reality it is much more. Millions of men, women, children have fallen victim to a terrible human vice - GREED. They were killed simply because they lived on fertile lands, simply because they “sat” on gold deposits, simply because they refused to become slaves on plantations. The Indians fought bravely. They literally fought to the last drop of blood; dozens of tribes were simply wiped off the face of the earth. Those who, in spite of everything, survived, were destined for the sad fate of the inhabitants of the reservations. The reservations were, in fact, self-governing concentration camps: tens of thousands of Indians died of hunger in them, froze in winter and died of thirst in summer. In 1900, the American authorities officially announced the "closure of the frontier"; thus the fact was recognized that all the lands had already been captured. Nobody cared about the Indians. It seemed that they did not remain at all, that after a certain amount of time the miserable remnants of the once proud and powerful tribes would die, unable to endure the harsh conditions of imprisonment. But that did not happen. The Indians survived. Survived and reborn, no matter what. And in the second half of the 20th century, the banner of the struggle for Freedom was raised again. But that's a completely different story...

Sergey Oreshin

21-04-2015, 07:04

😆Tired of serious articles? lift your spirits

The Indians (the indigenous population of America) were exterminated almost completely by all sorts of prairie conquerors and other criminals, who are still considered national heroes by the United States and Canada. And it becomes very insulting for the courageous natives of North America, whose murder on a national basis is hushed up. Everyone knows about the Holocaust, the genocide of the Jews, but about the Indians... The democratic community somehow passed by. This is exactly genocide. People were killed just because they were Indians! More than half a century after the discovery of America, the local population was not considered human at all. That is, they naturally took them for animals. Based on the fact that the Indians are not mentioned in the Bible. So it's like they don't exist.

Hitler is a puppy compared to the "conquerors of America": as a result of the Holocaust of the American Indians, also known as the "Five Hundred Years' War", 95 of the 114 million indigenous people of the current territories of the United States and Canada were destroyed.
Hitler's concept of concentration camps owes much to his study of English and the history of the United States.
He admired the camps for the Boers in South Africa and for the Indians in the Wild West, and often in his inner circle praised the effectiveness of the destruction of the native population of America, the red savages who cannot be captured and tamed - from hunger and in unequal battles.

The term Genocide comes from the Latin (genos - race, tribe, cide - murder) and literally means the destruction or extermination of an entire tribe or people. The Oxford English Dictionary defines genocide as "the deliberate and systematic extermination of an ethnic or national group", and refers to the first use of the term by Raphael Lemkin in reference to Nazi activities in occupied Europe.

The United States government has refused to ratify the UN genocide convention. And not smart. Many aspects of the genocide were implemented on the indigenous peoples of North America.
The list of American genocide policies includes: mass extermination, biological warfare, forced eviction from their homes, imprisonment, the introduction of values other than indigenous ones, forced surgical sterilization of local women, a ban on religious rites, etc.

FINAL DECISION.

The "Final Solution" to the North American Indian problem became the model for the subsequent Jewish Holocaust and South African apartheid.

The Holocaust of North American Indians is worse than apartheid in South Africa and the genocide of Jews during World War II. Where are the monuments? Where are memorial ceremonies held?

The term "Final Solution" was not coined by the Nazis. It was the Administrator of Indian Affairs, Duncan Campbell Scott, Canada of Adolf Eichmann, who, in April 1910, was so concerned about the "Indian problem":
“We recognize that Indian children are losing their natural resistance to disease in these cramped schools, and that they are dying at a much higher rate than in their villages. But that in itself is not grounds for changing the policy of this department, aimed at the final solution of our Indian problem.

IN THE NAME OF THE LORD.

Cotton Mather, lecturer at Harvard College, Honorary Doctor of the University of Glasgow, Puritan minister, prolific writer and publicist, known for his research on the Salem witches, compared the Indians to the children of Satan and considered God's will to kill pagan savages who stood in the way of Christianity.

In 1864, an American army colonel named John Shevinton, shooting another Indian village from howitzers, said that Indian children should not be spared, because lice grow out of nits. He told his officers: “I have come to kill Indians, and I consider it a right and an honorable duty. And it is necessary to use any means under the sky of God to kill the Indians.”

Indians, a short educational program on history
Indians are the indigenous peoples of the United States
Learn the history of what the colonizers did with the natives of America!
introduction
Judging by the unrestrained and persistent aggressive actions in relation to the still non-colonized countries (of which there are literally a few left), the US way of thinking did not lean towards creation.
The whole world is watching their aggressive behavior, where under false slogans about democratic freedoms, about bringing civilization to the conquered countries, lies the most banal greed and thirst for power. Excessively aggressive egoism, the desire to take away, destroy, exterminate, deceive, capture by proxy, is characteristic only of an ill-mannered teenager, but not like a civilized country. A country with such a bloated and false historical past, where an exaggerated sense of the norm and measures of behavior interfere with sobriety, where true historical facts are hidden from the public, when mass extermination during wars of conquest is elevated to the rank of heroism, and all failures are attributed to other countries, this is not at all to face for such a country! Looks like history has taught them nothing on the contrary, inspired by an easy victory over the tribes with sticks and bows against their guns and cannons, they were convinced of their impunity, and that the most dangerous- imagined their exclusivity over the whole world! (andi)

History of the development of America
Genocide. Data. Statistics
Indian Wars

(with the exception of the Eskimos and Aleuts). The name arose from the erroneous idea of the first European navigators (Christopher Columbus and others) at the end of the 15th century, who considered the transatlantic lands they discovered to be India. According to the anthropological type, the Indians belong to the Americanoid race.

1. The history of the development of America

The official date for the discovery of America is October 12, 1492. when the expedition of Christopher Columbus, heading towards India, came across one of the Bahamas.
The first expedition (he had 4 expeditions in total) of Christopher Columbus (1492-1493), consisting of 91 people on the ships Santa Maria, Pinta, Nina, left Palos on August 3, 1492, turned west from the Canary Islands ( September 9), crossed the Atlantic Ocean in subtropical zone and reached the island of San Salvador in the Bahamas, where Christopher Columbus landed on October 12, 1492 (the official date of the discovery of America).

A British subject (Italian by nationality), the navigator Cabot reached the shores of North America in 1498, after which Great Britain made claims to the entire continent. The continent was inhabited by many different Indian tribes with a total number of about 10-15 million people.
Little information has come down to us about the expedition.
What is certain is that the English ships in 1498 reached the North American mainland and passed along its eastern coast far to the southwest. Sebastian Cabot turned back and returned to England in the same 1498.
We know about the great geographical achievements of the Cabot expedition not from English, but from Spanish sources. Juan La Cosa's map shows, far to the north and northeast of Hispaniola and Cuba, a long coastline with rivers and a number of place names, with a bay marked "the sea discovered by the English" and with several English flags.

By the middle of the 16th century, Spain's dominance of the Americas was almost absolute.

After the English admirals defeated the largest Spanish fleet (in a most violent storm) of the time in 1588, Spain fell into the shadows, never recovering from this blow.
Leadership in the "relay race" of colonization passed to England, France and Holland.

In December 1620, the ship "Mayflower" arrived on the Atlantic coast of Massachusetts with 102 Calvinist Puritans ("Pilgrim Fathers"). This event is considered the beginning of the purposeful colonization of the continent by the British. They entered into an agreement between themselves, called the Mayflower. It reflected in the most general form the ideas of the first American colonists about democracy, self-government and civil liberties.

The first colonists of North America were not distinguished by either common religious beliefs or equal social status.

From the middle of the 17th century, Great Britain tried to establish complete control over the economic operations of the American colonies, implementing a scheme in which all industrial goods(from metal buttons to fishing boats) were imported to the colonies from the mother country in exchange for raw materials and agricultural goods.

Meanwhile, American industry (mainly in the northern colonies) had made significant progress. Especially American industrialists succeeded in building ships, which made it possible to quickly establish trade.

The English Parliament considered these successes so threatening that in 1750 it passed a law forbidding the construction of rolling mills and iron-cutting workshops in the colonies. Foreign trade of the colonies was also subjected to harassment. And that was the premise of the War of Independence.

By the second half of the 18th century, the population of the American colonies more and more clearly acted as a community of people who were in confrontation with the mother country. The development of the colonial press played a significant role in this.
Dissatisfaction was also shown by American industrialists and merchants, who were extremely dissatisfied with the colonial policy of the mother country. The presence of English troops (remaining there after seven years war) on the territory of the colonies also caused discontent of the colonists. Demands for independence were increasingly heard.

In 1754, on the initiative of Benjamin Franklin, a project was put forward to create an alliance of the North American colonies with their own government, but headed by a president appointed by the British king. Although the project did not provide for the complete independence of the colonies, it caused an extremely negative reaction from the British government.
All this became the prerequisites for the American War of Independence.

The American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) is often referred to as the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) - a war between British loyalists (loyal to the legitimate government of the British crown) on the one hand and revolutionaries 13 English colonies(patriots) on the other, who declared their independence from Great Britain as an independent union state in 1776. Significant political and social changes in the life of the inhabitants of North America, caused by the war and the victory in it of supporters of independence, are referred to in American literature as the "American Revolution". Course of the war: 1775-1783

September 3, 1783 Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States. The new American government relinquished claims to the west bank of the Mississippi and to British Canada. On November 25 of that year, the last British troops left New York. About 40,000 loyalists evacuated to Canada with them.

2. Genocide. Data. Statistics

Here is how R. Edberg, known to us, writes about the fate of the Indians:
“Having exterminated the herds of the son of the prairies, having taken away the lands where he hunted, the rivers where he fished, he was made a stranger in his own country. The religious ideas of the Indian were connected with what surrounded him; they were expressed in deep reverence for the firmament and earth, trees and flowing waters. When he was torn out of what he had grown together with, death entered his heart.”
R. Edberg. Letters to Columbus. M., 1986. S. 67.

indian genocide, material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia, Indians - a common name for the indigenous population of America (with the exception of the Eskimos and Aleuts). The name arose from the erroneous idea of the first European navigators (Christopher Columbus and others) at the end of the 15th century, who considered the transatlantic lands they discovered to be India. According to the anthropological type, the Indians belong to the Americanoid race.

SPANISH
The Spaniards were not only VERY cruel to the natives, but also established laws, on which the Indians were punished with death and often simply argued who could cut a person with one blow of a saber from top to bottom. For one Spaniard killed, a hundred Indians were killed. Since the introduction of dogs to the continent, the Spaniards fed them with dead Indians. One surviving letter from a Spaniard reads:…when I returned from Cartagena, I met a Portuguese named Rohe Martin. On the porch of his house hung pieces of chopped up Indians to feed his dogs, as if they were wild beasts ... "

In 1495, Christopher Columbus issued a law that obliged all Indians over the age of 14 to pay quarterly (3 months) to the Spaniards in gold or 25 pounds of cotton (in areas where there was no gold). Those who paid such a "tax" were given a copper token with the date of the last payment. The token thus extended the right to live for three months. If the date on the token was overdue, then the Indians cut off the hands of both hands, hung them around their necks and sent them to die in their village.
It was unrealistic to fulfill the requirement of the law, since the Indians had to quit cultivating their fields, hunting and only mining gold. Hunger has begun.

In 1498, the Indian Forced Labor Act went into effect. to the Spaniards. The reason was dissatisfaction with the income received from the collection of gold and the sale of natives into slavery.

In July-September 1539, the conquistador Francisco de Chávez razed the Kingdom of Carua Conchucos to the ground., which was part of the Inca Empire until 1533 and killed 600 Indian children under the age of three, which was the most massive murder of children in history.

In 1598, in response to the murder of 11 Spanish soldiers, don Juan de Onate made a punitive expedition and in the three-day battle at Mount Acoma destroyed 800 Indians and ordered the amputation of the left leg every male in the tribe over 25.

Cause of many casualties among the Yanomami Indians, who lived in the Amazon River Delta, was the territory rich in minerals where the tribe lived. A large number of Indians died from infections brought there by builders and soldiers. Today, the Yanomami number about 500 people; for comparison - in 1974 their number was approximately 2,000 people.

ENGLISH COLONISTS
On the evening of May 26, 1637, English colonists under the command of John Underhill, in alliance with the Mohicans and the Narragansett tribe, attacked a Pequot village (in present-day Connecticut) and burned approximately 600-700 people alive.

On March 8, 1782, 96 baptized Indians were killed. American People's Militia from Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War.

The Indians were soldered with alcohol, set against each other; they were used as "allies" in the wars between the British and French colonialists for dominance in North America, they were deceived, they violated treaties; the Indians were forcibly taken away from their lands and pushed further inland to the barren lands. The colonialists waged a real hunt for the scalps of the Indians. Legislatures in the New England colonies set a hefty price of £50 to £100 for each scalp delivered, including those of Indian women and children.

It is also known that The US Senate entered into an agreement with the Cherokee tribe to buy 8 million acres of their land for 50 cents per acre. Later, these lands were sold to gold miners for $30,000 per acre. Fraudulently, the modern territory of Manhattan was bought from the Indians.

Between the 16th and 18th centuries widespread forcible eradication idolatry and baptism, the destruction of faith in the Quechua tribe.

On April 30, 1774, the Yellow Creek Massacre took place. near modern Wellsville, Ohio. A group of Virginia frontier settlers, led by young bandit Daniel Greathouse, killed 21 Mingos, including Logan's mother, daughter, brother, nephew, sister, and cousin. The murdered daughter of Logan, Tunai, was in her last pregnancy. She was tortured and gutted while she was alive. The scalp was taken from both her and the child who was cut out of her. Other mingos were also scalped.

In 1825, the US Supreme Court, in one of its decisions, formulates Doctrine of discovery. According to this doctrine, the ownership of newly discovered lands is at the disposal of the government whose subjects discovered this territory. The doctrine was used to deprive the "aboriginal population" (in this case, the Indians) of the right to own land, which according to the doctrine was considered "no man's land". The right to the lands of "discovered" lands now belongs to those who "discovered" them.
(Note: the official date of the discovery of America is October 12, 1492 by Christopher Columbus).
On the basis of this doctrine, already in 1830, the Indian Removal Act was adopted, the victims of which were the Five Civilized Tribes.

February 26, 1860 on Indian Island off the coast of northern California, six local residents, landowners and businessmen, massacred the Wiyot Indians, killing with axes and knives at least 60, and possibly more than 200 women, children and the elderly.

In 1867, the Indian Reservation Removal Act appeared. Indian reservations were created in unsuitable places for Agriculture. In the first decades they were overcrowded, resulting in hundreds of thousands of famines. Large reserves are located on the Colorado Plateau in Arizona (the Navajo tribe), in the mountains in northern Utah, on the Great Plains in the states of North Dakota and South Dakota, along the Missouri River (Sioux Indian tribe), on the intermountain plateau in Wyoming and in foothills of the Cordillera in Montana (Cheyenne Indians). A large number of reservations are located along the US-Canada border.

December 29, 1890 near Wounded Knee In South Dakota, there was a massacre of the Lakota Indians by the US Army. Here the Indians gathered to hold their popular “spirit dances”. According to various estimates, about 300 people were killed and buried.

The terrible consequences of the extermination of buffalo for the tribes who depended on these animals for their lives.

Mass extermination of bison since the 1830s, sanctioned by the US authorities, which had the goal of undermining the economic way of life of Indian tribes and dooming them to starvation.
The Indians traditionally hunted bison only to satisfy their vital needs: for food, as well as for the manufacture of clothing, housing, tools and utensils.
American General Philip Sheridan wrote:"The buffalo hunters have done more in the last two years to solve the acute problem of the Indians than the entire regular army has done in the last 30 years. They are destroying the Indian material base. Send them gunpowder and lead, if you like, and let them kill, skin and sell them until they wipe out all the buffalo!"
Sheridan in the US Congress proposed to establish a special medal for hunters ( on one side of which is an image of a dead bison, and on the other - a dead Indian), emphasizing the importance of the extermination of bison. Colonel Richard Irving Dodge said: "The death of every buffalo is the disappearance of the Indians."
As a result of predatory extermination, the number of bison decreased by the beginning of the 20th century. from several tens of millions to several hundreds. Historian Andrew Eisenberg wrote of a decline in bison from 30 million in 1800 to less than a thousand by the end of the century.
In 1887, the English naturalist William Mushroom, who traveled across the prairies, noted: "Buffalo trails were visible everywhere, but there were no live bison. Only the skulls and bones of these noble animals turned white in the sun."
The winters of 1880 - 1887 became hungry for the Indian tribes, among them there was a very high mortality, more than a hundred thousand.

In 1850, at the first session of the California Legislature, the "Indian Administration and Protection Act" was passed, which outlined the principles for the future relationship between whites and Indians. Giving the Indians some legal protection, The act nevertheless fixed the inequality of whites and Indians before the law and began widespread abuse of the use of Indians as labor force, albeit allowing them to live on private lands.

During 1851 and 1852, the California Legislature approved $1.1 million for the arming and maintenance of militia units to "suppress the hostile Indians," and issued $410,000 in bonds in 1857 for the same purpose. Although, theoretically intended to resolve conflicts between whites and Indians, these payments only stimulated the formation of new volunteer units and an attempt to destroy all Indians in California.

At the level of local municipalities, rewards for the killed Indians were practiced. Shasta City in Northern California paid $5 per head of an Indian in 1855; a settlement near Marysville in 1859 paid a bounty from donated funds "for every scalp or other convincing evidence" that an Indian had been killed. In 1861, there were plans in Tehama County to create a fund "to pay for Indian scalps," and two years later, Honey Lake paid 25 cents per Indian scalp.
The German ethnologist Gustav von Koenigswald reported, that members of the anti-Indian militia "poisoned the drinking water of the village of Kaingang with strychnine ... causing death about two thousand Indians of all ages."

Resettlement roads
Trail of Tears- the forced relocation of American Indians, the bulk of which were the Five Civilized Tribes, from their homelands in the southeastern United States to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) in the western United States. The Choctaw tribe was the first to be resettled in 1831. Along the way, the Indians suffered from lack of a roof over their heads, disease and hunger, many died: for the Cherokee tribe alone, the estimated death toll along the road is from 4 to 15 thousand.

potawatomi death road(eng. Potawatomi Trail of Death) - the forced relocation of the Potawatomi tribe from Indiana to eastern Kansas, which took place from September 4 to November 4, 1838.
The houses of the Indians were burned to prevent their return. Within 2 months, the Potawatomi traveled a distance of about 1060 kilometers. More than 40 people died along the way. In November 1838, about 750 Potawatomi arrived in eastern Kansas. Some Indians managed to escape and stay in Indiana and Michigan.

Statistics

The exact number of victims cannot be established, because the exact number of the population before the arrival of Columbus is not known.
However, it is assumed that before the discovery of America, up to 60 million Indians lived on the continent, of which from 8 million to 15 million lived in North America.
A number of American Indian organizations and historians claim that the number of North American Indians dropped from 15 million to 237,000 between 1500 and 1900.
Before colonization, there were 2200 Indian tribes on two continents, after colonization 500 tribes. By the way, American Indians spoke 550 languages!

INDIANS OF AMERICA NOW

The Indian population is rapidly increasing due to the high birth rate.
According to the US Census, in 2010 the number of Indians reached 2.9 million people
There are 564 registered Indian tribes and 563 reservations in the United States (so far).

Indians now have two main sources of income- government subsidies and gambling.
Indian reservations received the right to establish casinos in 1998.
Despite the income received by the Indians from gambling business their standard of living remains extremely low.
24.5% of Indians live below the poverty line, while 12% of the US population is considered poor.
A family of four is considered poor if its total annual income does not exceed $16,895, and a single person if its income does not exceed $9,039.
Only 55% of Indians own their own homes.
Approximately 20% of Indian homes do not have running water or sewerage. Indian houses are overcrowded in 32% of cases - up to 25 people can live in three rooms.
Unemployment among the Indians is a record high for the United States - it reaches 15%, and in some reservations - 80% (the national average does not exceed 6%).
According to the US Census Bureau(US Census Bureau), the median income of a Native American family is $32,116 per year, however, according to the Indian agency TribalNews, food prices on reservations are about 2 times higher than prices in stores located in common areas.
A bachelor's degree (awarded after graduating from college) is 9.3% of Indians. Some reservations have less than 0.5% bachelors. In the US as a whole, this figure is 20.3%.
American Indians are twice as likely as the rest of the United States to be victims of violent crime.
It is curious that the natives of the United States (Indians), who have been living in an English-speaking environment for several hundred years, watching TV, listening to the radio and using the Internet, were able to preserve their native language.
23.8% of Indians do not speak English at home, compared to 85% of Navajo Indians.

One in three Indians receive financial assistance from the federal government. In addition, the Indians are provided with food at the expense of the federal budget, they are guaranteed to buy a house on credit, they are provided with an increased allowance for children, and they organize free refresher courses.
Washington Profile

In 2009, the U.S. Congress included in the Defense Spending Act a Statement of Official Apology to the U.S. Indians for "the many instances of violence, mistreatment, and neglect suffered by Indigenous Peoples at the hands of citizens of the United States."

The Obama administration is rumored to be paying over $1 billion to 41 Native American tribes. as compensation for the mismanagement of their lands and mining revenues natural resources these lands, including oil and gas. By paying this amount, the US government secured the withdrawal of claims filed by the tribes.

3. Indian Wars

The Indian Wars are commonly referred to as a series of armed conflicts between the indigenous peoples of North America and the United States of America. Also, this term refers to the wars of white settlers with Indians that preceded the formation of the United States.
The wars that began in colonial times continued until the massacre at Wounded Knee and the "closure" of the American Frontier in 1890. Their result was the subjugation of the North American Indians and their assimilation or forced relocation to Indian reservations.
The most significant Indian wars:
Sand Creek Massacre (1864)
Battle of Washita (1868)
Battle of Rosebud (1876)
Battle of the Little Bighorn (June 25-26, 1876) (Custer's last stand)
- was the last major armed clash between the Sioux Indians and the US Army, and one of the last battles of the Indian Wars.

Sand Creek Massacre (1864)- attack by American volunteers under the command of Colonel John Chivington on the peaceful settlement of the southern Cheyenne and southern Arapaho on the Sand Creek.
In 1861, the Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho signed a peace treaty with U.S. officials at Fort Wise.
In the early morning of November 29, 1864, Colonel Chivington's soldiers attacked a Cheyenne and Arapaho encampment at a large bend in Sand Creek. A huge American flag, given to him at the council, fluttered above the tipi of the Black Kettle leader, and below it a small white flag, a sign that his camp was peaceful.
The attack turned out to be a complete surprise for the Indians, they rushed to run up the stream. One of the first to be killed Left hand and Cheyenne chief White Antelope, an old man of seventy-five. The riders cut off the retreat of the Indians, the few Cheyenne and Arapaho warriors began to dig in and cover the retreat of women and children who sought to hide in the nearby hills. The Indians fought back for four hours, most of them died, the survivors retreated up the stream, among them was the Black Kettle.
Chivington's soldiers acted very cruelly. They scalped dead men and cut off women's breasts, mutilating the corpses beyond recognition. Women and children who offered no resistance were killed, the wounded were finished off.
After the end of the massacre, Chivington soldiers captured fragments of dismembered bodies as trophies, including the genitals of the victims and human embryos, they showed their booty to the people of Denver.

163 Indians killed (mostly women and children)
Belykh - 24 killed, 52 wounded.

The Sand Creek massacre disrupted the traditional communal order the Southern Cheyenne. Most of the killed leaders were for peace with the white people. The influence of the Dog Warriors, who have always opposed the conclusion of any agreements with outsiders and settlement on the reservation, has increased.
The US government created a commission to investigate the actions of Colonel Chivington. The American authorities admitted their responsibility for the events at Sand Creek and agreed to pay compensation to the surviving Cheyenne and Arapaho.
The Sand Creek massacre was reflected in the films
"Soldier in Blue"
"Little Big Man"
series "To the West"
All of these films are in this collection.

Battle of Washita (1868)
The Battle of Washita was a battle fought between the Southern Cheyenne and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army on November 27, 1868 near the Washita River, Oklahoma.
In 1867, the Indian tribes of the southern Great Plains signed a peace treaty with the US government at Medicine Lodge Creek, which the Senate ratified only in July 1868. The peace concluded at Medicine Lodge Creek did not last long. The following year, clashes broke out again between the Cheyenne and white settlers. The government sent troops against the hostile Indians.
In mid-October 1868, General Philip Sheridan began planning a new punitive campaign against the Southern Cheyenne. When Chief Black Kettle visited the Fort Cobb military post, about 100 miles from his camp site, to reassure the fort commander that he wanted to live in peace with the Americans, he was told that the US Army had already launched a military campaign against hostile Indian tribes. The Indian agent told him that the only safe place for his people was around the fort and that he had no authority to give them protection.
On the morning of November 23, General Sheridan ordered Colonel George Custer to go in search of hostile Indians.
The Black Kettle camp was discovered by Osage scouts and it was thanks to them that a surprise attack became possible. The village consisted of 75 tips (teepee - means any dwelling), a little further from it there were two more large camps: one - Cheyenne and Arapaho, the other - Comanche, Kiowa and Kiowa Apache.
During the attack, soldiers killed Black Kettle and his wife, survivors of Sand Creek.
Women and children fled, the soldiers covered their retreat. The village was burned, all property was destroyed, many women and children were captured. Custer ordered 875 Cheyenne horses to be shot. Soon the soldiers were forced to retreat - many Indian warriors from neighboring camps hurried to the rescue of the people of the Black Kettle. George Custer sent a detachment of Major Elliot to block their way. After a short fight, Elliot's entire group was killed. Caster himself hurried to leave the captured and burned camp.
Opinions vary widely about the Cheyenne who died. According to Custer's official report, 103 warriors, 16 women and several children were killed. However, Custer, like most American officers of that time, often exaggerated his merits. The Cheyenne survivors spoke of the deaths of 13 warriors, 16 women and 9 children.

Battle of Rosebud (1876)
The Battle of Rosebud was a battle fought between the Sioux Cheyenne Indian Union and the United States Army on June 17, 1876, near the Rosebud River, Montana.
In 1874, an expedition led by George Armstrong Custer explored the Black Hills, part of a reservation promised in an 1868 treaty to the Sioux and Cheyenne, and discovered gold there. In 1875 there was an influx of gold miners in the Black Hills.
The US government tried to buy Indian lands, but no agreement was reached - the Sioux and Cheyenne made desperate attempts to expel white people from their land. Spotted Tail and Red Cloud visiting Washington refused to sell the Black Hills for $6 million. The American government began to solve the problem in its usual fraudulent way. It required all free Indians to register before January 31, 1876, otherwise they were to be considered enemies.
Indian camp scouts spotted a large force of General George Crook's soldiers on June 16, 1876. Under the command of Crook were 47 officers and about 1,000 soldiers of the American army, as well as 262 scouts from the Crow and Eastern Shoshone. Having made a night march, the Sioux and Cheyenne attacked the soldiers in the morning, to whom this was a complete surprise.
From morning until sunset, the Sioux and Cheyenne opposed the soldiers and a band of Crow and Eastern Shoshone Scouts. Crook's scouts took the brunt first. For some time, two, and then three independent fights were fought at once. The forces of both sides were approximately equal - approximately 1200 soldiers each. The Sioux and Cheyenne attacked and then retreated and dispersed into small groups. The soldiers were aimed fire, and their scouts pursued the Sioux and Cheyenne. During the battle, the attackers and retreaters repeatedly changed places.
Although the battle was hard and long, the losses on both sides were small. Crook's soldiers used up almost all their ammunition in battle and he was forced to curtail the military campaign. The soldiers retreated, while the Indians considered themselves victorious.
It is believed that it was thanks to the participation of Crow and Eastern Shoshone scouts that George Crook avoided complete defeat. No wonder the Sioux and Cheyenne called the Battle of Rosebud the Battle of our Indian enemies. The Cheyenne also called this battle The Battle when a sister saved her brother.
The main result of this battle was that the Sioux and Cheyenne realized that they could withstand a large army of whites and defeat it.
Forces and losses of the parties:
Indians: Sioux, Cheyenne / Commanders: Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull / Troop: 1,200
Losses: 10-36 killed / 21 wounded
On the white side: United States, Eastern Shoshone, Crowe / Commander - George Crook
army:
47 officers
1,000 soldiers
176 Crow Scouts
86 Eastern Shoshone Scouts
Losses: 10-32 killed / 28 wounded

Battle of the Little Bighorn (June 25-26, 1876) (Custer's last battle)
The Battle of the Little Bighorn was a battle fought between the Lakota-Northern Cheyenne Indian Union and the U.S. Army Seventh Cavalry Regiment on June 25–26, 1876 near the Little Bighorn River, Montana. The battle ended with the destruction of five companies of the American regiment and the death of its famous commander, George Custer.
The only irrefutable fact is that Custer did not comply with the order to “block the retreat route”, but decided, without waiting for the main forces to approach, to attack thousands of Indians.
The defeat of Custer caused a huge resonance in the United States, obscure to Europeans because of the local scale of the battle. Society demanded that the guilty be punished. Many hypotheses have been put forward, most of which can be refuted. For example, Custer was accused of separating forces, however, he had used it successfully before.
Indians: Lakota, Santee, Yanktonai, Cheyenne, Arapaho
Leaders: Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, Bile
Army: 1,500 - 2,000 people.
Indian losses: 36 - 136 killed / 150 - 200 wounded
White settlers in the US: 7th Cavalry Regiment
Commanders: George A. Custer †, Marcus Reno, Frederic Benteen, Bloody Knife †
troops: 31 officers, 566 soldiers, 40 scouts, 15 non-combatants
White losses: 266 killed / 55 wounded

Massacre at Wounded Knee (1890) (English Wounded Knee Massacre) - was the last major armed clash between the Sioux Indians and the US Army, and one of the last battles of the Indian Wars.
On December 29, 1890, a detachment of five hundred men of the 7th U.S. Cavalry, supported by four cannons, surrounded the camp of two tribes of Sioux Indians who were resisting attempts by white Americans to seize their land, with the aim of delivering them to a railroad station for transportation to a reservation in Omaha, Nebraska .
The regimental commander, Brigadier General James William Forsythe, ordered his soldiers to take away weapons from the Indians, but at the end of the disarmament, someone opened fire (who fired and why is not known for certain), which provoked a fight.
During the battle, 25 soldiers and 153 Indians were killed, including men, women and children. It is believed that many soldiers were accidentally killed by their own comrades, since the shooting was carried out in chaos at very close range, and most of the Indians were already disarmed. About 150 Indians were able to escape.
According to the Czech ethnographer Miloslav Stingl, the massacre at Wounded Knee was the fault of Colonel Forsythe, commander of the 7th Cavalry Regiment. Among the Sioux was a deaf Indian named Coyote Black, who did not hear the order to surrender his weapons. Colonel Forsythe, deciding that he was faced with malicious disobedience, ordered to shoot the camp with unarmed and half-dead people from fatigue.
In movie:
The story of the massacre is featured in the 2007 film Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee.
The story about the deaf Black Coyote is reflected at the very beginning of the film "Hidalgo".
This massacre is shown at the end of the TV series "Into the West".
All these films are

Native American genocide in the United States. Destruction of the Indians in North America. The story of an ordinary cynical genocide

"... we will raze banks and prisons to the ground ..." (c).

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Leafing through the old notebook of a murdered collaborator

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1. The history of the development of America

2. Genocide. Data. Statistics

3. Indian Wars