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The main features of the location of crop production, animal husbandry and fishing. Agriculture: branches of agriculture. Branches of agriculture in Russia

This video tutorial was created specifically for self-study themes "Geography Agriculture. Industrial crops and animal husbandry”. On it you can find out what industrial crops are grown on the territory of Russia, in which regions. Then the teacher will talk about the features of the geography of animal husbandry.

Topic: general characteristics economy of Russia

Lesson: Geography of agriculture. Industrial crops and animal husbandry

TO industrial crops include sunflower, sugar beet, fiber flax, cotton and other crops. From technical types cultivated plants produce food (vegetable oil, sugar, molasses), medicines and light industry products. Russia ranks 7th in the world in sugar beet harvesting, second in flax fiber harvesting, and among the leaders in sunflower seeds harvesting. Despite this, plants do not meet the needs for food and raw materials at the expense of their producers. This is largely due to the fact that industrial crops occupy less area than grain crops, as well as biological features plants, which is manifested in more stringent requirements for natural conditions: the amount of heat, light, moisture and the physical and chemical composition of the soil. It is also complicated by the laboriousness of growing most crops, as well as capital intensity. Almost every industrial culture requires the use of special tools and harvesters. Sometimes it is necessary to build special structures, for example, entire reservoirs and enterprises are equipped for soaking fiber flax.

Industrial crops are divided into several groups:

1. Oilseeds (sunflower, castor bean, buckwheat)

2. Fibrous (fiber flax, cotton)

3. Sugar (sugar beet)

4. Essential oils (mint, anise)

Sugar beet the only sugar-bearing culture in Russia. Raw sugar is obtained from it, and then refined sugar. Sugar beet is grown not only as an industrial crop, but also as a fodder crop. Sugar beet is a rather “capricious plant”: it requires good cultivated soils, a fairly humid climate with a long warm period. It grows best forest steppe zone. Another feature of growing sugar beets is labor intensity. The main areas for growing sugar beet: Central Black Earth, North Caucasus, Volga and south Western Siberia (Altai region).

Rice. 1. Sugar beet growing areas in Russia

Long flax- the most important fiber crop in Russia. Linen fabrics are made from the resulting flax fiber, which are in high demand in our country and abroad. Linen requires coolness, usually cloudy weather, very moisture-loving and does not tolerate heat. In the fields of flax predecessors, it is desirable to have crops that enrich the soil with nitrogen. Fiber flax is susceptible to fungal diseases, which reduces the quality vegetable fibers, because of this, it can be sown on one field no more than once every seven to eight years. This, in turn, limits flax crops, which occupy only 12-15% of the cultivated area. The main economic regions for growing fiber flax are: Central, Northern, Volga-Vyatka, North-Western, Ural and West Siberian.

Rice. 2. Areas of fiber flax cultivation in Russia

Sunflower the most common industrial crop in Russia and the leading oilseed crop. 90% of Russian vegetable oil is produced from sunflower seeds, 10% of the oil is obtained from mustard, curly flax and other crops. Obtained during the processing of sunflower seeds into oil and cake - a high-protein concentrated feed for livestock. Green mass and immature sunflower seeds are used for silage harvesting. Sunflower crops occupy more than 70% of all plantings of industrial crops. The main areas of sunflower cultivation: North Caucasian, Volga (Middle Volga region), Central Black Earth, Ural (Orenburg region).

Rice. 3. Sunflower growing areas in Russia

The cultivation of other oilseeds is less common in Russia. Curly flax, or oil flax is sown mainly in the Volga, North Caucasian, West Siberian regions. mustard- in the Volga (Volgograd, Saratov regions), North Caucasian (Rostov region, Stavropol and Krasnodar region) . Kleshchevin grown mainly in the North Caucasus region.

Animal husbandry provides about 60% of Russia's gross domestic product. Behind last years the role of animal husbandry in the agro-industrial complex is growing.

In animal husbandry, there are:

1. Cattle breeding (breeding of large cattle)

2. Pig breeding

3. Reindeer breeding

4. Poultry farming

5. Beekeeping

6. Fur farming

Animal husbandry is impossible without serious forage base. Therefore, the location of livestock complexes is associated with zonal features, for example, dairy cattle breeding focuses on the succulent fodder of the forest zone, and beef cattle breeding focuses on the dry fodder of the steppes and forest-steppes. The breeding of sheep or goats has always been territorially connected with mountain systems or foothills, where there is enough dry food and space. Cattle are located everywhere, but the main areas of their breeding are Central, Volga, North Caucasian, Ural, West Siberian.

Rice. 4. Main cattle breeding areas in Russia

According to the ratio of meat and milk in cattle breeding, several areas are distinguished: dairy, dairy-meat, meat-and-milk, meat. dairy farming concentrated mainly around large cities and industrial centers of the country. The main areas for the development of dairy products are the North Caucasian, Central, North-West.

Rice. 5. Areas of distribution of dairy farming

Dairy and meat animal husbandry is ubiquitous. Meat and dairy and beef cattle breeding is developed in the steppe and semi-desert regions of the south of the European part of Russia, the Urals of the Volga region and western Siberia.

Rice. 6. Areas of distribution of meat, dairy and beef cattle breeding

Pig breeding develops in areas of highly developed grain farming, potato growing or beet growing (North Caucasian, Volga, Central West Siberian regions), as well as in suburban areas of large cities and centers of the food industry.

Rice. 7. Pig breeding areas

poultry farming greatest development reached in the main grain areas near major cities. Horse breeding is historically one of the most important branches of economy in the North Caucasus and the South of the Urals.

Rice. 8. Areas of development of horse breeding

The life of the indigenous peoples of the Far North, Siberia or the Far East has historically been associated with reindeer herding.

The functioning of the agro-industrial complex in recent years is carried out in difficult conditions. The material and technical base is noticeably deteriorating, the ties of agricultural enterprises are being disrupted. As a result, there is a loss of the share of agricultural products in the country's gross domestic product. Serious changes are taking place in the country's agriculture: the redistribution of regions and the privatization of districts. As a result, part of agricultural production is lost. Russia provides itself only half with such products as meat, milk, vegetables and 30% provides itself with berries and fruits. The functioning of the agro-industrial complex is impossible without state support. In addition to state subsidies, the agrarian complex requires the provision of material and technical resources, the creation of an enabling environment for foreign investment and regulation of foreign trade in products in order to protect Russian products. When solving these problems, the agro-industrial complex in our state will produce a sufficient amount of products and fulfill its task of meeting the requirements of the population.

  1. V.P. Dronov, V.Ya. Rum. Geography of Russia: population and economy. Grade 9
  2. V.P. Dronov, I.I. Barinova, V.Ya. Rom, A.A. Lobzhanidze. Geography of Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade
  1. A single collection of digital educational resources (). Agro-industrial complex of Russia: composition, structure, problems

Animal husbandry provides about 65% of all agricultural production, and its share is constantly increasing. There are several branches of animal husbandry. These are cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry farming, which have big influence on the economy of the agro-industrial complex (agro-industrial complex).

Cattle breeding - cattle breeding - has large volume products (including 2/5 of meat). There are dairy, meat, dairy and meat cattle breeding.

Cattle breeding is the largest, most productive and versatile industry. It is developed to obtain milk in all agricultural areas close to the most big cities and industrial centers. A dairy bias is also possible in places remote from industrial centers, if the nature of the food supply does not prevent this. In this case, milk is processed into transportable products (butter, cheese, powdered milk and etc.).

Pig breeding is divided into meat, bacon, semi-lard, tallow. It is the second industry in terms of meat production. Its placement is based on proximity to agricultural fodder bases and product consumption.

Sheep breeding is of great economic importance. Wool is the most valuable raw material for textile industry. There are semi-fine-fleeced, fine-fleeced, fur coat sheep breeding. The main direction of Russian sheep breeding is fine-wool.

Poultry farming is divided into egg, meat, general use. Poultry farms gravitate towards places of product consumption and grain production.

Geographic features industry distribution

The geography of animal husbandry is formed under the influence of two main factors:

food base orientation;

attraction to the consumer.

With the development of urbanization processes, the importance of the second factor in the location of livestock production increases. In the suburban areas of large cities and highly urbanized areas, dairy farming, pig breeding and poultry farming are developing, providing the townspeople with perishable livestock products (fresh meat, milk, eggs), i.e. reinforces the azonal nature of animal husbandry.

However, even today the focus on the forage base (zonal factor) plays an important role in the geography of the industry. So, pastures with forbs are optimal for dairy cattle breeding, and juicy (silage, etc.) and coarse (straw, hay) feeds in combination with concentrated (mixed feeds) are needed in the feed composition. Dairy cattle breeding is located in the Northern and Northwestern regions, as well as in some areas of the Urals, the Far East and the Non-Chernozem zone.

Dryer pastures are also suitable for meat breeds, and succulent feed may be almost absent. It is expedient to place beef cattle breeding in areas where there are few natural pastures. Basically, beef cattle breeding is developed in the regions of the North Caucasus (Stavropol Territory, Rostov Region), the Volga Region (Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan Region) and in Southern Urals(Orenburg region). These areas also, in addition to meat, supply raw hides.

Dairy and meat production is typical for Krasnodar Territory, Central - Chernozem zone, parts of the regions of the Urals and the Volga region, Western Siberia.

Pig breeding, using field feed (compound feed and root crops), is located in areas with the production of corn, sugar beet, sunflower (sugar production waste - bagasse and oilseed cake - cake is an excellent feed). Therefore, in Russian Federation The main areas of pig breeding are the North Caucasian, Volga, Central Black Earth economic regions (almost 1/3 of the total pig population in the country is concentrated in these 3 regions), as well as the Krasnodar Territory, Belgorod and Kursk regions.

Sheep breeding is focused on pasture fodder in the steppe and dry steppe zones. Its main areas are the eastern, most arid part of the North Caucasus, the southern Trans-Volga region, and also the south of Eastern Siberia.

The production of eggs and poultry meat is located everywhere, but most of it is concentrated in the southern regions: North Caucasus, South of the Central Black Earth Region, the Volga region.

crop production produces about 55% of all agricultural products in the country. This industry can be considered the basis of agriculture, since the level of animal husbandry largely depends on its development.

Grain farming is of paramount importance in the structure of crop production. More than half of the sown area in Russia is occupied by grain crops, but grain crops are declining, yields are rather low, and gross grain harvests have been declining in recent years. In 1986-1990. 104.3 million tons of grain were harvested (on average per year), in 1991-1995. - 98.3 million tons (average per year).

The main grain crop in Russia is winter and spring wheat. Winter wheat is a more productive crop compared to spring wheat, but it is also more demanding on soils, it is a heat-loving crop. The main areas of its production are the North Caucasus and the Central Black Earth economic regions. Spring wheat crops are concentrated in the Volga region, in the Southern Urals, in Siberia, in the Non-Black Earth region.

A less whimsical crop is rye, so its crops are located mainly in areas Non-chernozem zone Russia. The sown areas of rye are constantly decreasing.

Barley can be grown almost everywhere, it withstands temperature changes during the growing season, and is drought-resistant. The main regions of production: the North Caucasus, Central Black Earth and Volga economic regions, it is also grown in the Urals and Siberia.

Oats are a moisture-loving, but not demanding crop; it is grown in the forest zone: in the Volga-Vyatka economic region, in the Urals, in Western and Eastern Siberia. Barley and oats are used for feed purposes and in the food industry.

Corn is a thermophilic plant; for grain, it is grown in the southern regions of the country: in the North Caucasian and Central Black Earth economic regions, in the Lower Volga region.

The main cereal crops: millet, buckwheat, rice. Millet is grown mainly in the steppe zone: in the Central Black Earth, Volga, North Caucasian economic regions, in the Urals. Buckwheat makes high demands on the conditions of moisture, does not tolerate high air temperatures. The main areas of its production are TsChER, the Volga region, the Urals. Rice is grown in Russia in the North Caucasus, in the lower reaches of the Volga and in the Primorsky Territory ( Far East) on irrigated lands.

Legumes (peas, beans, lentils, soybeans, etc.) have great importance and as food crops, and for fodder purposes, covering the needs of animals in protein.

Oilseeds in Russia are the main source of food and technical vegetable oils. The main oilseed crop is sunflower. It is cultivated for grain in the North Caucasus, in the Volga region, in the Central Black Earth economic region. From other oilseeds highest value have soy, flax-curly, mustard, castor oil. Hemp is an important spinning and oilseed crop at the same time. The main part of hemp is produced in the North Caucasus and the Non-Black Earth region.

The leading industrial crop in Russia is fiber flax. It is cultivated in the Central, Volga-Vyatka, Northern and North-Western economic regions.

Sugar beet is used in Russia for the production of sugar, the tops and waste from its processing are valuable feed for livestock. The main beet-growing regions are the Central Black Earth and the North Caucasus.

Potatoes are grown almost everywhere in the country, but potato growing is a commodity industry in the Central, Volga-Vyatka, Central Black Earth and West Siberian economic regions.

The main crops of vegetables are in the North Caucasus, in the Volga region, in the Central Black Earth and some other economic regions. Fruits and berries are grown in the southern regions.

animal husbandry is one of the main branches of agricultural production: it gives 45% of gross output, accumulates 75% of fixed production assets and 70% labor resources in agriculture, the importance of animal husbandry is also determined by the fact that it produces the most necessary and biologically valuable products in the human diet.

Efficient livestock production is impossible without the creation of a solid fodder base. Feed base is the production, storage and consumption of feed for all kinds of animals and birds. It depends on natural conditions and as a result, it influences the specialization of animal husbandry (the cultivation of one or another type of livestock), the location of its individual branches. For example, the breeding of beef cattle and sheep breeding are developed and located where there are significant hay and pasture lands, while pig breeding and poultry farming are oriented towards the agricultural fodder base. The duration and possibility of grazing and stall keeping of animals, the choice of a rational structure of the herd, its livestock, the technology of growing and fattening livestock, which ultimately affects the efficiency of production and its expediency, also depend on natural conditions and on the forage base. The importance of the feed base is also determined by the fact that the share of feed in the cost of livestock products in Russia is 60-80%, depending on the type and area of ​​production.

The problem of feed in Russian agriculture is one of the most acute. Low livestock productivity is directly related to low level animal feeding (for example, in terms of calories per year, it is only 57-61% of the level in the United States) Most fodder is provided by field fodder production. 38% of arable land is occupied by forage crops and 3/4 of the forage collection from all forage areas is provided by this source. Also, 2/3 of the gross grain harvest is used for fodder purposes. Hayfields and pastures are an important source of fodder, the areas under fodder crops are constantly growing, however, their structure needs to be improved, since the share of grain and leguminous crops is insufficient. The productivity of natural hayfields and pastures, which provide cheap and necessary rough and green fodder, is very low in Russia, which is associated with the unsatisfactory cultural and technical state of natural lands, the extensive system of grassland management in the country. large areas in need of reclamation work.

The situation with fodder is complicated by the fact that up to 30% of harvested fodder lose their nutritional value due to violations in the technology of harvesting and storage, not to mention physical losses. Insufficient quantity and incorrect feeding technology lead to the fact that a significant part of the feed is spent not on obtaining products, but on maintaining the life of animals. This negatively affects the efficiency of production and increases the feed intensity of products. According to this indicator, we have no analogues among developed countries, although we constantly experience a large deficit in feed.

The main direction in solving the problem of fodder is the intensification of fodder production, which includes measures to improve the structure of forage areas, increase the yield of fodder crops, the productivity of hayfields and pastures, melioration and chemicalization of the fodder base, improve seed production of fodder crops, strengthen the material and technical base of fodder production, and introduce new forms of organization. labor and others.

slide 2

  • Agriculture is a branch of the primary sphere
  • The main features of agriculture
  • Sectoral composition of agriculture
  • Geography of crop production

  • slide 3

    New concepts and representations:

    Agricultural grounds,

    Agriculture,

    Industrial crops,

    animal husbandry

    Students should be able to:

    Name the main branches of agriculture,

    Name the types of agricultural land;

    Show on the map and explain the geography of the location of the main grain and industrial crops

    slide 4

    Agriculture is the oldest branch of the economy, providing people with food, and

    industry raw materials.

    slide 5

    One of the most important factors in the development of agriculture is the size and quality

    agricultural landStructure of land in Russia

    Land used for agriculture is called agricultural land.

    How can one explain that with such a large area of ​​the entire territory of Russia, the share of agricultural land is so small?

    slide 6

    Slide 7

    Distinctive features of agriculture:

    Depends on natural conditions The land is both a means of labor and an object of labor. An agricultural enterprise, as a rule, occupies a large area.

    Slide 8

    Guys, who knows what two sectors agriculture is divided into?

  • Slide 9

    Plant growing.

    Cereals: rye,

    • wheat,
    • barley,
    • oats,
    • corn,
    • millet,
    • buckwheat,
    • rice, as well as legumes (peas, beans, soybeans, lentils).

    Industrial crops:

    Sunflower

    Len-fibre

    Sugar beet

    Vegetable production

    Production of berries and fruits

    gourds

    Viticulture

    Potato

    Tea, citrus

    Slide 10

    Task: fill in the table: indicate the culture requirements for this condition high,

    and the sign "-" undemanding culture to this condition

    slide 11

    Task: work with a map and a textbook, determine in which regions of Russia data is grown

    industrial crops.

    Industrial crops:

    Sunflower

    Len-fibre

    Sugar beet

    Vegetable production

    Production of berries and fruits

    gourds

    Viticulture

    Potato

    Tea, citrus

    slide 12

    Self test:

    Tea, citrus fruits - North Caucasus.

    slide 13

    Reflection

    5. In which area is the most concentrated industrial crops.

    Slide 14

    Homework.

    • Page 29 questions 1.2 in writing
    • Contour maps pages 2-3 all by assignment

  • slide 15

    Lesson 2

    Questions covered in the lesson:

    The study of animal husbandry and its zonal specialization.

    Analysis of statistical data, maps "Agriculture"

    Development of skills to navigate in the flow of information about geographical objects.

    slide 16

    Checking homework:

    Geographic dictation:

    The most important grain crop in Russia is:

    A) buckwheat B) oats C) wheat

    2. In the Non-Black Earth region they grow:

    3. Where rice is grown

    A) Ural b) Volga region c) Kuban

    5. Distribute crops

    Cereals 2. Technical 3. Legumes

    Slide 17

    Self test:

    1. The most important grain crop in Russia is:

    A) buckwheat B) oats C) wheat

    2. In the Non-Black Earth region they grow:

    A) fiber flax b) sugar beet c) sunflower

    3. Where rice is grown

    A) Ural b) Volga region c) Kuban

    4. The share of agricultural land is the largest ...

    A) in the forest zone b) in the forest-steppe c) in the steppe d) in the semi-desert

    5. Distribute crops

    1. Cereals 2. Technical 3. Legumes

    Rice, wheat, buckwheat, lentils, fiber flax, soybeans, rye, millet, sunflower, corn

    Slide 18

    Animal husbandry originated 10 thousand years ago.

    The main features of animal husbandry are:

    It accounts for more than half of the value of all agricultural products

    It employs 70% of those employed in the industry

    Produces the most valuable food.

    Slide 19

    Question: Guys, what do you think, what is the basis of animal husbandry in Russia?