Mushrooms of the middle band are edible. What are inedible mushrooms - a list in pictures

To collect edible mushrooms, it is not necessary to wait until the end of summer. Many appetizing species have inhabited the forest since June, and especially the early ones - already from spring. Knowledge of some species edible mushrooms help to distinguish them from dangerous ones.

Mushrooms that appear before everyone else, when properly prepared, are no less tasty than those picked in summer and autumn. The main thing is to distinguish them from poisonous species, also growing immediately after the snow melts.

Morels

They appear in areas well warmed by the rays of the sun. Their hat is dotted with folds and indentations, giving the morel a wrinkled appearance. The mushroom has several common varieties, so the shape of the cap may vary.: be pear-shaped, elongated, conical.

Subpricot

Scientific name - thyroid rosacea. It has brown legs and a hat. The diameter of the latter is from 1 to 10 cm. The white pulp, which tastes good, is traditionally used in canning. Grows in gardens and wild groves with apricot.

Subpricot

oyster mushrooms

They grow in limbo on stumps, attaching to them with a thin leg. The color of the hat, often growing up to 30 cm in diameter, varies from snow-white to brown. Oyster mushrooms usually form whole flocks, which makes them easier to collect.

Meadow mushrooms

These are thin agaric mushrooms, appearing in May in glades and forest edges in the form of "witch's rings". The diameter of the chestnut hat is quite small: less than 4 cm.

Meadow mushrooms

Champignon

These valuable forest dwellers appear in mid-May in regions with warm climate by choosing well-lit open spaces. The globular hat is painted white, and the leg may have beige shades. It is widely used in cooking, including for the preparation of gourmet dishes.

Gallery: edible mushrooms (25 photos)

boletus

They appear everywhere at the end of May. This is a hat mushroom that loves the sun. Boletus usually grows in "families" around trees. Their hemispherical cap can be either white or dark brown, depending on the age of the find. It is important to distinguish between boletus and gall fungus: the latter has a burning taste with bitterness and a pink layer of spores, while in boletus spores the spores are gray.

boletus

Oilers

Appear simultaneously with boletus, but prefer pine forests. A distinctive feature of the butter dish is a brown cap covered with a sticky film.

How to pick mushrooms (video)

summer edible mushrooms

grow in summer and spring mushrooms, which are joined by new ones. Avid lovers of quiet hunting go to the forest from June itself, and in August, which is the peak of fruiting, everyone else joins them.

White mushroom

First place on the list summer species occupies, of course, white. This is a very valuable species, because it has not only excellent taste, but also healing properties: it contains substances that kill bacteria.

The appearance of "white" is difficult to confuse with others: a fleshy hat, dyed in warm shades of brown, pink or even white, is attached to plump leg. The pulp has a pleasant taste and aroma.

For its positive properties, it is called the "king of mushrooms." You can find "white" in forests with birches and pines, in open areas. But the fungus itself prefers to stay in the shade, hiding under fallen trees or thick grass.

White mushroom

mokhovik

Grows in forests that have oaks or pines. At first glance, the flywheel resembles a butter dish, but the surface of its brown or olive cap is dry and has a velvety texture. Their diameter does not exceed 10 cm, but in a favorable environment, this figure can become larger.

Russula

It is a small and very fragile mushroom that grows in large numbers everywhere. The color of the hats is the most diverse: yellow, pink, purple, white. White flesh, easily broken when pressed, sweet in taste. Russula grow until late autumn mainly in the lowlands of any forest, and are undemanding to the soil. Despite the name, russula is better to cook: fry in breadcrumbs, boil, add to soup and potatoes, or pickle for the winter.

Russula

bittersweet

They grow in large "families" in well-moistened areas of mixed and coniferous forests. This agaric does not exceed 10 cm in diameter. His hat in a young bitter is almost flat, with time it turns into a funnel-shaped one. Both the leg and the skin are brick-colored. The pulp, like that of russula, is fragile; when damaged, white juice may appear from it.

Chanterelles

These are mushrooms loved by many, making an excellent duet with potatoes when frying. They appear in June among moss in birch or pine forests.

Chanterelles grow in a dense carpet or bright yellow color(for which they got the name). The funnel-shaped hat has a wavy edging. A nice feature of the fungus is that it is almost always untouched by worms.

Varieties of edible mushrooms (video)

Edible autumn mushrooms

The beginning of September can be called the most productive time for picking mushrooms, when a wide variety of species grow in the forest: from boletus that appeared in May to autumn mushrooms.

Honey mushrooms

Perhaps the most beloved inhabitants of the mushroom kingdom that appear in the fall are honey agarics (they are also called honey agarics). Some varieties begin to grow as early as late summer.

Honey mushrooms never grow alone: ​​they "attack" stumps, logs and even healthy trees in whole colonies. One family can have up to 100 pieces. Therefore, collecting them is easy and fast.

Honey mushrooms are brown and red hat mushrooms.. The diameter of the brown hat, darkening towards the middle, is from 2 to 10 cm. These are mushrooms that smell and taste good, therefore they are used for cooking in almost any form. Especially tasty are miniature young mushrooms with legs, marinated in spicy brine.

Ryadovki

A large family whose representatives grow in orderly rows in pine or mixed forests. Can sometimes form ring-shaped colonies . They have many species, most of which are edible. But there are also poisonous rows.

These are medium-sized mushrooms (average diameter is 5-13 cm), the caps of which are painted in various colors. Their shape changes over time: old specimens are usually almost flat, with a knob in the middle; young ones can be cone-shaped.

Mokruha

It is an edible species often confused with grebes. Its cap is usually covered with mucus, but may be dry. There are different types of mokruha, for example, spruce and pink.

How to distinguish edible mushrooms from inedible

The task of a lover of quiet hunting is not only to find mushrooms, but also to distinguish edible from inedible and even poisonous ones. Knowledge and practical experience help in this. The easiest way to avoid mistakes is to know the characteristics of the species. But there are still general rules to determine how safe the mushroom is for health.

edible mushrooms

They have the following properties:

• pleasant "edible" smell;
• the bottom of the cap is covered with a tubular layer;
• they were chosen by bugs or worms;
• the skin of the cap is characteristic in color for its species.

There are general rules to determine how safe a mushroom is for health.

inedible mushrooms

If there is any doubt about the suitability for eating the find, then it is better to leave it when the mushroom:

• has an unusual or bright color;
• a sharp and unpleasant odor emanates from it;
• there are no pests on the surface;
• the cut acquires an unnatural color;
• there is no tubular layer under the cap.

The variety of species does not allow us to derive an axiom of how to determine by appearance whether a mushroom is dangerous or not. They successfully disguise themselves as each other and almost do not differ. Therefore, the main rule of all mushroom pickers says: "If you're not sure - don't take it."

The main rule of all mushroom pickers is: If you're not sure, don't take it.

What mushrooms appear the very first

Poisonous mushrooms of small size usually appear first from the ground. They are thin, fragile and unremarkable; grow literally everywhere: in forests, parks and lawns along with the first grass.

The very first edible morels will appear a little later, from about mid-April in conditions middle lane.

The importance of edible mushrooms in human nutrition

Mushrooms are widely used in cooking. Their taste and smell are determined by extractive and aromatic substances. The product is used mainly after heat treatment: as an addition to vegetable and meat dishes, salads and snacks. Dried caps and legs are added to soups to give them a characteristic flavor and aroma. Another common cooking method is canning, in which spicy spices and plants are added.

There are quite a few of them, and even fewer tasty and satisfying ones. However, it would be useful to learn more about them. What we propose to do after reading this article. In it you will find photos and names of mushrooms on a tree, and at the same time the answer to the question: are they edible or not.

Is it possible to eat?

As we wrote above, among the mushrooms growing on trees and stumps, those that can be eaten are found. Although it should be noted that they are much smaller than among those that grow in the most famous among the mushrooms found on trunks, they are the popular name for a group of edible mushrooms that belong to various morphological groups. The mushroom was named honey agaric, because most often it grows on living or already inanimate wood, on stumps.

Did you know? Honey mushrooms are an important product for human health. So, it contains trace elements involved in hematopoiesis. With the use of 100 g of these mushrooms per day, a person will satisfy his daily need for such important elements as copper and zinc..

The mushroom category includes quite a few different mushrooms. Also, inedible specimens, which are called, can be disguised as them. Therefore, it is very important to know characteristic differences between dangerous and non-dangerous mushrooms. Below we provide a photo and description of mushrooms that grow on trees and are most common.

How not to make a mistake in choosing?

Among the mushrooms on wood, not only mushrooms come across, these are also tinder fungi, flakes. They are edible, poisonous and medicinal. Let's get to know them better.

Edible

Not all of the following mushrooms are tasty and nutritious, however, they do not bring harm to health. Some of them are well known and popular among experienced mushroom pickers. Here is a list of edible mushrooms growing on trees, with a photo and description:

1. . It has a hat in the form of a horn or funnel. It is light, slightly grey. It has a diameter of 3-12 cm. The stem of the oyster mushroom is located in the center, strewn with descending plates, 2-6 cm long. The flesh of the oyster mushroom is white, fleshy, elastic. The mushroom has a slightly pronounced, almost imperceptible aroma and taste. It lives on deciduous crops from May to September.
   
2. . It has other names: mushroom-ram, dancing mushroom. The specimen is easily recognizable by its pseudo-cap joint and light stem. Its flesh is white and fibrous. It has a pleasant taste and aroma. Fruiting from June to October. It is most common at the base and can weigh up to 10 kg.
   
3. . It has a convex brown cap and leg. The center of the fruiting body is darker. The leg is covered with villi. Its diameter is from 2 to 10 cm. The leg is brown, about 7 cm long. The pulp is white, tasty and odorous. It most often occurs on damaged hardwoods, dried up and grows in groups from autumn to spring, can even be found under snow.
   
4. . Inhabitant of deciduous forests. Fruiting from April to November. It has a small hat - its average diameter is 6 cm. Like all mushrooms, it is convex in its youth, and in old age it evens out and becomes flat. Color - brown or yellow. The leg of this honey agaric is smooth, 7 cm high. The flesh is yellowish in color, refined, with a mild taste.
   
5. . Hat with a diameter of 17 cm. Painted in different shades of green and brown. The legs of autumn mushrooms are 10 cm long, light brown in color, covered with scales. The pulp is dense, white. The mushroom is tasty, has a pleasant aroma. Most often they can be seen on the stumps of such trees:
   

   Important! Many of the experiences have dangerous twins. The main difference by which honey mushrooms can be distinguished from false mushrooms is the presence on edible mushrooms of a ring on a leg under a hat.

6. . The specimen is named because it resembles a piece of liver in section. It has a semicircular brown, slightly red or brown hat 10-30 cm in circumference. Grows on a short side leg. Flesh with a reddish tint, fleshy. The fruit body is sour in taste and fruity in smell. Prefers to grow on living trees. Usually settles on oak, Rarely it can be seen on deciduous plants. The mushroom can be found from late summer to autumn.
   
7. The hat of this specimen grows up to 4-8 cm. It is painted in light shades - it can be white, yellowish, hazel. Covered with dark brown or black scales. The leg is curved, 3-8 cm in length. The pulp is hard, has no special smell and taste. It is characterized by a high protein content. The collection period is from mid-summer to autumn. Grows on hardwoods.
   
8. . His hat is oval or semicircular. It has a yellow color with a reddish tint. Covered with small scales. It reaches a diameter of 2-8 cm. The leg is white, short (about 10 mm), located on the side. Some specimens generally grow without a leg. The pulp is hard, white. Her smell and taste are inexpressive. It bears fruit on deciduous crops from April to August.
   
9. is one of the popular mushrooms growing on trees - you can see it in the photo and in the description. This specimen grows with a leathery yellow cap dotted with brown scales. Its dimensions are about 30 cm. The leg is also covered with scales, brown. Reaches a length of 10 cm. The pulp is characterized by density and juiciness, with a rich pleasant mushroom aroma. The tinder fungus is edible only when young; when it is too old, it will already have hard flesh. The period of its fruiting falls on the spring and summer. Usually grows in parks and deciduous forests. Likes to settle on elms.
   
10. . Popularly known as chicken mushroom. It grows with a yellowish hat in the form of a drop 10-40 cm in diameter. His leg is poorly expressed, just like the hat, it has a yellowish color. The pulp is firm and juicy. Grows on a variety of deciduous trees and can infect fruit trees. It bears fruit from late spring to early autumn.
    

Important! Since mushrooms are heavy food for the human digestive tract, they should not be eaten at night. They also do not need to be fed to children under the age of five. Before use, any mushrooms must be boiled for at least 20 minutes.

Poisonous

1. . The hat of this specimen is flat and very large - up to 40 cm in diameter and up to 13 cm in thickness. It has brownish, gray, brown shades. There are almost no legs. The pulp of the fruiting body is soft, brown or reddish in color. Likes to settle on poplars, oaks and
   
2. . The fruit body of this fungus is up to 20 cm in diameter. It has a bronze, brown, reddish color. When the ishnoderma is actively growing, drops of red liquid stand out on the cap. The pulp of the fungus is juicy, white. Ishnoderma occurs from August to October in broad-leaved forests (most often on beech, birch, linden). Calls u
   
3. . It is characterized by a large oval or fan-shaped fruiting body 10-15 cm in diameter with a velvety surface. Coloring can be white, brown, yellowish. It grows on living plants, most often on oaks.
   
4. . This specimen is very common, it can be recognized by the white fruiting body of various shapes. Young mushrooms are covered with drops of liquid. They have juicy and fleshy flesh with a bitter taste. Mostly grow on conifers.
   
5. . Hats grow 10 cm in circumference. The surface of their gray color with different shades. The flesh is white, leathery. Most often found on stumps and deadwood. Likes to settle on birches and conifers.
   

Important! Be careful - poisonous mushrooms can be just as attractive in appearance and very fragrant as edible ones.

Therapeutic

Some mushrooms, growing together with a tree, form fruiting bodies that have medicinal properties. From them folk healers make medicines. These, for example, include mushrooms growing on trees, with photos and names of which you can find below.

Using stumps to grow mushrooms

Stumps can be used for growing oyster mushrooms. This is easy to do, for example, on. To do this, you need a shady area or a room and a few hardwood stumps (birch, aspen, poplar). Coniferous crops are not suitable for these purposes.

Stumps should not be old, ideally if they are freshly sawn. Dry ones will need to be soaked for several days in water. Their sizes do not play a fundamental difference. Convenient segments with a diameter of 15 to 40 cm and a height of 40 to 50 cm.

Oyster mushrooms can be grown both in open areas and indoors. If you plan to place stumps on the street, then the place should be in the shade and well ventilated. At temperatures below + 20 ° C, agrofibre cover will be required. The optimal time for planting is April-May and August-September. The mycelium germinates within three months.

Exists several ways of stacking logs. Each of them will require digging a ditch at least 30 cm deep and wide, corresponding to the diameter of the wooden blanks. If there are supports for logs, you can not dig the ground, but place stumps on its surface.

There are also several ways to introduce mycelium into the stump - for example, by drilling holes, by sawing off the upper part, building a pyramid of chocks with several layers of mycelium, etc.

In winter, the stumps will need to be brought into the room or covered with agrofiber.

When growing oyster mushrooms indoors, you need disinfect. For example, you can use a 4% lime solution. After disinfection, the room will need to be closed for 48 hours, and then well ventilated until there is no smell in it. The room must be ventilated, lit, maintained the required temperature (+15°C).

It is most convenient to lay the logs after sowing with mycelium in the basement or barn horizontally, on top of each other. From above they are covered with burlap or perforated film.

When logs are installed vertically, columns are made of them and covered with straw. From the sides, the columns are covered with a film or burlap.

The air in the room must be constantly humid. Frequent ventilation is a must.

In May, the stumps can be transplanted outdoors.

The effect of fungi on tree bark

Mushrooms render destructive action on the trees. It concerns both the bark and its roots. Usually fruiting bodies are formed on old, diseased, damaged, infected trunks. They can hit like forest plants, and fruit crops. They often provoke the development of various rots, others. As a result, the tree can completely die.

But some of the tree fungi, such as tinder, are called forest orderlies, because they contribute to the decomposition of old and diseased wood, enriching the soil with nutrients.

Mushroom pickers, conducting a “silent hunt”, most often look intently at their feet, looking for the desired prey among them. However, some of the mushrooms prefer to grow on the trunks and roots of trees. And among these mushrooms you can find quite tasty and fragrant specimens suitable for preparing various dishes. If you don’t have a forest full of mushrooms nearby, then you can grow them for yourself using recently cut stumps.

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Autumn is a harvest time, and for experienced mushroom pickers it is also an opportunity to fill your basket with healthy and tasty mushrooms. To know which mushrooms are edible and which are not, you need to carefully study encyclopedias and it is advisable to use the advice of experienced mushroom pickers. Mushrooms that have a lamellar cap structure are usually edible, but not all of them have such a structure, so you should better familiarize yourself with all the descriptions edible species mushrooms.

Albatrellus ovine

Usually mushrooms are solitary, but can grow together with a lateral or central leg. The stem of the mushroom grows about 7 centimeters long and 3 centimeters in diameter, the shape of the cap looks like an irregular circle, it is slightly convex in the center, and later becomes flat and elastic. The surface of the cap may be greyish-yellow, pale gray or white color. When the young mushroom cap is slightly scaly, almost smooth, then the scales become more pronounced. The mushroom has white flesh that tends to change color to yellowish lemon when dried.

Auricularia (ear-shaped)

A unique mushroom in terms of the amount of nutrients. He is different interesting shape, which resembles a shriveled ear, its cap grows 8 centimeters high, 12 centimeters in diameter and 2 millimeters thick. Outside, it is covered with a small fluff and has an olive-yellowish brown color, inside it is shiny and gray-purple. The stem of the fungus is usually difficult to see, it dries out in drought and is able to recover after rain. This woodland edible mushroom is found on trees and prefers oak, alder, maple and elderberry.

White mushroom

The mushroom has a hemispherical cushion cap, it is quite fleshy and convex, the cap span is 20-25 centimeters. Its surface is slightly sticky, smooth, its color is brown, light brown, olive or purple-brown. The mushroom has a fleshy cylindrical foot, the height of which does not exceed 20 centimeters and 5 centimeters in diameter, it expands at the bottom, the outer surface has a light brown or white tint, and there is a mesh pattern on top. Most of the leg is usually in the litter (underground). This is one of the many edible mushrooms that are common in the Saratov region.

White boletus

The shape of the mushroom cap is hemispherical, and then pillow-shaped, its diameter is about 15 centimeters, naked and can become mucous. The outer part of the cap can take on various shades of gray and brown. The leg is solid, cylindrical, diameter is 3 centimeters, length is about 15 centimeters. At the bottom, the stem of the fungus expands slightly, its color is whitish-gray and there are longitudinal dark scales. The tubes of the spore-bearing layer are long, its color is white, turning into dirty gray.

white boletus

The mushroom belongs to large species, the scope of the cap reaches a diameter of 25 centimeters, the color of the outer part is white or some shades of gray. The lower surface of the fungus is finely porous, white at the beginning of growth, in old mushrooms it becomes gray-brown. The leg is quite high, it thickens at the base, its color is white, there are oblong scales of brown or white color. The structure of the pulp is dense, usually it is blue-green at the base of the fungus, at the break it becomes blue almost black. This species belongs to edible mushrooms, which are collected by mushroom pickers in the Rostov region.

The size of the cap of the mushroom varies between 2-15 centimeters, sometimes 30 centimeters, in young growth it is hemispherical, maturing, becomes concave or flat-prostrate, usually has an irregular shape. The structure of the cap is scaly and smooth, the color of the outer surface is usually white, but yellowish-white caps are found in older specimens. The leg of the mushroom is thick, its height is only 4 centimeters, and its diameter is about 3 centimeters, it narrows closer to the base, the skin of the young is white, becoming slightly yellowish with age. The pulp has an elastic structure, the plates of the spore-bearing layer are wide, they are white or yellowish-brown.

Boletin marsh

The diameter of the mushroom cap usually does not exceed 10 centimeters, its shape is flat-convex, pillow-shaped, a tubercle is observed in the center. It is felt-scaly, fleshy and dry, the color of young growth is quite bright purple or cherry red, burgundy, in old mushrooms with a yellowish tint. The height of the stem reaches 4-7 centimeters, and the diameter is 1-2 centimeters, at the base of the mushroom the stem is slightly thickened, sometimes the remains of a ring are visible, under which it is red and yellow on top. The pulp has a yellow, slightly bluish color, the spore-bearing layer descends onto the stem, its color is yellow, and then brown, the pores are wide.

Borovik

The cap has a rounded shape at the beginning of growth, later it transforms into a flat-convex one, its color is dark almost black, the skin is smooth, slightly velvety. The pulp is dense in structure, its color is white and it does not change when cut, it is distinguished by a pronounced mushroom aroma. The leg is massive, has a club-shaped shape, it is strongly thickened at the base, its color is terracotta, and a white mesh can always be seen on top. If you press your fingers on the hymenophore, you can observe the appearance of olive-green spots.

Value

The hat in diameter grows from 8 to 12 centimeters, and sometimes 15 centimeters, is painted yellow or brown-yellow. Juveniles have a spherical cap, which, when ripe, opens and becomes flat, it is shiny and smooth, mucus is present. The shape of the leg is barrel-shaped or cylindrical, the length is 5-11 centimeters, and the thickness is about 3 centimeters, its color is white, but can be covered with brown spots. The flesh is rather fragile, it is white, but gradually darkens on the cut up to brown. The spore-bearing layer is white or dirty cream, the plates are narrowly adherent, frequent, and have different lengths.

oyster mushroom

The size of the mushroom cap in diameter varies from 5 to 22 centimeters. There is a skin of different colors: yellowish, white, fawn, blue-gray, ash or dark gray, the shape is shell-shaped, rounded or ear-shaped, its surface is matte and smooth, and the edges are thin. The short leg is cylindrical, its surface is smooth, the base is felt. The fleshy pulp is juicy, white and pleasant to the taste with a slight mushroom aroma. The plates fall on the leg, they are wide and medium-frequency, in young animals they are white, and then become grayish. This edible mushroom is common in the Kuban.

Volnushka

The cone-shaped cap reaches 5-8 centimeters in diameter, it has a creamy white color and darkens closer to the middle, the surface is very fleecy along the edges of the cap fluffy. The stem of the mushroom can grow to a length of 2-8 centimeters, and about 2 centimeters in thickness, the color of the surface does not differ from the outer part of the cap, it tapers closer to the base. The pulp is brittle white, milky juice is released at the break. The plates are descending, adherent, narrow and frequent, white in young growth, cream or yellow in old mushrooms. This species can be found in the expanses of the Moscow region.

Hygrofor

The mushroom cap usually does not grow more than 5 centimeters in diameter, rarely grows up to 7-10 centimeters, it has a convex shape, often with a small tubercle in the middle, secretes mucus in rainy weather, can be painted in gray, white, reddish or olive color. The leg has a dense structure, its shape is often cylindrical, coloring to match the hat. The plates are rarely located, they are thick, descending and waxy, they are white, pink or yellow.

Talker

The mushroom cap usually has a small size of only 3-6 centimeters in diameter, its shape is funnel-shaped, the skin is dry and smooth, the cap is very thin, its color is pale yellowish-brown, light chestnut or gray-ash. The cylindrical stem does not grow more than 4 centimeters in height and 0.5 centimeters in thickness, the skin color is pale yellow, it is always lighter than the surface of the cap. The plates are adherent, infrequent and wide, they are always light-colored or whitish.

Golovach

A very unusual and peculiar representative of rain mushrooms. Its fruit body is huge, has the shape of skittles or clubs, the color of young growth is rich white. The height of the mushroom can reach 20 centimeters, its white flesh has a loose structure. The stem of the fungus can be much larger than the fruiting body or much smaller. You can only eat mushrooms that are not fully ripe, they are easy to distinguish from old ones, because they are darker and the outer surface of the cap is cracked.

Lattice mushroom

The mushroom cap in scope is about 5-11 centimeters, the outer surface can be brown, brown or reddish, sometimes with a red tint, in young animals it is slightly convex, then it becomes more even, flat, smooth to the touch. The height of the cylindrical leg reaches 5-12 centimeters, usually does not differ in color from the cap, it is smooth to the touch, hard and dense, sometimes slightly curved. The pulp of the mushroom has a brown or yellow tint, at the cut site it becomes slightly pinkish. The tubular layer is always slightly lighter than the cap, it is light brown or yellowish.

Pepper

The hat is convex in young animals and prostrate in more mature ones, funnel-shaped in old ones, with a diameter of 13-15 centimeters. The skin is dry, matte, its color is white with small spots of brown-yellow color. Dense, thick, white pulp exudes light milky juice; on the cut, it turns green over time. A distinctive feature of the fungus is its narrow and frequent plates of white with a creamy tint.

Black breast

The mushroom usually grows singly, despite the name, its color is not black, but greenish-olive-brown. The hat is flat or funnel-shaped with a hole in the middle, its surface is adhesive-astringent, span 10-20 centimeters. The leg is rather short, only 3-7 centimeters, its thickness usually does not exceed 3 centimeters, and is more narrowed at the base. The pulp has a grayish-white hue and darkens on the cut, releasing milky juice. The lamellar layer is off-white and turns black when pressed. The land of the Kaliningrad region is very rich in this type of edible mushrooms.

Dubovik ordinary

A massive hat, the span of which is 5-15 centimeters, rarely grows up to 20 centimeters, hemispherical in young animals, then opens and transforms into a pillow-shaped one. The velvety surface is gray-brown and brown-yellow colored irregularly. The flesh is dense with a yellow tint, on the cut it immediately acquires a blue-green color and eventually turns black. The leg is club-shaped and thick, its height is 5-11 centimeters, and its thickness is from 3 to 6 centimeters, the color is yellowish, but darker closer to the base, there is a dark mesh. The hymenophore changes color greatly with the age of the fungus, at first it is ocher, then red or orange, and in old specimens it is dirty olive.

Blackberry (Ezhovik) yellow

The diameter of the cap varies between 4-15 centimeters, its shape is unevenly wavy, convex-concave, and the edges are bent inward. The slightly velvety skin is dry and comes in reddish orange and light ocher. The length of the leg is about 4 centimeters, the width is not more than 3 centimeters, the structure is dense, and the shape is round-cylindrical, the surface is smooth, light yellow in color. The flesh is light, brittle and dense, on the cut it acquires a brownish-yellow hue. The hymenophore is a dense light cream-colored spines that descend on the stem.

yellow-brown boletus

A large hat grows about 10-20 centimeters, and sometimes up to 30 centimeters in diameter, its color is yellowish-gray and bright red, the shape changes with age, at first spherical, later becomes convex or flat (rarely). The fleshy flesh at the break acquires a distinct lilac hue, and later almost black. The leg is about 15-20 centimeters high, 4-5 centimeters wide, has a cylindrical shape, thickens downwards, white on top, with a green tint below. The spore-bearing layer is gray or whitish, the pores are small, the tubular layer is very easy to separate from the cap.

Yellow and yellow-brown flywheel

At first, the hat has a semicircular shape with a tucked edge, and then becomes pillow-shaped, 5-14 centimeters in size, the surface is pubescent, gray-orange or olive, over time it cracks, forming small scales, they disappear when ripe. The leg has a club-shaped shape, its height is 3-9 centimeters, and the thickness is 2-3.5 centimeters, the surface is smooth lemon-yellow or slightly lighter, brownish or red below. The flesh is light yellow or orange, firm, may turn blue at the break. Tubules adhering to the stem, the pores are small, grow larger as they mature.

winter mushroom

A small hat can grow about 2-8 centimeters in diameter, in young animals it is convex-rounded, later it becomes convex-prostrate, the surface is smooth, mucous orange-brown, but slightly darker in the middle. The plates are rare, cream, darken with age. The leg grows up to 8 centimeters in height, it does not exceed 1 centimeter in thickness, has a cylindrical shape, usually yellow on top, and darker, brown or red below. The flesh of the cap is soft, and on the stem is more rigid, has a light yellow tint.

Umbrella motley

The diameter of the mushroom cap is impressive, from 15 to 30 centimeters, and sometimes all 40 centimeters, it is ovoid at the beginning of growth and gradually transforms into a flat-convex, prostrate and umbrella-shaped, there is a tubercle in the middle. The surface of the cap is white-gray, pure white or brown, it always has large brown scales, with the exception of the center of the cap. The plates are adherent to the collarium, their color is creamy white, and red streaks appear over time. The leg is very long, 30 centimeters and above, its thickness is only 3 centimeters, it thickens at the base, the surface of the skin is brown.

May calocybe (Ryadovka)

The cap in scope is 5-10 centimeters, in young animals its shape is pillow-shaped or hemispherical, it opens with age and loses its symmetry, the edges can be bent. The surface is yellowish-white, dry and smooth, the flesh is dense, its color is white, there is a distinct mealy smell. The plates are adherent, narrow and frequent, at first almost white in maturity, light cream. The width of the stem is 1-3 centimeters, the height is 2-7 centimeters, the surface is smooth, usually the shade is identical to the color of the outer surface of the cap.

Lacquer pink

The cap changes its shape with age, in young mushrooms it is bell-shaped or convex-depressed, and in adulthood it becomes convex with a depression in the middle and often cracks with wavy edges. Coloring according to weather conditions it can be pink-carrot, yellow or almost whitish. The plates are adherent, wide, usually their color matches the shade of the outer part of the cap. The length of the cylindrical leg is 8-10 centimeters, it is even, the structure is dense, slightly darker than the cap or has an identical color. The pulp is watery, has no special smell.

Lyophyllum elm

The hat is about 4-10 centimeters, convex in young animals, fleshy, the edge is wrapped, it tends to transform into a more open one when ripe, its color is light beige or white, there are “watery” spots on the surface. The plates are attached to the stem with a tooth, they are frequent and always slightly lighter than the shade of the cap. The length of the mushroom stem is 5-8 centimeters, usually no more than 2 centimeters in diameter, the shape is curved, the shade often coincides with the outer part of the cap.

Chanterelles

The fruiting bodies of the mushrooms are large and medium-sized, their shape is cap-shaped, the cap is almost funnel-shaped, fleshy, its edge is thick and blunt, the color varies within shades of red or yellow, rarely whitish. The stem is usually short and rather thick, the flesh is yellow or white, mostly becoming distinctly blue or red when cut. The hymenophore is folded, thick folds are not separated from the cap, but there are specimens with a smooth spore-bearing layer.

Butter dish white

The diameter of the cap does not exceed 11 centimeters, it has a convex cushion shape in early stage maturation, and later becomes flattened or concave, in young animals the surface is painted white and only at the edges the outer part is pale yellow, then it acquires a yellowish or grayish-white hue, which darkens in wet weather. The skin of the cap is naked, smooth and slightly slimy, but when dried it begins to shine. The flesh has a yellow or white color, it tends to change it on the cut to wine red. The height of the leg is 3-8 centimeters, the thickness is not more than 2 centimeters, its shape is cylindrical, but it can also be spindle-like at the base.

Butter dish yellowish (Marsh)

Mushrooms grow singly and in large groups, on average, the size of the cap is 3-6 centimeters, but it can grow up to about 10 centimeters, young growth usually has a spherical hat, the mushroom acquires an open or pillow-shaped shape when ripe. Its color varies between gray-yellow and yellowish-brown, but it can also be rich chocolate. The thickness of the leg does not exceed 3 centimeters, there is an oily ring, above which the leg is white, and below it is yellow. In young specimens, the ring is white, in old specimens it is purple. The pores of the spore-bearing layer are round and small, the pulp is mostly white.

Oil can summer granular

The mushroom gives the impression of dry, since the surface of the cap is not sticky, its shape is round-convex, it can grow up to 10 centimeters in diameter, it is first painted brown, red, then yellow-ocher and pure yellow. A thin tubular layer is light in young and light gray-yellow in maturity, the tubules are short with rounded pores. The pulp is quite soft, brown-yellow and thick, has almost no smell, but the taste is pleasant. The length of the leg is about 7-8 centimeters, the thickness is almost 2 centimeters, the surface is painted yellow.

Larch butter dish

The size of the cap ranges from 3 to 11 centimeters, it is conical or hemispherical, elastic and fleshy, when ripe, it tends to transform into a convex or prostrate shape. The surface of the cap is shiny, slightly sticky, smooth and easily detached. The tubules are short, adherent, the pores are small, their edges are sharp, they secrete a little milky juice. The length of the leg is 4-7 centimeters, the diameter is about 2 centimeters, it is curved or cylindrical, it is hard. The pulp has a yellow tint and a dense structure; it does not lose color on the cut.

Butter dish pepper

The span of the cap is 3-8 centimeters, a convex-rounded shape is inherent young generation, later it is almost flat, the surface is velvety, dry usually shines in the sun, becomes mucous with high humidity. The hat is colored light brown or copper, sometimes with an orange, brown or red tint. The length of the leg is 3-7 centimeters, and the thickness is only 1.5 centimeters, it is mostly cylindrical or slightly curved, tapering closer to the base. The pulp is yellowish, friable, the tubules descend on the leg, the pores are large, painted brown-red.

Oiler late

The diameter of the cap is about 10 centimeters, in young animals it is convex, then it transforms into a flat one, in the middle you can see a tubercle, it is colored chocolate-brown, sometimes there is a purple tint. The surface is mucous and fibrous, the tubules are adherent, the pores are small, pale yellow in young animals, then they acquire a brown-yellow hue. The solid leg has a cylindrical shape, no more than 3 centimeters in diameter, is painted lemon yellow closer to the cap, and brown at the base. The pulp is juicy, soft, white with a lemon tint.

Oil can gray

Cushion hat 8-10 cm in span, light gray, may have a purple or green tint, mucous surface. The color of the tubular layer is usually grayish-white or brownish-gray, wide tubules are descending. The pulp is watery, has no strong taste and smell, its color is white, but turns yellow towards the base of the stem, turns blue at the break. The height of the stem is 6-8 centimeters, there is a wide felt ring that disappears as it matures.

Mokruha purple

The span of the cap does not exceed 8 centimeters, it is neatly rounded in young age, ripening, opens and even becomes funnel-shaped, its color is lilac-brown with a wine-red tint. The outer part is smooth, slimy in young animals, the flesh does not have a strong odor, it is lilac-pink and thick. Wide plates descending on the leg, pinkish-purple in young animals, and in adulthood dirty brown even black. The leg is curved, 4-9 centimeters long, 1-1.5 centimeters in diameter, its color usually matches the tone of the outer surface of the cap.

mokhovik

The cap has a hemispherical shape, the surface is brown and velvety, there are cracks on it, the diameter does not exceed 9-10 centimeters, in mature mushrooms the cap is transformed into a cushion shape. The leg is thin (2 centimeters) and long (5-12 centimeters), tapers at the base, sometimes slightly curved. Flesh color red or yellow hallmark it is considered to acquire a blue tint on the cut.

Honey mushrooms

At a young age, the cap is hemispherical, then it becomes umbrella-shaped or almost flat, its scope varies between 2-9 centimeters, usually the surface is covered with small scales, but when ripe, the fungus gets rid of them. The color of the cap is light yellow, cream or reddish, but the center is always darker than the rest of the surface. Mushrooms have a very long leg, it can grow from 2 to 17 centimeters, and the thickness is no more than 3 centimeters. This type of edible mushroom is loved by mushroom pickers in the Crimea.

cobweb

Hat-legged fruiting bodies, growing to different sizes, create a common cobweb cover around themselves. In young animals, the hat often has a conical or hemispherical shape, and when it matures, it becomes convex, usually with a pronounced tubercle in the middle. The skin is colored orange, yellow, brown, brown, purple or dark red. The shape of the stem is cylindrical, but can also be club-shaped, usually its shade matches the color of the outer part of the cap, the fleshy flesh is yellow, white, olive-green, ocher or purple, tends to change color on the cut.

Cobweb purple

The span of the cap does not exceed 9 centimeters, at the beginning its shape is rounded-bell-shaped, ripening, it becomes convex with a blunt tubercle of medium size, and then completely prostrate, often with a wide tubercle in the middle. The surface is smooth and shiny, its color is initially whitish-lilac or lilac-silver, and with age, a yellow-brown or ocher middle is more and more prominent. The plates are narrow, of medium frequency, grown with a tooth, in young animals they are bluish-gray, then they acquire an ocher-gray or brown-brown hue. The cobweb cover is dense lilac-silver, and later reddish. The height of the club-shaped leg reaches 5-9 centimeters, the thickness is usually no more than 2 centimeters, the pulp is soft and thick, watery in the leg.

Petsitsa

The mushroom is quite interesting, as such it has neither a hat nor a leg, it consists of a sessile fruit body, which in young growth has the shape of a bubble, and when ripe it looks more like a saucer, the edges of which are wrapped. The diameter of such a saucer reaches 8-10 centimeters, the surface of the mushroom is smooth, painted in various shades of brown, glistens in wet weather. The pulp of the fruiting body is rather brittle and thin.

Plutey

The fungus has a cap-shaped fruiting body, the size of which can be completely different. The shape of the cap is bell-shaped or prostrate, usually in the middle with a small tubercle, the scope of the caps varies between 2-20 centimeters. The surface is dry, sometimes fibrous, smooth and even scaly, its color varies from white to black, usually brown-brown. The fleshy pulp is yellow, white or grayish, the color does not change. Cylindrical stem widens slightly closer to the base, lamellar hymenophore is white or pink, but becomes brown with time.

Plyutey lion-yellow

The size of the cap is 2-5 centimeters, at the beginning of growth its shape is bell-shaped, later it acquires a flat-convex, convex or prostrate shape, its skin is dull-velvety, smooth to the touch, the color is honey-yellow or brownish. The plates are wide at first yellow, and in old mushrooms they become pink. The length of the stem is about 4-6 centimeters, it is quite thin, only 0.4-0.7 centimeters, the shape is cylindrical, it can be even or slightly curved, fibrous, often there is a nodule base, the stem is colored yellow-brown, closer to the base it is always a little darker . The pulp, dense in structure, has a pleasant smell.

Plyutey deer

The caps are usually small, their diameter is from 5 to 15 centimeters, in young animals they are convex, then they acquire a flatter shape, and a tubercle in the center, the skin is smooth, brownish or gray-brown. Wide plates are often located, their color is pink or white. The leg is thin and long, the flesh is fleshy, white and has a pleasant smell, it is a bit like the smell of a radish.

Black boletus boletus

The scope of the mushroom cap is 5-10 centimeters, but it can grow up to 20 centimeters, at first it has a hemispherical shape, later it is convex-cushion-shaped, the skin is smooth from the cap does not separate, it is covered with a small layer of mucus in wet weather, painted in brown-black shade. The free hymenophore is easy to separate from the cap; it is white, becoming gray-brown with age. The leg is dense, 5-13 centimeters high, the thickness does not exceed 6 centimeters, usually expanded at the base, the surface is covered with small scales.

Common boletus

The hat is hemispherical, convex or pillow-shaped, size from 6 to 15 centimeters. The shade of the outer part is gray-brown or brown, the surface is silky, usually hanging over the edge of the cap a little. The hymenophore is light, turns gray with age, the leg of the young is club-shaped, thickened below, its height can reach 10-20 centimeters, but it is thin, only 1-3 centimeters, covered with scales of dark shades over the entire surface. The flesh is almost white, the structure is dense in the stem, loose in the cap. It is one of the many edible mushroom species found even in Siberia.

Boletus multi-colored

The cap of the mushroom is painted in gray-white color, hallmark is the unevenness of the color, its scope reaches 7-11 centimeters, the shape can vary from closed hemispherical to slightly convex and cushion-shaped. The spore-bearing layer in young growth is light gray, in old mushrooms it is gray-brown, the tubes are finely porous. The leg is cylindrical, high from 10 to 15 centimeters, its diameter is 2-3 centimeters, it thickens closer to the base, usually it is densely covered with dark scales.

rosy boletus

The hat is unevenly colored, it is a small brown-yellow, but there are also lighter spots. At first, the tubular layer is white, maturing, it acquires a dirty gray color. The pulp has a dense structure, its color is white, but turns pink on the cut, and then darkens. The stem of the mushroom is short, the surface is painted white, but covered with dark scales, it is slightly curved, and thickens closer to the base.

Loading

The mushroom is a large mushroom, there are specimens whose cap diameter is 30 centimeters, its shape is flat-convex, there is a hole in the center, the edges are concave, the surface is painted in light colors in young animals, and darkens with age. The plates are narrow and rather thin, usually white, but there are also bluish-green. The stem of the mushroom is powerful, usually in tone with the outer surface of the cap, wider at the base.

Milkweed (Spurge)

The hat is medium in size (10-15 centimeters) is colored brown-orange, often the surface is covered with cracks, its shape is flat-convex, then becomes funnel-shaped. dense pulp has a creamy yellow tint, secretes milky juice at the break. The plates are descending on the leg, adherent, creamy yellow, but when pressed, they immediately darken. The shape of the stem is cylindrical, about 10 centimeters high, 2 centimeters thick, the color usually matches the tone of the hat.

Boletus boletus

The hat changes with age, at first it is hemispherical, tightly fitting to the stem, then it acquires a convex-cushion shape, it is easily separated from the stem, and usually does not exceed 16 centimeters in diameter. The surface is velvety, red-brown in color, the notched hymenophore is easy to separate from the pulp, its color is white or creamy gray, turning red when pressed. The length of the leg varies from 6 to 15 centimeters, the thickness can reach 5 centimeters, it is cylindrical, solid, and can sink deep enough into the ground. The pulp is dense, painted white, but on the cut it immediately acquires a blue color.

Boletus red (Krasnogolovik)

The hat is distinguished by a bright red-orange color, its span reaches 4-16 centimeters, spherical at a young age, then it acquires a more open shape, the surface is velvety, protruding along the edges. The pulp has a dense structure, the color is white, blackens at the break. The spore-bearing layer is uneven, thick, white in young growth, brown-gray in old mushrooms. The massive leg is about 5 centimeters thick, thickens at the base, the entire surface of the leg is covered with fibrous longitudinal scales.

Polevik early

Young specimens have a cap 3-7 centimeters in diameter, it is hemispherical, but when ripe, tends to open up to a prostrate shape, the skin is vaguely yellow, may fade and become off-white. Wide plates grown with a tooth are light in young animals, then they acquire a dirty brown hue. The leg, 5-7 centimeters long, usually has an identical color with the hat, but at the base it is slightly darker, the remains of the ring may remain on top. The flesh has a pleasant smell, it is white in the cap and brown in the stem.

semi-white mushroom

The hat is medium in size from 5 to 15 centimeters, and sometimes grows up to 20 centimeters, its shape transforms as it matures from convex to almost flat, the outer part is smooth, painted in light brown. The pulp is yellowish, dense, does not change color on the cut, has a distinct smell of iodine. The length of the stem is 5-13 centimeters, the diameter is about 6 centimeters, the skin on the stem is rough and slightly fleecy at the base. The spore-bearing layer is yellow or olive-yellow, the pores are small and rounded.

polish mushroom

The span of the cap is about 5-13 centimeters, but sometimes there are specimens of about 20 centimeters, at the beginning of growth it is hemispherical, then it becomes more convex and acquires a flat shape in old age. The surface is brown-red, olive-brown, almost chocolate or brown-brown, it is smooth, velvety and dry. The tubular layer is adherent, the pores are wide or small, it is colored yellow, but turns blue when pressed. The leg is massive, reaches 4-12 centimeters in length, and 1-4 centimeters in thickness, the shape is usually cylindrical or swollen, the surface is smooth and fibrous. The flesh has a distinct mushroom odor and is firm when young, becoming softer with age.

Float white

The cap is of medium size ovoid in youth and opens in old age, but usually there is a tubercle in the center, the skin is white, the edges of the cap are ribbed. The plates are frequent, free and painted white. The thickness of the leg is 2 centimeters, the length is not more than 10 centimeters, the entire surface is covered with white scales, the leg thickens at the base. The flesh is white and has no strong odor or taste.

Porkhovka

The fruit body of the fungus is ovoid or spherical, 3-6 centimeters in diameter, the flesh is white and has a pleasant smell, the leg is absent. You can use the mushroom only at a young age, when the color of the outer surface is still white, after it turns black, spores begin to be thrown out.

Ginger

The thick, fleshy cap is 4-13 centimeters in diameter, flat when young, later becoming funnel-shaped with inwardly curled edges, the surface is slightly covered with mucus, painted in a red or whitish-orange hue, but there are dark concentric circles. The plates are notched, adherent, narrow, their color is yellow-orange. The pulp is fragile, turns red at the cut, and then turns green, secretes milky juice. The cylindrical stem is usually painted identically to the hat, its height is about 4-6 centimeters, and its diameter is 2 centimeters. These edible mushrooms are often collected by mushroom pickers in the Stavropol Territory.

Sparassis curly

The fruit body is a cluster of curly, fleshy lobes, in general it looks like a lush spherical bush, the lobes are wrinkled or smooth, their edge is wavy or dissected. The diameter of the fruiting body varies between 5-35 centimeters, its height is 15-20 centimeters, it can weigh 6-8 kilograms. The root-like leg is thick and is attached in the middle of the fruiting body. The spore-bearing layer is located on the lobes (on one side), it is colored gray or creamy white. The pulp is fragile, but fleshy, its smell is completely different from mushroom.

Russula

In young animals, the cap is usually bell-shaped, spherical or hemispherical, later transforming from flat to prostrate or funnel-shaped with straight or curled edges. The surface is of different colors, matte or shiny, dry, but sometimes wet, easily separated from the pulp. Adherent plates notched, free or descending. The leg is even cylindrical, hollow inside, the pulp is fragile, dense, painted white, but tends to change color with age or on the cut. The most delicious and common type of edible mushrooms in the Belgorod region.

Caesar mushroom

The diameter of the cap varies between 7-21 centimeters, at first its shape is hemispherical or ovoid, then it becomes convex-prostrate, the skin is colored fiery red or orange, naked, with a ribbed edge. The plates are frequent, free, yellow-orange. A strong leg reaches 6-18 centimeters in length, and does not exceed 3 centimeters in thickness, it is cylindrical-club-shaped, painted in a golden or light yellow hue. The flesh is firm, yellow-orange or white.

Scales golden

The fungus grows in large groups, usually on or near trees. The span of the cap is from 5 to 20 centimeters, broadly bell-shaped at the initial stage of growth, later flat-rounded, the shade of the outer part is dirty golden or rusty yellow, red scales are present over the entire surface. The plates are tooth-grown to the stem, wide, have a light yellow color. The height of the leg is 8-10 centimeters, the thickness is 1-2 centimeters, the surface color is yellow-brown, the skin is covered with scales.

Champignon

The size of the fruiting body can reach 5-25 centimeters, the massive cap has a dense structure, in young animals it is round, ripening, acquires a flatter shape, the skin is smooth, rarely covered with scales, the color is white, brown and brown. The plates are located freely, have a white color, as they mature, they change color to pinkish, and then almost black. The leg is even, central, hollow inside, there is a ring. The flesh is whitish, in the air it tends to turn yellow or red.

Experienced mushroom pickers are able to quickly distinguish edible mushrooms from inedible ones. Since the latter are extremely dangerous, it is necessary to be able to distinguish their poisonous species from those that can be safely eaten.

Types of mushrooms

In most classifications, mushrooms are divided not into two, but into three large groups:

• edible: they are not only harvested, but also specially grown for the preparation of various dishes
• inedible (poisonous): outwardly, they may look like edible counterparts, but after eating they cause severe poisoning often leading to death

conditionally edible: some of them are edible only at a young age, the latter cause poisoning only when mixed with alcohol or certain foods; still others require lengthy cooking to remove the pungent taste; for example, in Poland white milk mushrooms are considered inedible, while in Russia they are soaked and then salted, resulting in a peculiar dish with a pleasant aftertaste.

According to the composition of the lower layers of the mushroom cap can be:

• tubular: the layer consists of numerous, tightly adjoining tubules running perpendicular to the cap
• lamellar: the thinnest plates running parallel, like the tubes, are located perpendicular to the cap.

There is also a classification of fungi according to the methods of reproduction, the type of cells and some other principles, but they will not be considered within the framework of this article.

Structure. Main features

All types of mushrooms, with the exception of morels, stitches and truffles, consist of a cap and a stem that form a fruiting body. The part that is underground has the appearance of the thinnest threads called mycelium. Mushrooms are one of the most amazing representatives of the kingdom of nature, combining signs not only of plants, but of the simplest animals.

Therefore, scientists identified them as a separate section of botany. Like plants, they have a cellular shell structure, feed by absorbing nutrients from the soil, and reproduce by spores. A similar feature is their low mobility.

Mushrooms can be attributed to animals due to the presence of multicellular forms and chitin, which is characteristic only of arthropod skeletons. In addition, mushrooms contain glycogen, which is found only in vertebrates in the muscles and liver.

Tubular types

White mushrooms

The color of the cap of such a mushroom is by no means white - it has a brown color. The name is associated only with the opposition of its "black" buttock, the cut of which quickly darkens. The pulp of the porcini fungus remains the same even after prolonged heat treatment. The fruiting time of the main species is June-October.

In each locality, it has a special name, for example, boletus, pan-mushroom, cow or mullein. In some areas, other types of mushrooms with a light color of the stem and the space under the cap are called white: in the Cis-Urals and the Far East, this name is used for boletus and boletus. In Central Asia, oyster mushroom is called white, and in the Crimea - a giant talker growing in the mountains.

White mushroom

White mushrooms are found everywhere except Antarctica and arid regions. The main habitats are coniferous, deciduous or mixed forests. Ripening time varies by region. The first mushrooms appear in May or June. The harvest ends in the southern part of Russia and Europe in October-November, and in the northern regions at the end of August.

• Description

• A real white mushroom has a fairly large convex velvety cap 7-30 cm in diameter, in some cases even reaching 50 cm.
• Its skin is reddish brown.
• In young specimens, it can be almost milky white - it darkens and “flattens out”, becoming almost flat, it only grows as it grows.
• Less common are yellow, yellowish-orange, or reddish caps.
• The massive leg of such a fungus at the base is dotted with small veins and has a peculiar barrel-shaped shape (there are specimens in the form of a mace).
• Its height is 8-25 cm and thickness is about 7 cm.
• With age, the leg begins to stretch and take on a cylindrical shape with a thickened base.
• In some instances, it is expanded or narrowed in the center.

white mushrooms

The pulp is quite fleshy, light in color, dense. With age, it becomes fibrous and begins to turn yellow. Hence the name of the white fungus used in Perm and Novgorod regions- yolk. Spores olive.

The tubular layer of the cap with a notch almost at the very leg is separated from the pulp quite easily. Light or soft pink in young fungi, it turns yellow over time, and then becomes greenish-olive. The smell of raw is very weak - they acquire a pleasant peculiar aroma and spicy taste only when cooked or dried.

Even experienced silent hunters know that some criteria for differences for instances of a non-standard shape or color do not apply. Therefore, if you are not sure about the edibility of the mushroom, it is better to throw it away.

• Kinds

Depending on the type of forests, porcini mushrooms are divided into several forms:

• spruce white (typical form) with a red-brown cap: most common variety
• birch: has an almost white cap
• oak: a fairly common form; it can only be found under oaks, it has a looser flesh and a brownish-gray cap
• pine (upland): equipped with a dark hat, which may have a slight purple sheen; flesh with a reddish-brown tint.

Separately, an early form is distinguished, which is found only in the pine forests of the Middle Volga region - its collection is carried out in May-June. Unlike the pine form, on the cut it has not brownish, but slightly red flesh. The porcini mushroom is also divided by shades (it can be different in each locality). In Europe and Transcaucasia, as well as forests North America there is a mesh form that looks like a moss fly.

boletus

There are about 40 varieties of boletus (boletus, birch), which are quite similar in appearance. They grow in small groups, called ring colonies, rarely singly. Therefore, having found the very first mushroom, you will not leave the forest empty-handed.

Boletus trees jump out of the ground literally before our eyes: per day they are able to rise by 3-4 cm. The ripening period is only 6 days. After this period, the mushrooms begin to age just as rapidly.

• Description

• Young mushrooms have light caps up to 18 cm in diameter - they begin to darken and turn into dark brown with age. Over time, the hat in the form of a hemisphere turns into a characteristic pillow-shaped. In humid forests, it can be sticky, covered with mucus.
• The leg of a boletus with a diameter of up to 3 cm and a height of up to 15 cm is light gray or whitish in the form of a cylinder. One more characteristic feature fungus are dark gray scales located longitudinally on the stem.
• The pulp of the boletus is quite dense white, only slightly darkening when cut. Over time, it becomes more loose, fibrous and tough. The color of the spores is brownish-olive.

• Kinds

According to the places of growth, shape and color, boletus is divided into 10 main species (only 9 are found in Russia):

• ordinary: has the most valuable taste properties; the hat of such mushrooms is reddish-brown; the leg is thickened and has a fairly dense structure
• marsh: it can only be found in wetlands; distinctive features- thin stem, light brown or light gray cap and looser than common type, pulp
• the black: his hat is almost black in color, and the leg is thick and shortened; has a high taste
• harsh: has a very rich, pleasant, not too pungent smell and sweetish taste; cap, covered with scales, grayish or brown, sometimes with a purple tint
• rosy: grows only in the North, growing period - autumn; the color of the cap is heterogeneous - from brown to brick; trying to reach for the sun, has a bent leg
• multicolored: the leg of such a boletus is white, but the hat can have a variety of shades from gray and orange to brown, often with a slight light tan
• grabber: got the name because of the peculiarities of growth - it is found only in hornbeam forests, in Russia mainly in the Caucasus; cap color from ash or whitish to ocher
• tundra: grows under the crowns of dwarf birches, has a small hat of light beige color.

When picking mushrooms, none poisonous mushroom shouldn't even end up in the trash. After all, even a small piece of it can be enough for serious poisoning.

Aspen mushrooms (redheads)

This type of mushroom, indeed, can most often be found under aspens. And their bright hat in the form of a hemisphere (half of a ball) is very similar in color to fallen and yellowed orange-red aspen leaves. As it grows, its shape flattens.

Even a novice can collect boletus - after all, their false analogues simply do not exist. True, they often grow singly or in rare groups. You can find them in deciduous or mixed forests, not only at the roots of aspens, but also birches, oaks, pines and even poplars. They are very fond of young trees and often hide in their crowns.

• Description

• The hat of a mature boletus with a diameter of 15-30 cm is smooth or slightly rough, fitting the leg well.
• A tubular layer up to 3 cm in size. Over time, it darkens even with a slight touch and becomes loose.
• Another feature of the boletus is a rather long and thick (up to 22 cm), slightly rough club-shaped leg, expanding downwards.
• The diameter of the boletus cap, as a rule, is 5-20, less often 30 cm.
• The fleshy and dense pulp of the boletus is immediately oxidized in the air - at the break it darkens to a blue-green color.

They are named so for their slimy skin - indeed, it seems that they were covered with oil on top. These mushrooms grow from September to October in the European part of the continent, as well as in Mexico. You can find this mushroom on sandy ground in almost all types of forests from pine and oak to birch.

It is also found in clearings and meadows. In terms of protein content, oily mushrooms are able to compete even with porcini mushrooms. They can be salted, boiled or fried. When eating, the slippery skin is removed.

• Description

• The hat of young mushrooms is brown-chocolate or yellow-brown, convex, in the form of a hemisphere.
• Over time, it smooths out and becomes flatter.
• The stalk is much lighter, with a slight yellow tint and an almost white membranous ring.
• Its height is 4-12 cm.
• Butterflies have juicy pulp, which is lighter under the cap itself than at the base.
• Worms simply adore them - spoilage can reach up to 80%.

• Kinds

good harvest

These mushrooms include not only ordinary butterflies, but also their yellow-brown variety - even the leg of such butterflies is colored intense yellow. Another type is granular. Outwardly similar to yellow-brown, but has a less intense color. He doesn't have a ring on his leg.

The larch oiler has a yellow-brown or lemon-yellow hat without cracks and tubercles and a thick leg of the same color in the form of an elongated cylinder or club.

agaric mushrooms

The mushroom, once called in Russia the king of mushrooms, can be found both in deciduous or mixed forests, mainly near birch trees. Some species are found only under coniferous trees, on acidic soils. It grows in groups, rarely singly. Milk mushrooms are harvested from early July to October.

This mushroom can be considered truly Russian - in Europe it is not recognized and is even considered poisonous due to its peculiar bitterness, which, however, disappears after soaking. It is not intended for cooking or stewing - it is only salted.

• Description

• The hat of a young real mushroom has a flat-convex shape.
• As it grows, it changes to funnel-shaped with a characteristic, slightly turned inward edge, which is slightly pubescent.
• The skin is wet, slimy, on which foliage quickly sticks, light yellowish or light cream in color, sometimes with darker spots. Hat diameter 5-20 cm.
• The average height of the stem, smoothly flowing into the hat, is 3-7 cm.
• As it ages, it becomes hollow. The flesh of the mushroom is quite dense, fragile and brittle.
• Milky juice in the air begins to darken to a gray-yellow color.
• The spore powder also has a yellow tint.
• The smell of a fresh mushroom is very sharp, peculiar, vaguely reminiscent of the smell of fruits.

Many people associate autumn primarily with mushrooms, although hunting for them begins in the spring. In total, there are more than 250 thousand of their species on Earth. All of them are divided into edible and poisonous. The former are rich in protein and minerals, the latter are dangerous to humans. Experienced mushroom pickers can easily distinguish one mushroom from another, but beginners should not rush and pick anything. You need to know that most edible mushrooms have " false twins", which are often unsuitable for consumption. In our today's photo fact - the most popular mushrooms of the forests of the middle lane.

10th place. Chanterelle ordinary.
The common chanterelle is an edible mushroom of the 3rd category. It has a light yellow or orange-yellow hat (up to 12 cm) with wavy edges and a leg (up to 10 cm). It grows in coniferous and mixed forests. (tonx)

9th place. Autumn honey agaric.
Autumn mushroom - edible mushroom of the 3rd category. It has a brown hat (up to 10 cm) of a convex shape, a white thin leg (up to 10 cm). grows big families on tree trunks or stumps. (Tatiana Bulyonkova)

8th place. Aspen breast.
Aspen breast is an edible mushroom of the 2nd category. It has a white sticky hat (up to 30 cm) of a flat-convex shape, a white or pinkish leg (up to 8 cm). Grows in mixed forests. (Tatiana Bulyonkova)

7th place. The wave is pink.
Volnushka pink - edible mushroom of the 2nd category. It has a pale pink hat (up to 12 cm) with a small indentation in the center and edges wrapped downwards, a leg (up to 6 cm). Grows in mixed forests. (Aivar Ruukel)

6th place. Butter dish.
Oiler - edible mushroom of the 2nd category. It has a brown oily hat of a convex or flat shape and a leg (up to 11 cm). It grows both in forests and in plantations. (Björn S…)

5th place. Boletus.
Boletus is an edible mushroom of the 2nd category. It has a reddish-brown hat (up to 25 cm) and a thick leg with dark scales. It grows in deciduous and mixed forests. (Tatiana Bulyonkova)

4th place. Boletus.
Boletus is an edible mushroom of the 2nd category. It has a dull brown cushion-shaped hat and a white thin leg (up to 17 cm) with brownish scales. It grows in deciduous forests near birches. (carlfbagge)

3rd place. The breast is real.
The real mushroom is an edible mushroom of the 1st category. It has a white mucous cap (up to 20 cm) of a funnel shape with pubescent edges wrapped inward and a white or yellowish leg (up to 7 cm). It grows in deciduous and mixed forests. (Tatiana Bulyonkova)

2nd place. The fish is real.
Real camelina is an edible mushroom of the 1st category. It has an orange or light red funnel-shaped hat with straightening edges and a leg of the same color (up to 7 cm). grows in coniferous forests. (Anna Valls Calm)

1st place. White mushroom.
White mushroom - the king of mushrooms. Appreciated for excellent taste qualities and aroma. The shape of the mushroom resembles a barrel. It has a brown hat and a white or light brown leg (up to 25 cm). It grows in coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests. (Matthew Kirkland)