Description of the white fungus and its forms, useful properties, counterparts. In what forests does white fungus grow? When to collect porcini mushroom? mushroom places

Acquaintance with the white fungus begins with ... childhood. After all, it is the porcini mushroom that is most often drawn in children's books, and in fairy tales, the “old man-boletus” helps lost travelers in the forest. Borovik - one of the names of the porcini mushroom - just speaks of its place of growth.

White mushroom is the king among other mushrooms. Because it is the most delicious, the most useful, the most, the most ...

The fact that the white mushroom does not change its color even when dried, remains white even in the form of mushroom powder, puts it on the highest level among other mushrooms.

And it is not for nothing that mushroom pickers, both experienced and beginners, dream of returning from mushroom hunting with a full bag of porcini mushrooms.

But cunning porcini mushroom! Despite the fact that it is found everywhere - from the Volga to Far East, goes to the North, wedging almost into the Arctic latitudes, not everyone succeeds in finding it.

Where to look for white mushroom

Its very name - boletus, birch, oak - indicates that the porcini mushroom grows in the forest: pine, birch, oak, spruce. But not in everyone, but only in where there are old-timer trees no younger than fifty years old. So it will be problematic to find a mushroom in a young spruce forest or a birch grove.

White mushrooms do not grow densely. But if a mushroom catches your eye, you need to look for his fellow comrades.

White mushroom loves sunny places, therefore, it can be found at the edge of the forest, clearings, among mighty trees, but with open crowns, so that it gets as much light as possible.

White fungus grows on various soils - clay, sandy, poor in humus, but these fungi do not exist on peat soil.

White fungus likes to grow among grass, lichens, ferns, moss, but white mushroom does not grow in dense forest or tall grass. But it is often found where the grass cover is interrupted by paths or where cattle are often driven. But on trampled, without vegetation, soil, this fungus is found in isolated cases.

White fungus loves moist soils, but not waterlogged ones. Likes heat, but can't stand heat. Therefore, during frequent rains he moves to drier elevations, and on hot, dry days he presses closer to the trees, into the shade. The white fungus grows well during periods when the temperature is kept within 10-18 ° heat, but during frosts, the mushrooms disappear completely, although the mycelium itself remains viable both in extreme heat and in bitter frost.

Experienced mushroom pickers also pay attention to secondary signs by which you can determine whether there is a boletus in the immediate environment or not. A phenological indicator of the presence of white fungus is ... fly agaric. As well as valui and blackies. If here and there these mushrooms peep out of the grass, then it means that the porcini mushroom is somewhere nearby.

When white fungus grows

White fungus, however, like the rest, grows in "waves", or as it is commonly called in mycology - layers.

The first layer of mushrooms appears during the period when rye begins to ear. About in June. Such mushrooms are called "spikelets".

Early July a second layer of porcini mushrooms appears, which are called "stubblers". It falls at the time of harvesting bread.

The third layer of white mushrooms is for autumn - at the time of leaf fall. It's called "leafy".

All three periods of the appearance of porcini mushrooms operate in lowland forests. In the highland forests, the richest harvest of porcini mushrooms is August.

In the northern forests, the white mushroom grows small, with a cap up to 5 cm in diameter.

IN middle lane mushroom caps are from 3 to 20 cm in diameter. But there are truly giant mushrooms, whose weight reaches 3 kg. Once, near Vladimir, they found a white mushroom weighing 6 kg, and the hat of which was 46 cm in diameter!

But such huge mushrooms, of course, are worms and are not subject to collection.

What Beginner Mushroom Pickers Should Know

In the forests there are inedible and even poisonous mushrooms, which are very similar to white fungus. Therefore, you need to know the obvious signs of the difference between the white fungus and the inedible ones.

A special delicacy of any table is the white mushroom - not only tasty, but also healthy. It can be used not only for food, but also as a remedy. For a mushroom picker, it is important not to make a mistake in choosing - to consider a handsome man among the forest grass and be able to distinguish from skillfully masked poisonous and inedible twins.

The white mushroom or real boletus (Boletus edulis) belongs to the class Agaricomycetes, the genus Boletus, the Boletaceae family. It has many names: cow, bear, capercaillie, belevik and others. Refers to edible.

The hat is convex in shape, gradually becomes flatter, the span diameter is up to 30 cm. The outer part is usually smooth, but may be wrinkled, cracking in hot weather. In the period of high humidity with a small mucous layer, in dry time it is shiny.

The color of the cap of the porcini mushroom has variations in the place of growth:

among pines - closer to chocolate, pink edging is possible;
in a spruce forest - brown with a coffee, sometimes green tint;
next to deciduous trees - light, light walnut, yellow ocher.

The pulp is dense, light in newly appeared specimens, turning yellow with age. When cut, the color does not change. It has a mild taste and smell when raw. A special pleasant aroma spreads during cooking or drying.

The stem of the mushroom is 8-12 cm high, up to 7 cm thick. The shape is “barrel” or “mace”, elongated in aging specimens, thickened at the base. Surface shades are brown with whitish or reddish tints. The mesh layer is light, most often located closer to the cap. Rarely is it mild or absent altogether.

The tubular layer - from light in young to yellowish and greenish in older individuals, easily leaves the cap pulp.

Distribution and collection season

They grow next to many trees, but most of all they love the "society" of a pine forest, birch or oak groves, spruce forest.

The upland form in the autumn shares a friendly space with the green russula in the oak forest and with the chanterelle next to the birches, it appears at the same time as the greenfinch.

There is a high probability of finding such hare in pine trees of 20-25 years old, or in a pine forest not younger than 50 years old with a moss-lichen cover.

The best temperature for mushroom growth is 15-18 degrees in the summer months, and 8-10 in September. Serious temperature fluctuations and rains inhibit the development of mycelium. White hare grow best after small thunderstorms and foggy warm nights.

Soils like with the presence of sand and loam, without excess water. Peatlands and wetlands are excluded. They also do not like hot places, although they prefer good lighting.

You can meet the hare on all continents except Australia. It grows especially actively in Europe, northern America and even Africa. In Asia, it reaches Japan and China. In Russian forest spaces - almost everywhere, reaching the tundra and Chukotka, but not found in the steppes. He does not like to "climb mountains" too much.

Fruiting is single, closer to the autumn days - heap.

Porcini mushrooms grow in seasons: in more temperate climatic latitudes - from mid-June to the end of September days, the most mushroom time is from the fifteenth of August. Where it is warmer, it may appear by the end of May and not disappear until October.

Species diversity and description

Scientists counted 18 forms among the whites, but the average amateur would not want to climb into such a jungle. Yes, and meet some really only in other hemispheres of the planet. Therefore, let us consider in more detail what grows in the forests of Russia.

Spruce

White spruce mushroom (Boletus edulis f. edulis) is large, up to 2 kg one copy. The hat is chestnut-brown or "brick with a red tint", in the form of a hemisphere, eventually turning into a plane. The top is wrinkled, velvety to the touch. In young mushrooms, the edges are slightly tucked inward.

The tubes are white, gradually a yellow-green tint appears. Leg height 6-20 cm, thickness 2-5. The mesh layer is located closer to the hat.

Distribution and time of collection

Collection is possible from early June to early October in spruce-pine and mixed forests - wild and park. They love the neighborhood with spruce.

Oak

Oak porcini mushroom (Boletus quercicola) has a hat most often of a coffee-gray color, light blotches are possible, with a diameter of 5-20 cm, fleshy and dense. With age, it gradually begins to wrinkle. With increasing humidity, the surface becomes shiny, slightly slimy.

The leg is extended or in the form of a club, 6-20 cm high and 2-6 cm in diameter. The inner part is more brittle than in other species.

Where and in what season are they harvested?

Oak porcini mushrooms grow from May to October next to oaks and mixed vegetation of the middle and southern strip of the center of the country, the forests of the Caucasus, in Primorye. Distributed widely, sometimes in clusters.

Birch

White birch fungus (Boletus betulicola) - the fruiting body is much larger than that of other counterparts. The hat in diameter reaches 5-15 cm, but sometimes it grows up to 25-27 cm. The color is light - from white to light coffee, it can wrinkle slightly, crack in the heat.

The tubes are white, with the decrepitude of the fungus comes a creamy shade. The inside is dense, when dried it remains white. Barrel-shaped leg, white-brown, mesh closer to the hat, 5-13 cm high, 1.5-4 wide.

Distribution and time of collection

White birch fungus is present in all forests of the European part of Russia, the territory of the middle latitudes of North and Northeast Asia, the Caucasus, the tundra zone - among the northern birch forest. Any soil (but does not take root on peat bogs), the main thing is that birch or at least aspen grow nearby.

You can find it from early summer to October. Some beauties can survive until the first cold weather. Cut neatly 1.5-2 cm from the ground. You need to look for birch porcini mushrooms on the outskirts of the forest and along nearby roads.

Pine

White pine mushroom (Boletus pinophilus), also called boron, looks like a "fat man". The height of the stem is from 5 to 16 cm, with a diameter of 4-10 cm, more thickened at the base. The surface is completely "shrouded" in a reddish or light brownish mesh.

The diameter of the cap is 5-25 cm. The general color is dark brown, there may be variability of reddish hues, slightly pink along the contour, in recently grown ones closer to light. The lower part is white-yellow, darkening with age. The flesh is white at the break, under the skin it is brown with a red tint, of a weaker structure than that of the white birch fungus.

Where and in what season are they harvested?

Upland porcini mushroom is harvested in the Siberian taiga, coniferous forests western half the European part of the country and in the regions of the northeast from July to October 15th. Prefers sandy pine soils, old forests with mosses and lichens. Can be found in forests mixed with pine.

It is important to collect while the tubular layer has not acquired a greenish tint - old specimens can lead to poisoning!

Collecting mushrooms - how to?

When going to the forest, you need to understand where, when and how to pick porcini mushrooms. It is preferable to start hunting for them in July and August. Especially they scatter over the soil after brief thunderstorms and warm fogs at night. In summer, the boletus mushroom grows for 6-9 days, in autumn - 9-15.

It is advisable to come to the forest before the sun has risen, when the porcini mushroom is clearly visible. Move slowly, carefully examining the ground. Especially places with sand and loam, where the soil is not flooded. When the summer is damp, it is worth looking at a distance from the trees, on hills and places well lit by the sun. If the season is dry, the hare are hiding near the trees, where the grass is thicker. They love to coexist with morels.

The best specimens for collection are with a hat diameter of about 4 cm. Borovik is adored by various kinds of pests, so you need to look out for them carefully, especially in a hat. Be sure to cut into pieces and remove the wormholes. Within 10 hours, the white mushroom must be processed (put for drying, salting, fried, etc.), otherwise it will leave most of useful properties.

Collection rules

cut the porcini mushroom carefully without damaging the mycelium;
can be twisted;
clean from possible pests (although it is better to take whole ones);
put in a collection container with a hat down;
if the legs are high - lay sideways;
leave overripe and dubious specimens on the ground;
do not trample.

Healthy porcini mushrooms are not afraid of frost, so they can be harvested even after a frost. After thawing, they do not lose their taste.

Nutritional qualities

A freshly picked porcini mushroom has a calorie content of 34 kcal per 100 g of mass, dried - 286 kcal. Nutritional value - 1.7 g of fat, 1 g of carbohydrates, 3.5 g of protein per 100 g of weight. Also disaccharides and saturated fatty acids.
Praised for excellent taste in any form. special the nutritional value in that it makes the stomach work actively.

90% of the weight is water, the remaining 10 are distributed into proteins, fiber, carbohydrates, minerals and fats.

It contains the most important trace elements - iodine, copper, manganese and zinc. Vitamins - PP, C, B1, A. 22 amino acids. The amount of protein depends on the type, age of the fungus (the younger, the better), place of growth and method of preservation. Dried porcini mushrooms are especially good at preserving proteins.

Digestibility of mushroom proteins

It occurs more slowly than animals, since the proteins of the fungus are enclosed in special walls that “do not pierce” the enzymes of the digestive tract. To improve the absorption of mushrooms by the body, you need to chop well, boil or fry.

Usage

White mushroom without wormholes is allowed to be eaten in any form - dried, boiled, fried, salted, pickled and fresh. During drying, they do not become dark, leaving a pleasant forest aroma. The sauce goes well with meat and rice. Powder from such mushrooms can be seasoned with various dishes. Italians love them very much, adding them raw to the ingredients of a salad with parmesan cheese, seasoning with oil, spices and lemon juice.

Dried mushrooms can be stored for 1 year by placing them in paper bags. The air temperature should be fixed moderate, regular ventilation is required.

The benefits and harms of white fungus

White mushrooms are both beneficial and harmful depending on their use by humans.

Beneficial features

in pharmaceuticals - treatment of mastopathy, oncology, angina pectoris, tuberculosis;
strengthen immunity;
improve the condition of the eyes, hair and nails;
are a prophylactic against anemia and atherosclerosis;
when applied externally, they contribute to the rapid healing of wounds.

Harm

collected from roads and industrial plants - absorb heavy metals And toxic substances;
if stored incorrectly - porcini mushrooms can cause serious indigestion, especially in children;
overuse dried mushroom can cause obesity
use porcini mushroom with caution in patients with liver and kidney problems.

Mushrooms doppelgangers

A serious problem is created dangerous twins white mushroom. To distinguish white mushroom from false poisonous and inedible mushrooms, use the table below.

	White mushroom	Satanic (false white fungus)	Gallic (bitter)
Hat	from red-brown to almost white	grayish white, coffee shades or olive	light brown shade
Leg	light mesh layer	yellowish red with mesh pattern	dark mesh layer
tubular layer	white or cream in young and greenish in old	reddish-orange, turns blue when pressed	white, later pink
pulp	dense, odorless	dense with an unpleasant odor	soft with a pleasant mushroom smell
Behavior at break and shear	color does not change	slowly turns red, then turns blue	turns pink
Edibility	edible	poisonous	inedible

It is clear that poisonous and inedible mushrooms are in many ways similar to porcini, but upon closer inspection, they can still be distinguished. Additionally, a look at the external state will help - the false ones are distinguished by their impeccable appearance.

Symptoms of double poisoning, first aid

In an adult with poisoning, severe symptoms last up to 3 days. These are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and headache. But due to the unknown effect of poisons, psychogenic reactions are real, up to hallucinations, absolute loss of self-control and memory, and even lethargic sleep or death.

As soon as symptoms occur, immediately flush the stomach and take the poisoned person to the hospital or call ambulance. The effects of doppelgänger mushrooms, especially Satanic mushrooms, have been little studied and delaying first aid can be fatal.

Compare carefully appearance a copy that came across to you on a “quiet hunt” with a description of the porcini mushroom, as you remember it and with the help of the photos given in the article. Put in the basket only those of them in which you are completely sure. And then the beauties brought home will delight all gourmets with an amazing aroma and taste of forest gifts.

This herbal product? And most importantly, when, at what seasons and what specific types of mushrooms show their caps to the light? Let's try to answer all these pressing questions in our short article.

It is not a secret for any inveterate mushroom picker that the beginning of the mushroom season depends not on the mushroom "calendar", but on the weather outside. Basically, mushrooms appear in several "waves". When can you pick mushrooms? The first wave of mushrooms in Russia occurs mainly in early June. The second influx, somewhere in the middle of July, and the third - at the end of August. And remember, the best time of day for a successful mushroom picking is early morning, and it will be even better if you wait for dawn right in the forest, with a mushroom basket at the ready. Do you know why? Because the morning forest simply breathes with the moisture of the morning dew and the cleanest air in the world. It has been proven that this is the best time to collect a large number of hiding mushrooms.

Consider the calendar of the appearance of mushrooms:

before anyone else, in January, mushrooms appear on the trees;

Then comes the spring mushroom season. spring mushrooms no less useful than all the others. What mushrooms are harvested in spring? In early spring when there is still snow in some places, but the air temperature is already around zero, the mushroom pickers are already heading to the forest.

March is the time to collect tree mushrooms and talkers;
in April, you can confidently go to collect stitches;
in May - and raincoats:

People say that if the winter was not snowy, and the autumn was not rainy, then mushrooms can be found in the spring as soon as aspens and poplars shed their earrings.

Of course, the summer mushroom season is more saturated, it begins in June. The most interesting ones come out delicious mushrooms in summer. In what month are mushrooms harvested?

in June - boletus, honey mushrooms, and;
in July, besides all others, flywheels appear;

Go to the forest for mushrooms as soon as the linden blossoms, during this period the forest is warm and humid, and later the heat will come, which will quickly turn the mushrooms into worms.

Shortly after the first chanterelles, during short rains, porcini mushrooms and boletus appear.

Clouds of midges after heavy rains will tell you about the appearance of mushrooms in the summer forest, and dense fogs in the mornings towards the end of summer will help you harvest a rich harvest of porcini mushrooms, boletus and boletus, a little later than mushrooms, milk mushrooms. Bright fly agaric and porcini mushrooms are good neighbors, so take a closer look at the fly agaric in mixed forests, you will definitely find nearby. The latest summer, but rather already autumn mushrooms are experiences. They begin to be harvested simultaneously with the harvesting of oats in the fields.

In autumn, in the forests, as a rule, mushrooms of the third wave, which appeared in August, are collected. However, there are also mushrooms that appear in the middle of this cold season. What mushrooms are harvested in autumn?

in October, the best time for hiking for mushrooms such as: valui, and;

Polina Rumyantseva, Tatiana Sidorova
publication date: 08/07/2011, updated date: 12/08/2017
Reprinting articles without an active link is prohibited!

Otto Schreibikus 22.05.2016 20:48
folk omen: If a lot of mushroom pickers appeared in the forests, if cars, buses, motorcycles are parked near the forests, mushrooms appeared in the forest. True, not for long)))

It's probably not a secret for anyone that mushrooms, being a natural and very free product, do not grow anywhere. According to the exactingness of the conditions, they are many times more whimsical than plants, and therefore give them special, mushroom places. From how to find the latter - I will try to tell in this article. But for starters, I strongly recommend “smoking” the theory, which, despite its futility, is designed to help the mushroom picker analyze a specific landscape and determine its “mushroom potential” by eye.

Conditions for mushrooms

All mushroom places are based on a kind of “three pillars”, which are the three main conditions necessary for the full existence of mushrooms:

One could also add soil composition to the above conditions, but for most forest mushrooms he is not very critical. And in general - in any forest land there are almost all the necessary substances for them. However, some mushrooms prefer soils that are particularly rich in organic matter, such as mushrooms and dung beetles. I will write more about mushroom soils below - in the section "Where mushrooms grow."

So, these same “three mushroom whales” are very dependent on the type of landscape, topography and seasonal weather. These factors are also worth considering in more detail, and at the same time their influence on each other. Let's start with the first of them - the landscape.

mushroom landscapes

Mushrooms throughout the history of the development of the Earth have adapted quite well to different types terrain, which is why they can be found not only in the forest, but also in the tundra, and even in the steppe. They also grow in swamps and on the surface of lake rafts. To begin with, let's analyze the forest area, since the lion's share of mushrooms collected by man grows in it.

mushroom forests

In terms of heat and humidity, all forests, regardless of the tree species growing in them, can be divided into three categories of mushroom places:

undergrowth

Such forests arise in old clearings or in open spaces that have been taken out of agricultural use. The main condition is the forest area and nearby mature trees, the seeds from which are quickly sown former field, and after a few years a low growth of young trees appears on it.

Also, artificial forest plantations can be attributed to small forests. You can distinguish them from self-sowing by the way the seedlings are located. In artificial plantings, they stand less often, almost the same height and are usually ordered, and in natural plantings, as a rule, all the trees stand close to each other and their height varies. Well, of course - there is no order in the arrangement of trees, but complete chaos reigns.

Usually small forests are young self-sowing pine forests, birch forests, aspen forests, or a mixture of various species. Their age is no more than 10 years, the height of the trees has not yet reached its usual value for real forests, and the undergrowth as such has not yet developed. As a rule, such forests are well warmed by the sun and evaporate moisture no less well. Therefore, on flat ground there is plenty of heat, but moisture in the soil is usually at a minimum, which, however, does not prevent small forests from being normal. mushroom places under favorable weather conditions.

woodlands

Overgrown undergrowth, or forests where the density of trees is relatively low. The undergrowth can be sparse or dense. Examples of such forests are tall birch forests or aspen forests, sufficiently illuminated by the sun.

The heat and humidity of the soil are kept here at about an average level. As mushroom places, these forests have completely taken place.

Taiga

Spruce or fir, or mixed. And indeed any forest where the density of trees is high. Only a minimal part of the sun's rays reach the earth's surface here. Therefore, twilight and coolness reign in such forests, and soil moisture reaches the maximum values for the forest. The taiga is quite a mushroom place, but special “taiga” types of mushrooms grow here.

Sometimes it happens that the swamp intersects with the taiga and arises urman- another type of landscape, characterized by high humidity, and another very good mushroom place. Such forests are less dependent on precipitation, and therefore more promising in terms of mushrooms in dry years.

Summing up all the above about different forests, we can say with confidence that the most promising mushroom places are forests of the second type. Indeed, it is here that the yields of mushrooms (especially ceps) have always been high.

Open spaces

This can include all those types of landscape that do not carry trees, or have them in a meager amount. There is an abundance of solar heat here, but with moisture it happens in different ways.

Moss swamps or lake rafts. The wettest, most mushroomy places of all open spaces. All mushrooms need is the warmth of the sun. In terms of symbiont plants, as a rule, there is no shortage, because the swamp soil is usually permeated with the roots of various tree-like shrubs, ranging from small heathers (cranberries, blueberries, shiksha, etc.) and ending with quite mature trees, such as small birches, pines and others.
Tundra. There is a slight change in moisture here. However, this does not prevent this type of landscape from being a great mushroom place. Including thanks to the symbiont trees that grow here in dwarf form.
Dry open spaces, steppes. Mushroom places are only in favorable seasons - when a sufficient amount of precipitation falls from the sky.

It is quite obvious that the first two areas are very tempting for mushroom pickers.

Relief and mushrooms

Height and tilt earth's surface also affect whether a particular area can be classified as a mushroom place.

Terrain type	Moisture	Warm
Lowlands (including places near water bodies)	Many	Medium
Heights	Few	Medium
North side of the mountain	Many	Few
East and West sides of the mountain	Medium	Medium
South side of the mountain	Few	Many

So it is - the most mushroom places are usually lowlands. Mushrooms usually grow there more than in the highlands. Near the reservoirs, abundant dew falls in the morning - this has a beneficial effect on soil moisture.

mushroom weather

Summer is different. Sometimes normal - when a lot sunny days and heavy showers periodically fall (the most mushroom weather). And sometimes - cold and rainy. And it also happens that for the whole of July-August - not a drop from the sky. But the heat is abnormal and naturally "dries" everything, even the grass burns out. And once I observed a “unique” summer in general, when there didn’t seem to be much rain, but the weather was cloudy and cool all the way.

The yield of mushroom places also depends heavily on what the season will be like. In this regard, four types of summer can be distinguished:

Summer	Warm	Moisture	The yield of mushroom places
Cold dry	Few	Few	Extremely bad.
Cold wet (rainy)	Few	Many	Mushrooms appear, but belatedly. As a rule, in such summers there are many worm mushrooms, their overall yield leaves much to be desired. But it also happens that in autumn nature "takes revenge" with autumn species that are unpretentious to heat.
Warm dry (dry)	Many	Few	Everything is perfectly dry in the forest. During the summer there are no mushrooms. They appear only in the fall - when it starts to rain. But the yield of the mushroom place at this moment reaches its possible peak, which is good news.
Warm humid (normal)	Many	Many	The best mushroom weather. Usually in such summers, mushrooms are everywhere in bulk.

Manifestation of weather in different mushroom places

And now - the most interesting. I have not just listed above different types of mushroom places that differ in landscape and relief. As the practice of mushroom picking shows, in different seasonal weather they manifest themselves in completely different ways. And it turns out here is a rather funny sign:

	Summer
	Cold dry	Cold wet	Warm dry	warm humid
The woods	No or few mushrooms	Closer to autumn, not particularly heat-loving types of mushrooms appear, such as mushrooms or milk mushrooms. If the summer is not very cold, the area can please with some oil harvest.	No or few mushrooms	Usually in such years, mushrooms in a given area are in bulk.
Moss swamps, quagmire	The lack of heat only affects the timing of the appearance of heat-loving mushrooms. There is always enough moisture here, so there will be mushrooms even in the case of a cold summer, but not in the same quantity as during a warm one.		These types of terrain are independent of atmospheric precipitation, therefore, mushrooms will be in bulk here in both cases of warm summer.
Locations near bodies of water	There is moisture, but with heat things are worse. Nevertheless, it will be possible to count on some harvest of mushrooms		Abundant dew in the morning moistens the soil well. As a result, it is along the banks of reservoirs that picking mushrooms can be very successful in a dry summer.	There is plenty of moisture and heat - the mushroom harvest will be maximum
Southern slopes of forested mountains	No or few mushrooms	These places are well warmed by the sun, as they are oriented towards it at a steeper angle. In a cold but humid summer, it happens here best harvest mushrooms.	No or few mushrooms	In this weather, mushrooms are usually in order.
Northern slopes of forested mountains	No or few mushrooms	You can count on a small crop of mushrooms that are not very demanding on heat	There are no or few mushrooms, but in some cases it is on the northern side of the mountain in a dry summer that you can count on some mushroom harvest.	There is more shade here, and therefore it is noticeably colder. There are mushrooms, but they are somewhat less than in warmer places.
Open spaces	No or few mushrooms			The usual crop of mushrooms such as umbrellas and champignons appears

Another most amusing moment here is connected with the season, or rather, with autumn, or with how quickly mushrooms disappear with the first cold weather. As it turned out, nature has its own reservoirs of heat, which can somewhat “stretch” the mushroom season in time. These are swamps, as well as large reservoirs. It has been noticed that mushrooms can be collected near them even in October, and sometimes even from under the snow.

Where do mushrooms grow

Forests - forests, fields - fields, weather - weather, but do not forget that the nature of the soil also affects whether the place is mushroom or not.

rich organic matter forest floor is the best soil for mushrooms. However, the litter of the litter is different. It not only turns out to be diverse in itself, but it can also retain moisture important for mushrooms in different ways. And well-rotted soil is also a source of heat, because, as you know, the decay of any organic residues releases it in sufficient quantities (recall the “smoking” heaps of manure or sawdust in collective gardens).

fallen needles

Its upper layer is quite well blown, so most often it is dry. In terms of nutrients, so-so. The rotted needles are located deeper - that's where things with moisture and useful substances are much better. Bacteria have worked hard here, and mushroom mycelium is usually located here. Of the mushrooms on the fallen needles, russula and other milk mushrooms are most often found, but there are also ceps, mossiness mushrooms, etc.

fallen leaves

Better retains moisture than the previous point, and - apparently - richer in nutrients. There are noticeably more mushrooms here, moreover, their “range” is clearly more diverse.

Well, of course - such a litter does not arise on its own, but accompanies deciduous trees, all of which are symbionts for mycorrhizal fungi. Such as whites, butterflies, milk mushrooms and others.

Moss sites

It has been noticed that where moss has grown in order on the ground (sphagnum there, or something else) - mushrooms appear many times more readily than on ordinary soil. This can be clearly seen when collecting camelinas, especially in the undergrowth. This is explained quite simply: moss, being a lower plant, and therefore - moisture-loving, tries to take care of the conservation of water in the place of its growth. His jackets are organized like dense pillows, well permeable to water from above, but, alas, they don’t let it through very well back. In addition, moss is a good heat insulator - it was not for nothing that in the old days it was placed between logs in log cabins of houses, or even covered the roof with it.

From this it can also be concluded that moss is one of the external signs mushroom places.

Grass

It means "natural variant of the lawn." In such a well-developed grass, mushrooms also grow, but they are not particularly fond of it. Perhaps - because of the dense turf through which throwing fruiting bodies - one continuous hassle. Or maybe the grass somehow competes with mushrooms, “taking away” moisture, nutrients or space from them? But this is not so important. The main thing is that when picking mushrooms you always notice that they rarely come across in dense grass, with the exception of umbrellas and champignons. But if the grass is sparse, mushrooms often come across in it.

However, if the grass does not grow haphazardly, but in periodically occurring bumps, you should know that this is a clear sign of a mushroom place, and in addition to everything, one of the signs for porcini mushrooms.

Dense herbs, weeds

As a rule, this vegetation occurs in old wastelands, or in low-lying meadows well fed by water. Sometimes there are such thickets that even walking through them is difficult. But they retain moisture very well - at the very roots, even the dew does not evaporate all day long. For mushrooms, this is the promised land. Only now solid grebes grow here, or those species that are not usually collected in our area (all sorts of umbrellas, meadow mushrooms, etc.). It turns out that this type of landscape is not included in mushroom places.

Where to collect mushrooms

Photo 2 Here is such a forest in a warm, rainy season, gives a good harvest of oil in the summer and an equally good harvest of mushrooms in the fall.

Now - it's time to talk about the tactics of finding mushroom places. This tactic is most often used in forests, because this is the most “difficult” landscape in terms of gathering. In other places where mushrooms grow, the search is greatly simplified.

The first thing a picker in the forest should pay attention to is the local (shallow) relief, as well as the density of the trees. On small hills, like hillocks, hillocks and "ridges", the average temperature is always a little higher than in the lowlands. Clearings, “windows”, or places where trees grow less densely, or filled with young undergrowth, are more open to the sun, and therefore also warm up better than the rest of the forest. It is here - on elevations and small clearings - that "witch circles" and other mushroom clusters most often come across.

Photo 3. A typical mushroom site: a loose birch forest with a well-developed rowan undergrowth, with moss patches and a thin grass cover consisting of meadow grasses and stone berries, as well as with slight relief differences (hills, hollows) and clearings. A river flows a few meters from this place. Types of mushrooms growing in such a forest: chanterelle, milk mushroom, honey agaric, boletus, white mushroom.

If there are large clearings in the forest, overgrown with grass, then the mushrooms are concentrated along their edges, especially along the northern edges. The same is observed in the clearings. If the latter are oriented from south to north, then mushrooms simply form plantations along the border of the forest and the cut down place. If the clearing is overgrown with undergrowth, mushrooms will be over the entire area of \u200b\u200bthickets, since here they have “both a house and a table” (these places not only warm up well, but also contain symbiont trees, and also retain moisture better). On clearings oriented in latitude (from east to west), as a rule, mushrooms adore the northern edge, since it is better warmed by the sun. In addition to clearings, mushrooms can be concentrated in decent quantities in narrow forest belts among vast fields, as well as along the boundaries between fields and forests.

Photo 4. Dense mixed forest (birch, spruce and fir), or rather, its outskirts, bordering on a huge mowing. Nice mushroom place. Growing mushrooms: camelina, milk mushroom, porcini mushroom, honey agaric, volnushka.

Rocky outcrops in the middle of the forest form partly open, well-heated spaces. In addition, a stone under the forest soil acts as a kind of "bowl" for rainwater, holding it for a while. Mushrooms can concentrate in such places, but not always. The main indicator of mushroom places is moss. If the foot of the stone is covered with it, then everything is in order with mushrooms here.

Photo 5. Young pine forest near the rocky outcrop. Moss and ferns grow on the stones, which indicates good humidity, which means that we have a completely mushroomy place in front of us.

Clearings can turn out to be very promising mushroom places. Especially if the timber was demolished and the undergrowth was left alone. Clearings warm up very well and contain in their soil a long-established fungal biocenosis, but in turn they require more moisture. This should be taken into account in seasons when the amount of precipitation is less than normal. The situation is almost the same with the places where the fallen has walked through the forest. But it is most often useless to look for mushrooms on fresh burned areas, since the upper horizon of the soil - in which the mycelium lives - usually burns out.

Another trend has been observed - more or less open places(for example - in low forests) small lowlands may be places of concentration of mushrooms. So, once when collecting oil in one such place, a small (half a meter deep) ravine lined with stones and moss turned out to be very promising. This ravine was the bed of a forest stream that dries up every year, but apparently it contained a little more moisture than the flat terrain bordering it.

In dry but hot seasons, areas near springs, forest rivers and streams, lowlands with swamps that have not yet dried up, coastal forests of lakes and reservoirs remain mushroom places. In short - all those places where there are sources of moisture. They work especially well on cool nights - when dew falls. When looking for such places, pay attention to the moss growing on the ground, stumps and at the roots of trees. It is the prime indicator of moisture.

Now a few words about places where mushrooms do not exist, or if they come across, then in a meager amount, unworthy of the mushroom picker's attention.

Firstly, there is no point in looking for mushrooms in places frequently visited by people, because everything there has been trampled down and cut off long before you and me. Distinguishing such places from normal ones is easier than a steamed turnip: the small forest vegetation here is broken and flattened, it is clear that a “herd of elephants” ran through the day before. Also noticeable are "stumps" from mushrooms, or cut worm hats lying on the ground. Garbage like cigarette butts, crumpled packs of cigarettes, some other rubbish also indicate frequent visits to these places. This is mainly observed in forests bordering settlements or busy roads.

Photo 6. typical forest, frequently visited by a person (located near a big city). The grass cover is trampled down, the undergrowth is stunted, paths and places for felling trees are visible. In the middle of the forest all sorts of rubbish is lying around. Now it is useless to look for mushrooms here, but in the past this forest must have been a good place for mushrooms.

The next competitors of the collector are wild boars. In forests densely populated by these animals, picking mushrooms can be not only unpromising (because mushrooms find and devour these beasts many times faster than humans!), But even dangerous. I know a case when one of my acquaintances a mushroom picker came across a whole flock of wild boars with cubs in the forest. From sin away, he left the forest with lightning speed.

A photo. 7. Wild boars are serious competitors of the mushroom picker. They love to raid mushroom places. Mushroom eaters in action.

Usually wild boars betray their presence with characteristic footprints on the ground (it is clear that they were trampling and rummaging), heaps of droppings, as well as shabby, mud-stained trees. Well, of course - grunting and crackling branches. However, unlike humans, they never litter. Despite the fact that they are the most real pigs.

Important: where you can not collect mushrooms

I definitely do not advise mushroom picking within a radius of 30 kilometers from large industrial enterprises that pollute environment with their emissions. For in mushrooms in these territories the entire periodic table accumulates (an example of this is the legendary mushroom ""). I can say the same about places along roads, especially busy ones, and about forests near large landfills.

Photo 8. Beautiful, coniferous forest being a good mushroom place. But it is located in the pollution zone of a large metallurgical enterprise.

Picking mushrooms in such ecologically unfavorable areas is only possible according to the principle “cut it off - throw it away”, or for scientific purposes - for a herbarium there, etc. Well, also for collecting spore powder - although it contains all sorts of chemical rubbish, but being "sown" in an ecologically clean place - will produce normal, safe mushrooms.

But eating mushrooms from contaminated areas is an extremely dangerous business. It happens that harmful substances accumulate in the fruiting body in such quantities that the mushroom, being edible and harmless according to the passport, becomes naturally poisonous, and after eating it immediately causes symptoms of such a normal poisoning. Keep this in mind when picking mushrooms, so as not to inadvertently rumble into the hospital or not to have health problems in the future.

conclusions

Photo 9. Mushroom place found.

It turns out that the most mushroom places can only be moist, well-warmed by the sun areas, with an abundance of symbiont trees and organic-rich soil. Moreover, these places should be as less dependent on weather conditions as possible.

Finding them is a difficult task, however, seasoned mushroom pickers develop a “scent” for these places, but in fact this phenomenon is of a purely subconscious nature. The human brain, being a virtuoso analyzer of situations, over the years of experience reveals patterns and develops a specific algorithm for detecting mushroom places by external, seemingly uninformative signs, and, in the end, gives its unsuspecting owner ready-made forecasts. He, perceiving this as a kind of "sixth sense" - unmistakably finds huge accumulations of mushrooms. In my lifetime, I not only heard stories about such people, but also knew them personally. And in all cases, they were not just avid mushroom pickers, they went mushroom picking from childhood. Some of them were born in the taiga villages of our region - their sense of searching for mushrooms was so developed that they simply aroused genuine admiration.

Hence the main conclusion - if you want to always be with mushrooms - look for them. And the more often you do this, the faster you will understand where the most mushroom places are. And if you don’t even understand, your subconscious mind will do it for you.

White mushroom, popularly referred to as the noble handsome man and the king of mushrooms, is ranked among forest products with the best taste. Many dishes can be prepared from a fragrant forest product: soups, hodgepodges, roasts, pies, pickles and marinades. In nature, there are about two dozen species of porcini mushrooms, differing in color and place of growth.

White mushroom, popularly referred to as the noble handsome man and the king of mushrooms, is ranked among forest products with the best taste

Boletus is distributed on all continents except Australia. Prefers to settle in deciduous (birch forests, oak forests) and coniferous (pine forests, spruce forests) forests.

Depending on the age of the place of growth, the fruiting bodies of porcini mushrooms differ. If it grows in an oak forest, then the hat has a light color, and the leg is extended. In the birch forest, the caps are also light, but the legs are tuberous. When settling near fir trees, dark hats are placed on long legs. If the mushroom has grown in a pine forest, it has a brownish-red cap and a short thick leg.
White mushrooms begin to bear fruit singly, closer to autumn period heap. Growing seasons:

in territories with temperate climate- from the middle of the first summer month to the end of September;
in more warm regions- from the end of May to October.

Although the white fungus belongs to light-loving plants, it can grow in places shaded by dense crowns. If during the summer period low daily temperatures and high humidity are observed, the crop can only be harvested in open, well-lit and heated glades. If it turned out to be a favorable summer, the growth of mushrooms does not depend on the illumination. Optimum temperature for fruiting: 15-18°C in summer and 8-10°C in autumn.

How to quickly find a white mushroom in the forest (video)

Rules for collecting white mushrooms

Since the boletus is very sensitive to temperature conditions, it grows very quickly under favorable climatic conditions. The duration of the period from the beginning of growth to full maturation is several days. In just 7 - 10 days, the fungus ages, losing taste qualities and accumulating toxic waste products of pests settled in it. In view of this feature, the mushroom picker must prepare in advance for harvesting in order not to miss the very peak of its growth.

Mushrooms grow especially fast after rain. After 2 - 3 days after precipitation, you can go in search of mushrooms. Closer to autumn, it becomes cooler, and the growth of forest dwellers slows down.

It is important to know the places where white mushrooms grow. Having found at least one individual, you should carefully examine the nearby territory, examining the possible areas of their appearance. Mushrooms are recommended to be cut with a knife, but in its absence, you need to gently swing the mushroom and unscrew it from the ground.

In order not to cause harm to health, it is important to follow some rules:

any mushrooms are natural sorbents that absorb toxic substances, so it is forbidden to collect them in ecologically unfavorable areas;
since the product is useful only until the end of the growth period, it is not recommended to use it after the start of the decay period;
edible mushrooms have inedible twins or similar poisonous mushrooms, so you can not collect unfamiliar specimens.

Porcini mushrooms have a white and dense pulp, almost tasteless, but with a pleasant aroma. They contain substances useful for the body. The plant product is widely used for culinary purposes, but before use, they must be properly processed.

It is important to know the places where porcini mushrooms grow

Time and place for picking porcini mushrooms in Russia

In the northern regions of Russia, porcini mushrooms begin to bear fruit from the beginning of summer, in the southern regions - from mid-May. The timing of fruiting may vary depending on the temperature regime.

Mass harvest starts from the middle last month summer. It was at this time that mushroom pickers go to quiet hunting and return with full baskets. In the Siberian forests, mushrooms grow in the taiga, in the rest of the districts in the forests with a predominance of conifers or mixed. Experienced mushroom pickers advise looking for mushrooms around deciduous trees over 50 years old and pine trees 20-30 years old. The soil should be sandy, sandy and loamy. Mushroom pickers have nothing to do in swampy places, since mushrooms practically do not grow there.

Where and when to look for porcini mushrooms in Belarus

Mushrooms are a traditional and favorite delicacy of Belarusian cuisine. There are ideal mushroom conditions in the republic: the presence mixed forests and swamps. Unique climatic conditions have a beneficial effect on the growth of various types of fungi. The first edible mushrooms begin to appear already in the first spring month, but specific dates depend on weather conditions. Minsk and Vitebsk regions are considered the best mushroom lands. A large harvest can be harvested in forests located along the Vitebsk direction.

It is recommended to search for porcini mushroom among coniferous trees. He prefers to settle in clearings and forest edges. On hot summer days, it most often hides in shelters under trees, and in cool autumn it basks in open sunny areas, especially on moist soil.

In order not to miss the hidden fungus, it is important to carefully consider places along the paths. Experienced mushroom pickers advise not to pass by small semi-dried forest streams and hillocks. It is especially difficult to look for it in fallen leaves.

After haymaking (usually from the second half of July) a second layer of mushrooms appears. After 2 - 3 weeks there is a lull. Then comes the most abundant mushroom layer, which continues until frost. During the summer, the mycelium grew, and the soil warmed up, which contributes to abundant fruiting.

Season and places for picking porcini mushrooms in Ukraine

Interest in early fungi is not shown by many residents of Ukraine. A massive harvest of a valuable harvest starts from the end spring period. except warm weather, another necessary condition for the appearance of mushrooms is the presence of a moist upper layer of the earth, otherwise there will be no crop if there is a lack of moisture.

You can go in search of white mushrooms at any time throughout the summer period. Especially a lot of them grows in the forests of western Ukraine. These territories are characterized by the presence of tall trees, which helps to maintain the required level of moisture, which stimulates the growth of fungi.

Autumn is also a prosperous period for collecting forest gifts, because this time is characterized by heavy rainfall. Experienced mushroom pickers note the high yield of the Tsyuryupinsky district, where, in addition to porcini, other equally tasty mushrooms grow, for example, boletus and truffles.

White mushrooms are found before the temperature drops in October, although in the Carpathians they can be collected all year round. The product is known for its nutritional and healing properties. Despite the fact that pests are often observed inside the fruiting body, they do not lose their value.

Collection of white mushrooms in Germany

Germany has at least 5,000 known species mushrooms. The third part is edible. Porcini mushrooms, actively used in German cuisine, can be harvested as early as May. They appear in rare young oak plantings, clearings and aisles. A little later, mushrooms-umbrellas and chanterelles begin. The peak is in autumn. In regions south of lake constance, they even find black truffles related to gourmet products.

Before going in search of a harvest, in Germany they offer to complete preparatory courses, including theoretical classes and practice. In order not to confuse useful forest beauties with poisonous individuals, it is advised to download a special application to an electronic device, in which each type of mushroom is described in detail and in pictures.

But even experienced mushroom pickers cannot collect as many mushrooms as they want, since limited collection is allowed by law. If you abuse natural gifts, you can get a big fine.

How to collect porcini mushrooms (video)

Bouillon can be made from porcini mushrooms, the beneficial properties of which are considered higher than those of traditional meat broth. It contains a large number of vitamins that help correct work thyroid gland and improve the condition of hair, nails and skin.

Experts do not recommend eating freshly cooked porcini mushrooms, as they contain quinine, which prevents the absorption of healthy proteins. In order for the quinine to evaporate, the product must first be dried. In dry form, they will go for making vegetable soups.

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