Climate of mixed forests - Natural zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests - characteristics and description. Broad-leaved forests: characteristics of the natural zone, geographical location, climate and soils of broad-leaved forests, map

Geographical position n Zone of mixed and deciduous forests located in the western part of the East European plain between the taiga and the forest-steppe and extends from the west to the confluence of the Oka and the Volga. The territory of the zone is open to Atlantic Ocean and its impact on the climate is decisive.

Climate n Mixed and broad-leaved forests are characterized by warmer, longer summers than in the taiga and cold, long winter. average temperature January changes from -4 C in the west to -16 C in the east of the Russian Plain. On the Far East the January temperature is -20 ... -24 C. There is no deep snow cover. The annual amount of precipitation reaches 500800 mm.

Soil n In temperate mixed forests, podzolic soils acquire humus soil horizons. First of all, this is due to the fact that many herbaceous plants grow here, the remains of which are mixed by soil-dwelling animals (worms, moles, etc.) with the mineral substances of the soil. Such soils with a humus horizon, a horizon of leaching of iron and clay particles, as well as a brown leaching horizon are called soddy-podzolic. In the subzone of mixed forests, there are also waterlogged soils of swampy meadows with humus and gley soil horizons - they are called soddy-gley soils. These types of soils are very widespread, especially in the European part of Russia.

Flora Far Eastern mixed and broad-leaved forests are very peculiar. The vegetation of the zone has been greatly altered as a result of human activities. Now forests occupy less than 30% of the area of the zone. They include a significant proportion of secondary, small-leaved forests. The zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests is characterized by large reserves of heat and sufficient moisture. n

Animals In mixed and broad-leaved forests there are many shelters, varied and quite plentiful food. This allows the animals all year round stay in the forests. migratory birds much less here than in the tundra. Forests are characterized by a tiered distribution of animals. Animals are common here: squirrel, pine marten, ferret, Brown bear, foxes, elk, bats, woodpeckers, owls. n

A mixed forest is a territory in which deciduous and coniferous trees harmoniously coexist. If the admixture of tree species is more than 5% of the total volume of flora, we can already speak of a mixed type of forest.

The mixed forest forms a zone of coniferous-deciduous forests, and this is already a whole natural zone, characteristic of forests in temperate zone. There are also coniferous-small-leaved forests that are formed in the taiga as a result of the restoration of previously cut down pines or spruces, which begin to displace different types birch and aspen.

Main characteristic

(Typical mixed forest)

Mixed forests almost always coexist with broad-leaved forests in the south. In the northern hemisphere, they also border the taiga.

There are the following types of mixed forests in the temperate zone:

coniferous-broad-leaved;
secondary small-leaved with the addition of coniferous and broad-leaved species;
mixed, which is a combination of deciduous and evergreen species.

Subtropical mixed fox is distinguished by a combination of laurel and coniferous species. Any mixed forest is distinguished by a pronounced layering, as well as the presence of areas without a forest: the so-called opolye and woodlands.

Location of zones

Mixed forests as a combination of coniferous and broad-leaved species are found in the East European and West Siberian plains, as well as in the Carpathians, the Caucasus and the Far East.

In general, both mixed and broad-leaved forests do not occupy such a large share of the forest area of the Russian Federation as coniferous taiga. The fact is that such ecosystems do not take root in Siberia. They are traditional only for the European and Far Eastern regions and at the same time grow in broken lines. Pure mixed forests are found south of the taiga, as well as beyond the Urals to the Amur region.

Climate

forest plantations mixed type characterized by cold, but not very long winters and hot summers. Climatic conditions are such that precipitation does not exceed 700 mm per year. The moisture coefficient is increased, but may change during the summer. In our country, mixed forests stand on soddy-podzolic soil, and in the west - on brown forest soil. As a rule, winter temperatures do not fall below -10˚C.

Broad-leaved forest plantations are characterized by humid and moderate humid climate where precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year. At the same time, temperatures are quite high, and even in January it is never colder than -8˚C. High humidity and abundant heat stimulate the work of bacteria and fungi, due to which the leaves quickly decompose, and the soil retains maximum fertility.

Features of the plant world

Features of biochemical and biological processes cause the density of species diversity as you move towards broad-leaved species. European mixed forests are distinguished by the obligatory presence of pine, spruce, maple, oak, linden, ash, elm, and viburnum, hazel, honeysuckle are in the lead among shrubs. Ferns are very common as herbs. Caucasian mixed forests in large volumes contain beech, fir, and Far Eastern - birch, walnut, hornbeam, larch. These same forests are distinguished by a variety of lianas.

Fauna representatives

Mixed forests are inhabited by those animals and birds that are generally considered typical for forest conditions. These are moose, foxes, wolves, bears, wild boars, hedgehogs, hares, badgers. If we talk about individual broad-leaved forests, then here it is especially striking species diversity birds, rodents and ungulates. Roe deer, fallow deer, deer, beavers, muskrats and nutrias are found in such forests.

Economic activity

The temperate natural zone, including mixed forests, has long been mastered local residents and densely populated. An impressive part of the forest plantations was cut down several centuries ago, because of which the composition of the forest has changed and the proportion of small-leaved species has increased. In place of many forests, agricultural territories and settlements appeared.

Broad-leaved forests can generally be considered rare forest ecosystems. After the 17th century, they were cut down on a large scale, largely because wood was needed for the sailing fleet. Broad-leaved forests were also actively cut down for arable land and meadows. Oak plantations have been especially hard hit by such human activities, and it is unlikely that they will ever be restored.

Climate Mixed forests are characteristic warm summer and relatively cold and long winters. Annual amount precipitation up to mm. Moisture coefficient in mixed forests is usually slightly higher than unity, but varies quite a lot from year to year.

Soils In the north, under coniferous-broad-leaved forests, soddy-podzolic soils are common, and in the southern part, under broad-leaved forests, gray forest soils. There are 3 main horizons: the upper humus (the most fertile), the horizon of leaching and leaching.

Vegetation The flora of deciduous and mixed forests is diverse. Spruces, pines, lindens, maples, birches and aspens. Shrubs grow under the trees: hazel, euonymus, elderberry, raspberry, buckthorn, viburnum, and under them - an abundance of herbs. Moss grows only in damp, dark places. In such fertile forests there are always a lot of mushrooms and all kinds of delicacies from berries. There are many light-loving berry plants: strawberries, raspberries, stone fruits, blueberries.

Wildlife In the zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests there are the following animals: white hare, elk, squirrel, flying squirrel, capercaillie. Of the birds, insectivorous and granivorous predominate here. And also live: forest cat, brown bear, pine marten, black polecat, mink, weasel, squirrel.

European broadleaf forests - endangered forest ecosystems. Just a few centuries ago, they occupied most of Europe and were among the richest and most diverse on the planet. In the XVI - XVII centuries. natural oak forests grew on an area of several million hectares, and today, according to forest fund records, there are no more than 100 thousand hectares left. So for several centuries the area of these forests has decreased tenfold. Formed by broad-leaved deciduous trees, broad-leaved forests are common in eastern North America, Europe, northern China, Japan, and the Far East. They occupy an area between mixed forests in the north and steppes, Mediterranean or subtropical vegetation in the south.

Broad-leaved forests grow in areas with a humid and moderately humid climate, which are characterized by a uniform distribution of precipitation (from 400 to 600 mm) throughout the year and relatively high temperatures. The average temperature in January is -8…0 °C, and in July +20…+24 °С. Moderately warm and humid climatic conditions, also active soil organisms(bacteria, fungi, invertebrates) contribute to the rapid decomposition of leaves and the accumulation of humus. Under deciduous forests, fertile gray forest and brown forest soils, less often chernozems, are formed.

The upper tier in these forests is occupied by oak, beech, hornbeam and linden. In Europe, there are ash, elm, maple, elm. The undergrowth is formed by shrubs - hazel, warty euonymus, forest honeysuckle. The dense and high grass cover of European broad-leaved forests is dominated by goutweed, green hoof, lungwort, woodruff, hairy sedge, spring ephemeroids: corydalis, anemone, snowdrop, blueberry, goose onion, etc. North America in this zone grow species of oaks, characteristic only for this continent. In the broad-leaved forests of the Southern Hemisphere, southern beech predominates.

Modern broad-leaved and coniferous-broad-leaved forests were formed five to seven thousand years ago, when the planet warmed up and broad-leaved tree species could move far to the north. In subsequent millennia, the climate became colder and the zone of broad-leaved forests gradually decreased. Since the most fertile soils of the entire forest zone formed under these forests, the forests were intensively cut down, and arable land took their place. In addition, oak, which has a very durable wood, was widely used in construction.

The reign of Peter I was the time for Russia to create a sailing fleet. "The Tsar's Idea" demanded a large number high-quality timber, so the so-called ship groves were strictly guarded. Forests that were not included in protected areas, inhabitants of the forest and forest-steppe zone actively cut down for arable land and meadows. In the middle of the XIX century. the era of the sailing fleet ended, the ship groves were no longer guarded, and the forests began to be reduced even more intensively.

By the beginning of the XX century. only fragments of the once unified and vast belt of broad-leaved forests have survived. Even then, they tried to grow new oaks, but it turned out to be a difficult task: young oak groves died due to frequent and severe droughts. Research conducted under the guidance of the great Russian geographer V.V. Dokuchaev showed that these disasters were associated with large-scale deforestation and, as a result, changes hydrological regime and climate of the area.

Nevertheless, in the 20th century, the remaining oak forests were intensively cut down. Insect pests and cold winters at the end of the century made the extinction of natural oak forests inevitable.

Today, in some areas where deciduous forests used to grow, secondary forests and artificial plantations have spread, dominated by coniferous trees. To restore the structure and dynamics of natural oak forests not only in Russia, but throughout Europe (where they experienced even stronger anthropogenic influence) is unlikely to succeed.

1. Geographical location of the forest zone
2. Taiga
3. Mixed forest
4. Broadleaf forest
5. Wildlife of the forest zone
6. Traditional occupations of the population
7. Environmental issues

1. Geographical location of the forest zone

The green ocean of forests is widely spread on the map of our country. Our country is often called a great forest power. Indeed, the forest zone occupies more than half of the territory of Russia. This natural area is the largest. There are three parts in this natural zone: the largest part is the taiga. She is painted dark - in green. There are also mixed forests - also green, but lighter. And another part - broad-leaved forests, the green color is even lighter. But between the "Tundra" zone and the "Forest" zone there is an INTERMEDIATE ZONE - this is FOREST-TUNDRA. It is a smooth transition from one zone to another. The closer to the south, the natural conditions become softer.

Forests are located south of the tundra. They begin to grow gradually, as the warming of the earth increases. Therefore, after the tundra, there is still, as it were, a layer, the forest-tundra. The further south, the higher the sun rises above the horizon and the more it warms the earth. Winter here is still severe, but less long. Summer is warmer than in the tundra. In more southern places no more permafrost. After winter, the snow melts and the earth warms up well. The soil layer is much thicker than in the tundra and more fertile. As you move south, coniferous forests become denser and gradually they occupy the entire space. Coniferous forests occupy most of Siberia, and the northern territories of the European part of Russia. These forests are called taiga. If we go further south, then weather will change. Winters will become shorter and milder, summers will be longer and warmer. Therefore, south of the taiga are mixed forests. Mixed forests grow in the southern regions of Siberia and in central area European part of Russia. There are much fewer swamps here. Further south, forests consisting of deciduous trees begin to occur. Such forests are called deciduous. They grow in the south and west of Russia, as well as in the Far East.

2. Taiga

Taiga is coniferous forest. it occupies most of the forest zone. Winter in the taiga is cold, and summer is warmer than in the tundra, so trees grow here that are not very demanding on heat - these are coniferous trees. In coniferous trees, the leaves are needles, and they are always green. This is tall trees with strong roots. In the taiga grow: spruce, pine, fir, larch, cedar pine.

Spruce - familiar to everyone Christmas tree. In spruce, the needles are short, rough, arranged singly and densely cover the branches. The cones are oblong in shape. Ate - long-lived. The spruce forest is dark and damp.

Pine - conifer tree with a straight stem yellow color. Pine needles are long, sitting in pairs. Pine cones are round in shape. Pine forests are light and dry.

Fir - differs from spruce in that its needles are flat, and the cones stick up and even mature ones do not fall to the ground, but scales simply fall from them.

Larch is the only coniferous tree that drops its needles for the winter.

The cedar pine is popularly called Siberian cedar. Her needles are collected in bunches of five pieces, and the seeds are pine nuts.

The taiga is characterized by the absence or underdevelopment undergrowth (since there is little light in the forest), as well as the monotony of the grass-shrub layer and moss cover (green mosses). Types of shrubs (juniper, honeysuckle, currant, willow, etc.), shrubs (blueberries, lingonberries, etc.) and herbs (sour, wintergreen) are not numerous

3. Mixed forest

To the south, the taiga is replaced by a mixed forest. Along with coniferous trees, alder, birch, and aspen grow in it. Winter in such a forest is milder. Deciduous trees have medium-sized leaves that they shed for the winter.

Birch can be recognized by its bark, it is white, no other tree propagating by seeds has such a bark.

Aspen has rounded leaves, and they tremble with every breath of wind, aspen bark is greenish, in spring you can see long fluffy catkins.

Alder has small dark bumps on the branches, the trunk is black or gray.

4. Broadleaf forest

Closer to the south of the zone, it becomes even warmer, and mixed forests are replaced by broad-leaved forests, in which large trees grow, shed their leaves in winter, and propagate by seeds.

Oak can be recognized by its mighty trunk and carved leaves, the fruits of oak are acorns.

Linden has heart-shaped leaves. In summer, when flowering, linden spreads a wonderful aroma. Linden fruits are dark nuts, sitting in several pieces under one wing.

Elm can be recognized by its leaves and fruits: the leaves are “skew-sided” at the base, one half is larger than the other, the fruits are rounded winged nuts.

Maple is holly, Tatar and American. The fruits of all types of maple are winged.

5. Wildlife of the forest zone

Diverse animal world forest zone: here you can meet large and small animals, insects. In the taiga live: nutcracker, chipmunk, flying squirrel, sable. Also living in the forest zone: red deer, elk, bear, wolves, foxes, lynxes, hares, squirrels, capercaillie, chipmunks, voles. There are no borders for animals - they live throughout the zone. Some animals go into hibernation for the winter (hedgehogs, bears), others make supplies for the winter.

The nutcracker is a taiga bird that makes stocks of pine nuts for the winter.

The flying squirrel is a relative of the squirrel, but smaller than it. She can not only jump, but also fly: she has membranes between her front and hind legs.

The brown bear is an omnivorous animal, very mobile, it can run fast, jump, climb trees, swim.

Elk is a forest giant. In different seasons of the year, moose consume different amount food. AT winter period they form groups.

The lynx is a predator, has a spotted color. Tanks are developed on the sides of the head, and tassels are on the ears. The lynx, hiding, waits for the victim and quietly creeps up to it.

The white hare changes color for the winter, becomes white, only the tips of the ears are black, the coat becomes thick. These are cautious animals.

The fauna of the taiga is richer and more diverse than the fauna of the tundra: here you can meet large and small animals, insects Numerous and widespread: lynx, mink, wolverine, chipmunk, marten, sable, squirrel, flying squirrel, etc. Of the ungulates, there are northern and noble deer, elk, roe deer; rodents are numerous: shrews, mice. Birds are common: capercaillie, hazel grouse, nutcracker, crossbills, etc.

AT taiga forest in comparison with the forest-tundra, the conditions for the life of animals are more favorable. There are more settled animals here. Nowhere in the world, except for the taiga, there are so many fur-bearing animals.

There are no borders for animals - they live throughout the zone. Some animals go into hibernation for the winter (hedgehogs, bears), others make supplies for the winter.

6. Traditional occupations of the population

The traditional occupations of the population are hunting for fur-bearing animals, collecting medicinal raw materials, wild fruits, nuts, berries and mushrooms, fishing, logging, (building houses), cattle breeding.

7. Environmental issues

reforestation work;
creation of nature reserves, sanctuaries and other protected areas,
rational use of wood

In our country, a lot of protected forest areas have been created.

In the taiga, industrial timber reserves are concentrated, large deposits of minerals (coal, oil, gas, etc.) have been discovered and are being developed. also a lot of valuable wood

As a result of the economic crisis, the volume of reforestation work has decreased.

The problem with the rational use of wood has not been solved. In Russia, only 50-70% of tree biomass is used.

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broadleaf forests

Deciduous forest zones are represented in the central regions of the European part of Russia: Samara, Ufa and partly the Oryol region.

There are also treeless zones here, but they are artificially created for the purpose of agricultural work.

In the strip that covers 55 ° and 50 ° N. sh. predominantly oak and linden groves grow. Closer to the south are bird cherry, mountain ash and birch. Broad-leaved forests are also characteristic of the Far East, in particular in the Amur River valley.

Such forests appeared here due to the proximity of two climatic directions at the same time: cold Siberia and warm China.

The main condition for the spread of broad-leaved forests is a temperate climate with warm, mild winters and high humidity air in summer.

small-leaved forests

Such arrays are represented by a set of trees, the leaf plate of which is rather narrow compared to oak and maple plates. The zone of small-leaved forests covers the East European plains and some territories of the Far East.

A strip of small-leaved forests stretches from the Yenisei to the Urals.

Small-leaved trees include birch, aspen and gray alder.

Such trees are resistant to sudden changes. temperature regime: neither heat nor frost will harm them.

Small-leaved forests grow rapidly and are characterized by high recovery rates.

Taiga

taiga forest zone represented by coniferous trees that form the base biological system region. The taiga zone in Russia is divided into three main types: light coniferous (Scots pines), dark coniferous (spruces and firs) and mixed.

The undergrowth of the taiga forest zone is often represented by shrubs, tall grasses and mosses. The taiga forests include the Ural, Far Eastern, Altai, Kolyma, Transbaikal, Sakhalin forest mountain ranges.

Taiga occupies more than 80% of the forests of the Russian Federation.

forest tundra

This zone is located in the subarctic zone, and covers the territory from Kola Peninsula to the coast of the Indigirka River. Due to the low temperature and the low amount of precipitation, which, despite this, do not have time to evaporate, the forest-tundra is very swampy.

Trees grow here thanks to the rivers, which are fed by melted snow.

Forests here are located in small islands in desert areas. Spruce, fir, pine and many different shrubs are characteristic of this zone.

The forest zones of Russia are extremely diverse and rich.

However, widespread deforestation forest resources for economic purposes causes irreparable damage to the environment.

Therefore, the state, with the initiative of environmental societies, created many reserves in which forest resources are protected from poachers.

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Abstract on the topic:

Forest

Plan:

1Forest as a historical factor
2Forest as a geographical factor
3The importance of the forest for human life
4The importance of forests for human health
5Forest classification
- 5.1Depending on latitude
6Forest settings

Notes
Literature

Introduction

Forest- part of the surface globe covered with woody plants.

Currently, forests cover about a third of the land area. The total forest area on Earth is 38 million km². Half of this forest zone belongs to tropical forests, the fourth part is located in the northern hemisphere.

The forest area in Russia is 8 million km².

1. Forest as a historical factor

The presence or absence of a forest often had a direct impact on the course of historical processes and the fate of ethnic groups.

It has been argued among some economists that life primitive man in the forests, where the gathering of forest gifts took place, carried out mainly by women, and hunting and fishing, which were mainly done by men, became the basis for the division of labor, as one of most important features human society.

The further development of tools and means of production, associated with the development of cattle breeding and agriculture, which meant significant progress in public relations, is associated with the release of a person from a strong dependence on the forest.

The founding of settlements on the site of forests that were uprooted and thus provided a place for life and agricultural activity is evidenced, for example, by the toponyms of German geography: Friedrichroda, Gernrode, Osterode, Rodach, Walsrode, Wernigerode, Zeulenroda and others.

Some of them settlements are tentatively located on the territory of the extended Hercynian forest, which approximately coincided with the place of residence of the Germanic tribes of the Hermundurs, Hermiones and Marcomanni

On the other hand, the forest, its proximity to housing, significantly influenced the historically developing way of life of people, in particular, national architecture.

So, a typical type of housing for Eastern Slavs were log buildings. Even in the case when the first floor of the building was built of stone (brick), the second floor and higher floors were wooden.

This was facilitated by the belief that life in a wooden building is healthier than in a stone one.

For the first time the historical role of the forest is documented in the notes of Julius Caesar (about 100-44 BC).

H.) about the Gallic War - De bello Gallico, who between 58 and 51 came into contact with the Germanic tribes who inhabited the forested lands on the right bank of the Rhine. Caesar explained his refusal to extend expansion to these lands by saying that these forests are inhabited by unicorns and other mythical animals, and therefore these lands can never be colonized, and it is more expedient to simply ignore them.

Most likely, the reason was Caesar's clear idea of the futility of using the tactics of the Roman legions in the forest area, in the open spaces bringing certain victory.

And this fear was confirmed in the year 9, when the Cheruscus Arminius utterly defeated the army of the Roman commander Publius Quintilius Varus in the Teutoburg Forest. As a result, at the beginning of our era, the wooded area inhabited by the Germans even bore the name "Free Germany" among the Romans ( germany libera)

For the main part of humanity living in areas with temperate climate, forests have long ceased to be the place of residence of fairly large communities, but their function as a refuge from the enemy, as well as from excessive regulation by society, has been preserved throughout human history.

The forest has always been associated with the habitat of marginalized individuals, which is reflected in fiction (Robin Hood from Sherwood Forest) or in the national Russian epic - "The Nightingale the Robber" from Murom Forest.

During the Second World War, vast forests in Lithuania and Belarus were called "Partisan Land". Here, despite the occupation regime, the organs of Soviet power continued to exist.

After the war, these forests served as a refuge for nationalist groups called "forest brothers".

In the forest regions of occupied Yugoslavia, the partisan community even had the character public education with its armed forces differentiated by type of troops.

After World War II, extensive forested areas South America have also been the scene of major partisan formations(Che Guevara).

2.
Forest as a geographical factor

Forests have a significant impact on the weather, climate and processes occurring on earth's surface and at some depth below it.

The forest interacts with the following components of the environment:

The forest participates in the oxygen cycle in nature in the most active way.
Due to the huge mass of the forest, the importance of the processes of photosynthesis and respiration of forests has a huge impact on the gas composition of the Earth's atmosphere. Solar energy is one of the main sources of forest existence. Thanks to solar energy, the forest can carry out the process of photosynthesis, which contributes to the release of oxygen necessary for the life of the subjects of the animal and plant world.
Hydrosphere.
The forest is directly involved in the water cycle in nature and thus interacts with the hydrosphere. The forest delays soil water from leaving with the rivers in large reservoirs. Predatory deforestation along river banks leads to their catastrophic shallowing, which leads to a deterioration in the water supply of settlements and a decrease in the fertility of agricultural land.
AT winter time Masses of snow that do not melt under forest cover for a long time retain water and thereby weaken the intensity of the often destructive spring floods.
Atmosphere.
The influence of the forest on atmospheric processes is also great.

There is a well-known practice of creating windproof forest belts, which also contribute to snow retention, as well as weaken the force of the wind, leading to the removal of the fertile soil layer, deprived of vegetation cover due to its cultivation for crops.
Animal world.
The forest serves as a habitat for many animals. Animals, in turn, often play a sanitary role in the forest.
Man. The forest has great value for human health and life.
Human activity, in turn, affects the forest.
Lithosphere. The composition of the upper layers of the lithosphere is associated with the growth of forests in the respective areas

3. The importance of the forest for human life

In the old days in Russia they said: “To live near the forest is not to be hungry.

The forest is richer than the king. The forest not only feeds the wolf, but also the peasant to his fill.

The following main areas of forest use for economic purposes can be distinguished:

Food source (mushrooms, berries, animals, birds, honey)
Energy source (wood)
Construction material
Raw materials for production (paper production)
Regulator of natural processes (forest planting to protect the soil from weathering)

Unfortunately, today the volume of deforestation is often several times higher than the volume of its natural restoration.

In this regard, in civilized countries much attention is paid to the reproduction of the forest, both through forest plantations that restore the number of trees, and the complete prohibition of any economic activity in some forests.

This ensures natural reforestation in these areas, and in some countries there are a small number of forest areas where human intervention in the life of the forest has never taken place. In Germany, these forests are called "urwald" - primeval or ancient forest. In them, even coniferous trees (spruce) live up to the age of 400 years.

4. Importance of the forest for human health

The forest has great sanitary and hygienic and healing value. In the air natural forests there are more than 300 names of various chemical compounds.

Forests actively transform atmospheric pollution, especially gaseous ones. Conifers (pine, spruce, juniper), as well as some varieties of lindens and birches, have the highest oxidizing ability.

The forest actively absorbs industrial pollution, in particular dust, hydrocarbons.

Forests, especially coniferous ones, emit phytoncides - volatile substances with bactericidal properties.

Phytoncides kill pathogenic microbes. In certain doses, they have a beneficial effect on nervous system, enhance the motor and secretory functions of the gastrointestinal tract, improve metabolism and stimulate cardiac activity. Many of them are enemies of pathogens of infectious diseases, but only if there are few of them.

Phytoncides of poplar buds, Antonov apples, eucalyptus have a detrimental effect on the influenza virus. Oak leaves destroy typhoid and dysentery bacteria.

5. Forest classification

There are several classifications of the forest, depending on the place of distribution, the age of the trees, and their species.

5.1. Depending on the latitude

Depending on the latitude in which the forest is located, there are:

Wet rainforests (selva, gilea, jungle) - equatorial evergreen forests: has a large species diversity of flora and fauna.
A large tier allows only a very small amount of light to penetrate inside (to the lower tiers). More than half of all rainforest already destroyed.

Classical examples are the forests of the Amazon, the jungles of India and the Congo Basin.
Caatinga- dry deciduous tropical forests, fall during the drought period.
eucalyptus groves Australia - evergreen subtropical forests.
Deciduous forests(broad-leaved and small-leaved): found mainly in the Northern Hemisphere.
Due to the penetration of light, life on the lower tiers is more active. Ancient forests of temperate latitudes are represented only by scattered remnants.
Taiga- coniferous forest: the most extensive area. Includes forests over 50% of Siberia, Alaska, Scandinavia and Canada. There are also araucaria groves in South America.
Flora is represented mainly by conifers. evergreen trees and plants.
mixed forests- forests in which both deciduous and coniferous trees grow. The range extends to almost the entire Central and Western Europe.

6. Forest parameters

6.1. Grade

Notes

Engels Friedrich. family origin, private property and states. 1884
1 2 Baedecker.
Deutschland. Verlag Karl Baedeker. 2002. ISBN 3-8297-1004-6
Weltatlas. Printed in Spain-2002. ISBN 3-85492-743-6
Feller, V.V. German Odyssey. Scientific and popular publication. - Samara: Samar. Print House. 2001. - 344 p. ISBN 5-7350-0325-9
Spegalsky Yu. P. Pskov.
Artistic monuments. - Lenizdat, 1971.
Andreev V. F. The Northern Guardian of Russia: Essays on the History of Medieval Novgorod. - 2nd ed., add. and reworked. - L.: Lenizdat, 1989. - 175 p. ISBN 5-289-00256-1
Razgonov S. N. Northern studies. Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya, 1972. 192 pages, with illustrations.
Notes of Julius Caesar and his successors "On the Gallic War". - M., 1991
Dr.
Fritz Winzer Weltgeschichte Daten Fakten Bilder. Georg Westermann Verlag. 1987. ISBN 3-07-509036-0
1 2 . Martin Kitchen. The Cambridge Illustrated History of Germany. Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-521-45341-0
Reinhard Pozorny (Hg) Deutsches National Lexikon. DSZ-Verlag, ISBN 3-925924-09-4

Literature

Atlas of forests of the USSR.
Forests. - M., Thought, 1981. - 316 p. - (Nature of the world).
Brazilian Amazon cut down by 70% - zelenyshluz.narod.ru/articles/amazonia.htm
Brazil bans deforestation in 36 areas of the Amazon
Sokolsky I. Healing red forest // Science and life: magazine.
2008. - No. 2. - S. 156-160.

Broad-leaved (beech) forest in Slovenia

Coniferous (pine) forest

coniferous forest

Forest on San Juan Island, Washington

Valdivian forests on the island of Chiloe

Winter forest. Pinezhie

Spring forest. Slobozhanshchina

Mast forest (Lindulovskaya ship grove near St. Petersburg)

Urwald on the banks of the Arbersee lake

Flora secrets

For different trees a different amount of heat is required, one more - another. Coniferous breeds - spruce, pine, larch, spruce, cedar pine(often called cedar) - less demanding on heat. They grow well in the northern part of the forest.

These trees consist of coniferous species - taiga. Taiga occupies most of the forest area.

coniferous

Summer in the tajg is much warmer than in the tundra, but the winter is very cold. It is also permafrost here.

True, in summer the surface of the earth sinks deeper than in the tundra. This is very important for trees with strong roots.

Flora of mixed and broad-leaved forests

To the south of the taiga, the winter is rather mild.

There is no permafrost here. These conditions are more favorable for deciduous. That's why they are in the south of the Taj Mahal mixed forests. Here, as if mixed with conifers and deciduous trees. More south stretched out broadband forests. They are formed by thermal trees with wide, large leaves.

These trees oak,maple, Linden, ashes, Brest.

These species are called wide shells, as opposed to small leaves, which include birch, aspen.

October trees

Animal world of forests

On this page we will talk about some of the animals that live in the forest.

Questions and tasks

first

Natural regions of Russia:
a) tundra, arctic zone, forest zone
b) Arctic zone, forest zone, tundra
c) Arctic zone, tundra, forest zone.

second

In Thai they grow:
a) spruce, spruce, larch
b) oaks, pines, spruce
c) birch, lime and larch.

3. Lives in the forests ...
a) arctic foxes, lemmings, wolves.
b) Sable, squirrels, squirrels.
c) seals, wet, whales.

4. Where are mixed forests located?
a) south of the taiga
b) north of the taiga

5. Which tree is deciduous?
a) maple, larch, pine
b) spruce, spruce, larch
c) brest, ash, lime

reply

first

Work is done
Teacher elementary school
MKO School. 4
Location Mineralnye Vody
Zhuravleva Natalia Nikolaevna

second

The forest zone is located south of the tundra zone, marked in green on the map.
Colour.

The forest zone is located in temperate zone which means they are different
all four seasons, cold winters and hot summers. More forest area
part is located on the east and West Siberian Plains,
as well as on the middle Siberian plateau.

This natural area is the largest.
There are three parts in this natural zone: the largest part is taiga, colored
Dark green, they are still mixed forests - also green, but
lighter, and the other part is broadband forests, the green is even lighter.

the third

forests
taiga
mixed forest
broadband
forests

fourth

fifth

Taiga is coniferous, it sits a lot
part of the forest area.

Winter in the taiga - frost and
in summer it is warmer than in the tundra, so they grow here,
trees that are not very demanding
warm, they are conifers.

In conifers
trees - leaves - these are needles and always
green. This is big trees with strong
roots.
In Thai they grow:

sixth

seventh

eighths

Macesen-
only
coniferous
which are for the winter
reload needles.

ninth

tenths

11

12 13th

fourteenth

In the south, Taeza is a mixed forest.
It grows with conifers
birch, aspen, alder. Winter in this forest
softer.

October trees are small
leaves that overflow for the winter.

fifteenth

We can recognize birch with bark, so it is white
Any tree has no bark,
seed distribution.

sixteenth

Aspen has rounded leaves and every moment hits
Windy, aspen is greenish, but in spring it looks like a long fluffy
earrings.

seventeenth

Joji has small, dark hands on the branches
The trunk is black or grey.

In black alder leaves
they have a sharp tip.

eighteenth

Toward the south, the region becomes even warmer, and
mixed forests are changing
Broadband where oak grows
maple, autumn, brest, linden. This warm love
trees, so they have big
leaves, for winter discarded foliage,
multiply by seeds.

nineteenth

Oak can be recognized
mighty
trunk and carved
leaves
oak fruit
it's a stomach.

twentieth

Maple - holly (with large carved leaves), Tatar
(leaves are oval with slight protrusions) and American
(each sheet contains three or five separate leaflets),
and the fruits of all types of maple are winged.

twenty first

twenty second

The board can be recognized from the list
and fruits: leaves at the bottom
coconut, half
more different, fruits -
winged walnuts rounded
the form.

twenty third

Lime has heart-shaped leaves.

In the summer when it blooms, the lime spreads
wonderful fragrance. Linden fruits are dark nuts that sit on several pieces
under one roof.

The forest zone is located in the temperate zone

English RussianSteering wheels

Where does larch grow?

Larch, despite its name, is coniferous plant from the pine family. Her only needles fall for the winter, so you can’t call her evergreen. Only larch seedlings retain their needles throughout the year.

This suggests that the ability to drop needles was acquired by the plant as a result of adaptation to changing climate conditions.

In what natural area does larch grow?

The question of where and in what forests larch grows in nature can be generally answered as follows: it loves mixed-type forests located in Western and Northern Europe up to the Carpathians.

In general, there are many varieties of trees, the range of which varies slightly.

Where larch grows in Russia: most often it can be found in Siberia and the Far East. The plant is demanding on lighting. It does not grow in shady areas.

What soils does larch grow on: the tree is completely undemanding to the soil. It can be found both in swamps and on dry soils and even in permafrost conditions.

However, the best soil for larch is sufficiently moist and well-drained.

Differences between larch and pine

First of all, larch sheds its needles for the winter, but pine does not. Pine is an evergreen coniferous tree that changes the shade of needles in different times of the year.

In larch, the needles are soft and not long - up to 4.5 cm. It is located spirally on the shoots in bunches of 20-40 needles. At the same time, her needles do not prick at all. Pine needles reach 5 cm, located along the entire trunk in bunches of 2 pieces.

The larch has a more powerful trunk, sometimes it reaches 1.8 m in diameter. Yes, and it lives twice as long as a pine. Her crown is more transparent, while that of a pine is thicker and more fluffy.

Cones on larch are very beautiful, rounded.

In pine they are cone-shaped.