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Increase the power supply current. Powerful power supply by upgrading from smaller power units. Overclocking the power supply

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Overclocking the power supply.

The author is not responsible for the failure of any components resulting from overclocking. By using these materials for any purpose, the end user assumes all responsibility. The site materials are presented "as is"."

Introduction.

I started this experiment with frequency due to the lack of power in the power supply.

When the computer was purchased, its power was quite sufficient for this configuration:

AMD Duron 750Mhz / RAM DIMM 128 mb / PC Partner KT133 / HDD Samsung 20Gb / S3 Trio 3D/2X 8Mb AGP

For example, two diagrams:

Frequency f for this circuit it turned out to be 57 kHz.


And for this frequency f equal to 40 kHz.

Practice.

The frequency can be changed by replacing the capacitor C or/and resistor R to a different denomination.

It would be correct to install a capacitor with a smaller capacitance, and replace the resistor with a series-connected constant resistor and type variable SP5 with flexible leads.

Then, decreasing its resistance, measure the voltage until the voltage reaches 5.0 volts. Then solder a constant resistor in place of the variable one, rounding the value up.

I went for more dangerous path- sharply changed the frequency by soldering a capacitor of smaller capacity.

I have had:

R 1 =12kOm
C 1 =1.5nF

According to the formula we get

f=61.1 kHz

After replacing the capacitor

R 2 =12kOm
C 2 =1.0nF

f =91.6 kHz

According to the formula:

the frequency increased by 50% and the power increased accordingly.

If we do not change R, then the formula simplifies:

Or if we don’t change C, then the formula is:

Trace the capacitor and resistor connected to pins 5 and 6 of the microcircuit. and replace the capacitor with a capacitor with a smaller capacity.


Result

After overclocking the power supply, the voltage became exactly 5.00 (the multimeter can sometimes show 5.01, which is most likely an error), almost without reacting to the tasks being performed - with a heavy load on the +12 volt bus (simultaneous operation of two CDs and two screws) - the voltage on the bus is + 5V may drop briefly to 4.98.

The key transistors began to heat up more. Those. If before the radiator was slightly warm, now it is very warm, but not hot. The radiator with rectifier half-bridges did not heat up any more. The transformer also does not heat up. From 09/18/2004 to this day (01/15/05) there are no questions about the power supply. On this moment following configuration:

Links

  1. PARAMETERS OF THE MOST COMMON POWER TRANSISTORS USED IN PUSH-CYCLE UPS CIRCUITS MANUFACTURED FOREIGN.
  2. Capacitors. (Note: C = 0.77 ۰ Nom ۰SQRT(0.001۰f), where Nom is the rated capacitance of the capacitor.)

Rennie's comments: The fact that you increased the frequency, you increased the number of sawtooth pulses over a certain period of time, and as a result, the frequency with which power instabilities are monitored increased, since power instabilities are monitored more often, the pulses for closing and opening of transistors in a half-bridge switch occur at double frequency . Your transistors have characteristics, specifically their speed: By increasing the frequency, you have thereby reduced the size of the dead zone. Since you say that the transistors do not heat up, it means that they are in that frequency range, which means that everything seems to be fine here. But there are also pitfalls. Do you have an electrical circuit diagram in front of you? I’ll explain it to you now using the diagram. There in the circuit, look where the key transistors are, diodes are connected to the collector and emitter. They serve to dissolve the residual charge in the transistors and transfer the charge to the other arm (to the capacitor). Now, if these comrades have a low switching speed, through currents are possible - this is a direct breakdown of your transistors. Perhaps this will cause them to heat up. Now further, this is not the case, the point is that after the direct current that passed through the diode. It has inertia and when it appears reverse current,: for some time the value of its resistance has not yet been restored and therefore they are characterized not by the frequency of operation, but by the recovery time of the parameters. If this time is longer than possible, then you will experience partial through currents, which is why surges in both voltage and current are possible. In the secondary it’s not so scary, but in the power department it’s just fucked up: to put it mildly. So let's continue. In the secondary circuit, these switchings are not desirable, namely: There, Schottky diodes are used for stabilization, so at 12 volts they are supported with a voltage of -5 volts (approx. I have silicon ones at 12 volts), so at 12 volts that If only they (Schottky diodes) could be used with a voltage of -5 volts. (Due to the low reverse voltage, it is impossible to simply put Schottky diodes on the 12 volt bus, so they are distorted this way). But silicon diodes have more losses than Schottky diodes and the reaction is less, unless they are one of the fast-recovery diodes. So, if the frequency is high, then the Schottky diodes have almost the same effect as in the power section + the inertia of the winding at -5 volts relative to +12 volts makes it impossible to use Schottky diodes, so an increase in frequency can eventually lead to failure of them. I'm considering the general case. So let's move on. Next is another joke, finally connected directly with the chain feedback. When you create negative feedback, you have such a thing as the resonant frequency of this feedback loop. If you reach resonance, then your entire scheme will be screwed. Sorry for the rude expression. Because this PWM chip controls everything and requires its operation in mode. And finally, a “dark horse” ;) Do you understand what I mean? It's a transformer, so this bitch also has a resonant frequency. So this crap is not a standardized part, the transformer winding product is manufactured individually in each case - for this simple reason you do not know the characteristics of it. What if you introduce your frequency into resonance? You burn your trance and you can safely throw away the power supply. Externally, two absolutely identical transformers can have completely different parameters. Well, the fact is that by choosing the wrong frequency you could easily burn out the power supply. Under all other conditions, how can you still increase the power of the power supply? We increase the power of the power supply. First of all, we need to understand what power is. The formula is extremely simple - current to voltage. The voltage in the power section is 310 volts constant. So, we cannot influence the voltage in any way. We have only one trans. We can only increase the current. The amount of current is dictated to us by two things - transistors in the half-bridge and buffer capacitors. The conductors are larger, the transistors are more powerful, so you need to increase the capacitance rating and change the transistors to ones that have a higher current in the collector-emitter circuit or just a collector current, if you don’t mind, you can plug in 1000 uF there and not strain yourself with calculations. So in this circuit we did everything we could, here, in principle, nothing more can be done, except perhaps taking into account the voltage and current of the base of these new transistors. If the transformer is small, this will not help. You also need to regulate such crap as the voltage and current at which your transistors will open and close. Now it seems like everything is here. Let's go to the secondary circuit. Now we have a lot of current at the output windings....... We need to slightly correct our filtering, stabilization and rectification circuits. For this, we take, depending on the implementation of our power supply, and change the diode assemblies first of all, so that we can ensure the flow of our current. In principle, everything else can be left as is. That's all, it seems, well, at the moment there should be a margin of safety. The point here is that the technique is impulsive - this is its bad side. Here almost everything is built on the frequency response and phase response, on t reaction.: that’s all

!
Probably, the problem we’ll talk about today is familiar to many. I think everyone has had the need to increase the output current of the power supply. Let's take a look specific example, you have a 19-volt power adapter from a laptop, which provides an output current of, let’s say, around 5A, but you need a 12-volt power supply with a current of 8-10A. Here's to the author ( YouTube channel“AKA KASYAN”) one day I needed a power supply with a voltage of 5V and a current of 20A, and I had a 12-volt power supply on hand for LED strips with an output current of 10A. And so the author decided to remake it.

Yes, assemble the required power source from scratch or use the 5-volt bus of any cheap computer unit power supply is of course possible, but many homemade electronics engineers will find it useful to know how to increase the output current (or in common parlance amperage) of almost any pulse block nutrition.

As a rule, power supplies for laptops, printers, all kinds of monitor power adapters, and so on, are made using single-ended circuits; most often they are flyback and the construction is no different from each other. There may be a different configuration, a different PWM controller, but the circuit diagram is the same.




Single-ended PWM controller, most often from the UC38 family, high voltage field-effect transistor, which pumps the transformer, and at the output is a half-wave rectifier in the form of a single or dual Schottky diode.








After that there is a choke, storage capacitors, and a voltage feedback system.





Thanks to feedback, the output voltage is stabilized and strictly kept within the specified limit. Feedback is usually based on an optocoupler and a source reference voltage tl431.




Changing the resistance of the divider resistors in its wiring leads to a change in the output voltage.


This was a general introduction, and now about what we have to do. It should be noted right away that we are not increasing the power. This block food has output power about 120W.






We are going to reduce the output voltage to 5V, but in return we will increase the output current by 2 times. We multiply the voltage (5V) by the current (20A) and as a result we get a calculated power of about 100W. We will not touch the input (high-voltage) part of the power supply. All alterations will affect only the output part and the transformer itself.


But later, after checking, it turned out that the original capacitors were also quite good and had a fairly low internal resistance. Therefore, in the end the author soldered them back.




Next, we unsolder the throttle, and then pulse transformer.


The diode rectifier is quite good - 20 ampere. The best thing is that the board has a seat for a second diode of the same type.




As a result, the author did not find a second such diode, but since he recently received exactly the same diodes from China only in a slightly different package, he plugged a couple of them into the board, added a jumper and strengthened the tracks.




As a result, we get a 40A rectifier, that is, with a double current reserve. The author installed diodes at 200V, but this makes no sense, he just has a lot of them.


You can install regular Schottky diode assemblies from a computer power supply with a reverse voltage of 30-45V or less.
We're done with the rectifier, let's move on. The choke is wound with this wire.


We throw it away and take this wire.


We wind about 5 turns. You can use a native ferrite rod, but the author had a thicker one lying around nearby, on which the turns were wound. True, the rod turned out to be slightly long, but later we will break off all the excess.




The transformer is the most important and responsible part. Remove the tape, heat the core with a soldering iron on all sides for 15-20 minutes to loosen the glue, and carefully remove the core halves.








Leave the whole thing for ten minutes to cool. Next, remove the yellow tape and unwind the first winding, remembering the direction of winding (or just take a couple of photos before disassembling, in which case they will help you). Leave the other end of the wire on the pin. Next, unwind the second winding. Also, we do not solder the second end.




After this, we have before us the secondary (or power) winding of our own person, which is exactly what we were looking for. This winding is completely removed.


It consists of 4 turns, wound with a bundle of 8 wires, each with a diameter of 0.55 mm.




The new secondary winding we will wind contains only one and a half turns, since we only need 5V of output voltage. We will wind it in the same way, we will take a wire with a diameter of 0.35 mm, but the number of cores is already 40 pieces.






This is much more than is needed, but, however, you can compare it yourself with the factory winding. Now we wind all the windings in the same order. Be sure to follow the winding direction of all windings, otherwise nothing will work.


It is advisable to tin the cores of the secondary winding before winding begins. For convenience, we divide each end of the winding into 2 groups so as not to drill giant holes on the board for installation.




After the transformer is installed, we find the tl431 chip. As mentioned earlier, it is this that sets the output voltage.


We find a divider in its harness. IN in this case 1 of the resistors of this divider is a pair of SMD resistors connected in series.


The second divider resistor is located closer to the output. In this case, its resistance is 20 kOhm.


We unsolder this resistor and replace it with a 10 kOhm trimmer.


We connect the power supply to the network (necessarily through a safety incandescent network lamp with a power of 40-60W). We connect a multimeter to the output of the power supply and preferably not heavy load. In this case it is low power lamps incandescent at 28V. Then, very carefully, without touching the board, we rotate the trimming resistor until the desired output voltage is obtained.


Next, we turn everything off and wait 5 minutes so that the high-voltage capacitor on the unit is completely discharged. Then we unsolder the trimming resistor and measure its resistance. Then we replace it with a permanent one, or leave it. In this case, we will also have the ability to adjust the output.

It happens that when assembling a particular device, you need to decide on the choice of power source. This is extremely important when devices require a powerful power supply. Today it is not difficult to purchase iron transformers with the necessary characteristics. But they are quite expensive, and big sizes and weight are their main disadvantages. And assembling and setting up good switching power supplies is a very complicated procedure. And many people don’t take it up.

Next, you will learn how to assemble a powerful and yet simple power supply, using an electronic transformer as the basis for the design. By by and large, the conversation will focus on increasing the power of such transformers.

A 50-watt transformer was taken for the conversion.

It was planned to increase its power to 300 W. This transformer was purchased at a nearby store and cost about 100 rubles.

A standard transformer circuit looks like this:

The transformer is a conventional push-pull half-bridge self-generating inverter. The symmetrical dinistor is the main component that triggers the circuit, since it supplies the initial impulse.

The circuit uses 2 high-voltage transistors with reverse conductivity.

The transformer circuit before modification contains the following components:

  1. Transistors MJE13003.
  2. Capacitors 0.1 µF, 400 V.
  3. A transformer with 3 windings, two of which are master windings and have 3 turns of wire with a cross-section of 0.5 square meters. mm. One more as current feedback.
  4. The input resistor (1 ohm) is used as a fuse.
  5. Diode bridge.

Despite the lack of short-circuit protection in this option, the electronic transformer operates without failure. The purpose of the device is to work with a passive load (for example, office halogen lights), so there is no output voltage stabilization.

As for the main power transformer, its secondary winding produces about 12 V.

Now take a look at the transformer circuit with increased power:

There are even fewer components in it. A feedback transformer, resistor, dynistor and capacitor were taken from the original circuit.

The remaining parts were taken from old computer power supplies, and these are 2 transistors, a diode bridge and a power transformer. Capacitors were purchased separately.

It wouldn’t hurt to replace the transistors with more powerful ones (MJE13009 in a TO220 package).

Diodes were replaced with finished assembly(4 A, 600 V).

Diode bridges from 3 A, 400 V are also suitable. The capacitance should be 2.2 μF, but 1.5 μF is also possible.

The power transformer was removed from the 450 W ATX format power supply. All standard windings were removed from it and new ones were wound. Primary winding was wound with triple wire 0.5 sq. mm in 3 layers. Total turns - 55. It is necessary to monitor the accuracy of the winding, as well as its density. Each layer was insulated with blue electrical tape. The calculation of the transformer was carried out experimentally, and a golden mean was found.

The secondary winding is wound at the rate of 1 turn - 2 V, but this is only if the core is the same as in the example.

When you first turn it on, be sure to use a 40-60 W incandescent safety lamp.

It is worth noting that at the moment of startup the lamp will not flash, since there are no smoothing electrolytes after the rectifier. The output frequency is high, so in order to make specific measurements, you must first rectify the voltage. For these purposes, a powerful dual diode bridge assembled from KD2997 diodes was used. The bridge can withstand currents of up to 30 A if a radiator is attached to it.

The secondary winding was supposed to be 15 V, although in reality it turned out to be a little more.

Everything that was at hand was taken as a load. This powerful lamp from a 400 W film projector at a voltage of 30 V and 5 20-watt 12 V lamps. All loads were connected in parallel.

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