Presentation on history on the topic “History in Persons: Which historical figure are we talking about? Martin Luther - short biography

In the first half of the 16th century. In Western and Central Europe, a social movement developed, anti-feudal in its socio-economic essence, religious (anti-Catholic) in its ideological form. The goals of this movement were: restructuring the relationship between church and state, “correcting” the official doctrine of the Roman- catholic church, transformation of church organization. This mass movement against the Catholic Church was called - REFORMATION. The main center of the European reformation was Germany.

The beginning of the Reformation was laid by a professor at Wittenbury University, Doctor of Theology - Martin Luther(1485-1546). On October 31, 1517, he nailed his " 95 theses " with a protest against the sale of indulgences (the saints performed so many holy deeds that the remaining ones can be sold to the church for the "absolution of sins.") Luther was excommunicated from the church by the Pope and put into disgrace by the German emperor; he was saved from death by the support of the German princes.

Luther's attitude to the state

One of the main tenets of Lutheranism is independence secular power from the papacy. He instructed his subjects to be submissive to the monarchs, not to rebel against the authorities and humbly to endure the injustices caused by them. However, he argued that the prince (monarch) for whom power is a privilege, and the burden placed on him by God, rules expediently, rules wisely. The Christian "governor must consider himself the servant and not the master of the people."

The task of secular power is to regulate relations between people, punish the evil and protect the good. The clergy is not some special “rank” independent of secular authority.

The relationship between natural and divine law

Worldly order is achieved through the support of institutions of secular power (state, laws) on natural rather than divine law(although natural law is ultimately derived from the will of God), based on it, secular power natural law allows you to control only the external behavior of people, property, and things. Freedom of the soul area of ​​faith, the inner world of man to be, according to Luther, outside the jurisdiction of the state, outside the scope of its laws.

The burgher reform in Germany served as a signal for a general movement of peasants and urban lower classes. Luther translated into German The Bible, and that was a blow. The peasants did not find anything in it about quitrents and taxes; they demanded a return to the practice of early Christianity not only in the church, but also in public life. A peasant war broke out (1524-1526), ​​which was suppressed.

Some cities in Germany and Scandinavian countries converted to Lutheranism. After a series of decisions, they agreed “whose prince, that and faith.” However, in 1529, Catholics achieved a decision at the Speyer Congress to abolish the right of princes to decide the question of the religion of their subjects. Several princes and representatives of cities filed a protest against this decision to the emperor. Since then, adherents of churches and religious teachings created by the Reformation are called Protestants. The struggle between Catholics and Lutheranism in Germany ended with the Religious Peace of Augsburg (1555), according to which Lutheranism became a religion equal to Catholicism on the principle: “whose side is the faith.”

John Calvin(1509-1564) - the second major reformer. Founded a new church in Geneva based on democratic-republican principles. Main work: " Instruction in the Christian Faith " (1536). This work described a community of believers governed by an elected consistory consisting of presbyters (elders), preachers and deacons.

One of Calvin's central ideas was the idea of ​​absolute predestination - The fate of every person is determined by God. People are powerless to change the will of God, but they can guess about it by how their life on earth develops. If their professional activities are successful, if they are pious and virtuous, hardworking and obedient to authorities, then God favors them.

Hence the three features of Calvinists :

· hard work, profit in business - a sign of predestination;

· loyalty to the word;

personal farming is separated from business, all profits go into business. Be the most thrifty and zealous owner, despise pleasure and extravagance (they themselves live modestly).

From ideas of absolute predestination it followed that the nobility, origin and class privileges of the feudal lords are not important, for they do not determine the pre-election and salvation of a person. Thus, J. Calvin was able to give a powerful impetus to the process of formation of bourgeois socio-economic practice through religious means. Weber argued in his works that capitalism came from them. In the XVI - XVII centuries. Calvenism spread widely in Switzerland, the Netherlands, France, England, and its North American colonies.

In the sixteenth century. - religious wars. The church responded to the Reformation with the Counter-Reformation. The persecution of dissidents in Catholic countries was intensified, the Inquisition was reorganized, and the "Index of Banned Books" (the official list of works, the reading of which entails excommunication; laymen were forbidden to read holy scripture.)

The Jesuit Order was created (1540) by the Spanish nobleman Ignazio Loyola. The papal boule calls it "a fighting force of the church militant."

The Jesuits remained in the world and wore civilian dresses.

Basic principles: strict submission, centralism, spiritual control. The truth is what the church says. The Jesuits fought the Reformation through the rulers of states. Undesirables were killed. There was even a dispute about whether it was possible to poison the monarch. We came to the conclusion - no, since he drinks the poisoned wine himself, and this is suicide (sin). We need other ways.

Jesuit morality - how to bring any action to the glory of God. They had the most equipped universities. The intrigues of the Jesuits caused indignation, they were expelled from a number of countries, and their order was at times banned by the Vatican.

Conclusion: The Lutheran Reformation met the interests of the burghers by creating a “cheap church” and princes - the lands of churches and monasteries passed to them, and princely absolutism was strengthened. The Reformation dealt a heavy blow to the Catholic Church: Protestantism was adopted in most parts of Germany, Switzerland, England, Scotland, the Netherlands and Scandinavia.

What are Martin Luther's main ideas and what was his role in the Reformation process? What was he up against and what were the consequences of his actions?

What was Luther's attitude towards the state as a whole and towards the church? We will try to answer these and other questions below.

The beginning of the Reformation and its goals

In the 16th century, the West was swept by a movement that was anti-feudal in its socio-economic essence, and anti-religious in its ideological form.

The activists of this movement, called the Reformation, pursued the following goals: changing the relationship between church and state, restructuring the official church doctrine, and completely transforming the organization of the Catholic Church. The main focus was Germany. What are Martin Luther's main ideas on this matter and how is it related to the Reformation movement? We will answer this question below.

Luther's 95 Theses as the impetus for the Reformation

In fact, the beginning of the Reformation was the famous 95 theses of Wittenbury University professor, Doctor of Divinity Martin Luther, which he nailed to the church doors. This was a form of protest against the sale of indulgences - remission of sins. The clergy claimed that the saints performed so many deeds and deeds that they could be sold to people as absolution. For these 95 theses, Luther was excommunicated from the church and fell into disgrace. If not for the German princes, Luther would have been put to death. However, Martin Luther's teachings gained more and more followers.

Ideas of Martin Luther

Luther argued, relying on Holy Scripture, that monasticism in all its manifestations and the vast majority of rituals are not actually based on the “authentic word of God.”

Referring to Luther, he said that in order to get into the Kingdom of Heaven, a person only needs faith. The Catholic Church, in turn, prescribed making contributions and performing numerous rituals to save the soul. This is one of the answers to the question of what are the main ideas of Martin Luther. It is not surprising that the church persecuted him, because according to Luther’s teachings, the believer must justify himself only before God and is his own priest. Thus, a person ceases to need the mediation of priests and is obliged to slavishly obey only God, and not the church. The teaching of Martin Luther states that all classes are the same and a priest is no different from a layman. According to Luther's teaching, only what is found in the Bible is sacred. Everything else is business human hands, which means it is not the truth and should be subjected to the strictest criticism.

Luther and the state

What are Martin Luther's main ideas regarding government? One of the key provisions of the doctrine is the distinction between secular and religious power. At the same time, Luther in his teaching speaks of submission to monarchs, humility and patience. He also calls not to rebel against the authorities. This approach becomes understandable if we take into account the fact that a good ruler was considered one for whom power is a burden, not a privilege. According to Luther's teaching, a ruler is a servant, not a master, of his people.

Secular power is designed to regulate people's relationships. The clergy also belongs to the common people, who are subject to secular authority.

Natural and Divine Law

What are Martin Luther's main ideas about the relationship between spiritual and temporal power? To put them in a nutshell, Luther believed that order should be achieved by relying on secular power not on divine law, but on natural law, despite the fact that it is a derivative of God's will. According to Luther, concepts such as free will and his inner world cannot be subject to the jurisdiction of the state.

In Germany, divided into dozens of small states, there was no strong royal power capable of protecting it from the clergy. Huge sums of money regularly flowed from disunited Germany into the papal coffers. The country was literally flooded with papal indulgence sellers. The person from whose lips came the call to stop cynical trading was Martin Luther(1483-1546).

Martin Luther was born in Saxony in the family of a mining master. At the age of 18, the capable young man entered the University of Erfurt - famous center humanistic education. The father wanted his son to become a lawyer, but Luther chose a different fate for himself. Deep faith brought him to the walls of the Augustinian monastery. After becoming a monk, Luther led a very ascetic life. Once they even had to break down the doors of the cell, behind which a young monk, exhausted by excessive prayers, was found unconscious on the floor. However, disappointment in the monastic process soon came. Having traveled to Rome, Luther was amazed by the blatant wealth of the Catholic Church. He devoted a lot of time to thinking about the topic of serving the Lord, and was fascinated by the works of the outstanding medieval philosopher Aurelius Augustine. Luther left the monastery and began teaching theology at the University of Wittenberg. One of his acquaintances predicted an unusual future for Luther: “He will bring great changes to the Church.”

On October 31, 1517, Luther nailed the “95 Theses against Indulgences” to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg. These were 95 objections of a young professor against the right of popes to forgive sinners who purchased absolution. In a matter of days he became known throughout Germany. Like-minded people rallied around Luther. They moved from criticizing indulgences to condemning the papacy and the Catholic Church as a whole.

The threat of being accused of heresy hung over Luther, but he adamantly stood his ground. In 1520, the Pope issued a bull excommunicating the rebel from the church. Luther publicly burned it in the courtyard of the university. This meant a final break with Rome. His popularity in his homeland was incredible.

The papal ambassador reported to Rome: “Nine-tenths in Germany shout “Luther,” and at least one-tenth shout “Death to the Roman Court!”

Main idea Luther was that a person is saved only by faith in God. According to Luther, believers are always directly connected with Christ; there is no need for the mediation of a priest. Every Christian has the right to freely appear before God. It was proposed to abolish the Catholic clergy, secularize the wealth of the church, close monasteries, and dissolve monastic orders. However, this did not at all mean the destruction of the church. It just had to become completely different, much simpler. Priests could marry, wear ordinary clothes, and obey laws common to all. The Lutheran Church was freed from icons and sculptural images of Christ and the Mother of God; Luther declared their veneration as idolatry, which only distracts from the true faith. He proposed leaving only two of the seven sacraments, the description of which is contained in the Bible - baptism and communion, and considered all the others to be later inventions of the church.

Luther also declared the Bible to be the sole authority for Christians, both in the church and in society. everyday life. In his opinion, every believer should read it regularly and meditate on it.

To make the Bible accessible to everyone, Luther translated it into German. He proposed replacing the magnificent, but incomprehensible to ordinary parishioners, divine service in Latin with a sermon in their native language. Luther's works, written in German, were printed in large editions and quickly distributed throughout the country. Material from the site

Protests against the Pope grew louder throughout Germany. The zealous Catholic Emperor Charles V decided to intervene in the matter. In 1521, he summoned Luther to the Reichstag in the city of Worms. There the “heretic” was asked to renounce his views, but Luther refused to do so. He did not want to go against his own conscience, and expressed his steadfastness in the phrase: “I stand on this and cannot do otherwise.”

Martin Luther in the Reichstag in Worms. Engraving. 1557

The Emperor, supporting the Pope, insisted on making a decision to prosecute the champions of the new heresy. The Reformation has already gained many supporters. All layers of the German population joined it - the nobility, the burghers, the peasantry. A wave of urban uprisings swept across the country, during which churches and monasteries were destroyed, icons and statues were destroyed, and monks and priests were attacked. Starting with church reform, the urban poor and peasantry hoped to renew the world and establish justice in it.

Questions about this material:

The teachings of Jan Hus influenced Martin Luther (1483 - 1546), who in the general understanding was not a philosopher or thinker. But he became a German reformer, moreover, the founder of German Protestantism. His parents came from Thuringian tax-paying peasants. His parents treated him very harshly and kept him in a strictness that amounted to intimidation. He left them for the Augustinian monastery, known for its particularly strict rules, in July 1505, disillusioned with the possibilities of practical success. But no matter what Luther did, the consciousness of being abandoned by God did not leave him. He was overcome by attacks of melancholy. Unexpectedly for himself, he discovered a new meaning for long-known texts, which led to a “revolution” in Luther’s understanding of the problem of justification and salvation.

In those days there was a saying: “The Church forgives all sins, except one - lack of money.” Luther published his historical 95 Theses

Directed against the trade in indulgences in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. This date is considered the beginning of the reform movement. The main motive of the “Theses” is the motive of internal repentance and contrition, contrasted with all kinds of external activity, any deeds, exploits and merits. The central idea of ​​the “Theses” is as follows: the idea of ​​redemptive donations is deeply alien to the Gospel of Christ; The God of the Gospel does not require anything from a sinner other than sincere repentance for what he has done. The exposure of the hidden ungodliness of the church led by the pope before God brought to Luther's side all those dissatisfied with the rule of corrupt Rome. Luther does not recognize intermediaries between God and man, he rejects church hierarchy together with dad. Luther wrote his first theological works in 1515-1516. SINCE 1518, Rome launched an inquisitorial process against Luther, he was excommunicated.

Luther rejected most of the sacraments, saints and angels, the cult of the Mother of God, the worship of icons and holy relics. All paths of salvation lie only in a person’s personal faith. Claiming the indisputable authority of Scripture, Luther insisted on the right of every believer to have his own understanding of faith and morals, on freedom of conscience, and he himself translated it into German. Already in 1519 Luther abandoned medieval performance about the text of Scripture as a mysterious code that cannot be understood without knowledge of the established church interpretation. The Bible is open to everyone, and no interpretation of it can be considered heretical unless it is refuted by obvious reasonable arguments.

In August - November 1520, Luther’s publications were published, which constituted a kind of reform theology: “Towards the Christian nobility of the German nation...”, “On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church” and “On the Freedom of a Christian”. They outlined a program for a radical transformation of the church organization and “found formulas for complete moral and religious demarcation from the papacy.” Luther declares war on church-feudal centralism.

The 15th-16th centuries were a time of crisis for scholasticism and growing dissatisfaction with it on the part of humanists and pioneers of natural science. Luther announced his attitude towards scholasticism in the summer of 1517 and touches on this topic in his programmatic essay “The Heidelberg Disputation” (1518).

God, in his understanding, is defined as an unknowable thing, absolutely transcendental in relation to the ability to rationally comprehend the world. Any attempt to explore what is god or at least to prove that it exists, the reformer considers it futile and false. God is only as known to man as He chooses to reveal Himself to him through Scripture. What is clear in Scripture must be understood; what is not clear should be taken on faith, remembering that God is not a liar. Faith and understanding - the only ways the relationship of man to the creator.

Luther tore faith away from reason, but at the same time rejected super-rational, extraordinary abilities that ensure fusion with the deity. As mentioned earlier, for Luther, the knowledge of God, as he is in himself and for himself, received the meaning of an absolutely impossible task, and the use of reason to solve it is an irrational (seductive) action. The reformer insisted on the categorical irreconcilability of faith to reason, which justifies faith, and on the categorical irreconcilability of reason to faith, which tries to orient reason in its worldly research. The area where the mind is competent is the world and the mundane - that which exists in common religious consciousness meant both this-worldly (as opposed to the other-worldly) and as created, temporary, conditioned, in contrast to the creative, eternal, absolute. The mind must deal with what is below us, not above us. For Luther, God is more likely the impersonal motionless mover of Aristotle or the world ruler of the Jews, but not the crucified Christ.

However, the attitude towards Aristotle as a symbol of scholasticism is expressed in the main slogan of the university reform proposed by Luther - “The Struggle against Aristotelianism”. In 1520 - 1522 it was actually carried out in Wittenberg with the active participation of Luther. Aristotelian physics, psychology and metaphysics were excluded from the university course. Logic and rhetoric were preserved for those who were preparing for a master's degree. The reformer hoped that by excommunicating scholasticism from universities, he would make them the center of unfettered study of the liberal arts, practically useful sciences and new theology. However, by the end of the 20s it was discovered that scholasticism was being revived and continued to grow. Luther's later writings, in particular his extensive "Interpretation of the First Book of Moses" (1534-1545), "are permeated with the bitter consciousness of the "indestructibility" of the scholastic style of thinking."

Luther resolutely rejected astrology and did not recognize the heliocentric hypothesis, however, there is no reason to consider him an “anti-Copernican,” since he did not even know the name of Copernicus or his teachings.

Luther's reform, despite its relatively progressive features, had a class and historical character. In essence, it expressed the interests of the princes and the urban rich patriciate, but not the interests of the broad masses. This world is a vale of sin and suffering, salvation from which must be sought in God. The state is an instrument of the earthly world, and therefore it is marked by sin. Worldly injustice cannot be eradicated, it can only be tolerated and recognized, and obeyed. Christians must submit to authority, not rebel against it. Luther's views supported interests requiring strong state power. According to K. Marx, Luther defeated slavery by piety only by putting slavery by conviction in its place.

Martin Luther is a controversial spokesman for a turning point. The reformer manages to move forward to a new time, even in his earliest writings.

Criticism of all levels of church authority; understanding freedom of conscience as an inalienable personal right; recognition of the independent significance of state-political relations; defending the idea of ​​universal education; upholding the moral significance of work; religious sanctification of business enterprise - these were the tenets of Luther’s teaching, which brought him closer to early bourgeois ideology and culture.

A successful continuation of Lutheran endeavors was the Swiss reformation of Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin.

Name: Martin Luther

Age: 62 years old

Activity: theologian, politician, translator

Marital status: was married

Martin Luther: biography

On November 10, 1483, a boy was born into the family of a simple Saxon miner, who was noted in history as outstanding personality, founder of Protestantism in Germany, great reformer, theologian - Martin Luther. This man is also famous as a translator of sacred Christian texts(Bible), founder of the norms of common German literary language, the name of an African-American Baltic preacher - .

Martin's father, Hans Luther, was hard-working; he sought to provide his family with all the necessary material goods, which was very difficult for him. Initially, he was an ordinary peasant in the village of Mera, but, having moved in search of better life in Eisleben, got a job in the local copper mines. When the future reformer was 6 months old, the family went to live in Mansfeld, and there Hans acquired the status of a wealthy burgher.

At the age of 7, little Martin had to experience his first life difficulties. The parents sent their son to study at a city school, which “provided” Luther with constant humiliation and punishment. The educational system of this institution did not allow the talented child to obtain the required level of knowledge, and during the 7 years of his studies here, Martin only learned to read, write, and learned several prayers and the Ten Commandments.

At the age of 14 (1497), young Luther entered the Franciscan school in Magdeburg, but a year later he was transferred to Eisenach. There was a catastrophic lack of money, Martin was in poverty, and together with his friends he sang under the windows of devout citizens, trying to somehow feed himself. Then the young man began to think about making money on his own in the mines, like his father, but fate decreed otherwise.

The teenager accidentally met the wife of a wealthy resident of Eisenach. A woman named Ursula decided to help the boy by inviting him to her house for temporary residence, which opened the way for Martin to a new life.

In 1501, Luther graduated from school and entered the University of Erfurt (faculty of philosophy). Martin stood out among his peers with an excellent memory, absorbed new knowledge like a sponge, easily absorbed complex materials, and soon became the center of everyone's attention at the university.

Having received his bachelor's degree (1503), young Luther was invited to lecture students on philosophy. At the same time, he studied the basics of law at the request of his father. Martin developed comprehensively, but he showed the greatest interest in theology, reading the works and writings of the great church fathers.

One day, after another visit to the university library, Luther fell into the hands of the Bible, reading which turned his inner world upside down.

After graduating from university, Martin Luther decided to take a high action that no one expected from him. The philosopher went to the monastery to serve God, abandoning worldly life. One of the reasons was the sudden death of Luther's close friend and his awareness of his own sinfulness.

Life at the monastery

In the holy place, the young theologian was engaged in various duties: he served the elders, performed the work of a gatekeeper, wound the tower clock, swept the church yard, and so on.

Wanting to rid the guy of the feeling of human pride, the monks periodically sent Martin to the city to collect alms. Luther approximately followed every instruction, using austerities in food, clothing, and rest. In 1506, Martin Luther became a monk and a year later became a priest, becoming Brother Augustine.

Dinner for the Lord and the status of a priest did not become a limitation for Martin in further learning and development. In 1508, the Vicar General recommended Luther as a teacher at the University of Wittenberg. Here he taught young children dialectics and physics. He soon received a bachelor's degree in biblical studies, which allowed him to teach theology to students. Luther had the right to interpret the biblical scriptures, and in order to better understand their meaning, he began to study foreign languages.

In 1511, Luther visited Rome, where representatives of the Holy Order sent him. Here he was faced with contradictory facts regarding Catholicism. Since 1512, he held the position of professor of theology, read sermons, and acted as caretaker in 11 monasteries.

Reformation

Despite his visual closeness to God, Martin Luther constantly felt some complexes, considered himself sinful and weak in his actions before the Almighty. The spiritual crisis became the beginning of the theologian’s rethinking spiritual world and the path to reformation.

In 1518, a papal bull was issued, which was criticized from Martin's point of view. Luther was completely disillusioned with Catholic teachings. The philosopher and theologian composes his own 95 theses, which fundamentally refute the postulates of the Roman Church.

According to Luther's innovation, the state should not depend on the clergy, and the latter should not act as an intermediary between man and the Lord of all things. Martin did not accept the sayings and demands regarding the celibacy of spiritual representatives, and destroyed the authority of the Pope's decrees. Similar reform actions had been observed in history before, but Luther’s position turned out to be quite shocking and bold.

Martin's theses quickly gained popularity in society; rumors of the new teaching reached the Pope himself, who immediately invited the dissident to his trial (1519). Luther dared not to come to Rome, and then the pontiff decided to anathematize the Protestant (excommunication from the holy sacraments).

In 1520, Luther committed a defiant act - he publicly burned a papal bull, called on the people to fight papal dominance and was deprived of his Catholic rank. On May 26, 1521, according to the Edict of Worms, Martin was accused of heresy, but supporters of the basic ideas of Lutheranism helped their master escape by staging his abduction. In fact, Luther was placed in Wartburg Castle, where he began translating the Bible into German.

In 1529, Martin Luther’s Protestantism received official acceptance by society, being considered one of the movements of Catholicism, but a few years later a split occurred in his “camp” into two more movements: Lutheranism and Calvinism.

John Calvin became the second major reformer after Luther, whose main idea was the absolute predetermination of human destiny by God.

Opinion about Jews

Martin Luther's attitude towards Jews changed throughout his life. Initially, he condemned the persecution of representatives of this nationality and recommended treating them with tolerance.

Martin sincerely believed that a Jew who heard his sermons would definitely decide to be baptized. In his pamphlet “That Christ was Born a Jew,” the theologian emphasized the Jewish origin of Christ and supported ancient people in unwillingness to follow “papal paganism.”

Afterwards, the reformer became convinced that the Jews did not intend to follow his teachings, and at some point he became hostile to them. Luther’s books, written in this state, were anti-Jewish in nature (“On the Jews and Their Lies,” “Table Talk,” etc.).

Thus, the famous German philosopher disappointed the Jewish people, who turned away from the reformations proposed by Luther. Subsequently, the Lutheran Church became a source of inspiration for anti-Semites, and its positions served to create propaganda against Jews in Germany and persecute them.

Personal life

Luther believed that God cannot forbid all people, without exception, to live in love and prolong their family line. According to facts from Martin’s biography, the wife of the brave theologian was former nun, who bore him 6 children in marriage.

Katharina von Bora was a nun at the monastery at the behest of her parents, impoverished nobles. When the girl turned 8 years old, she took a vow of celibacy. Church upbringing, discipline and the asceticism accepted by Katharina made the character of Luther’s wife stern and strict, which was clearly manifested in the relationship between the spouses.

Martin Luther and his wife Katharina

The wedding of Martin and Käthe (as Luther called the girl) took place on June 13, 1525. At that time, the Protestant was 42 years old, and his sweet companion was only 26 years old. The couple chose an abandoned Augustinian monastery as their joint place of residence. Loving hearts lived in simplicity, without acquiring any property. Their home was always open to people in need of any help.

Death

Until his death, Martin Luther worked hard, lectured, preached, and wrote books. An energetic and hard-working person by nature, he often forgot about food and healthy sleep. Over the years, this began to manifest itself in dizziness and sudden fainting. Luther became the owner of the so-called stone disease, which caused him a lot of suffering.

Poor health was “reinforced” by mental contradictions and doubts. During his lifetime, Martin admitted that the Devil often came to him at night, asking strange questions. The founder of Protestantism prayed to God for death, being in an excruciatingly painful state for many years.

Luther died suddenly in February 1546. His body was solemnly buried in the courtyard of the palace church, where he once nailed the famous 95 theses.

In 2003, in memory of historical figure Eric Till shot a biographical drama film called “Luther,” showing the life of the holy minister from the beginning of his reform activities until his death.

Quotes

“Hate, like an advanced cancer, corrodes the human personality and takes away all vitality.”

“If a person has not discovered something for himself that he is willing to die for, he is not able to live fully.”

“You can’t live without a wife just as you can’t live without food and drink. Born and raised by women, we largely live their lives and have no way of renouncing them.”

Bibliography

• Berleburg Bible
• Lectures on the Epistle to the Romans (1515-1516)
• 95 theses on indulgences (1517)
• To the Christian nobility of the German nation (1520)
• On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1520)
• Letter to Mulpfort (1520)
• Open letter to Pope Leo X (1520)
• About the freedom of a Christian
• Against the damned bull of the Antichrist
• Speech at the Worms Reichstag on April 18, 1521
• On the Slavery of the Will (1525)
• On the war against the Turks (1528)
• Large and Small Catechism (1529)
• Letter of transfer (1530)
• In Praise of Music(1538)
• About the Jews and their lies (1543)