Lexical rules of the Russian language. Russian language and culture of speech. Lexical norms: Lexical norms of the Russian literary language

The rules for using words and phrases in exact accordance with their meanings are called lexical norms Russian literary language.

Violation lexical norms leads to ambiguity and serious speech errors.

Compliance lexical norms The Russian language implies the ability of the speaker to choose the right word from a number of close or even identical in content, i.e., synonymous words, as well as the ability to distinguish between paronymic words.

Paronyms- these are words that are similar in sound, in terms of lexical and grammatical affiliation, as well as in terms of the unity of the root morpheme, but different in meaning: ignorant - ignorant, hateful - hateful, draw - draw.

Paronyms form binary (pair) combinations, among which stand out:

full (absolute) paronyms - words of the same logical-grammatical series denoting different concepts: earthy - earthly, contentment - contentment;

incomplete paronyms - single-root words with incomplete delimitation of meanings: dramatic - dramatic, tragic - tragic, fantastic - fantastic;

partial paronyms (quasi-paronyms - "imaginary" paronyms) - single-root words belonging to the same part of speech, but characterized by sharp differences in the meanings of suffixes: frontal - frontal, granular - grain.

One-root paronyms- the phenomenon in the language is not accidental. They arise as a result of word-formation processes. Because of this, they have a similarity not only in sound, but also in meaning.

One-root paronyms may differ:

1) meaning or shade of meaning: subscription(right use of something. during certain period) - subscriber(subscriber) weekday(not holiday, working) - everyday(not festive, working, intended for everyday life, everyday, ordinary);

2) lexical compatibility: pay(pension, salary, fee, debt) - pay(expenses, losses, travel);

3) syntactic compatibility: pay(travel, telephone conversations) - pay(for travel, for telephone calls);

4) lexical-syntactic compatibility: put on(coat) - dress(child);

5) stylistic coloring: boyish(special) - boyish(colloquial).

During historical development paronyms can come closer, more often in separate meanings of the word; For example, business and businesslike synonymized in meaning (expressing busyness, preoccupation with affairs).

Relationship of paronyms to homonyms, synonyms, antonyms

When studying paronyms, the question naturally arises about their relationship to other lexical categories - homonyms, synonyms and antonyms. So, some scientists consider paronymy as a kind of homonymy, and paronyms, therefore, as "pseudo-homonyms", indicating their formal proximity.

Paronyms differ from homonyms in the following ways.

First of all, paronyms have different spellings ; For example: dictation - dictation(paronyms), dacha1- a portion given in one dose, dacha2 - Vacation home, usually for summer holidays, dacha3- a piece of land under a forest (homonyms).

Secondly, paronymous words never have a complete match in pronunciation ; for example: paronymous spitz - spire and homonymous hairpin1- a device for pinning hair, hairpin2- thin heel.

In addition, the semantic proximity of paronyms is explained etymologically: initially they had a common root. And the similarity of homonymous words is purely external, random (with the exception of those cases when homonymy develops as a result of the decay of the meanings of a polysemantic word).

Mixing different words, close in pronunciation, is observed, as a rule, in speech, since in the language system most of similar words are quite clearly demarcated from each other, although in some cases similarly sonorous words with the same root turn out to be very close to each other and the difficulties of their differentiation are not always easily overcome.

For example: lyrical - lyrical, comical - comical, raspberry - raspberry modern researchers called incomplete paronyms.

The words of this type approach similar-root synonyms, although they also have obvious distinctive features:

BUT) paronymous refer either only to native Russian words ( vagrant - vagrant, remains - remains, pay - pay, litters - marks), or only to borrowed ones ( subscriber-subscription, being - entity, fact - factor). And in a synonymous series, both can be combined; For example: yoke - yoke, slavery, bondage, where the first two are original Russians, the third is Old Slavonic borrowing, the fourth is Turkic.

B) synonyms, denoting the same or a close concept, are often semantically extremely close, while paronyms always denote completely different concepts and differ from each other by a clear semantic differentiation.

When distinguishing between paronyms and synonyms, it should be borne in mind that the difference in the meanings of paronyms is usually so significant that it is impossible to replace one of them with another. Mixing paronyms leads to gross lexical errors: "Mother put on (should put on) a coat on the child"; "Travelers were sitting in the lobby of the hotel" (need to be seconded).

Synonyms are often used interchangeably. With all the originality of semantic structures, they provide the author with the right to a wide choice of the most suitable word in terms of meaning, not excluding options for synonymous replacement. At the same time, cases of the transition of paronyms into synonyms are known.

So, relatively recently the word put up with mattered "to become humble, submissive, humble", its use in the meaning "to reconcile" was considered unacceptable. However, in colloquial speech This word has come to mean more and more "accustomed to, reconcile with something": to put up with poverty, put up with disadvantages. Modern explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language mark this meaning as the main one.

Thus, former paronyms, as a result of their confusion in speech, can get closer and eventually turn into synonyms. However, it should be borne in mind that the interchangeability of recent paronyms is permissible only if the new meaning that has developed in them is fixed in the language.

The semantic difference of paronyms does not, as a rule, extend to the extreme opposite, i.e. paronyms do not enter into antonymic relations. They can only be contrasted in context: "Duty, not position"; "Service, Not Service"(newspaper headlines). However, such opposition of paronyms is not reflected in their systemic connections in the vocabulary and is of an occasional nature.

The use of paronyms in speech

Paronyms require special attention, since their mixing is unacceptable in speech.

The inaccuracy of the use of paronyms is the result of various reasons.

In one case, their confusion arises as a result of the convergence of the realities denoted by these words of the type: bottom-bottom, needle - needle - needle, chara - cup, bowl - cup.

It is characteristic that in almost all such words the sound similarity is insignificant, and their erroneous mixing is possible.

In another case, the reason for the incorrect use of words is the commonality of the scope of the concepts, objects, processes, actions, qualities they call, or the similarity of the emerging associative links: gross - net, lancet - tweezers, pilot - boatswain, cooking - jam, shaped - molding, baroque - rococo.

Sometimes the inaccuracy of the use of paronyms is a consequence of the possibility of their synonymous connection and the proximity or identity of the boundaries of lexical compatibility: anecdotal(anecdotal) hike, apathetic (apathetic) state. Whereas in a number of other cases such convergence is impossible, it leads to an error: It was completely anecdotal(instead of anecdotal) story;He always seemed somehow apathetic(instead of apathetic).

The occurrence of a speech error also occurs as a result of not distinguishing the stylistic belonging of words.

Often there is a convergence of bookstores, special words with colloquial: antinomy mixed with the word antimony; interstyle words, stylistically neutral - with colloquial or vernacular: senselessness with colloquial nonsense; foulbrood- with vernacular foulbrood; rusty- with colloquial rusty and vernacular obsolete rusty; toothy- with colloquial toothed.

The close semantic connections of derivational suffixes also contribute to the confusion of paronymic words: -n- and -sk- ; -ovit- , -ov- and -n- ; -stvo- and -awn- and others ( inventive - resourceful, businesslike - businesslike - efficient, improvement - livability).

The cause of confusion may be the indistinguishability of paronymic words little known to a native speaker. This can explain the confusion in the speech of words empire - vampire, distance - authority, excavator - escalator.

Despite the fact that the mixing of paronymic words is often observed, the very phenomenon of paronymy is quite natural.

New paronyms arise in Russian constantly. This is facilitated by the law of analogy actively operating in the language. As well as the specifics of the author's use of similar-sounding words.

Correct use paronyms are a necessary condition for competent, cultured speech, and, on the contrary, mixing them is a sign of low speech culture.

Stylistic functions of paronyms

Paronymy as one of the linguistic phenomena has long been used by speakers, writers, poets, publicists.

It underlies the creation of a special kind of stylistic figure, the so-called paronomasia , the essence of which is a deliberate confusion or a deliberate clash of paronyms: not stupid, but oak; and deaf and stupid.

Paronyms can perform various stylistic functions. Thus, the intentional combination of similar-sounding words is a means of creating unusual image to enhance its persuasiveness. For example, the paronyms crown - wreath in M. Yu. Lermontov's poem "The Death of a Poet": And having taken off the former wreath, they put a crown of thorns, entwined with laurels, on him ...

Paronyms are also used to highlight the corresponding concepts: Young Turgenevs personify honor and honesty; From the doors of the barn... came out a bent, bent old woman. Paronyms are often compared in the text: I would be glad to serve, it's sickening to serve; their opposition is also possible: I wanted deeds, not deeds.

Often the usage is similar sounding words underlies the pun and gives the speech a humorous tone; thanks to a completely unexpected play on words in familiar and stable expressions, which at the same time acquire a new imagery and expressiveness; for example, the aphorism of E. Korotkov: Classics should not only be read, but also read.

For the correct use of words in speech, it is not enough to know them exact value, it is also necessary to take into account the features of the lexical compatibility of words, that is, their ability to combine in speech with each other.

Some words in Russian have limited compatibility. For example, the word pouring combined with the word rain, word hazel- with a word eyes, word bosom- with a word friend etc.

The rules for the use of words in accordance with their stylistic coloring are called stylistic norms Russian language.

The stylistic coloring of a word is formed as a result of its constant functioning in one or another variety of the Russian language (literary language, in dialects, jargons or vernacular), as well as in one or another sphere of communication (scientific, official business, journalistic, aesthetic or everyday) .

Any word of the Russian language has a stylistic coloring. Wed: Human- lit., general public; potato- lit., official-case; forehead- lit., art-poet., obsolete, high; belly- simple, lower

Stylistic coloring determines the appropriateness of using one or another language tool in a certain speech situation. The use in speech of words with a stylistic coloring unusual for a given situation of communication and a given text is perceived as a speech error.

A high level of speech culture and compliance with lexical norms require speakers to be accurate not only in the use of individual words, but also in the use of phraseological units, that is, whole, stable combinations that are not created in the process of communication, but are reproduced in finished form.

Introduction

Lexical compatibility is the ability of words to connect with each other. Indeed, in speech, words are used not one at a time, not in isolation, but in phrases.At the same time, some words are freely combined with others if they fit them in meaning, while others have limited lexical compatibility. So, very similar definitions - long, long, long, long - are attracted to nouns in different ways: you can say a long (long) period, but not a long (long) period.

The limitations of lexical compatibility for certain words are often explained by their use in special meanings. For example, the word round in its main meaning - "one that resembles the shape of a circle, ring, ball" - freely connects with the words of the corresponding subject-thematic group: round table, round box; round window. But, speaking in the meaning of “whole, whole, without interruption” (about time), the word round is combined only with nouns year, day, and in the meaning of “full, perfect” - with such as an excellent student, an ignoramus.

In other cases, the reason for limiting lexical compatibility is the assignment of a word to set expressions. For example, the Velvet season – « autumn months(September, October) in the south. This expression has a stable character and it is impossible to replace the word "season" with any other, even the closest in meaning, for example, "velvet autumn".

Violation of lexical compatibility is often explained by the association of similar phrases. For example, they write: “meet modern requirements”, mixing combinations “meet requirements” and “meet needs”; “the conversation was read” (“a lecture was given” and “a conversation was held”); "improve the level" ("improve the quality" and "raise the level").

1. Violation of lexical compatibility

Semantic errors

Violation of lexical compatibility is caused by semantic errors of two types - logical and linguistic.

Logical errors are associated with the indistinguishability of concepts that are close in any respect. Often people do not distinguish between areas of activity, cause and effect, part and whole, related phenomena.

So, in the sentence "Residents of the seaside city witnessed a large theatrical performance", an error is found in the phrase "witnesses of the performance". The word "witness" means "eyewitness" - this is the name of a person who finds himself at the scene of an incident. This word is associated with the sphere of judicial and legal activity. In the field of theatrical and concert activity, which is referred to in the proposal, the word "spectator" is used. This error is associated with a lack of distinction between areas of activity.

The erroneous combination “prices have risen in price” is associated with a lack of distinction between the related concepts of “prices” and “goods”: goods rise in price, and prices rise.

Linguistic errors are associated with the indistinguishability of denoting words that are in any semantic relationships. These are mostly synonyms and paronyms.

The indistinguishability of synonyms that are close or coinciding in meaning of words leads to errors in use.For example, the words "role" and "function" in the sense of "work, circle of activity" are synonymous, but genetically they are associated with different designations: the role - with the sphere of theater and cinema, and the function - with logic. Hence the established lexical compatibility: the role is played (played), and the function is performed (performed). The words "brave" and "brave" are synonymous, but "brave" is associated with outward manifestation called quality, and "bold" - both external and internal, therefore, a thought, a decision, an idea can only be bold, but not brave.

Non-distinguishing of paronyms, i.e. words that partially coincide in sound also lead to errors in use; most paronyms are single-root words that differ in suffixes or prefixes and, as a result, shades of meaning, as well as stylistic coloring.For example, a misdemeanor (offense) is an act (action committed by someone); guilty (who committed a crime) - guilty (guilty of something, violating the rules of morality, politeness, etc.); to pay (for something) - to pay (for something).

Stylistic mistakes

Stylistic errors are a violation of the requirements of unity functional style, unjustified use of emotionally colored, stylistically marked means. Stylistic errors are associated with ignoring the restrictions that its stylistic coloring imposes on the use of a word.

To the most common stylistic mistakes relate:

The use of clericalisms - words and phrases characteristic of formal business style. For example, “As the revenue side of my budget increases, I decided to purchase permanently new car“I started getting a lot of money, so I decided to buy a new car.”

The use of words (expressions) of inappropriate stylistic coloring.So, in a literary context, the use of jargon, vernacular, abusive vocabulary is inappropriate; in a business text, colloquial and expressively colored words should be avoided. For example, "The trustee of charitable institutions fawns over the auditor" - "The trustee of charitable institutions fawns over the auditor."

Mixing styles -unjustified use of words in one text, syntactic constructions, characteristic for different styles Russian language. For example, a mixture of scientific and colloquial styles.

A mixture of vocabulary from different historical eras.For example, “On the heroes of chain mail, trousers, mittens” - “On the heroes of chain mail, armor, mittens.”

Wrong construction of the sentence.For example, "Despite his youth, he good man". There are several ways to correct these errors. First, change the word order in the sentence: “There are many works that tell about the author’s childhood in world literature” - “In world literature there are many works that tell about the author’s childhood.”

Secondly, remake the sentence: “From other sporting events Let's talk about the bar” - “Of other sporting events, barbell competitions should be highlighted.”

Pleonasm is a verbal excess,the use of words that are unnecessary from a semantic point of view.

Tautology - the use of single-root words within the boundaries of one sentence. For example, "Tell a story"; "Ask a question."

Lexical repetitions in the text.For example, "In order to study well, students must pay more attention to learning." Words that are repeated should be replaced with synonyms, nouns should be replaced with pronouns, or a repeating word should be removed altogether, if possible - "To achieve success, students must pay more attention to classes."

Concept change.This error occurs as a result of missing a word. For example, "Patients who have not visited an outpatient clinic for three years are laid out in the archive" ( we are talking about cards of patients, and from the text of the proposal it follows that the patients themselves were handed over to the outpatient clinic).

Choice of single or plural. Often there are problems with the use of the singular or plural. Examples of correct use are combinations: two or more options, three or more forms, there are several options, there are some options.

Word agreement in a sentence. Often there are errors in the agreement of words in a sentence, especially with regard to the control of verbs. For example, "This section talks about opening, working and saving a document" - "This section describes the procedures for opening and saving documents, as well as working with them."

Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions. For example, “The man was wearing a burnt padded jacket. The quilted jacket was roughly darned. The boots were almost new. Moth-eaten socks" - "The man was dressed in a roughly darned burnt padded jacket. Although the boots were almost new, the socks were moth-eaten.

Stylistically unjustified use of tropes.The use of tropes can cause a variety of speech errors. Unsuccessful imagery of speech is a fairly common flaw in the style of authors who have poor pen skills.

For example, “The judge was just as simple and humble.

2. Errors in the use of borrowed words

AT last years The Russian language is intensively replenished with borrowed words. This is because the country has entered a new socio-political formation, as well as free market relations. Language always responds quickly and flexibly to the needs of society. It can be said without exaggeration that there was a linguistic explosion. However, there is nothing wrong with this, because borrowed words are the result of contacts, relationships between peoples and states.

The presence in one language of words from other languages and their use in speech - objective reality. The number of such words is constantly increasing due to the penetration of new words and the expansion of the scope of old ones, used in a narrow sense.

Unfortunately, when using borrowed words, many mistakes are made (spelling, orthoepic, grammatical, lexical), which are explained by the special position of foreign words: in a new language for themselves, they have weak family ties(or don't have them at all), so their root for mostnative speakers is confusing, the meaning is unclear, but their modernity is felt in comparison with familiar Russian or borrowed words that have long been mastered.

The most common type of error is associated with the unreasonable use of a foreign word, which does not introduce anything new in comparison with its Russian or a borrowed synonym that has long been mastered.For example, “The presentation of the perfume took place last Friday; The perfume sold well." If the word "perfume" has the meaning of a particular type of perfume, or denotes some class of perfumery, which includes the perfume in question, a comment should be made; if the word "perfume" is used in its direct meaning"spirits", then the need for its use in this text is highly doubtful.

Among borrowings there is a special group of words denoting concepts that are characteristic of a completely specific country (a number of countries) or people. Such borrowings are called exoticisms.. For example, prairies are flat steppe spaces in North America, and savannahs are plains in South America and Africa, covered with grassy vegetation, among which groups of trees and shrubs are scattered. Exoticisms are quite appropriate in texts describing the reality with which these words are correlated (here it is necessary to ensure that the prairies do not end up in South America, and the savannas - in North).

I would also like to note that the incorrect use of borrowed words leads to the following errors:

Violation of orthoepic norms.

This section includes errors in the pronunciation of borrowings, as well as incorrect placement of stress in foreign words. For example, "expert instead of expert, kv" artal instead of quart "al, cat" alog instead of catal "og", kilo "meters instead of kilo" meters.

Spelling violation.For example, the word "billiard" instead of "billiards".

Violation of grammatical norms.For example, "two shampoos", "two shoes" is the wrong gender.

Violation of the rules of word compatibility. For example, "Only here there were interesting nuances."

Conclusion

Analyzing the above, we can distinguish a number of features of the violation of lexical compatibility, namely:

Errors are predominant in relation to grammatical and stylistic norms proper. The leading types of violations in the field of vocabulary are the use of words in an unusual meaning, the indistinguishability of the meanings of synonyms and paronyms;

Are characterized by "genre stability";

Possess "quality stability". This is a misnomer and combination.

subject to misuse in more words of certain parts of speech (primarily verbs that have specific features lexical meaning, as a rule, the presence of a differential feature that specifies compatibility), words that are in certain systemic relationships (a significant number of synonyms, a branched semantic structure, etc.).

The combination of words plays especially important role in artistic speech. The expansion of the usual connections of words, giving them new shades of meaning, underlies many classic images of great masters of artistic speech: “a gray winter threat” (A.S. Pushkin), “pot-bellied walnut bureau” (N.V. Gogol), “rubber thought” (I. Ilf and E. Petrov). Humorists often resort to violation of lexical compatibility to give speech a comic connotation. For example, "The population of the circulation ark fell asleep"; "an apple with a mole" (I. Ilf and E. Petrov). This stylistic device lies at the heart of various jokes: “The genius was recognized alive; "He was appointed director of his own free will."

In search of unexpected images, vivid speech expression, poets especially often expand their lexical compatibility. Suffice it to recall the classic lines of M.Yu. Lermontov: “Sometimes he falls passionately in love with his elegant sadness”; A.A. Feta: “September has died. And the dahlias burned with the breath of the night "; B. Pasternak: “February. Get ink and cry! Write about February sobbing. This stylistic device is also appreciated by contemporary poets: small forest asked alms for snow from greedy or poor heavens ”(B. Akhmadulina). When using words that have the ultimate limited opportunities lexical connections, violation of compatibility often becomes the cause of the comic sound of speech: “Students worked on their experimental site as the most notorious specialists”; “Children, dejected by experience, came to the circle of young naturalists.” Lexical errors in such cases cause damage not only to the style, but also to the content of the phrase, because the associations that arise in this case suggest the opposite meaning. , and in other cases, it will allow you to use unusual combinations of words to create vivid images or as a source of humor.

Bibliography

Bragina A.A. Neologisms in Russian. M. - 1995.

Fomenko Yu.V. Types of speech errors. Novosibirsk - 1994.

Zeitlin S.N. Speech errors and their prevention. M. - 1982.

Dictionary of compatibility -- a dictionary containing material on lexical compatibility.

Semantic errors

Violation of lexical compatibility is caused by semantic errors of two types - logical and linguistic.

Logical errors are associated with not distinguishing between concepts that are close in any respect. Often people do not distinguish between areas of activity, cause and effect, part and whole, related phenomena.

The erroneous combination “prices have risen in price” is associated with a lack of distinction between the related concepts of “prices” and “goods”: goods rise in price, and prices rise. Examples of similar errors in the sentences can be given: “The timely start-up of the plant causes concern”; “52 trees have been planted in the park”; "As a result of the plague, people left the city." All these errors are not explained by the distinction between related phenomena: the fear is not that the combine will be started up, but that it will not be started up at the scheduled time; lay not trees, but a park; people leave the city not as a result, but because of the plague. Possible corrections in these cases: “There is concern that the plant will not be launched at the scheduled time”; “52 trees planted in the park”; "As a result of the plague, the city was deserted."

Linguistic errors are associated with not distinguishing denoting words that are in any semantic relationship. These are mostly synonyms and paronyms.

Not distinguishing between synonyms, words that are close or coinciding in meaning, leads to errors in use. For example, the words "role" and "function" in the sense of "work, circle of activity" are synonymous, but genetically they are associated with different designations: the role - with the sphere of theater and cinema, and the function - with logic. Hence the established lexical compatibility: the role is played (played), and the function is performed (performed). The words “brave” and “brave” are synonyms, but “brave” is associated with the external manifestation of the called quality, and “brave” is associated with both external and internal, so a thought, decision, idea can only be bold, but not brave.

Not distinguishing between paronyms, i.e. words that partially coincide in sound also lead to errors in use; most of the paronyms are single-root words that differ in suffixes or prefixes and, as a result, shades of meaning, as well as stylistic coloring. For example, a misdemeanor (offense) is an act (action committed by someone); guilty (who committed a crime) - guilty (guilty of something, violating the rules of morality, politeness, etc.); pay (for something) - pay (for something).

Paronyms may be associated with different options common root. For example, short (small in size, the opposite of long) - short (stated briefly, in a few words). Therefore, they say a short text, but brief retelling text. Borrowed words may also appear in paronymic relations: parity (equality) - priority (primacy, advantage), dequalification (loss of qualification) - disqualification (deprivation of qualification), etc. To distinguish between paronyms of foreign origin, it is necessary to refer to dictionaries of foreign words.

The following are frequency pairs of paronyms:

- to fulfill - to fulfill have general meaning“to carry out, to put into practice”, for example, to fulfill (fulfill) an order, but the second verb has a book character;
- long - long coincide in the meaning of "ongoing, long", for example, a long (long) conversation, a long (long) pause, but "long" indicates the length in time, and "long" emphasizes the procedural meaning of the noun; "long" is usually combined with the names of time periods ( long night, long winter), and "long" - with the names of actions and states designed for long term(long flight, long treatment);
- agreement - an agreement is distinguished by the fact that "agreement" means a written or oral agreement, a condition on mutual obligations(treaty of friendship and cooperation), and "agreement" - an agreement reached through negotiations (an agreement to include the issue on the agenda);
- truth (truth, the actual state of affairs) - truth (correspondence to the truth). For example, the desire for truth is the truth of the assumptions put forward;
- ordinary - ordinary differ in that in the first word unremarkable, unremarkable is emphasized, and in the second - typicality. For example, ordinary person- typical day.

To identify the specifics of words related by paronymic relations, it is necessary to correctly represent the morphological composition of the word and the method of its formation. For example, in pairs, learn - master, complicate - complicate, make heavier - make words with the prefix o- more important high degree manifestations of action. In pairs hygienic - hygienic, logical - logical, practical - practical, economic - economical, differing in suffixes -ichesk- / -n-, the second adjective denotes a sign that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent (qualitative adjective). This implies compatibility: hygienic norm - hygienic fabric, logical laws - a logical conclusion, practical use- practical clothes, economic policy- economic device.

Stylistic mistakes

Stylistic errors are a violation of the requirements of the unity of the functional style, the unjustified use of emotionally colored, stylistically marked means. Stylistic errors are associated with ignoring the restrictions that its stylistic coloring imposes on the use of a word.

The most common stylistic mistakes include:

1. The use of clericalism - words and phrases characteristic of the official business style. For example, "As the revenue side of my budget increased, I decided to buy a new car for permanent use" - "I began to receive a lot of money, so I decided to buy a new car."
2. The use of words (expressions) of inappropriate stylistic coloring. So, in a literary context, the use of jargon, vernacular, abusive vocabulary is inappropriate; in a business text, colloquial and expressively colored words should be avoided. For example, "The trustee of charitable institutions fawns over the auditor" - "The trustee of charitable institutions fawns over the auditor."
3. Mixture of styles - unjustified use in one text of words, syntactic constructions, characteristic of different styles of the Russian language. For example, a mixture of scientific and colloquial styles.
4. Mixing vocabulary from different historical eras. For example, "On the heroes of chain mail, trousers, mittens" - "On the heroes of chain mail, armor, mittens."
5. Incorrect sentence construction. For example, "Despite his youth, he is a good person." There are several ways to correct these errors. First, change the word order in the sentence: “There are many works that tell about the author’s childhood in world literature” - “In world literature there are many works that tell about the author’s childhood.”
6. Secondly, redo the sentence: “From other sporting events, let's talk about the bar” - “From other sporting events, barbell competitions should be highlighted.”
7. Pleonasm - verbal excess, the use of words that are unnecessary from a semantic point of view. In order to avoid pleonasm, you must do the following:
- - replace the word with a single root, for example, a monumental monument - a monument;
- - remove a word from a phrase, for example, main point- essence, valuable treasures - treasures;
- - remove a word from the text without reducing the quality. For example, "Operation is the way in which an action is performed" - "Operation is a way of performing an action"; "Building a model in accordance with known rules" - "Building a model according to the rules."
8. Tautology - the use of single-root words within the boundaries of one sentence. For example, "Tell a story"; "Ask a question." Ways to correct tautologies are:
- - replace one of the words with a synonym. For example, “Torrential downpour did not stop all day” - “Torrential rain did not stop all day”;
- - delete one of the words. For example, "Along with these signs, there are a number of others" - "Along with these signs, there are others."

The tautology is easily detected when reading the text aloud. Overused words usually include which, so that and can.

9. Lexical repetitions in the text. For example, "In order to study well, students must pay more attention to learning." Words that are repeated should be replaced with synonyms, nouns can be replaced with pronouns, or a repeating word can be removed altogether, if possible - "To achieve success, students must pay more attention to classes."
10. Substitution of the concept. This error occurs as a result of missing a word. For example, "Patients who have not visited an outpatient clinic for three years are laid out in the archive" (we are talking about cards of patients, and from the text of the sentence it follows that the patients themselves were handed over to the outpatient clinic).
11. This error, which arose as a result of the author's stylistic negligence, can be easily corrected: it is necessary to insert an accidentally omitted word or phrase. For example, "Farmers strive to increase the number of sheep on the farm" - "Farmers strive to increase the number of sheep on the farm."
12. Choice of singular or plural forms. Often there are problems with the use of the singular or plural. Examples of correct use are combinations: two or more options, three or more forms, there are several options, there are some options.

For correct use, agreement in meaning is increasingly used: if a single whole is meant, then the singular is used, and if it is necessary to emphasize individual objects, the plural is used.

13. Agreement of words in a sentence. Often there are errors in the agreement of words in a sentence, especially with regard to the control of verbs. For example, "This section talks about opening, working and saving a document" - "This section describes the procedures for opening and saving documents, as well as working with them."
14. Creation of verbal nouns. You should be careful to create verbal nouns, because. many of the created words are not in the dictionary, and their use is considered illiterate (order - ordering, not ordering; collapse - folding, not folding).
15. Stringing the same forms. Avoid stringing the same case forms, for example, using the words "to" and "which". For example, "In order to avoid the possibility of danger" - "To avoid the occurrence of danger."
16. Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions. For example, “The man was wearing a burnt padded jacket. The quilted jacket was roughly darned. The boots were almost new. Moth-eaten socks” - “The man was dressed in a roughly darned burnt padded jacket. Although the boots were almost new, the socks were moth-eaten.

Stylistically unjustified use of tropes. The use of tropes can cause a variety of speech errors. Unsuccessful imagery of speech is a fairly common flaw in the style of authors who have poor pen skills.

For example, “The judge was just as simple and humble.

Lexical norms is a set of rules that regulates the use of vocabulary in accordance with lexical meaning words, their lexical compatibility and stylistic coloring. Vocabulary(Greek lexikos - vocabulary, verbal) - this is the complete vocabulary of the language. Vocabulary, as well as lexical norms of the Russian language deals with the branch of linguistics called lexicology.

Why you need to study and know lexical norms of the modern Russian language? First of all, in order not to look ignorant in the eyes of interlocutors, readers or listeners. Lexicological errors are not something that can alienate the interlocutor, it can also contribute to a complete misunderstanding. In this article, we will cover the main violations of the lexical norms of the Russian language.

Incorrect use of phraseological units.

Phraseologisms- it is stable phrases, which only make sense when used as they are. From the point of view of lexicology, it is a separate and indivisible unit of speech. Phraseological units can be both proverbs and sayings, and aphorisms, and catchphrases, as well as idioms that appeared not so long ago, but have already become widely known.

Examples of phraseological units:

From the Bible: Nothing lasts forever under the sun."
From literary works: "Thank you for the bread and salt!" M. Sholokhov.
Foreign sayings: "Truth in Wine"Inwineveritas)" lat.
Modern expressions that have become stable: hang out in a club, the orange revolution, etc. You can often encounter inaccuracies when using phraseological units. For example, you can meet abbreviation of phraseology, word substitution in an idiom or combination of two idioms at once. Examples of gross errors when using phraseological units can be considered the following:
"And it's not worth an egg" instead of "And it's not worth a damn"- reduction.
"Beat the bucket" instead of "beat the buckets"- change of a word in a phraseological unit.
"Meeting of a narrow circle of limited visitors"- combination of phraseological units "limited number of visitors" and "narrow circle of visitors".

Pleonasms in speech.

Pleonasm- This phrase, the use of which is considered verbal excess. Why? Because often one of the two words in a phrase is superfluous, since its meaning repeats the meaning of the second word. As a result, the phrase becomes a semantic tautology. Examples of pleonasms: hot boiling water, inexplicable phenomenon, memorable souvenir, leading leaders, folklore, etc.

Incorrect use of paronyms.

Paronyms- These are words that are very similar, but radically opposite in meaning. Often they are one-root. As you might guess, it is precisely because of their similarity that people often make mistakes when use these words.

Let's look at examples of paronyms.

Addresser(sender) - addressee(recipient). In this case, if the paronym is used incorrectly, the phrase or sentence will acquire a completely opposite meaning than the one that the speaker meant.
present - provide. Introduceto the award, introducehis companion to the assembled, BUT providepossibility, provideapartments for personal use. As you can see, the meaning of a sentence and a phrase can also be greatly distorted due to making a mistake and mixing these paronyms.
Another, probably the most common example of mixing paronyms is the confusion in the use of words "put on" and "dressed". In order to remember once and for all how to use these paronyms correctly, you need to remember one simple rule: put on thing, we dress creature. So, put on can coat, but dress child.

Inappropriate use of words in violation of their lexical compatibility.

This is violation of lexical compatibility The easiest way to immediately consider specific examples:

"This does the function computer science teacher "-" This function is assigned to computer science teacher.
"Should improve training sellers" - "Should improve training sellers."
« Big half prefers girls long hair» - « More than half girls prefer long hair.

What conclusion can be drawn from this article? Correct use of words, phraseological units, paronyms and others lexical norms of the modern literary language- this is an opportunity to recommend the level of your education from the first words of communication. It is also an opportunity to avoid misunderstanding with the interlocutor, readers or listeners.