Yaroslav the wise historical portrait. War with brothers for the throne. Kievan Rus. History in portraits
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Presentation on the topic: Historical portrait of Yaroslav the Wise
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Initial years Yaroslav was the son of the great Kyiv prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich and the Polotsk princess Rogneda. Even in his youth, in 987, his father appointed him Prince of Rostov, and in 1010, after the death of Vysheslav, the eldest son of Vladimir Svyatoslavich, Yaroslav became Prince of Novgorod.
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Accession to the throne After the death of Prince Vladimir, a struggle began between the brothers for the Kiev throne. First, Kyiv was captured by Svyatopolk, killing his brothers, Prince Boris of Rostov, Gleb of Smolensk and Svyatoslav of Drevlya. Having defeated Svyatopolk, Yaroslav had to fight with his brother Mstislav, the Tmutarakan prince. Mstislav won in this fight, but in 1036 he died, then the entire Russian land united in the hands of Yaroslav.
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The wife of Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise was married to the daughter of the Swedish king Olav, Ingigerda. IN ancient Russian chronicles two names of Yaroslav's wife are mentioned, Irina and Anna. Apparently, Ingigerda received the name Irina at baptism, and she took the name Anna when she was tonsured as a nun.
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The princess became the mother of a large and wonderful family: she had seven sons and five daughters. They all received an excellent education (including knowledge of several languages) and set an example of morality and Orthodox piety. This can be judged from the above-mentioned “Praise to the Holy Prince Vladimir” by Metropolitan Hilarion (circa 1040), where, among other things, it is said: “...look at your grandchildren and great-grandchildren, how they maintain the faith you conveyed to them, how often they visit holy temples, how they glorify Christ, how they worship His name!”
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Family in Kiev St. Sophia Cathedral there was a huge fresco composition depicting the family of Yaroslav and Irina. However, the central western part of the composition depicting the spouses, their eldest son and daughter has long since collapsed. Fortunately, even before its loss, Hetman Janusz Radziwill ordered all the frescoes to be carefully copied so that they would not be lost to the history of Rus'.
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Reign During the reign of Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054) Kievan Rus reached its peak and became one of the strongest states in Europe. To strengthen his possessions, Yaroslav the Wise built several new cities, Kyiv was surrounded by a stone wall, and the main city gate was called “Golden”.
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Foreign Policy The foreign policy of Yaroslav the Wise was worthy of a strong monarch and was aimed at strengthening the international authority of Rus'. He made several successful military campaigns against the Finnish peoples, Principality of Lithuania, Poland. In 1036, Yaroslav won the final victory over the Pechenegs, the most long-awaited victory for the fatherland. And on the site of the battle he built the Church of St. Sophia.
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Foreign policy During the reign of Prince Yaroslav, the last clash between Rus' and Byzantium took place, as a result of which a peace treaty was signed, supported by a dynastic marriage. His son Vsevolod married the Greek princess Anna. Dynastic marriages contributed to strengthening peace and friendship between states. Prince Yaroslav the Wise had three daughters and six sons. Eldest daughter Elizabeth was the wife of the Norwegian prince Harald. The second daughter of Yaroslav the Wise Anna married French king Henry I. Anastasia married the Hungarian King Andrew I. Three sons of Yaroslav the Wise, Svyatoslav, Vyacheslav and Igor, were married to German princesses.
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Companion to the construction of temples The activities of Yaroslav the Wise were very productive. He built many temples, churches, and monasteries. The first Metropolitan Hilarion, Russian by origin, was elected at the head of the church organization. With the construction of temples, architecture and painting appeared, and church tunes were adopted from Greece. Kievan Rus under Yaroslav the Wise was noticeably transformed. To strengthen the influence of the church, the church tithe, previously introduced by Prince Vladimir, was renewed, i.e. a tenth of the tribute established by the princes was given to the needs of the church.
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“The Great Scribe” The reign of Yaroslav the Wise left its mark on the history of Russia with another great deed - the publication of “Russian Truth,” the first collection of laws. In addition, under him, a set of church laws “Nomocanon” appeared, or in translation “The Helmsman’s Book”. Under Yaroslav, they were copied and translated from Greek language many books into Russian. He collected an extensive library, housed in the Church of Hagia Sophia, built at the same time.
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Death of Prince Yaroslav the Wise died in the arms of his beloved son Vsevolod, who became the new great prince of Kyiv. His body was enclosed in a marble tomb installed in the St. Sophia Cathedral. Based on the remains found in it in 1939, it was possible to recreate the appearance of the prince. An inscription on the wall of the tomb mentions him as “the Caesar,” that is, a king. Not all rulers were awarded this title in those days.
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Why was Yaroslav called “Wise”? He received the nickname Wise for his love of books, the church, and for his godly deeds. Yaroslav did not acquire new lands with weapons, but returned what was lost in civil strife, and did a lot to strengthen the Russian state. But Yaroslav was nicknamed the Wise only in the 60s of the 19th century. In those days he was called “Khromts”, because. Yaroslav was limping. At that time it was believed that physical handicap was a sign of special strength and intelligence. Chrome means wise. And perhaps “Wise” is an echo of the nickname “Lame,” and his actions only confirmed this.
Historical portrait of Yaroslav the Wise (c.988 - 1054)
Novgorod Prince Yaroslav (see Appendix No. 5) was the third son of Grand Duke Vladimir the Saint in marriage to Princess Rogneda of Polotsk. Even as a child, Yaroslav injured his leg, became lame, and subsequently he was often teased as “lame.” At the behest of his father, Yaroslav began to reign in Rostov, then replaced his brother Vysheslav in Novgorod.
By 1014, there is a mention in the chronicles of Yaroslav’s desire to separate from the Grand Duchy of Kyiv. It can be assumed that the local nobility pushed the prince to do this. In addition, the Scandinavian sagas noted the stinginess of Yaroslav, and of the three thousand hryvnia (Novgorod hryvnia - 409 g of silver) of the tribute collected annually in Novgorod, two thousand had to be given to Kyiv. Yaroslav began with this: neither tribute to the grand ducal treasury nor church tithes were sent to the capital. Vladimir Svyatoslavich began preparations for a campaign against his son.
Having learned about this and not relying on the strength of the Novgorod militia, Yaroslav went to the Varangians for help. It was not difficult for Yaroslav to invite Varangian troops to help. “And the Varangians began to commit violence against married wives” in Novgorod, and at the same time to rob the population. The townspeople did not remain in debt and killed many of their offenders. Yaroslav became angry, went to the shore of Lake Ilmen and invited the participants in the massacre of the Varangians to his place. Those, thinking that the conversation would be about a truce, appeared and were hacked to pieces by the Varangians on the orders of the prince. Chronicles say that Yaroslav killed about a thousand people in this way. It is more likely that the prince, in order to intimidate, dealt with only a few townspeople.
The development of the conflict was prevented by messengers from Kyiv, who reported the death of his father and Svyatopolk’s claims to the great reign. Svyatopolk was also from the Rurik family, about 8 years older than Yaroslav, but he was not the natural son of the late Vladimir the Saint and did not even have a formal right to the Kiev throne. But after the first news from Kyiv, the next one soon came - about the murder of Boris and Gleb, half-brothers of Yaroslav, by Svyatopolk.
According to chronicles, under the leadership of Yaroslav, about a thousand Varangians and up to forty thousand militia from the Novgorod lands gathered. The Novgorodians had a reason to put up with their prince. They have long been burdened by dependence on Kyiv. The Novgorodians were not mistaken in their calculations - subsequently Yaroslav gave them the benefit of a letter of complete financial independence and generously rewarded them with money.
Justifying his campaign against Svyatopolk, who had already killed his third brother, Yaroslav said: “It was not I who started beating, but Svyatopolk; may God be the avenger of the blood of my brothers, because the blood of the righteous Boris and Gleb was shed without guilt; Perhaps he will do the same to me.” The opponents met in the early winter of 1016 near the city of Lyubech on the Dnieper: “The enemies came together, there was an evil slaughter...” Svyatopolk fled, and Yaroslav at the beginning of 1017 solemnly entered Kiev. As it turned out, not for long.
First of all, new Grand Duke concluded with the German Emperor Henry III against Poland, where Svyatopolk fled. And soon he had to repel his brother’s first attempt to return Kyiv with the help of the Pecheneg army. The next year, 1018, Svyatopolk went to Kyiv with the Polish army, and in the battle on the banks of the border Bug, Yaroslav’s squad was defeated. The prince himself with a small retinue managed to return to Novgorod.
The Novgorod militia and the Varangian squad, which they managed to hire with donations from wealthy citizens, moved south. By this time it had left Svyatopolk Polish army, and he was completely defeated in the battle on the banks of the Alta River. In 1019, Vladimir finally established himself in Kyiv.
Over the next four years, Yaroslav managed to more or less unite the north and south of Rus' again.
In 1023, taking advantage of Yaroslav's trip to Novgorod, Mstislav and a large army approached Kyiv. The townspeople did not accept him. Mstislav did not dare to attack. In 1024 he was defeated, as a result of which he was forced to transfer Chernigov and other lands east of the Dnieper to Mstislav (these lands were transferred to Yaroslav in 1036). The period of the reign of Yaroslav the Wise saw the new rise of the Kyiv state.
Yaroslav entered into an alliance with the Polish king Casimir I, marrying his sister to him and marrying his eldest son to Casimir's sister.
Yaroslav carried out a number of campaigns against the Estonian (1030) and Yatvingian (1038) tribes. In 1036, Russian troops defeated the Pechenegs near Kyiv. In honor of this victory, the foundation of St. Sophia Cathedral was founded in 1037.
During the reign of Yaroslav, Rus' maintained close relations with Byzantium, Germany, Hungary, France and the Scandinavian countries. International situation Yaroslav secured family ties. paid great attention organizations inner life countries. Under him, the first set of laws was compiled, the so-called “Yaroslav Pravda”, which constitutes the most ancient part of the “Russian Pravda”. In 1039 the Kyiv Metropolis was founded. In 1051, wanting to be freed from the tutelage of Byzantium in church affairs, the prince elected Hilarion as metropolitan. Under Yaroslav, the first monasteries were founded in Kievan Rus - St. Yuri, St. Irina and Kiev-Pechersk Monastery. Being a highly educated person, Yaroslav cared about the development of education in the state. By his order, a school and library were created at the St. Sophia Cathedral.
On February 20, 1054, Yaroslav the Wise died in Kyiv in the arms of his son Vsevolod. The Grand Duke was buried in a marble shrine in his beloved St. Sophia Cathedral, on the wall of which, as a sign of respect for the deceased, an inscription was made on behalf of the people about the death of “our king.”
Yaroslav the Wise
Reign: 1019-1054
From the biography.
Historical portrait of Yaroslav it is quite simple to compile, since there is a lot of information about him in the chronicles, because he was a bright personality, under whom Rus' achieved its heyday
He came to power as a result of a struggle for the throne with his brother Mstislav of Tmutarakan, with whom he was forced to share power until 1036 (the year of his brother’s death).
Bright personality: strong-willed, strong, decisive, prudent, devoted Orthodox faith, brave, sympathetic to the poor. He led a modest lifestyle. Yaroslav the Wise is often called the ideal prince. Even his appearance is depicted on the modern thousand-ruble bill.
The chronicles do not preserve a description of his appearance, but it is noted that he was lame, either from childhood, or as a result of injury received during campaigns.
Laid the foundation for Russian legislation. To the code of laws "Russian Truth" by Yaroslav the Wise included punishments for theft, murder, even various insults, as well as rules for conducting court proceedings. It is very important that he abolished the death penalty! According to this law, it can be determined that the process of division into classes has begun in the country, signs have appeared social inequality. This is clearly seen in the system of fines, according to which for the same crime, but in relation to different social status persons, the punishment was different: for the murder of a fireman, the vira was 80 hryvnia, and for a slave - 5.
For the first time, a Russian man, Hilarion, became a metropolitan under him, that is, Y. the Wise began a policy of independence from the Byzantine church. Hilarion was a wonderful speaker, the author of the “Sermon on Law and Grace,” in which he wrote about the equality of peoples and glorified his native Russian land.
The historical portrait of Yaroslav the Wise simply needs to be added to the prince’s activities such as the construction of cities, as well as the strengthening of Kyiv with a stone wall, and the construction of the main gate - the Golden.
Kyiv is becoming one of the beautiful cities of Rus'. The St. Sophia Cathedral still amazes with its beauty: it is decorated with marble, mosaics, and decorated with frescoes.
The prince paid a lot of attention to the development of education: the first schools were built, which provided primary education.
Many books were translated from Greek into Russian during his reign, and a library was created. Yaroslav collected books, invited translators, read a lot himself, and had a huge library. Counted books "rivers that can give you wisdom". Under him, the first library was created in St. Sophia Cathedral.
He paid great attention to education, including his children. Posted by "Will"Children. In it, he called on his sons to love each other, not to quarrel, since strife is death for everyone, and called for peace and harmony.
Under him, the international authority of Rus' increased significantly, including thanks to dynastic marriages. His wife - swedish princess, and their daughters were married to the kings of Hungary, France, and Norway.
Led active foreign policy. This is the defense of Rus' from the raids of the Pechenegs, who suffered a crushing blow, campaigns in the Baltic states, Poland, Lithuania, Byzantium
Lived long life– 76 years, serving Rus'. Under Yaroslav the Wise, Rus' belonged to the territory from Baltic Sea to Black. It was a huge and strong country.
He was buried in St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv.
Historical portrait of Yaroslav the Wise: areas of activity
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Yaroslav the Wise 1019-1054
During his reign, Yaroslav received great fame and love in Rus'; for his intelligence and erudition he was given the nickname Wise.
The formation of hereditary land formations of estates began. He planted his sons in big cities as heirs. Introduced the first set of laws in Rus' *Russian Truth*.
1037 Built the Church of St. Sophia in Kyiv. Strengthened ties with Byzantium with the help dynastic marriages. Founded the city of Yuryev and Yaroslavl. Introduces literacy in Russia. Supports book printing. He reads and creates his own library, for which he receives the nickname Wise.
1038 fight against the Pechenegs. 1043 War with Byzantium, 1046 conclusion of peace. Under Yaroslav, Rus' becomes a world power, and all its neighbors take its policies into account.
I believe that Yaroslav the Wise made an invaluable contribution to culture Ancient Rus'. Showed his power to his neighbors.
Updated: 2014-10-21
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