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All about mental processes. Psychology cheat sheet.

One of the most complex, diverse in its manifestations and the least studied in human body are mental processes. The table presented in this article clearly divides the phenomena occurring in our psyche into three main groups: according to properties, states and processes. All this is a reflection of reality, which can be traced in dynamics, that is, each such phenomenon has its own beginning, develops and ends with the reaction that follows from this. (the table clearly demonstrates this) interact extremely closely with each other. Mental activity continuously flows from one process to another when a person is awake.

mental states

The processes occurring in the human psyche can be caused by external influences that irritate nervous system, and also be born directly in the internal environment of the organism, depending on the state in which it is at that moment. The table divides mental processes into three main groups: cognitive, emotional and volitional. Here, their components are classified in detail: perception and sensations, memory and representation, imagination and thinking are cognitive processes, and active and passive experiences are emotional. The table reveals volitional mental processes as the ability to make decisions, fulfillment and volitional effort.

Consider carefully the graph, which presents the state of the human psyche. Motivational, that is, cognitive mental processes, the table presents the most widely, up to the actualization of needs. The reasons are clear: they can provide the right help to form knowledge and regulate behavior. In a single stream of consciousness, various cognitive mental processes merge, the table of which is presented in the article, since a person is a very complex organism, and the mental component is the basis for any life activity. It is she who ensures the adequacy in the reflection of reality, controlling all types of human activities.

Activity level

The fact that the processes of the human psyche proceed unevenly, with different intensity and speed, is shown by the very first tables on general psychology. Mental processes depend entirely on the state of the individual and external influences on it. What is a mental state? Roughly speaking, this relative stability level of mental activity, which manifests itself in reduced or increased activity. A person can experience a variety of conditions. Anyone can remember that sometimes physical and mental work seemed easy and productive, and at other times the same actions required a lot of work and still did not achieve the desired effect.


Depending on the state of the individual, the characteristics of mental processes also change, the table clearly shows this. The nature of the processes occurring in the psyche is reflex, they arise and change depending on physiological factors, the situation, the course of work, even from verbal influences (from praise and censure, the state of the individual clearly acquires new qualities). The comparative table lays out the mental cognitive processes of the individual point by point. It contains the most studied factors of such changes. For example, the level of attention can vary from concentration to absent-mindedness, characterizing the general mental state, and emotional moods especially brightly change the general background of all characteristics - from sadness or irritability to cheerfulness and enthusiasm. Especially a lot of research concerns the main creative state of the individual - inspiration.

personality traits

Mental - stable formations, the highest regulators of activity, which determine the level of the state in the quality and quantity of its components, which is observed in behavior and activities typical of a particular individual. A comparative table of mental cognitive processes connects each gradually formed property of the psyche with the result of practical and reflective activity. The variety of such properties is rather difficult to classify, even in accordance with the foundations of all already grouped mental processes.

However, intellectual, that is, cognitive, volitional and emotional activity personalities have been thoroughly studied and considered in many complex interactions of their synthesis. Thus, the table shows a variety of mental processes. The properties, functions and role of these components in human life will be considered by us within the framework of this material. Of the cognitive functions, for example, it is worth noting observation and a flexible mind, perseverance and determination are volitional, and sensitivity and passion are emotional. The properties and functions of mental processes are different, but they all play important role in our daily life.

Synthesis

The properties of the psyche of a human personality do not exist separately, they act in synthesis, forming the most complex structural complexes. There is a classification of manifestations of the unconscious according to mental processes. A table of such states is presented below.


It includes the following processes, synthesizing with each other:

  • Life position: needs, interests, beliefs, ideals, personality activity and selectivity.
  • Temperament - natural properties personalities: balance, mobility, tone, other behavioral features, everything that characterizes the dynamics of behavior.
  • Capabilities: whole system intellectual, volitional, emotional personality traits that can determine creative possibilities.
  • Character - a system of ways of behavior and relationships.

Interconnected neuropsychic acts in their stable and purposeful totality have a certain scheme for transforming activity in order to obtain a certain result. These are the mental processes inherent in each individual, which are of the main value for study. For example, memory as a mental process requires the memorization of information, this is its need - conscious and unconscious. Here, the input to the process will be precisely this requirement as a property, and the output or end result will be the information remaining in memory.

Psychic Phenomena

The most common mental processes have been listed above, but let's dwell on these lists in more detail. They vary greatly among authors. Common and noted by all are attention, emotions, memory, feelings, sensations, will, thinking, perception, speech. In the category of mental phenomena, they are accessible to any direct and unskilled observation.

Most often, not even the observed process itself is interesting, but its deviations from the norm, that is, characteristics. Here, usually, students are helped to understand the classification by the usual table of features of mental processes. Children of all categories are studied especially carefully, but even their cognitive processes can be quite easily distinguished from emotional or volitional ones.

Personality Features

People are endowed with completely different abilities: one is distracted, and the other is attentive, this one perfectly remembers faces, and that one only melodies. In addition, behavior characterizes any mental phenomenon and the degree of balance: a surprise will please someone, surprise someone, and leave some indifferent. People treat each other differently: some love others, while others find humanity disgusting. There are people who are persistent, even stubborn in achieving their goal, as well as those who are indifferent to everything - they always remain apathetic and lethargic.

Attitude towards science

Domestic psychology divides everything into three types: properties, states and processes. The differences between them are not so great and are temporary. Processes are usually fast, but the properties are more stable and long lasting. Modern psychologists believe that through the interconnectedness of mental processes, the psyche itself is formed, which can be divided into components only very conditionally, since there is no theoretical justification for this study. Nevertheless, not only the major phenomena of the work of the psyche, but also the main mental processes, the comparative table for which exists far from being in the singular, have been fairly widely identified and studied.


But since psychology has become a science, scientists are developing methods for its cognition, where the main postulate is an integrative approach to the human psyche, and all classifications in tables are a propaedeutic and pedagogical value. Similar processes take place in society. Just as in the psyche of an individual, they are extremely interconnected in society: children study, parents raise them, work, athletes train, alcoholics drink, the police catch criminals, and so on. No matter how parallel these processes may seem, sooner or later they all intersect with each other in some way.

Will and emotions

A person throughout his life reproduces his skills, knowledge, skills, trying to connect various forms of behavior with the existing emotional state. Thus, the actualization of connections between various mental processes is built, their transition from a latent to an active form is carried out. Among the emotional states, the most striking is affect. This is a stormy, rapidly flowing emotion of great strength, which is similar to an explosion, therefore it is beyond the control of consciousness and is often pathological.


And here is a process that concentrates consciousness on a real or ideal object - But it is not emotional. A special ability regulates and self-determines its own activity. All mental processes can be subordinated to it. Its main properties and functions are the exact choice of goals and motives, the regulation of motives for certain actions, even if there is a lack of motivation, the organization of those mental processes that can fit into the system of adequately performed activities, the mobilization of mental and physical capabilities, if it is necessary to overcome obstacles on the way to the goal.

Cognition and intelligence

Representation and imagination serve as tools for adequate reflection and projection of the world surrounding a person. They are closely connected with non-specific structures of the brain at the cortical level and make it possible to build the dynamic characteristics of maturing mental processes. These are speed and quantitative indicators of certain actions and their implementation. The state in which the psyche of the individual is located can be different, hence the high variability of the results of activity.


Speech is in the closest connection with thinking, about as closely as sensations and perception - one follows from the other. These cognitive processes of the psyche are characteristic of any activity, since it is they that ensure its effectiveness. With the help of basic cognitive processes, a person can plan in advance desired goals, make plans, provide content for upcoming activities, predict and manipulate results as work progresses. The table presented in the article demonstrates mental cognitive processes and their characteristics as intellectual.

findings

The psychological process is most easily explained by the ability of a person to remember, think and anticipate. Most often, this concept is associated with the acquisition of knowledge. Cognitive mental processes are always creative and active, not so much reflecting the world how much its converting. There are two ways of knowing - specific and non-specific. The first uses sensual and rational processes - these are sensations, perception and thinking, in the latter they share the concept, judgment and conclusion.

Universal, or non-specific, processes of the psyche are memory, will, imagination, attention. They act through a through method, providing connections throughout the entire duration of the cognitive process, and it is on them that all processes of the behavioral plan that are in synthesis depend. This is how the cognitive activity and practical objective activity of the individual is supported, which receives not only individuality, but also originality and uniqueness.

Psychic phenomena are divided into three main classes: mental processes, mental states and

Mental processes act as primary regulators of human behavior. Mental processes have a definite beginning, course, and end, i.e., they have certain dynamic characteristics, which, first of all, include parameters that determine the duration and stability of the mental process. On the basis of mental processes, certain states are formed, knowledge, skills and abilities are formed. In turn, mental processes can be divided into three groups: cognitive, emotional and volitional.

To cognitive mental processes include mental processes associated with the perception and processing of information. These include sensation, perception, representation, memory, imagination, thinking, speech, and attention. Thanks to these processes, a person receives information about the world around him and about himself. E emotional mental processes - such mental phenomena as affects, emotions, feelings, moods and emotional stress. AT ole mental processes - most clearly manifested in situations related to decision-making, overcoming difficulties, etc. Sometimes they single out another group of mental processes as an independent group - unconscious processes. It includes those processes that occur or are carried out outside the control of consciousness. Mental processes are closely interconnected and act as primary factors in the formation of a person's mental states.

mental states characterize the state of the psyche as a whole. They have their own dynamics, which is characterized duration, direction, persistence and intensity. At the same time mental states affect the course and outcome of mental processes and can promote or inhibit activity. Mental states include such phenomena as elation, depression, fear, cheerfulness, despondency. Mental states can be extremely complex phenomena that have objective and subjective conditions, but are characteristic of them. common feature is dynamism. The exception is mental states caused by the dominant characteristics of the personality, including pathocharacterological features. Such states can be very stable mental phenomena that characterize a person's personality.

The next class of mental phenomena is mental properties of personality- characterized by greater stability and greater constancy. Under mental properties Personality is usually understood as the most essential features of the personality, providing a certain quantitative and qualitative level of human activity and behavior. Mental properties include orientation, temperament, abilities and character. The level of development of these properties, as well as the features of the development of mental processes and the predominant (most characteristic of a person) mental states determine the uniqueness of a person, his individuality.

All group mental phenomena can also be divided into mental processes, mental states and mental properties. In contrast to individual mental phenomena, the mental phenomena of groups and collectives have a clearer division into internal and external. The collective mental processes that act as the primary factor in the regulation of the existence of a collective or group include communication, interpersonal perception, interpersonal relationships, the formation of group norms, intergroup relationships, etc. The mental states of the group include conflict, cohesion, psychological climate, openness or closeness of the group, panic, etc. The most significant mental properties of the group include organization, leadership style, and efficiency.

Basic mental processes

The main cognitive processes of the human psyche include sensation, perception, thinking, imagination and memory.

Mental processes are fairly stable formations that are characterized by a latent sensitive period of development (sensation, perception, memory, thinking, imagination, representation, attention, will, emotions). Their development and formation is influenced by external conditions vital activity.

Feeling. The primary cognitive process by which a person receives all the primary information from the external and internal environment is called feeling.

Feelings as a mental process reflect individual properties of objects real world that directly affect the analyzers. Holistic, objective perceptions are formed on the basis of sensations, subsequently giving rise to cognitive processes that are more complex in structure, such as representations, memory, and thinking.

Perception. The mental process of reflecting objects and phenomena of reality in the aggregate of their properties and parts, associated with understanding the integrity of what is reflected, is called perception. Its result is a holistic image of the subject. Perception, unlike sensations, is always holistic and objective. Human perceptions also contain an understanding of what is perceived (the difference with animals).

There are complete and incomplete perceptions, accurate and erroneous (illusory), fast and slow, deep and superficial. The quality of perception depends on the sensitivity of the sense organs, the experience of a person and his knowledge, the attentiveness of the observer, the abilities and mental development of the perceiver, etc.

All people are different speed of perception- the shortest time of action of the stimulus that causes accurate perception. A more complex stimulus increases the time of its perception. The speed of perception can be increased by exercises and training.

Interest has a strong influence on perception. Perception is always constant. It is always meaningful and, one way or another, can be expressed in words, since knowledge in it is always supplemented by a person's experience. More necessary details are reflected by perception more clearly than others.

The selectivity of perception depends on the objective perceived properties of the object and the subjective attitude (including apperceptions- dependence of perception on the general content of mental life, on experience, interests, orientation of a person).

Perception of time generalizes the sensations associated with the duration, sequence, speed of the flow of phenomena outside world and internal rhythms of the life of the organism and the senses.

At the core space perception lie visual, vestibular, motor and skin sensations. They allow you to make conclusions about how the human body relates to the vertical, how objects are located in space, and what is the distance from one object to another.

Movement perception manifested in the perception of spatio-temporal movement. Since any movement in space is described by speed and direction, therefore, the assessment of movement depends on the perception of time intervals.

Thinking and intelligence. Creation. Thinking human is the highest cognitive process, which is an active cognitive activity and internal process planning and regulation external activities. Thinking allows you to determine the similarities and differences between objects and phenomena, to establish connections between them. Thus, thinking is generalized reflection of reality and is carried out with the help of internal, folded speech.

Thinking combines several different processes. These are inextricably linked analysis(decomposition of the whole into parts or the selection of its individual properties and sides) and synthesis(mental connection of parts); comparison(establishing similarities or differences between objects and phenomena based on analysis and synthesis, provided that the objects are compared on the same basis); generalization(association of objects or phenomena based on the allocation of common way comparisons); classification(grouping of objects or phenomena based on similarities and differences); abstraction(distraction from individual properties of objects or phenomena).

Thinking appears in the form of concepts, judgments and conclusions. concept is a reflection in a word or group of words of common and significant features of objects or phenomena. A reflection of the connection between objects or phenomena is judgment, that is, the affirmation or denial of something. Judgments can be affirmative or negative, conditional or categorical, true or false. Judgments underlie inferences, representing a conclusion based on a series of judgments. Judgments are divided into inductive(from particular to general), deductive(from general to particular) and Similarly(from one particular case to another).

There are three types of thinking: according to the form, according to the nature of the tasks to be solved and novelty and originality.

According to the form, three types of thinking can be named: visual-effective(performed through practical actions ), visual-figurative(conditioned by images and ideas) and verbal-logical(based on the application of concepts, generalizations, logical constructions).

The second type of thinking is designed to solve theoretical or practical problems.

The third type is associated with ongoing operations - reproduction (reproductive) or creation (productive, creative).

The tendency to search activity, reflecting the connections between various phenomena and their properties demonstrates that a person has cognitive activity. Thought processes are also characterized by flexibility, mobility, which manifest themselves in the ability to see a familiar object from a different angle of view, to discover new properties and purpose in it, and also to be able to switch from one phenomenon under study to another. The ability to think critically various phenomena, independently, without looking back at someone else's opinion, make a decision, see differently some phenomenon or object is called independent thinking.

by intellect called:

1) self-developing and self-adjusting information processing algorithm;

2) general abilities for knowledge, understanding and problem solving, uniting in this category all cognitive abilities individual: sensation, perception, memory, representation, thinking, imagination;

3) the ability of the system to create in the process of self-learning programs for solving problems of a certain class of complexity and solve these problems;

4) the value system of the individual.

Intelligence as an ability is usually realized with the help of other abilities to cognize, learn, think logically, systematize information based on analysis, classify, identify connections and patterns, etc.

Development individual qualities intelligence partly depends on the genotype of a person and the breadth of his life experience.

Thinking is closely connected with creativity, the discovery of something new. At the same time, creativity cannot be identified with thinking, since it is only one of the types of cognition, and creativity is probably beyond the limits of cognition. Many aspects of creativity stem from the real conditions of a person's life, weaving into this context his previous experience, observations of reality and people around him.

According to Ya. A. Ponomareva creativity goes through several stages. First, the subject, without any achievements, selects logical methods of solution. Then conscious attempts are put aside and the intuitive level of thinking is switched on. And finally, the decisive stage is that a person must again carry out logical work for the realization of the plan.

Imagination. The peculiarity of this mental process lies in its connection with the activity of the organism and belonging exclusively to man. In addition, this process is called the most "mental" of all mental processes and states, since in no other is the ideal and mysterious nature of the psyche noted.

The mechanism of imagination, including its anatomical and physiological basis, has not been unraveled to this day. It significantly affects not only mental processes and conditions, but also the human body.

Imagination gives a person the opportunity to create, meaningfully plan the future and manage their activities. Without imagination - the engine of human creativity - neither the material nor the spiritual culture of people would have developed, preserved and passed on from generation to generation.

There are four main types of imagination: active, passive, productive and reproductive.

To the greatest extent, the work of the human imagination is manifested in scientific and technical creativity, in literature and art.

Varieties of imagination include dreams, hallucinations, daydreams, daydreams, fantasies.

Mnemic processes. Memory. In addition to perceptual and intellectual cognitive processes, mnemonic (from the Greek "mnema" - memory) processes are distinguished. Mnemic processes are considered as elements of a person's cognitive activity, closely related to his intellectual activity and perceptual processes. The main processes of memory are: imprinting, saving and forgetting, reproduction and recognition. All of them are closely interconnected with each other. Therefore, they are often referred to as the functions of the mental process of memory, which was previously considered one.

Memory as a mental phenomenon is based on genetic and physiological form matter. Memory accumulates the reflected influences of reality, experiences, thoughts and actions performed in the form of a kind of "traces", which is the basis of experience that affects the formation and awareness of a person's own "I". Recognition or reproduction makes it possible to find out whether this material is stored in consciousness.

Each of these stages of memory has its own character traits. When the impact (in the process of simultaneously occurring perception) of an object on a person is repeated, recognition. In the absence of repeated exposure (without simultaneous perception) of any object on a person, reproduction. Human memory is selective. It selects only what a person needs to solve urgent, significant tasks for him. labor activity. The selectivity of memory is directly related to the setting - a clear and precise statement of the problem should specify the purpose of memorization. Activation depends on installation operational(required to perform a specific action) or long-term (long time retains in the mind what provides stable knowledge, skills, habits) memory.

There are several types of memory:

1. figurative memory(preservation and subsequent reconstruction of the image of previously perceived objects, called representations, mental models of real activity).

2. emotional memory is aimed at remembering, reproducing and recognizing feelings and emotions, underlies the formation of habits; it motivates the actions and deeds of a person.

3. semantic (verbal-logical) memory consists in remembering and reproducing thoughts. There are two options for this type of memory:

a) keeping in memory only the main content (meaning) of thoughts;

b) the preservation of not only the main content, but also the exact verbal formulation of thoughts (learning by heart).

According to the presence or absence of thought processes in the course of memorization, several methods of memorization are distinguished.

Mechanical, which can be formed only as a result of multiple, stereotypical repetitions (one of the examples is cramming).

semantic also called logical, is distinguished by the increased importance of thought processes and is a kind of result of a complex processing of the material through the formation of several overlapping stages. This type of memorization is helped by the presentation in your own words of the essence of the material.

associative, is characterized by the fact that the material is formally "associated" with the existing one. He is also called mnemotechnical.

According to the participation of volitional effort, memorization is divided into involuntary(unintentional) and arbitrary(intentional).

Memorization is opposed forgetting, which allows you to free memory from "information rubbish", to generalize and, therefore, better preserve what a person once remembered.

Memory productivity is a variable characteristic, which is primarily affected by the choice of the method (type) of memorization.

Attention. This is a special quality of the human psyche, which cannot exist separately from thinking, perception, memory work, movement. Attention is manifested only when performing any type of work. In this regard, the selective focus of consciousness on solving the problem is called attention. Attention comes in many forms. On the one hand, it can be directed to the work of the sense organs, and then we are talking about visual, auditory, etc. attention; on the other hand, attention can be directed to the processes of memorization, thinking, or motor activity. There are three types of attention: involuntary, voluntary and post-voluntary. In addition, there are such parameters of attention as concentration of attention (the degree of concentration on an object), stability (the duration of concentration, the ability not to be distracted for a certain period of time), the amount of attention (the number of simultaneously perceived objects), distribution (the ability to simultaneously perform several actions), switching (the ability to switch, move from one type of activity to another). For the performance of the work, the parameters of concentration and stability are also important.

Attention, as a rule, is expressed in movements, in facial expressions or posture. There are two types of attention, based on the origin and methods of implementation: voluntary and involuntary.

genetically original, involuntary, attention It is also called passive, or forced, since its occurrence and maintenance do not depend on the goals set for a person. Its occurrence is associated with various physical, psychophysiological and mental causes. These closely related causes can be divided into three groups.

The first group includes the strength (intensity) of the stimulus, which determines its nature and quality (loud sounds, bright light, pungent smell, spatial size and shape of the object, novelty and unusualness of the stimulus). Here, novelty should be understood both as the appearance of a previously absent stimulus, and as a change physical properties active stimuli, the absence of known ones, movement in space.

The second group includes external stimuli that correspond to the internal state of a person, and, first of all, to his existing needs.

The third group includes stimuli associated with the general orientation of the personality, which is closely related to its previous experience and feelings; on the basis of this experience and feelings are also included in the third group.

Arbitrary attention It is controlled by a meaningful goal, is closely connected with the will of a person and was formed as a result of labor efforts. Hence another name for this attention is volitional, active, deliberate. Voluntary attention is responsible for the active regulation of the course of mental processes. This is its main function.

Unlike involuntary attention, which has biological basis, voluntary attention is based on social causes. It is closely connected with speech: at first, the child obeys in his behavior the speech instructions of adults.

Voluntary attention, as well as involuntary attention, is associated with feelings, interests, and previous human experience. But this connection is indirect, in accordance with consciously formulated goals.

There is another type of attention that not all psychologies distinguish. The so-called post-voluntary Attention. Like arbitrary, it is purposeful and requires strong-willed efforts. However, in this case as interest awakens and a person realizes the importance of work, not only the result of the activity, but also its content, the labor process, acquire significance for him.

The main properties of attention are stability, concentration, distribution, switching and volume attention.

In addition, attention is distractibility and distraction.

Can be distinguished external and internal distractibility.

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Mental processes, states and properties of a person are a single manifestation of his psyche. The initial mental formation, which manifests itself both in personality traits and in various mental states, is mental processes.

mental process- this is an act of mental activity, never initially completely set, and therefore forming and developing and having its own object of reflection and its own regulatory function. The mental as a process is not reduced to a sequence of stages in time, being formed in the course of the continuously changing interaction of the individual with the outside world.

Mental processes are orienting-regulating components of activity.

Mental processes include the following phenomena: 1) sensation; 2) perception; 3) thinking; 4) memory; 5) imagination; 6) speech.

The concept of "mental state" is used for conditional allocation in the psyche of an individual with respect to a static moment, in contrast to the concept of "mental process". Mental states are a relatively stable integration of all mental manifestations of a person with a certain interaction with reality. Thus, the mental state is a temporary peculiarity of mental activity, determined by its content and the attitude of a person to this content.

The mental state can also be represented as a general functional level of mental activity, depending on the conditions of a person’s activity and his personality traits. Mental states can be: 1) short-term;

2) situational; 3) stable (at the same time they characterize a specific person).

All mental states are divided into four types: 1) motivational - desires, aspirations, interests, drives, passions; 2) emotional - emotional tone of sensations, emotional response to the phenomena of reality, mood, conflict emotional states: a) stress, b) affect, c) frustration; 3) volitional states- states of initiative, purposefulness, determination, perseverance (their classification is related to the structure of a complex volitional action); 4) states different levels organization of consciousness (they are manifested in various levels attention or mindfulness of the individual).

The concept of "mental property" indicates the stability of the manifestations of the individual's psyche, their fixation and repetition in the structure of his personality. Thus, the mental properties of a person are typical for this person features of his psyche.

The mental properties of a person include: 1) temperament; 2) orientation; 3) abilities; 4) character.

It was indicated above that the mental processes, states and properties of a person are the only manifestations of his psyche. Therefore, the same manifestation of the psyche can be considered in various relationships. For example, affect as a mental property is general characteristics emotional, cognitive and behavioral aspects of the subject's psyche in a certain, relatively limited period of time; as a mental process, it is characterized by stages in the development of emotions; it can also be considered as a manifestation of the mental properties of the individual - temper, intemperance, anger.

Target: form an idea of ​​the basic mental processes and patterns.

Plan:

    The concept of the psyche.

    Mental processes, mental states, mental phenomena.

    Basic mental processes: sensation, perception, memory, thinking, imagination.

Text:

1.

Psyche - a property of highly organized matter (nervous system and brain), which consists in the active reflection of the objective world by the subject, in the construction by the subject of a picture of this world inalienable from him and self-regulation on this basis of his behavior and activity.

Reflection - a universal property of matter, which consists in the ability to reproduce the signs and properties of objects that act on matter. The essence of this ability is as follows: reflecting bodies change as a result of the impacts they experience, and the changes are adequate to the impacts (adequate - quite appropriate, identical).

I.P. Pavlov emphasized: "The reflective, mental function of the brain connects the organism with the environment acting on it."

In the process of reflection, a mental image – a model of the reflected world (a model is such a system, the elements of which are in relation to similarity to the elements of another system).

Psychic Reflection Properties:

    objectivity as:

External projection of reflection, reference to some reflected reality; a mental phenomenon always has a cause, a real-life object is reflected in the mental image;

      a specific psychic reality with general patterns of functioning studied by psychology (“That which reflects reality itself exists in reality, i.e. objectively,” wrote S.L. Rubinshtein). The psyche is a specific reality, in the forms of which extrapsychic reality is reproduced, which retains its integrity under extrapsychic influences, within which transformation takes place, the transformation of the reflected influences and which performs the functions of orienting its carrier in environment, predicting future impacts and regulating carrier activity. Psychic Reality – reflective and the result of reflection. Extrapsychic reality - the reflected and the carrier of psychic reality (the brain and nervous system);

    2) subjectivity mental reflection as:

        belonging to the subject. "The psychic objectively exists as subjective, i.e. belonging to the subject" (AV Brushlinsky);

        originality, uniqueness, individuality of the result of mental reflection - a picture of the world, dependence on the characteristics of the cognizing subject;

      3)activity as:

          the process of regulating behavior in a mental way (according to A.N. Leontiev);

          the result of an active process - the activity of the brain and nervous system;

        4) integrity as:

        Simultaneous givenness of reflected elements, as well as a reflecting subject in a mental image (according to P.Ya. Galperin);

            differentiation of mental image elements into figure and ground.

          Levels of mental reflection (according to B.F. Lomov):

          1) sensory-perceptual(sensory - related to the work of the senses, perceptual - related to perception);

          2) presentation layer(more or less generalized images of objects and events arising from their recollection or productive imagination);

          3) verbal-logical- reflection with the help of words or other sign systems, based on thinking.

          2.

          Mental as a process(the concept of S.L. Rubinshtein).

          "The main way of existence of the mental is its existence as a process, since mental phenomena arise and exist in the process of continuous interaction of the individual with the outside world, the incessant flow of influences of the external world on the individual and his response actions. The sensory image is understood as a mental process in its effective terms.

          Understanding the psyche as a process includes the requirement to divide all mental phenomena into groups (K.K. Platonov). The criterion for division is the duration of their manifestation.

          Groups of mental phenomena (according to K.K. Platonov):

          1) mental process;

          2) mental state;

          3) mental property.

          mental process - a mental phenomenon, characterized by a relative homogeneity of the psychological structure, more or less, a short-term phenomenon that has a beginning, a course and an end.

          Mental processes are divided into three groups:

          1) cognitive processes - provide sensory (sensations and perception) and abstract-logical (thinking, imagination) reflection of reality;

          2) regulatory processes - ensure the best course of activity or other mental processes: attention, emotions, feelings, will;

          3) processes-integrators - unite us with other people (speech) or with ourselves, ensuring the integrity of the individual (memory).

          Mental condition - This:

          1) an independent level of mental phenomena, differing from others in relative duration while maintaining homogeneity:

          2) the mental process, taken at the stage of its course.

          Mental states include: manifestation of feelings (mood, affect, euphoria, anxiety); attention (concentration, distraction); will (decisiveness, confusion); thinking (doubt); imagination (dreams, dreams), etc.

          Mental Properties - these are mental phenomena that have become persistent, expressing the individuality of the subject. Mental properties tend to repeat (for example, irascibility, thoughtfulness, etc.).

          3.

          FEELING

          Feeling - a simple cognitive mental process of reflecting the individual properties of objects and phenomena, subject to their direct impact on the senses.

          Sense organ (analyzer) - this is a nervous apparatus that performs the function of analysis and synthesis of stimuli emanating from the external and internal environment of the body. It consists of three parts:

          1. The feeling part is a receptor that converts physical energy into the energy of a nerve impulse.

          2. Pathways - ascending and descending nerve pathways.

          3. The central part - the cortical center or the projection zone of the analyzer.

          Modality - this is a qualitative characteristic of sensations, indicating their relation to the sense organs. By modality, there are: visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, taste sensations.

          sensory deprivation - deprivation of sensations, which can lead to disorientation, tk. the minimum volume of sensations ensures normal human activity.

          Adaptation is an adaptive change in sensitivity to intensity of the acting stimulus. It is based on the processes occurring in sensory systems. There are several types of adaptation:

              complete disappearance of sensation under the action of a stimulus for a long time;

                dullness of sensations or decreased sensitivity;

                  dark adaptation - increased sensitivity.

                Sensitization – increased sensitivity that may occur when interacting analyzers; during exercise; when changing the internal conditions of the body.

                Synesthesia - the phenomenon of duality of sensations related to the individual characteristics of the individual.

                In accordance with receptive fields (Sherrington) allocate:

                    exteroceptive sensations - sensations that are caused by an externally located stimulus. They can be distant - arising under the action of an irritant located far from the receptor, as well as contact - when the stimulus is outside the body, but is in contact with the receptor;

                      interoceptive sensations - sensations that occur under the influence of an irritant located inside the body;

                        proprioceptive sensations are sensations that the subject receives from receptors located in the muscles, joints.

                      latent period - the time between the onset of the action of the stimulus and the appearance of sensation. This period is necessary for the conversion of energy and the passage of the pulse through all parts of the analyzers.

                      Aftereffect - this is the continuation of sensation after the end of the stimulus. For a visual sensation, a consistent image is a visual sensation resulting from the preservation of a trace from the stimulus due to the inertia of excitation in the sense organs and nerve centers and persisting for some time after the cessation of the stimulus.

                      For a sensation to occur, the stimulus must be of sufficient intensity. Lower absolute threshold of sensation - This is the minimum amount of stimulus that causes a barely noticeable sensation. Upper absolute threshold of sensation - the magnitude of the stimulus at which the sensation either disappears or changes qualitatively, for example, turns into pain, as is the case with an increase in sound or light brightness. Differential (difference) threshold of sensations - the minimum increase in the magnitude of the stimulus, accompanied by barely noticeable changes in sensations.

                      Stimulus - any material agent, external or internal, conscious or unconscious, acting as a condition for subsequent changes in the state of the organism.

                      Adequate stimulus – genetically correlated with the corresponding analyzer.

                      Sensitivity is the reciprocal of the threshold.

                      where E- sensitivity;

                      NAP- the lower absolute threshold of sensations.

                      Sensations in a person's life are quite rare, in cases where the reflection of the influences acting on the sense organs does not end with the construction of a perceptual image, i.e. when the reflection does not end with recognition of the influencing object or phenomenon. Sensory knowledge of the subject is provided mainly by perceptual processes (perceptions).

                      PERCEPTION

                      Perception - a cognitive mental process of a holistic reflection of objects and phenomena with their direct impact on the senses.

                      The main properties of perception:

                          objectivity- is expressed in the ability of a person to reflect the world not in the form of a set of objects not related to each other, but in the form of objects separated from each other; objectivity is also expressed in the fact that the image formed as a result of perception refers to the causes that cause it. Speaking of objectivity, we have in mind the objectivity of the mental image;

                            integrity- is expressed in the fact that the image of the perceived object is not given in ready-made with all the necessary elements, but is mentally completed to some integral form, i.e. a person synthesizes separately perceived elements of an object into an integral interconnected system. The basis of such a synthesis is the ability of a person to calculate that integral property that is inherent in the entire system and is not inherent in individual elements;

                              meaningfulness connection between perception and thought. During perception, the subject tries to reflect the essence of the object, to find out what kind of object it is. Perception is not limited to the sensory basis, although it is associated with it. Perceiving the object, we reveal their meaning;

                                selectivity connection between perception and attention. There is a selective selection of some objects in comparison with others;

                                  categoricality- perception is of a generalized nature: we attribute each perceived object to a certain class and designate it with the word "concept". As a result of perception, the object is recognized (identification of the object);

                                    constancy- the ability to perceive an object relatively constant regardless of changing conditions of perception. In psychology, there are: constancy of form, constancy of magnitude, constancy of color;

                                      apperception- the dependence of perception on past experience, on the general content of human activity and its individual characteristics. Distinguish between stable apperception - the dependence of perception on stable personality traits (worldview, beliefs, education, etc.) and temporary apperception, which affects situationally arising mental states (emotions, attitudes, etc.).

                                    Comparative characteristics of sensation and perception.

                                    I. General.

                                    1. Sensation and perception are cognitive mental processes.

                                    2. Sensation and perception form the sensory stage of knowledge.

                                    3. Common are the conditions for the emergence of sensation and perception (the direct impact of surrounding objects on the senses).

                                    II. Differences:

                                    1. In the process of sensation, individual properties of objects are reflected. In perception, the object is reflected as a whole, in all its variety of properties.

                                    2. As a result of sensations, a more or less vague feeling arises (of sweetness, brightness, loudness, etc.). As a result of perception, a holistic image of the object is formed. Perception includes a complex of various sensations, but perception is not reduced to the sum of sensations, because in the image of perception, those qualities of the object that may not be felt at the moment are completed with the participation of the imagination.

                                    3. Sensations are tied to a specific analyzer, to a specific sensory system. Perception is connected with the complex work of analyzers. Only the modality of the predominant volume of information processed in the process of perception by the sensory system can be distinguished. The construction of the image is based on the synthesis of sensations from different modalities.

                                    In domestic psychology, perception is seen as an activity. Perceptual actions that make up perceptual activity have the goal of building an image that is adequate to the objective world. The process of forming a perceptual image includes memory (it stores perceptual standards), thinking (due to which the image of a perceived object is corrected with its real state). Thanks to thinking, the constancy of perception is ensured, the effects of illusions and distortions are overcome. Thanks to perceptual actions, a sense of the reality of an object is formed, even when it is partially or completely filled (closed) with other objects.

                                    Perception involves the act of categorization. Perception is of a generalized nature - we attribute each perceived object to a certain class and designate it with a word - a concept. As a result of perception, the object is recognized.

                                    1. Primary categorization. Phenomena are perceptually isolated and appear to have spatial, temporal and quantitative characteristics. At this stage, the “meaning” of an event can only be limited to being an “object,” “sound,” or “movement.”

                                    2. Finding signs. There is a correspondence between the distinctive properties of the category and the features of the object that acts on the organism. However, 'correspondence' can be replaced by 'probability of connection'. Then we are looking for additional features that would help to more accurately assign the object.

                                    3. Confirmation check. Following the search for features comes pre-categorization, followed by a change in the search for features. At this stage, a selective process of “blocking” comes into play, leading to the weakening of irrelevant stimulation.

                                    4. Completion of the check. End of feature search.

                                    The perceptual readiness of a category is expressed in the ease and speed with which a given stimulus belongs to a certain category under various conditions determined by the instruction, past experience, and motivation.

                                    Illusions of perception - inadequate reflections of the perceived object and its properties. Currently, the most studied are the illusory effects observed in the visual perception of two-dimensional contour images. These are the so-called "optical-geometric illusions", which consist in the apparent distortion of the metric relationships between image fragments.

                                    Of 2 segments of equal length, the vertical one seems larger (horizontal-vertical illusion).

                                    The two vertical lines are equal, but the right one appears larger (perspective illusion).

                                    Segments of one line appear to be shifted relative to each other.

                                    The phenomenon of brightness contrast belongs to another class of illusions. So, a different strip on a light background seems darker than on a black one.

                                    Sensations and perception provide sensory knowledge, while penetration into the essence of the phenomenon, beyond the limits of immediate reality, is carried out thanks to thinking.

                                    THINKING

                                    Thinking (according to A.V. Brushlinsky) - a form of creative reflection of reality, generating such a result, which in reality itself or in the subject itself this moment does not exist.