Talismans 

Diagrams of the internal structure of the earth. The structure of the globe

Structure the globe was the result of complex processes occurring both in the depths of the Earth and on its surface. The earth has the shape of a geoid (Greek ge - earth, eidos - view), that is, a ball, somewhat flattened at the poles. The polar radius of the Earth is 6357 km, the equatorial radius is 6378 km, i.e. the difference is 21 km. The total area of ​​the Earth is 510 million km2.
The earth consists of several shells - spheres. Atmosphere - a gaseous envelope, consisting mainly of nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and carbon dioxide. The thickness of the shell is about 2000 km.
The hydrosphere is a non-continuous water shell of the Earth, represented by seas and oceans. Average depth seas and oceans 3-4 km, in some parts up to I km. Water on Earth was formed as a result of geological processes, during the formation and subsequent development of the Earth.
Biosphere - the area of ​​distribution of life on Earth, covering the atmosphere up to 5-7 km, the hydrosphere - almost to its entire depth and the lithosphere - up to 2-3 km.
The lithosphere is a stone shell of the Earth 10-70 km thick, covered from above with a sedimentary layer up to 8-10 km thick. The thickness of the lithosphere on the continents is higher than in the oceans. Its upper part is granite, the lower part is basalt. There is no granite shell in the oceans. The thickness of the basalts is 8-10 km. The stone shell of the Earth is called sialite (by the initial letters of the most common elements Si, Al). Sometimes it is called sial. The density of the shelled shell of the Earth fluctuates between 2.6-2.7 g/cm3. The mass of the upper layers at a depth of 20-50 km creates a pressure of 1.3-J5 * 103 MPa, in connection with this, the temperature of the lower part of the shell rises to 900 ° C
Below the lithosphere is the upper mantle, or "sima" (the name for the main elements is Si, Mg), the thickness of which is about 400 km. The density of the substance in the upper part of the "sima" is 3.3-3.5, and in the lower part - up to 4 g/cm3, pressure up to 1.5-105 MPa, temperature 1200-1300°C. The upper part of the mantle is called the asthenosphere.
Below the mantle are the intermediate mantle, which is 110 km thick, and the lower mantle, 1400 km thick. The density of the substance increases to approximately 10 g/cm3 at a pressure of 2-2.5-10 to the 5th degree MPa and a temperature of about 2500°C. According to the latest geophysical data, the mantle substance is in a solid, amorphous state.
The center of the Earth is the core with a radius of 3-3.5 thousand km, with a pressure of about 3-105 MPa, a temperature of 3000 ° C, a density of 11-12 g/cm3. Under such conditions, all the matter of the Earth's core is in a metallized state, apparently causing the appearance magnetic field. The composition of the core is not exactly known. There is an idea that it is iron-nickel in composition, or “nife” (Ni, Fe), and solid. According to some hypotheses, the core of the Earth is in a liquid state.

Humanity lives or, more correctly, "rents" the planet. According to the latest scientific data, the “lease” period is about 4 million years, it is this date that dates back to the most ancient artifact proving the presence of homo sapiens. The age of the planet itself is 4.54 billion years, which is quite insignificant for outer space. But nevertheless, for all this time, mankind has not been able to study the lithosphere in detail. All modern data in most cases are based on conjectures and theoretical calculations, in turn based on the study of samples mined at a maximum depth of 12 km, and this despite the fact that the radius of the Earth is about 6000 km.

What can be inside the planet? After all, we still, for example, have no idea how volcanoes work, but only make feeble attempts to develop passive protection against their eruptions.

Ever since the school geography course, we are told a diagram of the structure of the globe. The topmost layer - the earth's crust, its thickness varies within 100 km, and under it is the mantle - an eternally liquid and hot layer of molten lava, the very one that comes to the surface during volcanic eruptions. According to experts, the earth's crust is constantly in motion and, as it were, slides along the mantle, which is why faults and lava outcrops to the surface can occur. In the very center of the Earth there is a core, although there are still disputes about its presence and structure, someone says that it is solid and consists of pure iron, while others argue the opposite.

According to folk beliefs And biblical stories, down there, there is hell, fiery hell, purgatory - many definitions have been invented for this place. Scientists do not doubt that it is really hot there, but they are also sure of total absence conditions for the existence of living organisms. Does hell really exist?

As you know, God expelled Satan from the heavenly world to the underworld, where an atmosphere of chaos reigns all the time, sinners are tortured on fire and subjected to other tortures. The devil's helpers also live there - various otherworldly creatures whose names are found in every culture. There are cases when miners, being on great depths, encountered some strange creatures, the presence of which was invariably accompanied by a pungent smell of sulfur. Having met with a man, these aliens instantly disappeared into the darkness of countless underground corridors. The most interesting thing is that at the same moment any light source began to flash sharply or even go out, and strong interference was observed on the telephone line, although radio communication was not used underground. As soon as the uninvited guest disappeared, normal work systems were restored.

There is an opinion that hell really exists and is located just under the earth's crust, by the way, this fact was repeatedly described by science fiction writers of the early 20th century. There is also a very real entrance there, through some network of underground caves. The only question is where?

There are enough places on the planet where there are entire underground complexes that go down steeply, where even the most desperate explorers refuse to go down. Residents living in such an area can often testify that in the caves, especially if you go down a considerable distance, you can hear sounds remotely resembling human screams.

The fact that there really is something under the earth's crust that is clearly inconsistent with the official doctrine of the lithosphere is confirmed and anomalous phenomena in places of faults or joints of tectonic plates. In such areas, there is a constant failure in the operation of electronic equipment, magnetic compasses and mechanical watches stop working, in addition, phenomena may be observed that contradict common sense and the laws of physics. The main sign of a fracture is the presence of low-frequency ultrasound, which creates discomfort, anxiety and headaches, up to hallucinations. The buildings built in such places remain empty, as the residents cannot withstand such loads and try to leave the housing, and the process of building any structures is very difficult and is accompanied by a lot of breakdowns.

The famous British writer Arthur Conan Doyle is famous not only for detective stories, but also for fantastic stories. The story "When the Earth Cried" tells about the attempt of a group of scientists to penetrate through the thickness earth's crust by drilling a deep hole. As you know, the heroes achieved their goal and eventually discovered a layer of a completely new substance, gelatinous and pulsating, inside which elements very similar to blood vessels were clearly visible. After an attempt to insert a probe into the thickness of this layer, everyone who was on the surface heard a terrifying scream issued by the planet itself.

Despite the fantasy this work, versions that the planets are living organisms also find their supporters. Some scientists suggest that in fact the age of the universe, and indeed the Earth itself, is much older than is commonly believed. And the current biosphere, like the human race, is far from being the first to live here. Proof of this are the most real and closest to us in time, the Atlanteans and dinosaurs. The presence of the former, as well as Atlantis itself, is confirmed by the ancient Greek records that have come down to us, where the authors mention this continent as a real part of the continental structure of the then globe. There is no doubt about the existence of dinosaurs at all, since there are more than enough artifacts in museums and the search continues to this day.

in existence parallel worlds probably no one doubts, but this concept should not be confused with other world. Scientists at Stanford University have calculated that after the big bang, which became the beginning of everything that exists today, the number of universes formed reached 10 to the 1016th power. It is not necessary that the universes can be located, as we are used to it, the option is not ruled out, inside one universe there may be another, and another one may be hiding inside our planet.

In the surviving descriptions of the planet among the ancient peoples, there is a mention that the Earth is hollow inside and inhabited by inhabitants. IN ancient Greek mythology is mentioned underworld Tartare, very suitable for the description of hell. For example, you can still hear in everyday life the expression - "fall into hell." The cavity of the globe was hypothesized at a later time by such prominent scientists of the renaissance as Franklin, Lichtenberg, and Halley. At the end of the 18th century, the famous explorer Leslie even put forward a proposal to send an expedition in search of this inner world, however, things did not go further than proposals.

In 1816, the scientist Kormuls put forward a version that the formation of depressions provoked by shifts in the earth's crust is nothing more than evidence of voids inside the planet. According to the assumptions of the scientist Steinghauser, there is another planet inside, which, like ours, rotates around its own axis, in its orbit.

Soviet scientists also put forward their assumptions regarding the internal structure of the planet, for example, V. Obruchev, was developing a theory about a giant meteorite that collided with the earth and, after a powerful impact, pierced the earth's crust, resulting in a cavity.

There are a lot of opinions about what is actually inside the globe, and what force the mechanism makes the continents move. Based only on conjectures and folk tales, or based on real scientific developments, all of them so far remain only assumptions. We can only say unequivocally that the Earth requires a careful attitude from each person, otherwise humanity is waiting for unenviable fate dinosaurs.

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The purpose of the lesson. To consolidate students' knowledge about the shapes and sizes of the Earth, its internal structure, methods of studying it, to give elementary ideas about the earth's crust.

Leading concepts: seismograph, earth's crust, mantle, core, sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks, minerals, earth shells, atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, geosphere.

Basic provisions. How to study the depths of the earth. What rocks does the earth's crust consist of, how do they lie, what is the difference between the structure of the earth's crust under the continents and oceans. Increasing the temperature of the earth's interior with depth. Mantle and core.

Equipment. Globe, table "Internal structure of the Earth", collection rocks, presentation "What the Earth has inside".

Methods and techniques.

  • Frontal conversation about the shape and size of the Earth, about the methods of its study.
  • Practical lesson with a collection of rocks.
  • An imaginary journey to the center of the earth; drawing up a graphic abstract, presentation, multimedia supplement to the textbook.

Intersubject communications. The shape and size of the earth. The structure of the earth. Rocks.

Lesson stages

Organizational.

Explanation by the teacher, accompanied by viewing the presentation.

Students write down the basic concepts in a notebook using a textbook.

The structure of the earth. Earth shells

You already know that our Earth is a planet, a small particle in a vast universe. Age of the Earth(according to radiometric determinations of rocks) - about 4.5 billion years.

The diameter of the planet Earth: equatorial - 12755 km, polar - 12714 km.

Studying our planet as a whole, scientists have long identified a number of shells inherent in it, or spheres (Greek "sphere" - a ball). Geospheres of the Earth - concentric, continuous or discontinuous shells of the Earth, differing in chemical composition, state of aggregation and physical properties.

The following geospheres are distinguished:

Air shell, or atmosphere ( Greek "atmos" - steam), associated with it by gravity and taking part in its daily and annual rotation; water shell, or hydrosphere(Greek "gidor" - water), including all chemically unbound water, regardless of its state (liquid, solid or gaseous), and lithosphere(Greek "lithos" - stone) - the stone shell of the Earth with a thickness of 50 - 200 km, including the earth's crust and upper part upper mantle. In addition to these shells, there are also biosphere - area of ​​the Earth where life develops.

You know that the science of geography is the science of the earth. It is clear that it is impossible to understand the Earth without studying its shells. But geography studies not only the shells of the Earth, but also their interaction with each other.

What is inside the Earth?

1. The internal structure of the Earth. Mankind has long wanted to know what is in the depths of the Earth. But finding out is not so easy. So far, people have managed to drill a well only 15 km deep. Therefore, scientists have to explore the depths of the Earth using various instruments.

How to study the earth's crust. For a long time, geologists have been studying exposed rocks, that is, places where bedrocks are visible (cliffs, mountain slopes, steep banks). Wells are being drilled in some places. The most deep well(15 km) drilled on Kola Peninsula. To study the structure of the earth's crust help the mines that dig for the extraction of minerals. Rock samples are taken from wells and mines. From these samples, they learn about the origin of rocks, their change, as well as their composition and structure. But these methods allow us to explore only the upper part of the earth's crust and only on land.

The science of geophysics helps to penetrate much deeper, and seismology, the science of earthquakes, allows us to know the deep bowels in our time. The internal structure of the earth is studied by geophysical methods for the propagation of seismic waves. The composition of the mantle and core rocks is determined by analogy with the composition of meteorites.

All knowledge about the internal structure of the earth is based on the study of indirect data on the physical properties of matter.

IN Lately to study the earth's crust, it became possible to use information that comes from satellites from space. With their help, you can even get photographs for the World Ocean to a depth of 600 - 700 m.

The internal structure of the Earth is complex. To date, it has been possible to establish that the globe consists of 3 parts: the core in the middle, the huge mantle, which occupies 5/6 of the entire volume of the Earth, and the thin outer crust.

Core - central part The earth is divided into 2 layers: inner core and outer. The inner core is solid, the outer core is liquid, it is in a molten state. It makes up 16% of the Earth's volume and 34% of its mass. The core temperature reaches 6000 degrees Celsius (from 2000 to 5000). Scientists suggest that it consists mainly of iron and nickel. The core radius is about 3470 km. The core is covered by a mantle. The origin of the constant component of the Earth's magnetic field is probably connected with the processes in the liquid core. The surface area of ​​the Earth's core is 148.7 million square kilometers, which corresponds to the area of ​​all the continents of the Earth. Thus, the Earth, as it were, balances its internal and external forces. It is still difficult to explain this phenomenon, but this phenomenon does not seem to be accidental.

The mantle (translated from Latin means "veil") - the shell of the "solid" Earth between the earth's crust and core, makes up 83% of the volume of the Earth. Despite the high temperature (up to 2000 degrees Celsius), the mantle substance is in a solid plastic state due to high pressure, with the exception of the asthenosphere zone. The mantle consists of an upper and lower layer. True, in the upper part of the mantle there is a layer that is partially softened and plastic. But above him, the mantle becomes solid again. The conditions for the existence of matter inside the globe are very different from the conditions on earth's surface, so the substance there has a special state and can move, but very slowly. internal warmth the earth is transferred to the earth's crust. Sometimes the substance of the mantle pours out onto the Earth's surface in the form of magma (translated from Greek as "thick ointment").

Asthenosphere - a layer of low viscosity in the upper mantle. The main source of magma. Under the continents is located at a depth of about 100 km. Under the oceans - 250 - 300 km.

2. Earth's crust. The upper solid shell of the Earth is called the lithosphere, and the uppermost part of the lithosphere is the earth's crust. Its structure and thickness different areas are different.

The Earth's crust makes up no more than 1.2% of the Earth's volume and 0.7% of its mass. It is separated from the mantle by the Mohorovichic surface, which is determined by a sharp change in the speed of seismic waves.

If you look at the globe, it is striking that land and water are collected in vast spaces: land - in the continents, water - in the oceans. The division of the earth's surface into continents and oceans is not accidental, it depends on the structure of the earth's crust.

The continental crust is arranged differently and differs in thickness from the oceanic one. Its thickness is from 5 to 75 km, and on the continents it is much thicker than under the ocean (3 - 7 km). Three layers are distinguished in the continental crust: the upper one is sedimentary; the middle one is "granitic" (similar in its properties to granite) and the lower one is "basalt" (consists mainly of basalt). The oceanic crust has only 2 layers: sedimentary and "basalt". The surface of the earth's crust is uneven: we see mountains, plains, hills, ravines on it. All irregularities in the earth's surface are called relief(from the Latin "relevo" - I raise).

The earth's crust is made up of rocks. Granite, limestone, coal, clay, sand - all these are rocks. They are very diverse in their color, luster, melting point and many other properties. Although the name "mountain" has been assigned to them, they are also found on the plains under a layer of soil. Rocks are dense and loose. Dense - sufficiently strong stones, such as granite, limestone. Loose - rocks that crumble or break easily by hand. It is clay, sand, peat.

The rocks are made up of minerals. For example, granite is composed of 3 minerals - quartz, mica and feldspar. This is clearly seen if we consider a sample of granite under a magnifying glass. Rocks are found in nature, consisting of one mineral. For example, limestone is made up of the mineral calcite.

A little excursion into the world of stones

Igneous rocks - granite, basalt and others - make up to 60% of the volume of the earth's crust. They were formed from magma as a result of its cooling. Sedimentary rocks formed by the accumulation of fragments of other rocks or the remains of organisms on the land surface or on the ocean floor. These include sand, clay, chalk, limestone.

Metamorphic rocks are formed from igneous and sedimentary rocks that have been exposed to high temperature and pressure (marble, quartzite, gneiss, etc.).

Rocks and minerals that are used by man are called minerals. The earth's crust is a source of a wide variety of minerals that are intensively used by man, many of which you have already met in lower grades. However, there are still many issues related to the use of the wealth of the earth's interior, which require a serious study of the Earth. Relatively recently, it was established that the earth's crust and the uppermost solid layer of the mantle located under it are not continuous, but, as it were, composed of separate parts - plates. The plates move very slowly (at a speed of several cm per year) - they slide along the softened, plastic layer of the mantle. As a result, the continents move on the surface of the Earth. Of course, we do not notice this, but over the course of many millions of years, the location of the continents has changed significantly. Where the plates meet, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions often occur.

3) Test your knowledge

1. What is the internal structure of the Earth?

2. What is the earth's core?

3. What properties does the substance of the mantle have?

4. What are the irregularities of the earth's surface called?

5. What are rocks and minerals?

6. What is called minerals?

7. Why are the continents moving?

8. Does the earth's crust have the same thickness everywhere?

9. Why is it necessary to study the structure of the Earth? In what ways can this be done?

10. Complete the phrases. The temperature of the substance in the core reaches: The temperature of the substance of the mantle - up to: The Earth's crust has a thickness of:

11. Complete the scheme Rocks are dense (_______, ________) and loose (___________, __________)

12. Use this diagram to show the composition of granite

_______________
_______________ _______________
_______________

13. Define

  1. Relief -
  2. Minerals -

14. Give examples of rocks and minerals found in your area.

15. Which statements are true?

  1. The mantle is the outer shell of the Earth.
  2. The core consists mainly of iron and nickel.
  3. The earth's crust is at the center of our planet.
  4. The word "relief" in Greek means "veil".
  5. The earth's crust is made up of rocks.
  6. Rocks are made up of minerals.
  7. Rocks are always formed by many minerals.
  8. Granite is a mineral.
  9. The earth's crust, together with the upper layer of the mantle, is composed of moving plates.
  10. The continents are completely immobile.

16. Choose the correct answer

16.1 The earth is made up

a) the core and the earth's crust

b) core, mantle and crust

c) the mantle and the earth's crust

16.2. The core of the earth is made up of

a) one layer

b) two layers

c) three layers.

17. Why study the structure of the Earth?

18. How is the structure of the Earth studied?

19. What is in the center of the Earth?

20. How does the Earth's crust of the continents differ from the oceans?

21. Why does the temperature of rocks increase with depth?

22. Why does the mantle go into a liquid state when filling cracks in the earth's crust?

Think!

  • Why do some land areas slowly rise while others sink?
  • How do scientists study the composition of the earth's crust?

4) Access the disk

Study the material of the lesson and complete the suggested tasks

5) Practical work. Homework.

Drawing up a diagram and description of the internal structure of the Earth. The study of the collection of rocks.

To determine the nature of the occurrence of rocks, one can use not only natural, but also artificially prepared outcrops. You can invite students to sketch the surrounding landforms, outcrops, showing with the help of coloring the differences in the composition of rocks.

The work can begin with the characteristics and description of the main landforms. To do this, the teacher determines in advance the place of the excursion - a hilly surface, ravines, artificial depressions. In the process of execution, methods for measuring the height of a hill or the depth of a basin are practiced. The students enter the marks of heights and depths in a pre-prepared table. Based on the data obtained, they can build a diagram of the image of a hill or depression using contour lines.

Describing the surrounding surface, students describe the main landforms, list geographical objects that are within direct observation. To work on describing the nature of the occurrence of rocks on a natural or artificial outcrop, students are offered a plan:

Outcrop Description

1. Vertical size of the outcrop.

2. Thickness and composition of each rock layer.

3. Color and structure of each layer of rocks.

4. Main differences between the upper and lower layers of the outcrop (thickness, composition, color).

6). Final knowledge test. Test

Option 1.

1. The internal structure of the Earth is characterized by the following change of its parts:

a) the earth's crust, core, mantle;

b) core, mantle, earth's crust;

c) mantle, earth's crust, core;

d) core, crust, mantle.

2. Rocks transformed in the bowels of the earth as a result of lowering sections of the earth's crust are called:

a) magmatic;

b) sedimentary;

c) metamorphic.

3. Igneous rocks include

a) quartzite;

c) limestone;

d) granite.

4. As a result of horizontal movements in the earth's crust,

a) horns;

b) grabens;

c) faults;

d) folds

5. The elevation formed by the products of the eruption of the substance of the mantle on the earth's surface is called

a) a volcano

b) a geyser;

c) a crater;

d) vent.

a) East European Plain;

b) Arabian plateau;

c) the Andes mountains;

G) scandinavian mountains;

e) Vizuviy volcano;

f) Mount Chomolungma?

Option 2.

1. The thickness and temperature of the Earth's mantle is

a) 5 - 80 km, 4000 - 5000 degrees

b) 3470 km, about 2000 degrees

c) 2900 km, 4000 - 5000 degrees

d) 2900 km, about 2000 degrees

2. Rocks consisting of rocks and minerals that were destroyed under the influence of wind, water, glaciers are called:

a) magmatic;

b) clastic;

c) metamorphic.

3. Metamorphic rocks include:

a) marble

b) sandstone;

c) potassium salt;

c) basalt.

4. With the vertical movement of sections of the earth's crust along faults,

a) horns;

b) grabens;

c) lifting;

d) deflections.

5. On the Kamchatka Peninsula is the highest of active volcanoes Russia -

but) Klyuchevskaya Sopka;

b) Kronotskaya Sopka;

c) Shiveluch;

d) Koryakskaya Sopka.

6. What numbers on the contour map "Lithosphere" indicate:

but) West Siberian Plain;

b) Deccan plateau;

c) the mountains of the Cordillera;

G) Ural mountains;

e) Hekla volcano;

e) Mount Kilimanjaro?

Output. The earth is made up of a core, mantle and crust. The earth's crust is formed by rocks. Rocks are made up of minerals.

Bibliography.

  1. Natural history. Grade 5: textbook. for educational institutions / A. A. Pleshakov, N. I. Sonin. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2008. - 174, (2) p.: ill.
  2. Gerasimova T.P. Elementary course in geography: Proc. for 6 cells. general education institutions / T. P. Gerasimova, N. P. Neklyukova. - M.: Bustard, 2002. - 176 p.: ill., maps.
  3. Natural history: Workbook to the 5th grade textbook / A. A. Pleshakov, N. I. Sonin. - 5th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2002. - 64 p.: ill.
  4. Natural history. Grade 5: textbook. for educational institutions / A. A. Pleshakov, N. I. Sonin. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 1997. - 174, (2) p.: ill.
  5. Big reference book on geography. - M .: "Olympus", "Publishing house Astrel", "Firm" Publishing house AST ", 2000. - 368 p.: ill.
  6. Petrov N. N. Initial course of geography. 6 cells - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 136 p. - (Workbook for teacher)
  7. Sirotin IN AND. Practical work in geography and the methodology for their implementation (grades 6 - 10): A guide for the teacher. - 4th ed., Rev. and additional - M.: ARKTI, 2003. - 136 p.: ill. (Method. bib-ka)
  8. Sirotin VI Collection of assignments and exercises in geography. 6 - 10 ka. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Drofa, 2004. - 256 p.: ill. - (Teacher's library).

Already in childhood, because of my curiosity, I wondered what we had there, under our feet. So I learned about what is there in the depths of the Earth, when they showed on TV scientific program about the structure of our "blue ball". This information then shocked and amazed me. My childish mind was not ready then to know such a truth. IN next week everyone, from mom and dad to an unfamiliar aunt on the street, had to listen to the notation about the "internal structure of the Earth." And now I will try to shock you, suddenly you will be surprised by something.

What does the "heart" of the Earth look like?

Although we live in an era of great technological progress and scientists are increasingly striving for the stars, they still have not fully explored our home planet. What is in the "heart" of our planet is still not known with full certainty. Well, if not everything, then something should be known? This is not the first century we have lived here. Yes, we know and quite a lot. Modern scientists, using various calculations and instruments, managed to find out what is under our feet:

  • Core. This is, one might say, the heart of the Earth. And it is located in the very center - at a depth of 3000 to 6000 kilometers. The core can be conditionally divided into 2 more layers: inner hard core with a gigantic temperature of about 5000 degrees and the outer core - rotating streams of nickel and iron, forming the Earth's magnetic mole.

  • Mantle. This is the most most of our Earth. It occupies 80% of the total volume. For the most part it is solid, but is in in constant motion. The closer the mantle is to the core, the thinner it is. And closer to the earth's crust, it forms solid lithospheric plates.
  • Earth's crust. The topmost and thinnest layer, from several kilometers to several tens thick. In fact, this is what we walk on.

The importance of knowledge about the structure of the Earth

Knowing what layers the Earth has and what they consist of is quite important for scientists in different fields.


Seismologists need to identify and locate possible earthquakes and eruptions. Geologists - to find mineral deposits and places suitable for construction. And just out of curiosity, a person is always interested in the unknown.

(lesson "The structure of the globe", grade 6)


Geography lesson in grade 6 "Structure of the globe"

The purpose of the lesson: formation of ideas about the internal structure of the globe: the core, mantle, earth's crust, lithosphere, about methods of studying the earth's interior.

Tasks:

Educational: familiarize children with inner layers: earth's crust, mantle, core; establish similarities and differences in the continental and oceanic crust; give concepts: lithosphere; give an idea of ​​the study of the earth's crust.

Developing: to form the ability to apply the acquired knowledge in solving practical tasks, highlight the main thing from what he saw and heard, fill in tables, clusters-schemes.

Educational:

To educate students in the ability to work in small groups (pairs), the ability to listen to the answers of classmates, analyze and evaluate them. Formation of independent, responsible thinking in students. Cultivate a positive attitude towards the answers of classmates.

Forms of organization of educational activities: frontal, individual, steam room.

Teaching methods: visual - illustrative, explanatory illustrative, partially - search, practical work.

Receptions: Analysis, synthesis, conclusion, generalization, visual forms of material organization.

Equipment: screen, laptop, presentation, cards with the table "Internal structure of the Earth"

Lesson type: lesson learning new material

During the classes

I. Organizing time. Reflection (1 min.)

Hello guys. Today, guests came to us to see how our lesson is going, how you are doing. Let's say hello to them.

II. Message new topic. Goal setting (5 min.).

So, we are moving on to the study of section 3 called ...

And we will find out by doing the test " Geographic map". Recall the material of the previous section.

Perform the task in the route sheet, fill in the table, choosing the letters with the correct answers. Slide 2.

Mutual check of answers. Evaluation.

At right choice answers, you will get the topic of the next section. HYDROSPHERE

1. The named scale "1 cm - 6 m" is indicated on the local plan. What numerical scale corresponds to it?

A) 1:6 B) 1:6000

B) 1:60 D) 1:600

2. A conditional line on a geographical map dividing the Earth into the North and Southern Hemisphere, is called:

C) Tropic of the North K) prime meridian

B) the southern tropic I) the equator

3. The circumference of the Earth at the equator:

A) 4400 km I) 400000 km

D) 40,000 km D) 40040 km

4. Geographic longitude happens:

M) northern and southern O) southern and eastern

B) north and west P) western and eastern

5. From the equator is counted:

C) west and east longitudes

T) north and south longitude

C) western and eastern latitude

A) northern and southern latitude

6. Using the qualitative background method on the map, you can depict:

C) the depth of the ocean D) rivers

C) cities I) mineral deposits

7. The azimuth of the direction to the northeast is:

Y) 0° F) 45°

P) 90° D) 295°

8. The excess of one point on the earth's surface over another is called:

A) relief M) absolute height

L) isohypse E) relative height

9. Isohypses are lines of equals:

A) depths G) temperatures

P) heights U) speeds

10. The thicker the isohypses are located on the map, the slope:

P) higher K) longer

A) tougher U) smoother

0-1 errors - "5"

2-3 errors - "4"

4-5 errors - "3" slide 3

What is a globe?

Today we will find out with you and figure out what structure our Earth has inside .. So, what is the topic of the lesson today? (offer options for lesson topics).

The theme of the lesson is "STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH". slide 4

Record the topic of the lesson and the date in a notebook.

Based on the topic, formulate the purpose of the lesson.

After reviewing the text in the textbook, break it into parts.

So, study this topic we will be on the following schedule:

1) The internal structure of the Earth;

2) Study of the bowels of the Earth;

3) Lithosphere.

III. Learning new material (22 min)

1) The structure of the globe

Now we will read the story “Candy Earth” by roles (role distribution) slide 5

Vasya: Kolya, Kolya! - Vasya ran into the room, - such an idea came to my mind!

Kolya: What, Vasya?

Vasya: The earth is like a ball, right? - said Vasya.

Kolya: Well, yes...

Vasya: So if we dig through the Earth, we'll end up in a different place, right?

Kolya: Exactly! - Kolya was delighted, - Let's go to the grandmother, ask where we have a shovel.

Vasya: Run!

Kolya: Baaaaaaaaaaa!

Grandmother: What, Kolya?

Kolya: Grandmother, where is our shovel?

Grandmother: In the barn, Kolenka. Why do you need a shovel? Grandma replied.

Kolya: We want to dig the Earth, maybe we’ll get somewhere, - Kolya said happily.

Grandma smiled and asked:

Grandmother: Do you even know how it works?

Vasya: And what is there to know, - answered Vasya, - earth by earth - what could be simpler!

Grandmother: No. Not everything is so simple - answered the grandmother.

Kolya: But as? Grandma, tell me please. Well please! - Began to beg Grandma Kolya.

Grandmother: Well, okay, okay - the grandmother agreed, and began her story.

Grandmother: The earth is like a candy: in the center there is a nut - the core, then comes the creamy filling - this is the mantle, and on top the chocolate icing is the earth's crust. The distance from here to the center of the core is more than 6,000 km, and you want to go right through, - Grandma chuckled.

Kolya: So, everything is canceled, - Kolya was upset ...

Vasya: Yeah, it would be nice to have such a candy, - Vasya said dreamily.

- Summing up the story

Working with the picture “What can the Earth be compared with” Slide 6.

Can you compare the planet with an egg, a peach, a cherry, a watermelon? What is the similarity?

Shell, peel - the earth's crust; protein, pulp - mantle; nucleolus, protein - nucleus. The earth has a layered structure.

Work with the textbook. Filling in the table. Pair work (in writing). Slide 7

Using the textbook material (p. 57 § 9), fill in the gaps (cells) in the table “Internal structure of the Earth”. Pair work (mutual check). Grading the score sheet.

The internal structure of the Earth

Shell name

Size (thickness)

condition

Temperature

Earth's crust

Miscellaneous: increases by 3°C for every 100 m (starting from a depth of 20-30m)

2.9 thousand km

bottom - solid

medium-semi-liquid

top - hard

3.5 thousand km

hard, iron

(external liquid, internal solid)

slide 8.

Self-assessment. Putting a mark on the score sheet

Fizminutka

Words categorized by class:+ 6000°С, core, +3°С, mantle, earth's crust, 5-10 km., continental

1) What is the core temperature?

2) By how many degrees does the temperature of the earth's crust increase for every 100 m?

3) The shell of the Earth, consisting mainly of iron.

4) The thickness of this layer of the Earth is 2900 km.

5) The top layer of the Earth?.

6) What is the earth's crust consists of 3 layers?

7) What is the thickness of the oceanic crust?

2) The study of the bowels of the Earth.

Slide 9

Geological methods - based on the study of rock outcrops, sections of mines and mines, boreholes, make it possible to judge the structure of the near-surface part of the earth's crust. The world's deepest well on the Kola Peninsula has already reached a depth of more than 12 km, with a design depth of up to 15 km. In volcanic regions, the products of volcanic eruptions can be used to judge the composition of matter at depths of 50-100 km.

In general, the deep internal structure of the Earth is studied mainly by geophysical methods. One of the most important methods is the seismic (Greek "seismos" - shaking) method based on the study of natural earthquakes and "artificial earthquakes" caused by explosions or shock vibration effects on the earth's crust.

Viewing the video clip "Studying the bowels of the Earth" Slideshow 10

3) Lithosphere

Guys, what is the lithosphere? Find the definition of the word "Lithosphere" in the text on page 60 and write it in your notebook.

Lithosphere: "lithos" - a stone, "sphere" - a ball. This is a hard, stone shell of the Earth, consisting of the earth's crust and the upper part of the mantle.

Writing a definition in a notebook

IV. Fixing (7 min).

1) "Find matches"

Self-assessment: 0 errors - "5", 1 error - "4", 2 errors - "3"

2) Fill in the blanks

In the center of the Earth there is a core, the radius of which is approximately equal to 3.5 thousand km, and the temperatures correspond to 6000 ° C. The largest inner shell in terms of volume is the mantle, the temperature of which is 2000 °C. In its upper part, a solid layer stands out, which, together with the earth's crust, forms a solid shell of the earth - the lithosphere. The earth's crust is divided into two main types: continental and oceanic. Under the continents, the crust is thicker than under the oceans and has 3 layers.

Check by reading the answers one by one

Self-assessment: 0-1 error - "5", 2-3 errors - "4", 4-5 errors - "3"

2) Cluster Slide 11.

Key phrase - The structure of the globe

Group work.

V. Final part (5 min)

1. Homework: &9, make a mind map to it slide 12.

2. Reflection


Technological map of the lesson

Subject: geography

Lesson topic: "The structure of the globe"

Type of lesson: a lesson in mastering new knowledge

The purpose of the lesson: the formation of ideas about the internal structure of the globe: the core, mantle, earth's crust, lithosphere, about ways to study the earth's interior.

Technology of the lesson: the development of critical thinking, the technology of semantic reading

Lesson stage

Teacher activity

Student activities

Planned educational outcomes

subject

metasubject

Personal

Organizing time. Reflection

Knowledge update

Determining the topic of the lesson, setting goals

Greetings. Inclusion in the business rhythm. Checking the readiness of students for the lesson.

mood reflection and emotional state

Activates knowledge on the passed section "Geographic map".

Offers to check the correctness of the answers, Perform a mutual check

Leads a dialogue.

Guys, tell me what I have in my hands? (globe)

What is a globe?

Have you ever wanted to know and see what the Earth has inside?

Today we will find out with you and figure out what structure our Earth has inside .. So, what is the topic of the lesson today?

Informs the topic of the lesson "The structure of the globe"

Lesson plan:

1) The internal structure of the Earth;

2) Study of the bowels of the Earth;

3) Lithosphere.

Welcome teachers. They tune in to the lesson, to the perception of the topic.

Determine your readiness for the lesson

Perform the "Geographic map" test. Receive in the answer the topic of the next section "Lithosphere".

Mutual verification. Check the correctness of the answers. Evaluate.

Students answer questions and formulate independently the topic and purpose of the lesson.

Most of the children take part in the dialogue. Students can express their own opinion.

Write down the topic of the lesson in a notebook

Accept the lesson plan

Apply the acquired knowledge

Application of acquired knowledge. Formulation of the topic and purpose of the lesson

Communicative UUD (use written language when answering, use the ability to listen and hear)

Regulatory UUD (organize their activities with the goal in mind)

Cognitive UUD (extract the necessary information)

Personal UUD (showing interest in the task at hand)

Regulatory UUD (plan activities)

Communicative UUD (formulate, suggest the topic and purpose of the lesson). Awareness of the purpose of the lesson

Formation of norms and rules of behavior in society. Formation of motivation

Understanding the significance of the acquired knowledge.

Formation of the motivational basis of educational activity.

Forming a respectful attitude towards a different opinion

Learning new material

Offers to discuss the story

What else can be compared to the planet Earth, its internal content?

Suggests to see examples on the slide.

Now we will work with the text in the textbook on p. 57 and fill in the table "Internal structure of the Earth"

Offers to check the results of filling in the table. Read tabular text.

On the study of the uppermost layer of the earth - the earth's crust, we will dwell in more detail.

Open fig. 30 on page 58 and fill in the gaps in the diagram "Earth's crust"

Offers to check the results of filling the scheme.

Role-playing the story "Candy Earth"

Draw conclusions from the story

Offer comparison options.

Compare. Correlate.

They work with the text and fill out the table "Internal structure of the Earth"

Check and compare the result.

They work with Fig. 30 and fill in the "Earth's crust" chart

Check and report the result.

Understanding the meaning and purpose of the text. Understanding that the Earth has a layered structure and big sizes.

Determine what the similarities are.

Find in the text information on the internal structure of the Earth: core, mantle, earth's crust.

Formulate a description internal structure Earth

There are 2 types of the earth's crust: continental and oceanic. Write out layers of rocks.

Communicative UUD (ability to use oral speech, the ability to listen and hear)

Cognitive UUD

Analyze text.

Highlight the required information. Convert information from one form to another.

Regulatory UUD (organize your activities with a set goal)

Communicative UUD (use written and oral speech)

Showing interest in reading and understanding the text

Fizminutka

Guys, now we're going to warm up a bit.

Words are hung around the office and when I ask a question you must find the answer. Turn your head, turn your body, you can stand up.

Listen to the question and find the right answer

The ability to find the right answers to the questions posed on the topic of the lesson

Learning new material

The study of the internal structure of the Earth is carried out various methods.

Geological methods - based on the study of rock outcrops.

Look at the slide, how can you study the internal structure of the Earth?

With this method, only the near-surface layers of the earth's crust can be studied.

In general, the deep internal structure of the Earth is studied mainly by geophysical methods. One of the most important methods is the seismic method

Viewing a video clip

"Studying the bowels of the Earth"

Guys, what is the lithosphere?

Find the definition of the word "Lithosphere" in the text on page 60 and write it in your notebook.

Discuss how to study the internal structure of the Earth.

Define the word "lithosphere". Write the definition in a notebook.

Understanding how the bowels of the Earth are studied, examples are given, assimilation of the information received.

Ability to find a definition for a word in a textbook

Communicative UUD (the ability to use oral speech in responses, the ability to listen and hear)

Regulatory UUD (organize your activities with a set goal)

Cognitive UUD (extract necessary information,)

Awareness of the integrity of nature

Formation of a responsible attitude to learning

Anchoring

Offers work with the table for compliance.

Offers work with text where you need to fill in the gaps

Checks for gaps.

Offers work in groups - to make a cluster.

The key word is "The structure of the globe."

Work with the table for correspondence.

Evaluate work.

Work with the text, fill in the gaps.

Check test. Evaluate.

They are divided into groups, make up a cluster on the topic covered.

Ability to perform learning activities in accordance with the task

Ability to perform training action in accordance with the assignment, consolidation of the material covered

Communicative UUD (the ability to use oral and written speech in responses, the ability to listen and hear)

Regulatory UUD (organize your activities with a set goal)

Cognitive UUD (extraction of the necessary information,)

Develop respect for other opinions. Showing interest in a topic

Homework

&9, make a mind map for it

Write the assignment in a diary

Cognitive UUD: mood for structuring knowledge, information search

Formation of a responsible attitude to learning

Reflection

Organizes self-assessment and reflection.

They listen and evaluate their activities in the lesson (put a mark on the evaluation sheet)

Regulatory UUD the ability to carry out introspection of their activities and correlate the result with the objectives of the lesson

Emotional and valuable attitude to the lesson

There will be a file: /data/edu/files/y1451934151.docx ( routing lesson)