UN in the global economy. Course work international economic organizations and their role in the regulation of world economic relations. The most important functions of the WTO are

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The UN and its role in the global economy

Introduction

2.1 Creation of the UN

Conclusion

List of sources used

Applications

Introduction

The relevance of the research topic in this course work can be determined by the fact that the United Nations (UN) is the most influential international organization. The United Nations conducts its work in almost all spheres of human life. The effective development of mankind, as well as the preservation of peace on Earth, largely depends on how the countries of the world coordinate their actions and decisions through the UN.

One of the most important areas of life that falls within the competence of the United Nations is, of course, the world economy. Considering the unevenness of world economic development, it is the UN that is in many respects the organization that is designed to help smooth out the economic and social inequality worldwide.

Russia, despite the difficult political situation in the world, still strives to play an active role in the global economy and the international division of labor. economic social trade

Therefore, it is important for our country to coordinate its economic activities with the bodies of the United Nations. Based on the fact that the UN plays an important and significant role in the global economy, the study of the topic of the course work is very important and relevant at the moment.

The purpose of this course work is to study the UN and its role in the global economy.

To achieve the goal set in the course work, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

To study the classification of international economic organizations;

Give a general description of economic activity international organizations;

Consider the main questions of the creation of the United Nations;

To study the directions of the United Nations;

Conduct a review of the main functions and tasks of the UN and its agencies;

Describe the economic and social council, their activities;

Consider issues related to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD);

Define the role of developed and developing countries in the UN.

The course work consists of an introduction, the main part, the disclosure of sections of which contributes to the disclosure of the topic of the course work, the conclusion, which provides the main conclusions based on the results of writing the course work, as well as a list of references and applications.

1. International economic organizations and their role in the world economy

1.1 Classification of international economic organizations

There are two key principles in accordance with which the classification of international economic organizations that regulate the systems of the world economy is carried out:

Organizational principle;

The scope of multilateral regulation.

The organizational principle by which international economic organizations are classified is determined by the direct participation or non-participation of the organization in the UN system. It should also be said that the goals of the organization and its profile are taken into account. According to this principle, international organizations can be divided into the following groups:

International economic organizations that belong to the United Nations system;

International economic organizations that are not part of the UN system;

Economic organizations that can be considered regional.

Based on the criterion of the scope of multilateral regulation, international economic organizations can be classified into the following groups:

International economic organizations that are engaged in the regulation of economic and industrial cooperation, as well as those involved in the regulation of sectors of the world economy;

International economic organizations that work in the field responsible for regulating world trade;

Economic organizations that work in the system of regulation of the world economy at the regional level;

Economic organizations, international and regional type, which are engaged in regulation in the field of entrepreneurial activity.

All organizations in these four groups, both international and regional, are intergovernmental organizations. They can also be referred to as "interstate" and "multilateral". Also, this classification includes, in addition to intergovernmental organizations and international non-governmental economic organizations, associations that contribute to the development of ties in the world economy.

The classification of international economic organizations according to the organizational principle is presented in Appendix 1.

1.2 General characteristics of the economic activities of international organizations

International economic organizations are among the important subjects of the world economy. Lomakin V.K. World economy: textbook / V.K. Lomakin. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Unity-Dana, 2012. - 671 p. - p. 9

The essence of the process taking place in an international organization is to identify the interests of members, to coordinate them, to develop on this basis a common position and will, to determine the relevant tasks, as well as methods and means of solving them. The main phases of the organization's activity consist in discussion, decision-making and control over its implementation. Three main types of functions of an international organization follow from this (see Fig. 1.1): regulatory, control, operational.

Different criteria are generally applied to classify international organizations. Figure 1.2 considers the classification of the IER. Lukashuk I.I. International law: special part / I.I. Lukashuk. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: 2013. - 544 p. - S. 93.

UN - United Nations Organization, established in 1945. The UN system consists of the United Nations with its principal and subsidiary bodies, 18 specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and a number of programmes, boards and commissions. Frolova T.A. World economy. Lecture notes. Taganrog: Publishing House of TTI SFU, 2013. [Electronic resource]

The goals of the UN are: to maintain international peace and security through the adoption of effective collective measures and the peaceful settlement of disputes; development of friendly relations between nations on the basis of respect for the principles of equality and self-determination of peoples; ensuring international cooperation in resolving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems and promoting human rights.

Rice. 1.2 Classification of international economic organizations

WTO - World Trade Organization. It began to operate from 01/01/1995, it is the successor to the one that was in force since 1947. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO is the sole legal and institutional basis of the world trade organization. The fundamental principles of the WTO are: granting the most favored nation treatment in trade on a non-discriminatory basis; mutual provision national treatment goods and services of foreign origin; regulation of trade mainly by tariff methods; refusal to use quantitative restrictions; promotion of fair competition; resolution of trade disputes through consultations.

World Bank Group. The World Bank is a multilateral lending institution made up of 5 closely related institutions whose common goal is to improve living standards in developing countries through financial assistance from developed countries.

1. IBRD ( international bank Reconstruction and Development) was founded in 1945 to provide loans to relatively wealthy developing countries.

2. IDA (International Development Association) was founded in 1960 with the aim of providing soft loans to the poorest developing countries.

3. The IFC (International Finance Corporation) was established in 1956 with the aim of promoting economic growth in developing countries by supporting the private sector.

4. IAIG (International Investment Guarantee Agency) was founded in 1988 with the aim of encouraging foreign investment in developing countries by providing guarantees to foreign investors against losses caused by non-commercial risks.

5. ICSID (International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes) was established in 1966. Objective: to promote increased international investment flows by providing arbitration and dispute resolution services to governments and foreign investors; counseling, Scientific research, information on investment legislation. Frolova T.A. World economy. Lecture notes. Taganrog: Publishing House of TTI SFU, 2013. [Electronic resource]

IMF - International monetary fund. Created in 1945 Its functions: maintenance of the general system of payments; monitoring the state of the international monetary system; promoting the stability of exchange rates; provision of short-term and medium-term loans; providing advice and participation in cooperation.

Of particular relevance are international economic organizations. States, joining these organizations, are guided by the task of acquiring the appropriate advantages that this or that economic association gives.

2. The United Nations, its place in the system of international regulation

2.1 Creation of the UN

The decision to create a new universal international organization, the purpose of which is to prevent the threat of war in any region of the world and the development of interstate cooperation, was taken at the Yalta (Crimean) Conference of the heads of state of the anti-Hitler coalition (from the USSR - Joseph Stalin, from the USA - Franklin Delano Roosevelt, from Great Britain - Winston Churchill), held from 4 to 11 February 1945. Previously, specific proposals on this issue were developed at a conference of representatives of the USSR, USA and Great Britain, held August 21 - September 28, 1944 in Dumbarton Oaks (USA). It was this conference that formulated the basic principles of the activities of the United Nations (UN), determined its structure and functions. At the Yalta (Crimea) Conference, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to the participation in the UN of the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR as founding states. The leaders of the anti-Hitler coalition decided to convene a United Nations conference on April 25, 1945 in the city of San Francisco to develop a charter for a new international organization - the UN.

The founding conference to establish the United Nations was held from April 25 to June 26, 1945. Its convocation even before the end of the Second World War symbolically testified that the allies had reached mutual understanding on the main issues of creating a non-governmental organization designed to ensure peace on the planet. The conference was attended by delegations from 50 countries: 282 delegates and 1.5 thousand support staff. Foreign Ministers of the leading countries of the anti-Hitler coalition - V. Molotov (USSR), E. Eden (Great Britain), G. Stettinius (USA) arrived at the opening of the conference. The only item on the agenda was the development of the UN charter. 7 plenary sessions were held, and the work of the commission went on for two months.

The UN Charter officially came into force on October 24, 1945. This date is considered the birthday of the United Nations.

The Secretary-General of the United Nations is elected at a meeting of the UN General Assembly in accordance with the recommendations of the Security Council. General Secretary has the right to participate in the work of all UN structures, except for the International Court of Justice, and its functions are purely coordinating. The most influential body, after the UN General Assembly, is the Security Council. It is on him, according to the UN Charter, that the main responsibility for maintaining peace among the peoples of the Earth lies. The Security Council consists of 15 members: 5 permanent (USSR until 1991, then Russia, USA, Great Britain, France, from 1949 to 1971 Taiwan, and then China) and 10 temporary, who are elected at a meeting of the UN General Assembly for a period of 2 years . According to the Charter, those countries that were the most influential in the world at the time of the founding of the UN have permanent representation in the UN Security Council. In world historiography, the term "great powers" is used in relation to them. Each permanent member of the Security Council has the right to "veto" (prohibit) decisions that do not meet its interests. The fact is that the decisions of the Security Council are taken on the basis of the principle of unanimity of its permanent members. The decisions of the Security Council are binding on all members of the United Nations. It is the Security Council that chooses the ways and methods of maintaining peace in any region of the planet.

During the founding conference of the United Nations in San Francisco, the establishment of the International Court of Justice took place, the status of which was the result of the meetings in April 1945.

The UN seeks not only to prevent a new world war, but also to improve the social, economic, cultural and environmental development of the Earth. Since 1946, a special specialized body of the United Nations - UNESCO (United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture) has been operating in Paris, which is actively fighting for the preservation of monuments of world culture. In an effort to promote the spread of the ideas of humanism and democracy in the world, the General Assembly in December 1948 adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in the development of which the delegations of the USSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the BSSR took part. This declaration, as emphasized in the introduction, was adopted "as a task to be fulfilled by all peoples and all states on Earth." This document declares the right of every person to life, freedom, private property, inviolability of the person, etc. without distinction of race, colour, sex, religion, political opinion, national or social origin. It is the articles of the Declaration of Human Rights that guide the UN Commission on Human Rights, which constantly works in Geneva. Today, 186 states of the world are members of the United Nations.

One of the active developers of the UN Charter, Professor S. B. Krylov rightly noted that “the United Nations (represented by some of its bodies) has a number of powers and legal capacity in certain international legal relations (in the field of both international private and public law) ". The UN is not a confederation because it does not have state power. The UN is not a world government either. From the very beginning it was created as an organization of cooperation between states in the most diverse (practically in all) areas of international relations.

The main features of the legal personality of the UN are enshrined in its Charter, the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the UN of 1946, the UN agreements with the specialized agencies, the Convention on the Safety of UN and Associated Personnel of 1994, the Agreement between the UN and the United States on the issue of the location of Headquarters UN 1947 and in many other international treaties.

According to Art. 104 of the Constitution, the Organization shall enjoy in the territory of each of its members such legal capacity as may be necessary for the performance of its functions and the achievement of its purposes.

The goals of the UN (in accordance with Articles 1 and 2 of the UN Charter):

Maintain international peace and security and, to this end, take effective collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to the peace and suppress acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace;

Settle or resolve, in accordance with the principles of justice and international law, international disputes or situations that may lead to a breach of the peace;

Develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and take other appropriate measures to strengthen world peace;

To carry out multilateral cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature and in promoting and developing respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion;

To be a center for coordinating the actions of nations in the pursuit of these common goals.

UN principles:

Sovereign equality of all its members;

Conscientious fulfillment of the obligations assumed under the Charter;

Peaceful settlement of disputes (settlement of international disputes by peaceful means in such a way as not to endanger international peace, security and justice);

Refraining from the threat or use of force (refraining in international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other way inconsistent with the purposes of the UN);

Rendering to the Organization every possible assistance in all actions taken by it in accordance with the Charter, and refraining from rendering assistance to any state against which the UN takes preventive or enforcement action;

Ensuring by the Organization that non-Member States act in accordance with these principles, as this may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security;

Non-intervention of the United Nations in matters essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state (this principle, however, does not affect the use of coercive measures in cases of threats to the peace, violations of the peace and acts of aggression).

The main features of the legal personality of the UN:

The UN has the right to conclude treaties with states and other international organizations and demand their strict observance. These treaties are important sources of public international law (Articles 17, 26, 28, 32, 35, 43, 53, 57, 63, 64, 77, 79, 83, 85, 93 of the UN Charter).

According to Art. 105 of the Charter, the Organization shall enjoy in the territory of each of its members such privileges and immunities as are necessary for the achievement of its purposes. In addition, representatives of the Members of the United Nations and its officials shall also enjoy such privileges and immunities as are necessary for the independent performance of their functions related to the activities of the Organization.

The UN is a legal entity and has the power to:

Conclude contracts of a property nature;

Acquire immovable and movable property and dispose of it;

Bring cases to court.

As a subject of international law, the Organization has the right to present claims of a legal nature against states and other international organizations.

The Organization may not be restricted by financial controls, regulations or moratoriums of any kind.

According to Art. 35 and 38 of the UN Charter, Member States shall bring to the attention of the Security Council or the General Assembly any dispute or such situation, the continuation of which may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security. The Security Council and the General Assembly may make appropriate recommendations.

The Security Council has the right to negotiate with states or groups of states on the conclusion of an agreement or agreements and to conclude such agreements.

Article 64 gives the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) the right to conclude agreements with the members of the Organization on matters within its competence.

The General Assembly or the Security Council may request advisory opinions from the International Court of Justice on any legal question.

Any member of the UN has the right to have its own permanent mission to the UN headed by an Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary.

At the same time, the UN does not have the quality of a state, much less a superstate. According to R. L. Bobrov, the UN is a secondary, derivative (atypical) subject of modern international law, formed by the will of sovereign states - the indigenous, primordial subjects of this law. Created as a center for coordinating the actions of states in the name of peace and developing international cooperation on a democratic basis, the UN is endowed with a certain international legal personality absolutely necessary for it to carry out its functions. Significant features of the legal personality of the UN are interconnected and form, on the whole, a specific legal personality that lies in a different legal plane than the legal personality of states. The UN has legal capacity only within the limits outlined by its Charter.

At present, the UN is the most representative and truly universal (in terms of the range of problems to be solved) intergovernmental organization.

2.3 Main functions and tasks of the UN and its agencies

There are six main organs in the United Nations. Five of them are located in New York. These are organizations such as:

General Assembly;

Security Council;

Economic and Social Council;

Board of Trustees;

Secretariat.

Another body, the International Court of Justice, is located in The Hague UN at a glance, United Nations publication, Department public information, Printed at the United Nations. - New York, 2015. - 36 p. - p. 3.

Rice. 2.1 - Organization chart of the United Nations

An important role in the performance of various functions of the United Nations is entrusted to the General Assembly, which is an advisory body. All states that are members of the UN are represented in it. This body is endowed with a number of important functions, which are primarily related to the most cardinal issues relating to world politics. Based on the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, the General Assembly is the main organ of the UN. The Assembly unites all members of the UN based on the principle of "one state - one vote". This body is engaged in considering issues and making recommendations that relate to problems that are within the terms of reference of the Charter. These problems include:

International security and peace;

Issues of development of international law;

Fundamental freedoms and human rights;

International cooperation in such areas as political, economic, cultural and social.

The General Assembly determines the policy of the United Nations and its program, approves the budget, elects non-permanent members of the Security Council, appoints the Secretary General, and organizes conferences. The implementation of its tasks by the General Assembly occurs through the subsidiary bodies. These bodies include:

Main Committees;

procedural committees;

specialized institutions.

According to the Charter of the United Nations, the main responsibility, as well as certain capabilities that contribute to the maintenance of international peace and security, are the prerogative of the Cuellar J.P. Security Council. UN: today and tomorrow: trans. from English. - M.: Intern. Relations, 2014. - 416 p. - S. 30.

The UN Security Council has 15 members. 5 members are permanent. These are China, Russia, the United Kingdom, the USA and France. The remaining ten council members are elected for two-year terms by the General Assembly.

Each member of the Security Council has one vote. Decisions relating to questions of procedure can be considered adopted if at least nine of the fifteen members of the Security Council vote for them. The required nine votes must include the concurrence of five votes of all the permanent members of the Security Council. This is the so-called right of veto.

As the main body responsible for coordinating the economic and social activities of the UN, the Charter of the organization established the Economic and Social Council.

The Council has 54 members. Members of the Council are elected for three years. Each year, 18 members are elected for a three-year term, who replace the 18 members whose tenure on the Council has expired. Each member of the Council has one vote, and decisions are taken by a simple majority vote of the United Nations. Basic facts. Directory. Per. from English. M .: publishing house "Ves Mir", 2014. - 424 p. - S. 13.

The functions and activities of the Economic and Social Council will be discussed in more detail later in this course work.

As one of the main organs of the UN, in accordance with the Charter of the organization, the Trusteeship Council was established. The task of this body is to oversee how the trust territories that are included in the trust system are administered. The main goals of the guardianship system include promoting the progress of the inhabitants inhabiting the trust territories, as well as the progressive development of the population in these territories, which lies in their desire for independence or self-government. from English - M.: International relations, 2013. - 256 p. - S. 23.

chief judicial authority The UN is the International Court of Justice, which is also known as the World Court. This body is considered independent. The Statute of the International Court of Justice is an integral part of the UN Charter Ulakhovich V.E. International organizations: Reference manual.- M.: AST; Mn.: Harvest, 2014. - 400 p. - S. 73.

The task of the Secretariat is to serve the other organs of the UN. Its tasks also include the execution of programs and the implementation of policies adopted by United Nations bodies. The head of the Secretariat is the Secretary General. Appointment of the Secretary General of the implementation by the UN General Assembly based on the recommendations given to it by the UN Security Council.

3. General Assembly (UNGA) and its institutions

3.1 Economic and Social Council, their activities

The Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (abbreviated as ECOSOC) was established by the Charter of the United Nations on June 26, 1945. ECOSOC is one of the most important bodies of the UN. It is responsible for coordinating social and economic cooperation between the United Nations and its specialized agencies.

Monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the overall strategy and policy, as well as the priorities established by the UN General Assembly in the social, economic, and related areas;

Ensuring coherence and consistent practical implementation of certain recommendations and policy decisions that have been adopted at various forums and conferences within the United Nations system.

The mandate of this body also extends to the preparation of studies and reports relating to the socio-economic and legal fields. ECOSOC also prepares recommendations for the General Assembly of the United Nations and coordinates relevant UN activities.

The Economic and Social Council ensures the activities of:

Functional commissions, which include:

the Statistical Commission;

the Commission responsible for population and development issues;

the Commission for Social Development;

the Commission responsible for the status of women;

Commission dealing with the issues of narcotic drugs;

the Commission, which is responsible for crime prevention and criminal justice;

Commission dealing with science and technology;

the Commission responsible for sustainable development;

United Nations Forum on Forests.

Regional commissions, which consist of:

Economic Commission for Africa;

the Economic and Social Commission for the Territories of Asia and the Pacific;

Economic Commission for Europe;

Economic Commission dealing with issues Latin America and the Caribbean;

Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia.

ECOSOC Standing Committees, which consist of:

Committee for Program and Coordination;

Committee in charge of non-governmental organizations;

Committee that deals with negotiations with intergovernmental institutions.

Special bodies of ECOSOC, including:

Ad Hoc Working Group on Informatics.

Expert bodies, which are made up of government experts. These organs are made up of:

the Committee of Experts responsible for the transport of dangerous goods and the globally harmonized system that governs the classification and labeling of chemicals;

the Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts dealing with international accounting and reporting standards;

United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names.

Expert bodies, which are made up of members who serve in their personal capacity. This category of organs consists of:

Committee dealing with development policy;

Committee of Experts Responsible for Public Administration;

Committee, which includes experts in the field of international cooperation in the field of taxation;

Committee on Cultural, Social and Economic Rights;

Permanent Forum dealing with indigenous issues.

Bodies associated with the Council. These bodies are made up of:

the International Board in charge of drug control;

the Executive Board of the International Training and Research Institute, which deals with the advancement of women;

the Committee responsible for awarding the United Nations Population Prize;

Coordinating Council, whose area of ​​responsibility is the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS.

ECOSOC also provides a central forum where international social and economic issues are discussed and recommendations are made that are intended for the policies pursued by member states and the UN system. The Council exercises these functions on the basis of reports it receives from 11 United Nations funds and programmes.

ECOSOC also includes:

The promotion of social and economic progress, which is characterized by an increase in the standard of living and the promotion of the most complete employment of the population in the world;

Implementation of the development various ways contributing to the solution of world problems in the social and economic field, as well as in the field of health care;

Implementation of assistance measures in the field of international cooperation in the field of education and culture;

Carrying out activities that create conditions for universal observance and respect for human rights and freedoms.

ECOSOC is also empowered to convene special meetings in the event of a humanitarian emergency.

The Council carries out studies that are related to issues related to the scope of its activities. His responsibilities also include assisting in the preparation and organization of various international conferences that cover social and economic problems. He also contributes to the practical implementation of the decisions that are made at these conferences.

ECOSOC holds one four-week substantive session in July, alternately in New York and Geneva. This session includes a high-level meeting with ministers and other senior officials to discuss critical economic, social and humanitarian issues. The Presidium of the Economic and Social Council is elected by all members of the Council at the beginning of each annual session. The main functions of the Bureau are to prepare the agenda, draw up the program of work and organize the session, with the support of the United Nations Secretariat.

In addition, ECOSOC holds several short-term sessions throughout the year and a large number of preparatory meetings, round tables and expert discussions with representatives of civil society on the organization of its work.

One of the main functions of ECOSOC is the biennial High-Level Development Cooperation Forum, which is dedicated to specific issues included in the UN Millennium Development Goals. ECOSOC organizes consultations with leading scientists, business representatives and members of more than 3,200 registered non-governmental organizations.

The Statistical Commission was established by the Council in its Council Resolution 8 (I) of 16 and 18 February 1946. Its terms of reference are set out in resolutions 8 (I), 8 (II) of 21 June 1946 and 1566 (L) of 3 May 1971.

In accordance with resolutions 8 (I) and 8 (II), the Commission assists the Council:

a) to encourage the development of statistical work in different countries and to improve its comparability;

b) in coordinating the statistical work of the specialized agencies;

c) in the development of the central statistical services of the Secretariat;

d) in advising United Nations bodies on general matters relating to the collection, analysis and dissemination of statistical information;

e) in promoting the general improvement of statistics and statistical methods.

In paragraph 2 of its resolution 1566 (L), the Council considered that the ultimate goal of the work of the Commission should be to achieve a unified system for the collection, processing and dissemination of international statistical information by the organs and agencies of the United Nations system, with particular attention to the need to review and assess economic and social progress since taking into account the needs of developing countries.

In accordance with paragraph 3 of Council resolution 1147 (XLI) of 4 August 1966, the Statistical Commission is composed of 24 representatives of Member States (one from each of them) elected by the Council on the basis of equitable geographical distribution in the following order:

a) five members from African States;

b) four members from Asian States;

c) four members from Latin American and Caribbean States;

d) seven members from Western European and other States;

e) four members from Eastern European States.

In order to ensure a balanced representation in the various fields covered by the Commission, the Secretary-General consults with the governments so selected before these representatives are finally appointed by their governments and approved by the Council. In addition, the Council may appoint, from among countries not represented on the Commission, not more than 12 Corresponding Members in their individual capacity; such members are appointed with the approval of the respective governments.

The term of office of the members of the Commission is four years (Council resolution 591 (XX) of 5 August 1955).

The Commission reports directly to the Council. Its reports are presented as supplements to the Official Records of the Economic and Social Council.

The Commission meets once a year for four working days (Council resolution 1999/8 of 26 July 1999).

The Commission annually approves a multi-year program of work covering three subsequent sessions. At its thirty-ninth session, the Commission approved the program of work for the period 2008-2011.

The Bureau is usually elected at the first meeting of the session. The Bureau has been operating for two years. This is achieved by electing the Bureau for one year and re-electing those members of the Bureau who remain representatives on the Commission for another year at the next session. The Bureau is elected on the basis of equitable geographical distribution, one member from each geographical region represented on the Commission. The position of the Chairman of the Commission is filled on the basis of the principle of geographical rotation. However, there is an understanding among the members of the Commission that the most important criteria to be taken into account in the election of the Chairman are competence and knowledge of the issues under consideration by the Commission.

To ensure continuity, the Commission usually elects one of the Vice-Chairmen of the old Bureau as the Chairman of the new Bureau, while the Chairman of the old Bureau usually remains on the new Bureau.

There is an understanding among members that decisions on draft proposals and texts are taken without a vote.

The chairman does not write any summaries.

In accordance with the practice of the Commission, the Rapporteur prepares the texts of the draft report in consultation with the Secretariat and members of the Commission. There are no informal consultations as such.

The secretariat has traditionally assisted the Commission - at the request of delegations - in the preparation of draft texts, not only in connection with the consideration of substantive issues, but also in order to promote the application of United Nations editorial practices.

The Commission holds a general debate on each agenda item in the order in which they appear.

The Commission does not practice group discussions and/or Q&A sessions. Official website of the UN - Subsidiary bodies of ECOSOC - http://www.un.org/ru/ecosoc/about/stat_commission.shtml

3.2 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is the main body of the UN General Assembly in the field of trade and development. UNCTAD was established at the first session of the Conference held in Geneva in 1964 to promote the acceleration of economic growth and development, primarily of developing countries (Resolution 1995 (XIX) of the UN General Assembly).

UNCTAD is the universal and global forum for reviewing and advising on development and interrelated issues of trade, finance, debt, investment, technology transfer through “macroeconomic analysis, discussion of issues, consensus building and implementation decisions taken, as well as technical cooperation”.

The UNCTAD Secretariat has a staff of about 400 people (of which 9 are Russian citizens). It is headed by the Secretary General, who is appointed by the UN Secretary General. Rubens Ricupero (Brazil) has held this post since September 15, 1995; his term expires on September 15, 2003.

For a number of recent years, including 2003, Russia has been elected to the STR bureau as one of the vice-chairmen. For many years, including in 2003, Russia has been a member of the Working Group (WG) on the Medium Term Plan and Program Budget (19 members in total).

For Russia, participation in the session, in addition to confirming its role as an active member of the international economic community, was also an important element in the negotiation process for joining the WTO and preparing for a new round of multilateral negotiations. In the speech of the Russian delegation, a balanced assessment was given to the processes of globalization, the importance of managing them was emphasized in order to prevent unpredictable and negative consequences and turn globalization into a factor consolidating the world community. Russia spoke out in favor of consistently pursuing an open and predictable trade policy, for further improvement of the international trade regime based on WTO rules, for granting equal rights to everyone to participate in world politics, against discriminatory restrictions and excessive requirements for new countries joining the WTO.

The head agency for cooperation between Russia and UNCTAD is the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia (Department of Trade Policy and Multilateral Trade Negotiations. Head of the Department Danilova Elena Vladimirovna tel.

In the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, the Department of Economic Cooperation is engaged in cooperation with UNCTAD (Director of the DES Kondakov Andrey Lvovich, tel. 241-28-98, executor - Head of Department Shevchenko Alexander Maksimovich, tel.

At the Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the UN Office and other international organizations in Geneva, cooperation with UNCTAD is supervised by senior adviser Yury Borisovich Afanasiev, tel/fax 8-10-41-22-740-32-71

4. The role of developed and developing countries in the UN

The most complete and reliable representation that can be used to characterize groups of countries in the world economy is provided by the data published by the most influential international organizations. Most of the world's states are members of these organizations. Such organizations, of course, are the UN, the IMF and the World Bank.

The leaders of the world economy include the countries of North America, which include the United States and Canada, the countries of Western Europe (here it is necessary to note such countries as the UK, Germany, France and Italy, the countries of East Asia, which primarily include Japan. Further, it is customary to single out a markedly progressing group of countries with newly industrialized economies, including a group of countries commonly referred to as the “Asian tigers.” The states of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the states that were part of the USSR, are considered to be still in the process of reforms in the transition to a market A fairly large number of countries, more than 100, are considered to be developing countries.

In order to characterize the economies of the countries of the world from an objective point of view, it is customary to use fairly common indicators, among which are:

GDP per capita;

Sectoral structure of the economy;

The quality of life of the population.

Countries that, according to the generally accepted classification, are considered developed have a high standard of living of the population. The countries in this group have a significant stock of produced capital, as well as a population that works in highly specialized sectors of the economy. The population of these countries is 15% of the total population of the Earth.

This category of countries includes 24 industrialized countries located in North America, Western Europe and the Pacific basin, in which a high level of income prevails. The most significant role among the industrial countries belongs to the Group of 7 (G-7). The G7 countries provide 47% of world GDP, and they also account for 51% of international trade. The coordination of the economic and financial policies of these countries is carried out at the annual meetings that they have held since 1975.

More full group developed countries also includes such states as Andorra, San Marino, Monaco, Liechtenstein, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Vatican City, Faroe Islands, Bermuda.

GDP per capita is about 20 thousand US dollars. Its constant growth is observed.

The sectoral structure of the economies of developed countries is developing towards an increase in the number of people employed in the industrial sector, and also tends to post-industrial;

Developed countries have a rather heterogeneous business structure. Transnational corporations play a significant role in their economy. The exception here are some small European countries where there are no world-class transnational corporations. Also, the most important factor characterizing developed countries is the widespread use of small and medium-sized businesses in the economies of these countries, the development of which is considered to be an important factor in economic stability. In developed countries, up to two thirds of the economically active population are usually involved in the sphere of medium and small business.

Also important characteristic The economies of developed countries are considered to be their openness to the world economy, as well as the liberal organization of foreign trade.

It is customary to include 28 states in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as countries that were previously part of the Soviet Union, in the category of countries with economies in transition. This category of countries is undergoing a transition from a planned economy to a market economy. It is also customary to include such states as Vietnam, Mongolia and China in this category of countries. Due to its political importance in the international arena, Russia is often considered separately among the countries with economies in transition. Russia corresponds to 2% of world GDP and 1% of world exports.

In Figure 4.1, we consider the dynamics of Russia's GDP in recent years.

Figure 4.1 - Dynamics of Russia's GDP Official website of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation - http://info.minfin.ru/gdp.php

Countries with economies in transition include:

1. Former socialist countries Central and Eastern Europe.

2. Former Soviet republics- now the CIS countries.

3. Former Baltic republics.

Developing countries - 132 states of Asia, Africa, Latin America, characterized by low and middle incomes. Due to the wide variety of developing countries in the international economy, it is customary to classify them both geographically and according to various analytical criteria.

There are certain grounds for singling out yesterday's dependent and colonial countries, lagging behind in their economic and social development and conditionally united by the term "developing", into a special group of states. These countries are home to 80% of the world's population, and the fate of this region will always have a significant impact on global processes.

The most important criteria for identifying developing countries are a special place in the system of economic and political ties, the level of economic development and specific features of reproduction and features of the socio-economic structure.

The first and most essential feature of developing countries is their place in the world economy and politics. Today they are part of the world capitalist system and are more or less subject to the prevailing economic laws and world economic trends. Remaining a link in the world economy, these countries continue to have a tendency to deepen economic and political dependence on the economies of developed countries.

Developing countries are still major suppliers of raw materials and fuel to the world market, despite the fact that the share of developing countries in Western countries' imports of fuel has decreased somewhat in recent years. Being suppliers of raw materials, they depend on imports of finished products, so today the share of developing countries in world exports is only about 30%, including 21.4% in the supply of industrial products.

The economy of this group of countries is highly dependent on TNCs, as well as financial dependence. TNCs with the most advanced technology do not go for its transfer when creating joint ventures in developing countries, preferring to locate their branches there. At least 1/4 of foreign investments of TNCs are concentrated in developing countries. Private capital has now become the main element of foreign inflows to developing countries. Foreign direct investment today accounts for more than half of all funds coming from private sources.

Composition and number.

Developed countries: 23 countries in Western Europe, North America, Japan, Australia and New Zealand.

1.2 billion people (this is about 23% of the total world population)

Developing countries:

1. The most developed countries of Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Mexico, Uruguay,.). "Newly industrialized countries" of Asia (Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong).

2. Oil exporting countries (Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Libya, UAE, Iraq).

3. Countries with an average level of general economic development (Colombia, Guatemala, Paraguay, Tunisia)

4. India, Pakistan and Indonesia are countries with vast territories and populations, natural resource potential and economic development opportunities.

5. Least developed countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Benin, Somalia, Chad).

GDP: Developed countries: 65% of world GDP, $27,000-28,000 per person, Developing countries: $3,000-4,000 per person.

Industry structure: Developed countries: SIA, ISA, services - 70% of GDP, Developing countries: SAI, ASI, services 50% of GDP.

Share in world exports of goods and services: Developed countries: 70%, Developing countries: 30%.

Share in world flows of direct foreign investments.

Developed countries: 60%.

Developing countries: 40%.

The level of economic development.

Developed countries: High level of productive forces, intensive type of market economy development. The vast majority of the economic, scientific and technical potential of the world economy is concentrated in these countries, the main financial centers and the main communication nodes are located.

Developing countries: They are characterized by such features as a mixed economy with various forms of ownership, the influence of traditional institutions in society, high population growth rates, specialization in the international division of labor mainly in the production of raw materials, and a strong dependence on the influx of foreign capital. The economic structures of most developing countries are not unified, the productive forces are heterogeneous, which hinders the increase in growth rates.

The role of the state.

Developed countries: The most important agent of economic relations is the state, which not only mediates economic relations through finances, legislation, but also acts as a major owner of the means of production. The development of the public sector has historically been conditioned by the weakness of private enterprise, which was unable to solve the complex problems of the country's economic development. Extensive state measures to rescue from bankruptcy and improve private companies and banks led to the creation and expansion of the public sector.

Developing countries: Most developing countries are characterized by the active participation of the state in the economy. Underdevelopment, a chronic shortage of investment resources, one-sided dependence on the world economy, the need to attract foreign capital to modernize the economy objectively strengthened the role of the state as an economic owner. State participation did not abolish market mechanisms in most developing countries, although it often tried to limit them by controlling private enterprise.

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International economic organizations that regulate the system of the world economy can be classified according to two main principles: according to the organizational principle and according to the sphere of multilateral regulation.

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named after academician Z. Aldamzhar

Faculty of Education

Department of Natural Sciences

Coursework by disciplineEconomic social and political geography

TOPIC: The United Nations, its role in the global economy

Completed by: Kusainova

Nurgul Tanatarovna

specialties Geography

4 courses O/O

scientific adviser

Munarbaeva B. G.

Senior Lecturer

Kostanay

2012

Kostanay Social and Technical University

named after academician Z. Aldamzhar

Department of Natural Sciences

Discipline _______________

APPROVE

Head department _______

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for student coursework

__________________________________________________________________

Theme of the course work ______________________________________________

Target setting ____________________________

The scope of the course work - _________________________________________________

The term of the report to the head on the progress of the development of the course work:

a) a report on the collected material and the progress of the development of the course work

to "" 20___

b) a report on the progress of writing a term paper until "____" ___________ 20____.

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INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………… 1 International economic organizations………………………………. 1.1 Classification of international economic organizations………... 1.2 General characteristics of the economic activities of international organizations………………………………………………………………………… 2 The United Nations, its role in the world economy………. 2.1 Establishment of the UN……………………………………………………………... 2.3 Main functions and tasks of the UN and its agencies……………………. 3 The General Assembly (UNGA) and its institutions……………………….. 3.1 Economic and Social Council……………………………………. 3.2 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)………………. 3.3 Activities of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)…………………………………………………………………… CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………….. LIST OF USED LITERATURE……………………………..

INTRODUCTION

Countries trade with each other, they (and their companies) enter into agreements, agree on common rules for conducting various kinds of business - trade in goods and services, building facilities or buying enterprises, loans, credits, etc.

In all these actions, both the simplest and the most complex, in which many countries and companies sometimes act as participants, the essence and content side of bilateral or multilateral international economic cooperation is expressed.

Tasks of international regulation of international economic relations. The main tasks of regulating international economic relations are the following:

• ensuring stability and sustainability of economic growth and development in all regions of the world, especially in the financial sector, taking into account the extreme sensitivity of this sphere to fluctuations in the global situation, to the impact of foreign policy factors;
• assistance economic cooperation between countries through the variety of forms of such cooperation;
• striving for the complete elimination of discrimination in trade economic cooperation (as it was supposed, for example, at the initial stage of the WTO Trade Round in Doha (Qatar, 2001);
• providing all kinds of assistance in the development of private entrepreneurship in developing and new capitalist countries, assisting them in overcoming crisis situations by the methods that were considered the most reliable (in many cases, these attempts had a negative effect);
• harmonization of the macroeconomic policy of the states-participants of world economic cooperation. This last task, like the previous ones, certainly has a positive intention, but, most likely, rests on naive-romantic expectations that are not justified by real practice. Countries are so strikingly different from each other in terms of the “quality” of the economy that it will be impossible to apply uniform approaches to them in economic policy for many decades to come.

International economic organizations are an important tool for regulating multilateral interstate relations in the field of trade and economy, they have agreed goals, their permanent bodies, as well as organizational norms, including the charter, procedure and decision-making procedure, etc.

1 International economic organizations

1.1 Classification of international economic organizations

International economic organizations that regulate the system of the world economy can be classified according to two main principles: according to the organizational principle and according to the sphere of multilateral regulation.

The classification of international economic organizations according to the organizational principle as a basis assumes the participation or non-participation of the organization in the United Nations system, and also takes into account the profile of organizations and the goals of their activities. With this approach, international economic organizations can be divided into the following groups:

• international economic organizations of the UN system;
• international economic organizations that are not members of the UN system;
• regional economic organizations.
• The classification of international economic organizations in the field of multilateral regulation involves their division into the following groups:
• international economic organizations regulating economic and industrial cooperation and branches of the world economy;
• international economic organizations in the system of regulation of world trade;
• regional economic organizations in the system of regulation of the world economy;
• international and regional economic organizations that regulate business activities;
• international non-governmental organizations and associations that promote the development of international economic relations.

1.2 General characteristics of the economic activities of international organizations

Methods of interaction in international regulation are considered resolutions and directives developed and adopted by international organizations that are binding on their members; multilateral agreements concluded at the intergovernmental level; agreements and agreements, consultations and cooperation at the regional level and in non-governmental organizations. The regulation is aimed at creating certain prerequisites that contribute to the further development of world economic relations between interested states, in particular, by achieving stability and predictability of the market access regime.

To the main directions of multilateral regulation of economic cooperation in modern conditions include the following:

• creation by interested states of a contractual and legal basis for trade and economic relations, including essential principles and norms;
• developing agreements on the use at the national level of a complex of trade, economic and political means of influencing world economic relations, determining the scope and possibilities for using individual instruments of economic policy;
• the formation and further development of international institutions that contribute to the achievement of agreements and the solution of controversial problems that arise between the participating countries, their associations and groupings;
• exchange of information and experience in organizing trade and economic relations. .

There are more than 100 international organizations in the world, and more or less involved in the discussion and regulation of economic problems. They differ in composition, size, functions, as well as in their impact on the international economy. International organizations can be classified according to (different criteria. Among modern international organizations, there are two main types: intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. The role of both is significant, they all contribute to the communication of states in various spheres of life.

An international intergovernmental organization is created in accordance with international law and should not infringe on the interests of an individual state and the international community as a whole. Its creation is based on an international treaty (convention, agreement, protocol, etc.). The parties to such an agreement are sovereign states, and recently intergovernmental organizations have also become participants in international organizations.

The purpose of creating any international organization is to unite the efforts of states in a particular area. The UN coordinates the activities of states in almost all areas and acts as an intermediary between them. Sometimes states refer the most difficult issues of international relations to organizations for discussion and decision. Each international organization has an appropriate organizational structure, which confirms the permanent nature of the organization and thus distinguishes it from other forms of international cooperation. An important feature of an international organization is that it has rights and obligations, which are generally enshrined in its founding act. An international organization cannot exceed its authority.

Another type of international organizations are international non-governmental organizations that are not established on the basis of intergovernmental agreements. Such organizations must be recognized by at least one state, but operate in at least two states. Such organizations are created on the basis of a constituent act. There are currently more than 8,000 of them. International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) play an active role in all aspects of modern international relations.

International organizations of any kind are called upon to solve various problems in their fields of activity. To solve economic and other problems, more than 1,000 international conferences are currently held annually, which are convened in order to develop and adopt international treaties, conclude acts, and establish principles of cooperation in a specific area of ​​international relations.

2 United Nations, its role in the global economy

2.1 Creation of the UN

The first step towards the creation of the United Nations was the Declaration signed in London on June 12, 1941, in which the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition pledged to "work together with other free peoples both in war and in peace." In August of the same year, US President T. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister W. Churchill proposed a set of principles for international cooperation to maintain peace and security in a document known as the Atlantic Charter. Of course, this took into account the experience of the League of Nations, which failed to prevent the Second World War. In January 1942, representatives of 26 allied states that fought against the Axis countries (Germany-Italy-Japan) declared their support for the Atlantic Charter by signing the Declaration of 26 states. This document was the first official use of the name "United Nations", proposed by President Roosevelt. Then, in a Declaration signed in Moscow on October 30, 1943, the governments of the Soviet Union, Great Britain, the United States and China called for the speedy establishment of an international organization for the maintenance of peace and security. This goal was reaffirmed at a meeting of the leaders of the United States, USSR and Great Britain in Tehran on December 1, 1943. The first concrete contours of the UN were outlined at a conference held at the Dumbarton Oaks estate in Washington. It was this conference that formulated the basic principles of the activities of the United Nations (UN), determined its structure and functions. At the Yalta (Crimea) conference, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to the participation in the UN of the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR as founding states (this was a tribute to the USSR, which fought alone with Germany until o opening second front in 1944). The leaders of the anti-Hitler coalition decided to convene a United Nations Conference on April 25, 1945 in San Francisco to develop the UN Charter. .

The founding conference on the creation of the UN was held from April 25 to June 26, 1945 in the United States. Its convocation even before the end of the Second World War testified that the allies had reached mutual understanding on the main issues of creating a universal interstate organization designed to ensure peace on board, those. The UN Charter officially came into force on October 24, 1945, and this date is considered the birthday of the UN.

The United Nations is the center for solving the problems that all of humanity faces. The activities of the UN are carried out by the joint efforts of more than 30 related organizations that make up the United Nations system. The United Nations is not a world government and does not make laws. However, it provides tools that help resolve international conflicts and develop policies on issues that affect us all. In the United Nations, all Member States - big and small, rich and poor, with different political views and social systems - have the right to express their opinion and vote in this process.

The United Nations has six principal organs. Five of them - the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the Secretariat - are located in headquarters United Nations in New York. The sixth body - the International Court of Justice - is located in The Hague (Netherlands).

Along with the increasing role of world political problems, economic aspects occupy a large place in the activities of the UN, which is expressed primarily in the expansion of the economic functions of the UN. All new spheres of the world economy, international economic relations are becoming the subject of its study, analysis, search for ways and means of their solution, development of appropriate recommendations. The significance of the economic activities of the UN increases with the complication of the processes taking place in world economic relations and the international division of labor, the aggravation of the problems arising in the world economy, and the further expansion of international economic cooperation.

Article 1 of the UN Charter formulates in a concentrated form the goals of international cooperation, including in the economic sphere: “... to carry out international cooperation in resolving international problems of an economic, social ...” nature. Chapters IX and X The charter is entirely devoted to economic and social cooperation. In particular, Article 55 defines the specific goals of economic cooperation within the UN: “creating the conditions of stability and prosperity necessary for peaceful and friendly relations”, “raising the standard of living, achieving full employment of the population”, promoting “the conditions for economic and social progress and assistance” . Fixed in Art. 2 general principles of international cooperation within the framework of the UN fully apply to the sphere of cooperation on economic problems. One of the central tasks of the United Nations is to promote higher standards of living, full employment and conditions for social and economic progress and development. 70% of the activities of the United Nations system are related to this task. Underlying this activity is the belief that eradicating poverty and improving human well-being everywhere are necessary steps towards creating the conditions for lasting world peace.

At the 60th Anniversary Session (September 2005), a high-level plenary meeting of the Assembly with the participation of Heads of State and Government, a comprehensive review of the progress made in the implementation of all commitments contained in the United Nations Millennium Declaration. great attention the session focused on the need to achieve internationally agreed development goals and forge global partnerships to ensure progress at the national, regional and international levels; while emphasizing the importance of implementing the decisions and commitments made at international conferences and summits of the United Nations in the economic, social and related fields.

The system of organization of UN agencies is very complex, and many of them deal with issues of an economic nature. In general, the economic activities carried out by the UN can be divided into four areas:

• solution of global economic problems common to all countries;
• promotion of economic cooperation between states with different levels of socio-economic development;
• promoting the economic growth of developing countries;
• solution of problems of regional economic development.

In practice, work in the above areas is carried out using such forms of activity as:

• informational;
• technical advisory;
• financial. .

The informational aspect of the work of the UN is by far the most extensive work of both the Secretariat and all UN agencies. Issues of the greatest interest, putting on the agenda of political discussions, written reports and references are prepared. All materials are carefully considered in various departments of the agencies and only after thorough preparatory work (including the publication of reports and reports) are submitted for public discussion in the relevant agencies of the UN system.

The purpose of such activities is the overall impact on the economic policies of the member countries. By by and large this is work "for the future", "in reserve". A significant amount of various information and statistical calculations are published, which have a fairly high reputation among specialists in this field. The work on unification, collection and processing of initial statistical data is headed by the Statistical Commission and the Statistical Department. Activities in the field of accounting and statistics are very useful and beneficial for underdeveloped countries, since, on the one hand, they often simply do not have their own economically verified statistical methods, and on the other hand, foreign economic entities, seeking to penetrate the markets of countries, have almost the only opportunity to get real information about the state of affairs in the economic sector of a given country.

The technical advisory activities of the UN are carried out in the form of technical assistance to states in need of it. As early as 1948, some kind of principles for the provision of such assistance were adopted. First of all, she must:

• ensure the prosperity of the country, but at the same time, assistance cannot serve as a means for foreign economic and political interference in the internal affairs of the state;
• be provided exclusively through the governments of countries and intended exclusively for this country;
• be provided, as far as possible, in the form that is desirable for that country itself;
• have a specific character, meet high quality and technical requirements.

Monetary, financial and credit activities are carried out mainly through the international organizations associated with the UN: the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Finance Corporation, and the International Development Association. These structures are formally specialized organizations of the UN, although they are little dependent on the UN and in fact come up with independent conceptual ideas that run counter to the recommendations of reports published, for example, by GATT and ECOSOC. .

The main structural units of the economic cooperation organization system within the United Nations are three of the six main bodies specified in the Charter, namely the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the Secretariat.

2.3 Main functions and tasks of the UN and its agencies

An important role in the system of interstate regulation is played by the United Nations (UN), which is universal both in terms of membership and in terms of issues within its competence.

According to the Charter, the UN sets itself the following goals:

• maintain international peace and security; settle or resolve, in accordance with the principles of justice and international law, international disputes or situations that may lead to a breach of the peace;
• to develop friendly relations among nations on the basis of respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples;
• to carry out multilateral cooperation and promote the resolution of international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature on the principles of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all;
• be the center for coordinating the actions of nations in achieving their goals.

Organizations of worldwide importance include, first of all, the specialized institutions of the UN - the IMF and the World Bank Group, as well as the World Trade Organization. The direct role of the UN in international monetary and financial relations is limited.

Principal organs and specialized agencies of the UN, reflecting its structure:

• General Assembly;
• Security Council;
• the Economic and Social Council, which has several specialized agencies (UNCTAD, UNIDO, FAO, etc.);
• Secretariat.

A separate block in the UN structure is represented by regional economic commissions (JAC, ECA, ECLAC, ESCAP, etc.), as well as functional and special commissions. .

Each of these organizations has its own specific goals and objectives and makes a real contribution to the regulation of international economic relations.

In 2005, the world community celebrated the 60th anniversary of the United Nations, the leading international forum for problem solving global development. The UN is an integral part modern world order, in the formation of which she plays an important role. The main goals and principles of the international legal order were for the first time enshrined in its Charter.

3 The General Assembly (UNGA) and its institutions

The UN General Assembly, according to the UN Charter, is responsible for the implementation of the functions of the United Nations in the field of international cooperation and directs specific activities in this area through the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). The main task of the Assembly is to serve as the highest forum within the UN for discussing the most important, key problems of an economic nature.

The Assembly exercises its functions in the area under consideration mainly through the Second Committee (on economic and (|financial) issues). This is one of the main committees of the Assembly. The Assembly establishes international cooperation organizations such as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) or the United Nations industrial development (UNIDO), etc.

3.1 Economic and Social Council

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). This organization is the next hierarchical body in the system of the economic mechanism of the United Nations. ECOSOC, established in 1946, coordinates all UN activities in the socio-economic field Among the members of ECOSOC are 54 UN member states elected by the UN General Assembly, and 5 permanent members of the Security Council are permanent members. supreme body ECOSOC Council session. Three sessions are held annually:

• spring - on social, legal and humanitarian issues
• summer - on economic and social issues;
• special - on organizational issues.

• conducting qualified research on general and special problems of economic and social development, international cooperation; generalization of the obtained results. .

Let's summarize the information above. So, ECOSOC coordinates the activities of:

permanent committees (economic, social, etc.);

• functional commissions and subcommissions (statistical, social development, etc.), regional economic commissions (European Economic Commission - EEC, economic commissions for Africa, etc.);
• UN specialized agencies (FAO, UNIDO, etc.).
• According to Art. 68 of the Charter, in order to fulfill its functions, ECOSOC has the right to create subsidiary bodies that operate between sessions. Currently, there are 11 standing committees and commissions (on natural resources, on non-governmental organizations, etc.), 6 functional commissions (statistical, social development, etc.), 5 regional economic commissions and a number of other bodies.

Structure of ECOSOC. The Economic and Social Council coordinates the work of 14 UN specialized agencies, 10 functional commissions and 5 regional commissions; receives reports from 11 UN funds and programmes; makes policy recommendations to UN system organizations and Member States. In accordance with the UN Charter, ECOSOC is responsible for promoting the improvement of living standards, ensuring full employment of the population and conditions for economic and social progress; for identifying ways to resolve international problems in the economic, social and health fields; promotion of international cooperation in the field of culture and education; promotion of universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. ECOSOC has more than 70% of the human and financial resources of the entire UN system at its disposal. In carrying out its mandate, ECOSOC organizes consultations with academia, the business world and over 2,100 registered non-governmental organizations. The Council holds a four-week main session each year in July, alternately in New York and Geneva. The session includes a high-level segment, during which ministers of national governments and heads of international institutions and other high-ranking officials discuss a single topic of global importance. ECOSOC has taken a leading role in key strategic areas in recent years. During this high-level meeting in 1999, the Poverty Manifesto was adopted, which largely predetermined the Millennium Development Goals endorsed by the United Nations Millennium Summit in New York. The 2000 High-Level Segment Ministerial Declaration proposed concrete measures to bridge the digital divide, leading directly to the creation of the ICT (Information and Communication Technology) Task Force in 2001. Since 1998, ECOSOC has been the key committees of the Bretton Woods institutions - the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.

Subsidiary and ECOSOC related bodies include the following.

Functional commissions:

• Statistical Commission;
• Commission on Population and Development;
• Commission for Social Development;
• Human Rights Commission;
• Group of Three (established under the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid),
• Working Group to Study Cases of Persistent Gross Violations of Human Rights;
• Working Group on Arbitrary Detention;
• Open-ended Working Group on the Right to Development;
• Open-ended Working Group on the Development of a Draft Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment;
• Open-ended Working Group to develop a draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples;
• an open-ended working group to develop basic guidelines on structural adjustment programs and economic, social and cultural rights;
• Subcommission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights;
• Working Group on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National, Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities;
• Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery;
• Working Group on Indigenous Peoples;
• Sessional Working Group on Working Methods of the Subcommission;
• Sessional Working Group on the Administration of Justice;
• Sessional Working Group on the working methods and activities of transnational corporations;
• Working Group on Communications;
• Commission on the Status of Women;
• Commission on Narcotic Drugs;
• Sub-Commission on Drug Trafficking in the Near and Middle East and Related Matters;
• Meeting of Heads of National Drug Enforcement Agencies;
• Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice;
• Commission on Science and Technology for Development;
• Commission for Sustainable Development;
• ad hoc open-ended working groups;
• the Open Ended Ad Hoc Intergovernmental Expert Group on Energy and Sustainable Development;
• United Nations Forum on Forests.

Regional commissions:

• Economic Commission for Africa (ECA);
• Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP);
• Economic Commission for Europe (ECE);
• Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC); .
• Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA).

Standing Committees:

• Committee for Program and Coordination;
• Commission on Human Settlements;
• Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations;
• Committee for Negotiations with Intergovernmental Agencies.

Special bodies:

• Ad Hoc Open Ended Working Group on Informatics.
• Expert bodies composed of government experts:
• Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods and the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals;
• United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names.

3.2 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD ) is the main body of the UN General Assembly (GA) in the field of trade and development, an important instrument of multilateral interstate regulation of trade and economic policy. It was created as a permanent intergovernmental organization at the First session of the Conference held in 1964 in Geneva. In the context of the collapse of the world colonial systems, the establishment of UNCTAD reflected the desire of developing countries to integrate into world trade on “fair conditions.” Other international institutions created at that time, including the GATT, did not fully represent the interests of countries with weak economies, so the UN General Assembly decided to create a permanent organization, the main idea (goal) of which includes the analysis of trends in the development of the world economy and trade, the formulation and implementation of trade policies that promote the economic growth of developing countries.

UNCTAD does not have a statute. Objectives, functions, organizational structure, all procedures related to the activities of UNCTAL. set out in UNGA Resolution No. 1995. In accordance with this resolution, the members of the Conference are those states that are members of the UN, its specialized agencies or the International Atomic Energy Agency. By the beginning of 2004, UNCTAD included 194 states, including all 12 CIS countries.

The Conference defined as its main functions:

• encouragement of international trade, in particular between countries at different levels of development;
• establishing principles and policies relating to international trade and related problems of economic development,
• facilitating the coordination of activities of other agencies within the UN system in the field of international trade and economic development;
• implementation of the harmonization of the policies of governments and regional economic groupings in the field of trade.

Each State represented at the Conference shall have one vote. Decisions are taken by a 2/3 majority of representatives present and voting.

UNCTAD's annual budget is approximately US$50 million and is allocated from the regular budget of the United Nations. Technical cooperation activities are financed from extrabudgetary resources provided by donor countries, beneficiaries, as well as various organizations - about 25 million US dollars per year.

UNCTAD works closely with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), UNDP, the International Trade Center, the World Trade Organization, the World Bank, the IMF and other organizations. The sessions in Midranta (1996), Bangkok (2001) and Sao Paulo (2004) identified the programmatic directions for UNCTAD's activities at the beginning of this century, the main ones being:

Globalization and development strategies. UNCTAD studies the main trends in the development of the world economy, in particular globalization, and evaluates its impact on the development of the economies of different groups of countries. Specific development issues and success stories that can be useful to developing countries and countries with economies in transition are analyzed. Issues related to financial flows and debt are being studied. Assistance is rendered to developing countries in the settlement of debt relations. Databases relating to trade and development issues are expanding.

International trade in goods and services and commodity issues. UNCTAD develops policies aimed at:

• improving the functioning of commodity markets by reducing imbalances affecting supply and demand;
• ensure that developing countries gradually reduce their overdependence on non-processed commodity exports through horizontal and vertical diversification of production and exports, and crop substitution;
• the gradual elimination of trade barriers in the area of ​​commodities;
• minimization of risks associated with fluctuations in commodity prices, including the use of a price hedging mechanism (commodity futures, options, swaps);
• compensatory financing for reduced export earnings.

Investment, technology and enterprise development. UNCTAD studies global trends in foreign direct investment (FDI) flows and their relationship to trade, technology and development. As part of the activities of the Conference, mechanisms are being developed to support small and medium-sized businesses. It defines policies to encourage the development of technological capacity and innovation activities in developing countries. The conference provides assistance to developing countries and encouragement of investment inflow and improvement of their investment! climate.

Also of great importance is the development and implementation of programs for the training of qualified personnel to create an infrastructure of services for the establishment of efficient trade. UNCTAD as a whole is doing a lot of work in developing national policies for the development of infrastructure for services, and it is helping to expand global e-commerce by facilitating access to information technology for developing countries.

UNCTAD and the least developed, landlocked and island developing States. UNCTAD coordinates work on least developed country (LDC) issues, including the provision of technical assistance in the form of integrated country programmes.

The Conference participates in the programs of action for the least developed countries, the Barbados Program of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the Global Program for Cooperation in Transit Transport among Landlocked Developing Countries. Trust funds for LDCs are being administered.

The fight against poverty. UNCTAD recognizes the need for an integrated approach to combat poverty. The conference focuses its efforts on such areas as the development of human resources and social infrastructure; creating jobs and increasing the productivity of the poor, the distribution of income and social benefits. The impact of trade expansion on poverty alleviation is being studied.

Economic cooperation among developing countries UNCTAD is studying the experience of subregional, regional and interregional economic cooperation among developing countries; develops action programs for the world community to overcome the economic backwardness of the LDCs.

Some results of UNCTAD activity for 40 years of its existence. As a result of the 11 sessions of UNCTAD, a number of important international agreements were adopted for the purpose, including:

In the field of trade:

generalized system of preferences (1971). Thanks to the existence of the GSP, goods exported by developing countries are subject to preferential (preferential) treatment in the markets of developed countries;

• agreement on the global system of trade preferences (GSTP) among developing countries (1989);
• a set of multilaterally agreed equitable principles and rules for the control of restrictive business practices (1980);
• global network Centers for Trade (TFTC), created as a result of the work of the UN International Symposium on Trade Efficiency (1994); .

In the field of commodities:

• international commodity agreements on cocoa, sugar, natural rubber, jute and jute products, tropical timber, tin, olive oil and wheat;
• a common commodity background established to provide financial support for the operation of international stocks and the implementation of commodity R&D projects (1989);

In the area of ​​debt and development:

• since the adoption by the Council of the resolution providing for retroactive debt adjustment in low-income developing countries (1978), the debt burden has been reduced by more than $6.5 billion for more than 50 poor developing countries;
• Guidelines for International Action on Debt Restructuring (1980);

In support of least developed and landlocked developing countries and transit developing countries:

• agreement on a global framework for cooperation in transit transport between landlocked and transit developing countries and the donor community (1995);
• program of action for the LDCs (1990s);
• program of action for the LDCs for 2001-2003;
• in the field of transport:
• the UN Convention on the Code for Conducting Linear Conferences (1974);
• UN Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea (1978);
• UN Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods (1980);
• the UN Convention on Conditions for the Registration of Ships (1986);
• UN Convention on Maritime Liens and Mortgages (1993).

The vigorous activity of UNCTAD contributed to the adoption of the following important decisions by international organizations and governments:

• an agreement to set targets for PAs including 0.7% of GDP for developing countries as a whole and 0.15% for LDCs;
• improvement of the mechanism of compensatory financing for the reduction of export earnings of developing countries, created by the International Monetary Fund;
• reducing the debt of highly indebted poor countries (HIPCs) to international commercial banks.

One of the important functions of the Conference is its publication of annual reports on trade and development. These reports contain an analysis of current international and regional trends and the interaction of trade, investment and financial flows. For example, the World Investment Report provides an analysis of trends in foreign direct investment (FDI) and the activities of TNCs; the report on the least developed countries (LDCs) provides an overview of the main problems of the LDCs and measures of their international support. The Statistical Handbook on International Trade and Development published by UNCTAD contains the main indicators of world and regional development: GDP per capita, growth rate, consists of balance of payments, FDI, financial resource and debt flows, an overview of trends in maritime transport. UNCTAD's annual Guide to Publications lists other periodic and ad hoc studies of importance to countries and a source of normative input in national and international lawmaking.

The conference is convened at least once every four years at the ministerial level. The date and place of the sessions of the Conference are established by the UN General Assembly, taking into account the recommendations of the Conference or the Trade and Development Board. Between sessions, the permanent executive body of UNCTAD is the Trade and Development Board (hereinafter referred to as the Board). The Council meets as needed - usually twice a year. In addition, the Council holds special sessions and meetings of commissions on issues of global politics, the interdependence of the economies of the countries of the world, trade problems and monetary and financial relations, structural adjustment and economic reforms. Since 1997, the working bodies of the Council have been three commissions: on trade in goods and services; on investment, technology and financial matters; on entrepreneurship and business. The Council submits annual reports on its activities to the Conference and the General Assembly of the United Nations. From 1964 to 2004, 11 sessions were held:

• first session -1964 (Geneva, Switzerland);
• second session - 1968 (Delhi, India);
• third session - 1972 (Santiago, Chile);
• fourth session -1976 (Nairobi, Kenya);
• fifth session -1979 (Manila, Philippines);
• sixth session -1983 (Belgrade, Yugoslavia);
• seventh session -1987 (Geneva, Switzerland);
• eighth session -1992 (Cartagena, Colombia);
• ninth session -1996 (Midrand, South Africa);
• tenth session - 2000 (Bangkok, Thailand);
• eleventh - 2004 (Sao Paulo, Brazil). .

UNCTAD sessions are interstate economic forums dedicated to discussing the most pressing problems of international trade in the context of overcoming the economic backwardness of developing countries. As a result of the session, resolutions, conventions, agreements, codes with different legal force are adopted. The decisions made are advisory in nature (Fig. 22.4 shows the structure of UNCTAD).

However, the role of the organization's analytical reports should not be underestimated. Based on a fundamental research base, they enable different countries and their organizations to track the general trade and economic situation in the world and actually use the published data in their plans for the development of foreign economic relations.

Thus, the creation of UNCTAD was originally due to the collapse of the colonial system and the desire of young politically independent states to integrate into world trade on new parity grounds. UNCTAD was supposed to assist in these tasks. One of the main goals of UNCTAD in modern conditions is to consolidate the efforts of developing countries in their struggle for more favorable conditions for international trade. This will create the necessary basis for strengthening their economic independence and developing national economies. The Conference is financed from the UN budget and from extrabudgetary resources. UNCTAD's work has two central areas:

1) strengthening the positions of developing countries in the world commodity and agricultural markets;

2) gradual overcoming of the existing disproportion in the commodity structure of exports of developing countries in favor of expanding groups of goods of deep processing

3.3 Activities of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

The OECD is the successor to the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, OEEC, which, in turn, was created on the basis of the European Recovery Program proposed by US Secretary of State A. Marshall, known as the Marshall Plan ( 1947) In 1948, the OEEC was created to coordinate this program for the economic recovery of 16 European countries.

The members of the organization were Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Great Britain, the Anglo-American and French occupation zones of Germany.

In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany became a full member of the Organization, and in 1950, Canada and the United States joined as associate members. Although initially the activities of the Organization were mainly limited to the implementation of the European Recovery Program, subsequently, within its framework, programs were implemented aimed at stimulating economic cooperation among member countries through trade liberalization and the creation of a system of multilateral settlements. In 1960, in Paris, the OEEC members and a number of other countries signed the Convention on the Establishment of the OECD, which was ratified by the parliaments of the countries and entered into force in 1961.

The OECD includes 31 countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Canada, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, USA, Turkey, Finland, France, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Japan, Slovenia, Slovakia.

The main tasks and functions of the OECD:

• formulating, coordinating and implementing policies aimed at stimulating economic growth and maintaining financial stability in the participating countries;
• stimulating and coordinating the efforts of the participating countries in the field of financial and technical assistance to developing countries;
• promoting the expansion of international trade, excluding the use of discriminatory measures. .

The organization is governed by a Council composed of representatives from all participating countries. The activities of the OECD are carried out by more than 100 specialized committees and working groups, which, together with the international secretariat, study specific issues and formulate policy recommendations, for example, in the fields of economic development, technical cooperation, international trade, energy and security environment. Council founded in 1974.

Among the developments carried out under the auspices of the OECD, which are important, we should mention the Code of Conduct for TNCs, as well as the Guidelines on the preparation of financial statements by TNCs. The OECD institutions do a very useful job of facilitating international forums that discuss the political, economic, cultural and other global or regional issues of today.

Several autonomous organizations operate within the OECD:

• International Energy Agency (IEA);
• Atomic Energy Agency (ATE);
• Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA);
• Center for Research and Innovation in Education (CINO);
• OECD Development Centre.

The International Energy Agency (IEA) is designed to stimulate international cooperation in the field of energy and reduce the dependence of member countries on oil imports. Operating since 1974

The Atomic Energy Agency (ATE), established in 1958 as the European Atomic Energy Agency, promotes international cooperation among OECD member countries in the development and use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes.

The Center for Research and Innovation in Education (CINO) was established in 1968 to encourage and promote the development of research activities in the field of education. All OECD member countries are members of CINO.

The OECD Development Center was established by a decision of the OECD Council in 1962 with the aim of pooling the knowledge and experience of member countries in the field of economic development, as well as the development and implementation of a common policy of economic assistance; making such knowledge and experience available to developing countries in accordance with their needs. All OECD member countries are members of the Center.

An important role in the OECD is played by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), which is a specialized committee. Its functions include consideration of issues such as assistance to Member States, as well as developing countries; ensuring the necessary amount of resources that can be provided to developing countries; providing support to countries in order to ensure their sustainable development, building the capacity to participate in the global economy. In 1993, the DAC revised the list of developing countries receiving official development assistance; it included the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. In 1995, the document "Partnership in the field of development in a changed world" was adopted, which contains the main directions for the content of the efforts of member states in ensuring sustainable economic and social development. In 1990, within the framework of the OECD, the Center for Cooperation with European Countries in Transition was established to coordinate relations between the OECD and the countries of Eastern Europe. This center also provides training in the following areas: economic development and structural adjustment; competition; labor market; banks and social policy; banking and finance, etc.

The OECD has developed a multilateral investment agreement (MIT) that is open to member countries. The group of committees also deals with issues of promoting the efficient use of the economic resources of industry and agriculture. Financing of the OECD activities is carried out at the expense of the contributions of the members of the Organization. The OECD has official relations with a number of international organizations - the ILO, UNESCO, IMF, WTO, UNCTAD.

Group 7 - Group 8. Group 7 (G-7) was created in 1975 at the initiative of French President Giscard D "Estaing with the aim of annually discussing the most important economic problems by the heads of the leading economic powers of the world. This group included the USA, Japan, Germany, Great Britain , France, Italy and Canada.

It should be noted that the leaders of these countries have invariably turned their attention primarily to the urgent problems of world economic development, especially since the early 1990s, when the world socialist system collapsed and for many new countries that chose capitalist values, an era of cardinal changes began.

Conclusion

The United Nations plays a critical role in forging an international consensus on action for development. Beginning in 1960, the General Assembly has promoted the setting of priorities and targets for a series of ten-year international development strategies. In the programs of these decades, aimed at addressing specific issues, the need to achieve progress on all boards of socio-economic development is constantly emphasized. The United Nations continues to work to identify new dachas in key areas such as sustainable development, the advancement of women, respect for human rights, environmental protection and good governance, and to develop programs for their implementation.

At the Millennium Summit in September 2000, world leaders approved the Millennium Declaration, which formulated the main goals that provide for the elimination of extreme poverty and hunger, the provision of universal primary education; promoting gender equality and women's empowerment; reducing child mortality; improving the situation in the area of ​​maternity protection; combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases ensure environmental sustainability by achieving a set of measurable targets by 2015. In particular, it is envisaged to halve the proportion of those who have an income of less than one dollar a day; to ensure universal th education; eliminate gender inequality at all levels of education; dramatically reduce the level of child mortality while improving maternal health care.

The United Nations system is engaged in a variety of activities to promote the achievement of socio-economic goals. The mandates of the specialized agencies cover virtually all areas of socio-economic activity. These institutions provide countries around the world with technical assistance and other forms of practical assistance. Working in partnership with the United Nations, they help develop policies, set guidelines, mobilize support and raise funds. Close coordination between the United Nations and the specialized agencies is ensured through the United Nations System Coordinating Council (CEB), which includes the Secretary-General and the heads of the specialized agencies, funds and programmes, the International Atomic Energy Agency and the World Trade Organization.

Three main functions should be distinguished in the activities of ECOSOC

• a responsible specialized forum of states within the framework of the UN for a qualified discussion of international economic and social problems and the development of a principled political line;
• coordination of all UN activities on economic and social issues, coordination of activities of UN specialized agencies;
• conducting qualified research on general and special problems of economic and social development, international cooperation; generalization of the obtained results.

List of used literature

1. Bandurin V.V. Globalization of the world economy and Russia. M, 2005
2. World economy Khasbulatov R.I. Moscow, Insan, 2005
3. Basic information about the United Nations. Publishing house Legal literature. - M, 2001
4. International Organizations: Textbook / Ed. I.P. Blishchenko.-M.: RUDN University, 1994.
5. United Nations: Basic Facts. Reference book - M.: Ves Mir, 2000.
6. Kozyrev A.V. United Nations: structure and activity. - M.: Ak. Ped. Nauk, 1991.
7. Avdokushin E.F. International economic relations. – M.: Lawyer, 2006 – 466 p.
8. Zaitseva O.G. International organizations: decision making. M., 1989
9. Ivanov I. Russia and the UN: reliable partners in the name of common goals // Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 2004, no. 3, p. 10–16
10. Kovtunov S.G., Titov K.V. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and Russia // Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. 2004, No. 10, pp. 64–70.
11. Krivleva E.S. Fundamentals of the theory of law of international organizations. M., 1979

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The role of the UN system in the development of multilateral regulation IER

The activities of the UN are increasingly influencing the nature and development of the most important social economic processes at the global and national levels. Being an international forum for discussing and making purely political decisions on the most pressing issues in almost all areas human activity and international relations, the UN determines the priorities, goals and strategies for the development of international cooperation in the formation of the world economic space.

The activities of the UN are carried out in four main areas:

1) overcoming global economic problems;

2) cooperation assistance to countries with different levels of economic development;

3) promoting the economic growth of developing countries;

4) search for solutions to problems related to regional development.

To solve these problems, the following forms of activity are used:

1. Information activity. Its goal is to influence countries in the field of economic policy. The result of this work can only be seen in the future. Statistical data from various fields are collected and processed, analyzed, and on the basis of this, states receive information related to economic development.

2. Technical and advisory activities. It manifests itself in the form of technical assistance to various countries. But when providing such assistance, the principles of non-interference in the internal affairs of a given country should be used, equipment should be of really high quality and should be provided in a form convenient for a given country.

3. Monetary and financial activities. It is carried out with the help of international organizations: the International Finance Corporation, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Monetary Fund, the International Development Association. From a formal point of view, all these organizations are specialized divisions of the UN.

There are six main organs of the UN mentioned in the Charter. But within the framework of economic cooperation, three of them are distinguished: the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the Secretariat.

The General Assembly is essentially a forum for discussing the most important problems of an economic nature. The Assembly may, at its own discretion, establish organizations for international cooperation between states in various fields, such as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), etc.

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is next in importance after the General Assembly. He \ coordinates the activities of the UN in the socio-economic sphere. The main body of ECOSOC is the Council session. Every year three sessions are held on different issues: spring - on humanitarian and socio-legal issues, summer - on socio-economic issues and an organizational session. Its main functions are: qualified discussion and development of the main political line on the most important world issues, coordination of activities on socio-economic issues, research in the field of international cooperation and socio-economic development. Thus, the Economic and Social Council coordinates the activities of its standing committees, various commissions and subcommissions, regional economic commissions, as well as UN specialized agencies.

The UN Secretariat is an administrative and executive body designed to ensure the normal functioning of the UN institutions and agencies that perform certain functions. Most of the employees of the Secretariat work for the economic service. The UN economic service includes several divisions, the largest of which is the Department of Economic and Social Affairs.

Many UN organizations carry out their activities in the field of international economic relations. The Conference on Trade and Development, although it is not a trade organization, is attended by almost all countries - members of the UN. It promotes the development of world trade, ensures the observance of the rights of countries in cooperation, develops principles and recommendations, as well as mechanisms for the functioning of relations between countries, and participates in the activities of other UN economic institutions.

The United Nations Industrial Development Organization promotes the industrialization of developing countries. This organization provides financial assistance and develops recommendations on the use of resources, setting up production, conducting research and development work and creating special production management bodies.

The United Nations Development Program is a program to provide assistance to developing countries in the most important sectors of the economy. It includes technical, pre-investment and investment assistance.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is responsible for coordinating the activities of other organizations to provide material and non-material assistance.

The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe solves environmental problems, in the field of effective use energy and in the transport and forestry sectors (from the standpoint of ecology).

The Economic Commission for Africa provides advice on the economic development of the African continent. The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean performs the same functions, only for this region.

The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific promotes regional economic cooperation, technology transfer, investment and infrastructure development in the region.

The Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia creates favorable conditions for the development of cooperation in various fields and strengthens economic relations.

The modern role of the institutions of the UN system in the regulation of the world economy. The UN is characterized by great institutional diversity, which is manifested in the wide representativeness of both members and organizations cooperating with the UN. First, the UN is a set of bodies (the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, the Secretariat, etc.). Secondly, the UN acts as a system of organizations consisting of specialized and other independent institutions (the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the UN Conference on Trade and Development, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, etc.).

Many specialized UN agencies play an active role in the development and unification of economic policies, analyze the state of international markets and infrastructure, and contribute to the harmonization of rules and procedures of private commercial law. Among the regulatory functions of the UN and the agencies responsible for the development of international business regulations, the following seem to be the most important:

· implementation of agreements on the spheres of state jurisdiction (General Assembly), which helps to determine which country has the authority in relation to a particular land and water territory, airspace, stipulating, for example, the conditions for transportation or mining;

Enforcement of agreements on intellectual property rights ( World Organization intellectual property - WIPO). The export of high-tech products, the protection of trademarks and patents would be difficult without respect for the strictly regulated intellectual property rights, which are protected through WIPO and TRIPS (Treaty on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights).

· Unification of economic terms, systems of measures and indicators (UN Statistical Commission, UN Commission on International Trade Law - UNCITRAL, etc.). Virtually all UN bodies provide some degree of standardization, which facilitates objective international comparisons;

· development and harmonization of the rules of international commercial activity (UNCITRAL, UN Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTAD). The regulation of commercial activities strictly through the proposed tools and procedures undoubtedly promotes trade and logically links the global flows of goods and information,

· prevention of damage to goods and services presented on world markets and provision of cost compensation (UNCITRAL, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Maritime Organization, International Telecommunication Union, Universal Postal Union). Without effective agreements to prevent damage to carriers and goods, as well as guarantees for the preservation of information, businesses would be less inclined to conduct international business transactions.

· combating economic crimes (United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice). Criminal activity creates an additional financial burden for law-abiding businesses, as it indirectly encourages corruption, limits free competition, and inevitably increases security costs;

· collection, analysis and dissemination of reliable economic information that contributes to the conclusion of international agreements (UNCITRAL, UNCTAD, the World Bank), helps countries and companies in evaluating markets, comparing their own resources and capabilities and developing foreign economic strategies.

The issues of investment in developing countries, the development of small and medium-sized businesses are currently among the most pressing. They affect any UN agency with a mandate in the field of economic development. Leading among them are the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). UNIDO is making the necessary efforts to increase the economic potential of developing countries and countries with economies in transition through the development of their industrial enterprises. UNIDO's guidance is intended to help these countries overcome social and economic difficulties and achieve greater and more successful participation in international cooperation.

UNDP promotes business development through financing and support mechanisms for private and public companies in developing countries. UNDP and UNCTAD, among other UN agencies, regularly involve business representatives in forums and seminars on economic issues.

The UN determines the priorities, goals and strategies for the development of international cooperation in the formation of the world economic space.

The activities of the UN are carried out in four main areas:

1) overcoming global economic problems;

2) cooperation assistance to countries with different levels of economic development;

3) promoting the economic growth of developing countries;

4) search for solutions to problems related to regional development.

Many specialized UN agencies play an active role in the development and unification of economic policies, analyze the state of international markets and infrastructure, and contribute to the harmonization of rules and procedures of private commercial law. Among the regulatory functions of the UN and the agencies responsible for the development of international business regulations, the following seem to be the most important:

· implementation of agreements on the spheres of state jurisdiction (General Assembly), which helps to determine which country has the authority in relation to a particular land and water territory, airspace, stipulating, for example, the conditions for transportation or mining;

· Implementation of agreements on intellectual property rights (World Intellectual Property Organization - WIPO). The export of high-tech products, the protection of trademarks and patents would be difficult without respect for the strictly regulated intellectual property rights, which are protected through WIPO and TRIPS (Treaty on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights).

· Unification of economic terms, systems of measures and indicators (UN Statistical Commission, UN Commission on International Trade Law - UNCITRAL, etc.). Virtually all UN bodies provide some degree of standardization, which facilitates objective international comparisons;

· development and harmonization of the rules of international commercial activity (UNCITRAL, UN Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTAD). The regulation of commercial activities strictly through the proposed tools and procedures undoubtedly promotes trade and logically links the global flows of goods and information,

· prevention of damage to goods and services presented on world markets and provision of cost compensation (UNCITRAL, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Maritime Organization, International Telecommunication Union, Universal Postal Union). Without effective agreements to prevent damage to carriers and goods, as well as guarantees for the preservation of information, businesses would be less inclined to conduct international business transactions.

· combating economic crimes (United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice). Criminal activity creates an additional financial burden for law-abiding businesses, as it indirectly encourages corruption, limits free competition, and inevitably increases security costs;

· collection, analysis and dissemination of reliable economic information that contributes to the conclusion of international agreements (UNCITRAL, UNCTAD, the World Bank), helps countries and companies in evaluating markets, comparing their own resources and capabilities and developing foreign economic strategies.

The issues of investment in developing countries, the development of small and medium-sized businesses are currently among the most pressing. They affect any UN agency with a mandate in the field of economic development. Leading among them are the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). UNIDO is making the necessary efforts to increase the economic potential of developing countries and countries with economies in transition through the development of their industrial enterprises. UNIDO's guidance is intended to help these countries overcome social and economic difficulties and achieve greater and more successful participation in international cooperation.

UNDP promotes business development through financing and support mechanisms for private and public companies in developing countries. UNDP and UNCTAD, among other UN agencies, regularly involve business representatives in forums and seminars on economic issues

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD) was established in 1962 by decision of the UN ECOSOC. The initiator of the creation were developing and socialist countries in order to fill the lack of attention to the trade problems of the third world.

Tasks of UNCTAD: promoting the development of world trade, ensuring stable peace and equal and mutually beneficial cooperation; development of recommendations, principles, organizational and legal conditions and mechanisms for the functioning of modern international economic relations; participation in the coordination of the activities of other agencies of the UN system in the field of economic development, the establishment of economic ties and the promotion of international trade.

There are 6 committees in the structure of UNCTAD, specializing in the main areas of its activity: committees on commodities; finished products and semi-finished products; for maritime transport; on "invisible" articles of trade; financing and crediting of international trade; on preferences; on commercial technology transfer. A special area of ​​UNCTAD's activity is the control over the activities of international corporations.

The main principle of UNCTAD's work is group based on socio-economic and geographical characteristics: A - Afro-Asian countries; B - industrialized countries; C - Latin American countries; D - former socialist (European) countries. Countries included in groups A and C, as well as Vietnam, Cuba, North Korea, Romania, Yugoslavia, created the group "77" in 1975.

United Nations Commission on International Trade Law(UNCITRAL) was established in 1964 to promote the progressive harmonization and unification of the law of international trade. The commission's assets include the preparation of the texts of the UN Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea (“Hamburg Rules”), the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Vienna Sales Convention), etc.

In general, the Commission has given priority to the development of uniform rules of law in areas such as the international sale of goods, international payments, international commercial arbitration and international maritime law.

International Chamber of Commerce(MTP) was established in 1922 and plays a generally complementary and supportive role. It publishes collections of international commercial terms (“INCOTERMS”), disseminates the customs, rules and norms of international trade, and also acts as an intermediary in establishing contacts between traders and entrepreneurs from different countries and their chambers of commerce and industry.

The second group of organizations specializing in the regulation of international trade in certain types of goods includes:

OPEC- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries;

MOPEM- International Organization of Producers and Exporters of Metals;

APEF- Association of Iron Ore Exporting Countries;

SIPEC- Organization of Copper Exporting Countries;

ECSC- European Coal and Steel Organization;

ICCO- International Cocoa Organization;

IOC- International Coffee Organization;

MONK- International Organization for Natural Rubber;

ISO- International Sugar Organization, etc.

30. World Trade Organization: history of development, purpose, objectives, functions. WTO accession procedure.

The WTO plays a decisive role in regulating world trade in goods, services, intellectual property, as well as shaping the trade policy of member countries and regulating trade disputes between them.

The WTO was founded in 1995 and became the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), concluded in 1947. The WTO is both an organization and a set of legal documents, a kind of multilateral trade agreement that defines the rights and obligations of governments in the field of international trade in goods and services.

legal basis The WTO consists of three agreements:

General agreement on Tariffs and Trade (as amended in 1994);

General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS);

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).

The purpose of the WTO is the liberalization of international trade and giving it sustainable foundation thus ensuring economic growth and development and improving the well-being of people.

The main tasks of the WTO are:

Liberalization of international trade;

Ensuring its fairness and predictability;

Contribute to economic growth and improve the economic well-being of people.

The specific task of the WTO is to regulate world trade mainly by tariff methods with a consistent reduction in the level of import duties, as well as the elimination of various non-tariff barriers, quantitative restrictions and other obstacles in the international exchange of goods and services.

The WTO in its composition in 2011 has 153 member countries (in 2012 - 157 members).

Decisions at the highest level in the WTO are taken by the Ministerial Conference, which meets at least twice a year. Subordinate to the Ministerial Conference is the General Council, which is responsible for the implementation of current work and meets several times a year at the WTO headquarters in Geneva (Switzerland) as part of representatives of WTO members. Ambassadors and heads of delegations of the participating countries usually act in their capacity. Under the jurisdiction of the General Council are two special bodies for the analysis of trade policy and for the resolution of disputes. A number of functional committees (on trade and development, on budget, finance and administrative issues) are also subordinate to him.

The WTO Secretariat, based in Geneva, has over 600 employees. The main responsibilities of the Secretariat are to ensure technical support various councils and committees, as well as the Ministerial Conference, to assist developing countries, analyze world trade and explain the provisions of the WTO.

The procedure for joining the World Trade Organization, developed over half a century of GATT/WTO existence, is multifaceted and consists of several stages. As the experience of applicant countries shows, this process takes an average of 5-7 years.

At the first stage, within the framework of special Working Groups, a detailed consideration at the multilateral level of the economic mechanism and the trade and political regime of the acceding country is carried out for their compliance with the norms and rules of the WTO. After that, consultations and negotiations begin on the conditions for the applicant country's membership in this organization. First of all, the negotiations relate to "commercially significant" concessions that the acceding country will be ready to provide to WTO members on access to its markets (fixed in the bilateral Protocols on access to markets for goods and services), as well as on the format and timing of the assumption of obligations under the Agreements, arising from WTO membership (formulated in the Report of the Working Group).

In turn, the acceding country, as a rule, receives the rights that all other WTO members have, which will practically mean the end of its discrimination in foreign markets. In case of illegal actions on the part of any member of the organization, any country will be able to file a corresponding complaint with the Dispute Settlement Body (DRB), whose decisions are binding for unconditional execution at the national level by each member of the WTO.

In accordance with the established procedure, the results of all negotiations on the liberalization of market access and the terms of accession are formalized in the following official documents:

Report of the Working Group, which sets out the entire package of rights and obligations that the applicant country will assume as a result of the negotiations;

List of obligations on tariff concessions in the field of goods and on the level of support for agriculture;

List of Specific Service Obligations and List of MFN (Most Favored Nation) Exemptions;

One of the main conditions for the accession of new countries to the WTO is to bring their national legislation and regulatory practices foreign economic activity in line with the provisions of the Uruguay Round package.

Decisions on the accession of new members are taken by the Ministerial Conference, which must approve the agreement on the conditions for the accession of a new country in 2/3 of the votes of the WTO members. When any new country joins the WTO, it must always be remembered that it will not be able to do after accession:

Autonomously raise import customs duties;

Discriminate imported goods at all stages of transportation and sale;

∙ apply quantitative restrictions;

Apply maximum and minimum mandatory prices;

Restrict transit and access to transit networks;

Link imports to an export obligation;

Apply export subsidies;

Apply measures restricting trade without their advance publication;

Grant privileges to their state-owned enterprises or monopolies;

Limit current payments on foreign trade transactions;

Limit payments on capital transactions;

Deteriorate conditions for access to the market and activities in the service market;

License or otherwise restrict the activities of the service provider;

Discriminate the service provider or the service itself compared to the domestic provider or service.

On the final stage accession, the national legislative body of the candidate country ratifies the entire package of documents agreed within the framework of Working Group and approved by the General Council. After that, these obligations become part of the legal package of WTO documents and national legislation, and the candidate country itself receives the status of a WTO member.

The most important functions of the WTO are:

Monitoring the implementation of agreements and arrangements of the package of documents of the Uruguay Round;

Conducting multilateral trade negotiations between interested member countries;

Resolution of trade disputes;

Monitoring the national trade policy of member countries;

Technical assistance to developing countries within the competence of the WTO;

Cooperation with international specialized organizations.

31. International trade in goods and services: forms, volumes, structure.

international trade- the most important and ancient form of international economic relations, which is a combination of foreign trade of all countries of the world. The participation of countries in international trade is based on the international division of labor (MRT) - the specialization of individual countries in the production of certain goods and the subsequent exchange of these goods among themselves.

Basic forms: export (export of goods from the country sold to a foreign buyer for the purpose of sale on a foreign market or processing in another country) and import (import of goods into the country for the purpose of purchase), also re-export - export of goods previously imported into it from the country for the purpose of resale other countries, and re-import (re-import from abroad of previously exported national goods)

World trade- the totality of foreign trade turnover of all countries of the world: the totality of world exports and world imports . Nominal value international trade is usually expressed in US dollars at current prices, therefore it is highly dependent on the dynamics of the dollar exchange rate against other currencies . Real volume of MT is the nominal volume converted to constant prices using the chosen deflator.

International economic relations Ronshina Natalia Ivanovna

50. The role of the UN in the development of IER

50. The role of the UN in the development of IER

Many UN organizations carry out their activities in the field of international economic relations. The Trade and Development Conference, although not a trade organization, is attended by virtually all UN member countries. It promotes the development of world trade, ensures the observance of the rights of countries in cooperation, develops principles and recommendations, as well as mechanisms for the functioning of relations between countries, and participates in the activities of other UN economic institutions.

The United Nations Industrial Development Organization promotes the industrialization of developing countries. This organization provides both financial assistance and develops recommendations on the use of resources, setting up production, conducting research and development and creating special production management bodies.

The United Nations Development Program is a program to provide assistance to developing countries in critical sectors of the economy. It includes technical, pre-investment and investment assistance.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is responsible for coordinating the activities of other organizations to provide material and non-material assistance.

The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe solves problems of an ecological nature, in the field of efficient use of energy and in the transport and forestry sectors (from the standpoint of ecology).

The Economic Commission for Africa provides advice on the economic development of the African continent. The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean performs the same functions, only for this region.

The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific promotes regional economic cooperation, technology transfer, investment and infrastructure development in the region.

The Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia creates favorable conditions for the development of cooperation in various fields and strengthens economic relations.

Thus, the UN plays an important role in regulating international economic relations. And despite the fact that there are certain difficulties in functioning, for more than fifty years the most important economic and political issues have been resolved with its help.

From the book International Economic Relations: Lecture Notes author Ronshina Natalia Ivanovna

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