What is a storm. Borax - replacing harmful chemicals with natural cleaning products
Borax Sodium tetraborate - Na2B4O7, transparent colorless or grayish crystals with a greasy sheen, dissolve in water. Na2B4O7 is a salt of a weak boric acid and a strong base, a common combination of boron in nature, containing several crystalline hydrates. In nature, this is a chemical precipitate in the form of a crystal of drying up boron-bearing salt lakes.
Borax in the household
Borax against fleas
Sprinkle borax anywhere your dog sleeps and anywhere you think there might be fleas.
Borax, highlights boric acid, and this is poison, but a person or animal needs a very large dose to get inside.
Late in the evening, pour 1 cup of borax into the toilet and leave it overnight. In the morning it is enough to wipe the toilet with a brush. After all, during the night, the borax dissolved into stubborn dirt and rust as well. This will clean not only the toilet but also the brush.
This is a method that is used where it is necessary to remove, but where there is no need to fear that the paint will peel off.
Mix borax and water to a paste and apply to fungus-damaged surfaces. Leave for 10-12 hours or overnight.
Sweep away the dried powder on the walls, and wash off the rest with water.
From mold in the bathroom and garden furniture
Take dishwashing detergent (mixed soda with mustard) 1 teaspoon
1 teaspoon borax
1 liter of water, warm
Pour all this into a spray bottle, fill with water, close the lid, shake. Spray on moldy areas, let dry. Wash off with clean water.
Multifunctional surface cleaner
2 teaspoons borax
1/5 teaspoon baking soda
1/5 liquid soap
2 cups hot water (glass 250 gr)
Use a container on which you can use a spray bottle, pour soap, soda, borax into it, pour hot water. Close the lid and shake (not hard, because the water is hot), use as a normal surface cleaner.
If the surface cannot be cleaned the first time, apply the product and wait a few minutes. After, wipe. Before using the product, wear gloves and shake the bottle each time.
This product has no expiration date, sign the bottle.
and colored clothes
Before washing colored laundry, pour half a cup of borax into the compartment (together with washing powder), the laundry will be better washed, and the color will become brighter.
For soaking towels and heavily soiled laundry
For 4 - 5 liters of water, 1 tablespoon of borax. Soak for 30 minutes.
Wash the floors
For 1/3 of borax and 1 teaspoon of any natural remedy for washing dishes on the floor - buckets of warm water.
Remove urine odor and stains on clothes and carpet
Lightly moisten urine stains on the carpet, mattress with water, sprinkle with borax, wait until it dries. Then clean with a brush or vacuum cleaner.
Before washing, pour half a cup of borax into the powder compartment (on a machine with a 4.5 kg load, the machine is fully loaded), so you will get rid of the smell and urine stains on clothes, bedding.
Remove odor from refrigerator
For 1 liter of warm water, 1 tablespoon of borax, wash the refrigerator with this solution.
Bring out insects
Sprinkle borax around the refrigerator and stove, from cockroaches
Mix honey (or sugar) with borax to get rid of ants.
Breed mice
Sodium tetraborate (Sodium borate, Borax, Sodium borate, Disodium tetraborate) is a salt of a weak boric acid and a strong base.
Physicochemical properties.
The term "Borax" is used in relation to several closely related substances: it can exist in an anhydrous form, more often it occurs in the form of a pentahydrate or decahydrate crystalline hydrate.
Chemical formula:
Anhydrous borax Na 2 B 4 O 7. Density 2.37 g/cm 3 . Melting point 741°C. Decomposition temperature 1575 °C. Appearance Colorless crystalline pieces that become cloudy when stored in air as a result of absorption of moisture;
Burnt borax Na 2 B 4 O 7 × H 2 O. Stable when heated up to 200°C. When heated above 200°C, it loses water of crystallization, turning into anhydrous borax. Complete dehydration occurs at 400÷450°C;
Pentahydrate (jewelry borax) Na 2 B 4 O 7 × 5H 2 O. When heated, it loses crystallization water, turning into burnt borax Na 2 B 4 O 7 × H 2 O. Decomposition occurs at temperatures above 75 ° C. ;
Decahydrate (technical borax) Na 2 B 4 O 7 × 10H 2 O. Appearance colorless monoclinic crystals. Density 1.69 ÷ 1.72 g/cm 3 . Decomposition temperature 60°C. Decomposition occurs with the loss of crystallization water, accompanied by swelling and transition to a vitreous mass.
Borax hydrolyzes in water water solution has an alkaline reaction. With oxides of many metals, when heated, it forms colored compounds - borates.
Application.
Technical drill is used in metallurgy, mechanical engineering, glass production, in the production of glazed ceramics, lubricants, glue, detergents and disinfectants, fertilizers, and laboratory analysis.
Dietary sodium tetraborate is often used to treat candidiasis. In addition, it perfectly removes the mycelium of the fungus of the mucous membranes, and also prevents the process of reproduction and attachment of the fungus to the mucous membranes. Borax is used to a limited extent as a preservative in food production.
Application of sodium tetraborate in metallurgy.
In metallurgy, borax is used as a flux, as well as in the composition of facing molds, repair mastics and enamels.
The use of borax in the melting of metals as a protective cover.
To prevent saturation of the metal with gases during the melting of aluminum bronzes, it is necessary to use protective covers. The protective cover of brown is used for melting aluminum bronzes in crucible melting, flame melting and melting in electric furnaces.
Also, borax is used in obtaining castings of nickel and its alloys to avoid a defect in gas porosity. Such melts are produced under a thick layer of flux. One of the flux options is borax.
The use of borax to eliminate casting defects.
Borax is used as part of mastic to eliminate casting defects with shrinkage or gas porosity, which leak during hydraulic tests. This applies to parts: dishes, radiators, elements of pressure vessels, etc.
The composition of the mastic: powdered refractory clay 44%, borax 6%, graphite 11%, ground iron shavings 22%, manganese peroxide 11%, sodium chloride 6%.
To prepare mastic, the powder is diluted in water to a thick paste. The sink (defective place) is cleaned and filled with a mask (pressing firmly into the sink). Excess mastic is removed and allowed to dry. A day later, the dried mastic is rubbed with a piece of pumice or coke so that the repair site is invisible.
The use of borax for facing permanent forms.
In foundry technology, permanent (reusable) molds for casting are common. Usually, gray cast iron serves as the material for permanent molds, and casting materials can be: steel, aluminum and magnesium alloys, etc. The following requirements are imposed on permanent molds: maximum durability, minimum cost, satisfactory accuracy.
The resistance of a cast iron permanent mold depends on thermal regime shape and its lining (refractory coating). Burnt (melted, anhydrous) borax has proven itself well as a refractory lining of molds. The refractory lining consists of 100% burnt borax heated above its melting point. Facing on the form is applied with a spray gun (sometimes with a brush). The mold is then heated to 200-250°C.
The use of borax in the manufacture of bronze bearings.
Borax is used in the manufacture of plain bearings (liners) from lead bronze by casting. Ten-water borax (Na 2 B 4 O 7 × 10H 2 O) is a flux for melting bronze and protects poured bearings from oxidation.
The form for the manufacture of bearings can be: sheet iron, graphite powder molds or turned remains of graphite electrodes.
For metal molds, flux is obtained by melting borax. Borax mixed with an equal amount of water is applied to the mold surface with a soft brush. The flux layer after drying should be 0.3-0.5 mm thick.
For graphite forms, the flux is obtained by melting at a temperature of 900°C a mixture of the following composition: borax 9%, boric acid 85%, silicic acid 6%. After cooling, the mixture is crushed to a white powder. The resulting powder is diluted with water in a ratio of 1:2.
The use of borax in the production of wear-resistant cast iron.
For the manufacture of cast iron with increased wear resistance, alloying with a boron flux - borax is used. Sandblasting nozzles, oil pump sleeves, plungers and oil pump housings, drawing and stamping dies, calibers, rollers of special profiles, roller crusher housings and chutes, bushings and other wear-resistant parts are made from boron cast iron.
Wear-resistant cast iron alloyed with borax is called boron white cast iron. The addition of borax to gray cast iron in an amount of more than 0.25% (boron) produces a strong bleaching effect on gray cast iron.
To give the metal viscosity, nickel is introduced simultaneously with borax. The structure of boron-nickel cast iron is martensite + cementite.
| Nickel content in % | Brinell hardness | |
| without borax | with borax additive in terms of 1% boron | |
| 0 | 540 | 690 |
| 1 | 530 | 705 |
| 2 | 500 | 740 |
| 3 | 350 | 1000 |
| 4 | 280 | 1030 |
| 5 | 270 | 980 |
| 6 | 270 | 890 |
| 7 | 270 | 800 |
| 10 | 270 | 710 |
Boron cast iron greatly exceeds the wear resistance of many materials. For example, the wear of sandblasting nozzles is characterized by the following average weight loss data, g/h: gray cast iron - 43.3; boron cast iron - 3.6.
The use of borax for enameling metal.
Enameling of metal is carried out in order to protect it from corrosion, as well as decorative design (artistic and jewelry enamelling). Enameling is subjected to ferrous metals (cast iron, steel, iron), non-ferrous metals (copper, bronze, brass, etc.), noble metals (gold, platinum, silver).
Enamel is a glassy alloy, frozen on the surface of the metal in the form of a thin film.
From a physical and chemical point of view, enamel is a mutual solution various components in a non-equilibrium state. Enamels are transparent or opaque, colored or colorless.
Enamels according to their role can be ground and cover.
Primer enamels used for pre-coating the surface of enameled products in order to form an intermediate layer between the metal and the top enamel layer. Ground enamel is necessary to compensate for mechanical and thermal stresses that occur between the metal and the layer of top enamel.
Integumentary enamels used to hide the ugly appearance and surface imperfections. Cover enamels can be applied wet (wet enamel) or dry (powder or dry enamel).
Bath enamel.
Powder enamel is widely used to cover cast iron bathtubs. The melting point of powder enamel usually does not exceed 800°C. Such enamel should be melted to the metal at the temperature of its dark red heat.
The enamel is acid resistant.
Acid-resistant enamels are used to cover cast-iron chemical equipment in order to protect it from the action of water and acids.
The use of drills for borating steel.
Boriding of steel parts is used in mechanical engineering to increase strength and wear resistance. Improvement of the properties of parts occurs due to the creation of a diffusion layer formed by boron.
The process is carried out in a bath with molten borax for 5-8 hours. Borax is the electrolyte, the steel part is the cathode, the carbon electrode is the anode. Density direct current at the anode is 0.1-0.2 A/cm 2 . Get parts with surface hardness up to H V =1250.
The use of drills for soldering metal.
Borax is used as a flux for hard soldering of metals. In some cases, borax is an independent flux, in others, borax is a component of the flux.
Fluxes are necessary, since the solder dissolves the solid base metal well enough only if its surface is completely clean. The flux dissolves oxides and improves the strength of the solder joint.
For fluxes, ten-water borax (Na 2 B 4 O 7 × 10H 2 O) is used. When heated, it loses water and turns into anhydrous borax (Na 2 B 4 O 7). To improve the properties of borax (viscosity, increase in melting point), boric acid is added to borax. To reduce the operating temperature of the flux (for working with soft solders or metal alloys with a low melting point), zinc chloride or potassium fluoride is added to the borax.
Stainless steel is brazed with a pasty flux consisting of a mixture of borax and boric acid (in equal amounts) mixed with a saturated solution of zinc chloride.
Soldering gray and malleable iron requires burning off the carbon. For this, additives are introduced in the form of iron oxide, manganese peroxide, potassium chlorate.
Liquid and paste fluxes are applied to the place of soldering by brushing or dipping. Powdered fluxes are often blown away by the torch flame, so the solder rod is heated above the melting point of the flux and the heated rod is dipped into the flux powder.
Technology of hot soldering of parts made of gray cast iron.
Hot soldering involves preliminary general heating of parts by an external heat source. Hot gas soldering is used for parts of complex configuration.
Advantages of hot soldering: good strength, tightness and machinability of the joint. Almost homogeneous composition of base and weld metal.
Disadvantages of hot soldering: high labor intensity of the process, high cost, the likelihood of deformation of parts when heated.
Before soldering, the parts are prepared: cutting out defective places to healthy metal, cutting edges and cleaning the surfaces to be welded. Then the parts are heated in furnaces or forges to a temperature of 400-700°C. The heated parts are placed in a horizontal position. Cast iron rods with a diameter of 6-12 mm and a length of up to 400 mm are used as filler metal. The silicon content in the rods is 3.5-4.0%. It is allowed to use another filler metal - brass wire with a diameter of 3-8 mm with a zinc content of 37-40%.
Gas soldering is done with acetylene torches. For cast iron at an increased consumption of acetylene, the place to be soldered and nearby places are preheated with a burner, and the molten metal must always be in the flame zone. For brass, the place to be welded is preliminarily tinned (covered with a thin layer of brass), and then the seam is filled.
Borax is part of the glue for wood. The disadvantage of this adhesive is low water resistance.
Glue setting time 24 hours. Casein is poured with water and after 20 minutes it is heated to 40°C, then borax is added and mixing is carried out (intermittently) for 40 minutes.
Borax is part of the glazes that are applied to ceramics and then fired.
The main components of glazes are quartz, clay, feldspar, potash, boric acid, chalk, soda, borax, barium carbonate. Glaze is prepared in the form of an aqueous suspension by mixing and grinding all components. Saltpeter, borax, soda and potash are first fused - fritted.
Glaze suitable for any shard is obtained by fusing the following mixture (in parts by weight): potassium nitrate - 30; borax - 114.5; boric acid - 49.5; marble - 40; kaolin - 207.2; quartz sand - 228. The components are placed in a refractory crucible and placed in a muffle furnace. The readiness of the alloy is determined using a long metal rod with a bent end: it is lowered into the crucible and quickly removed. If a vitreous thread without knots stretches behind it, it means that the alloy is ready; the crucible is taken out with tongs and its contents are poured into a metal vessel with cold water, where the mass will crumble into small pieces, which are then ground.
The use of borax in agriculture.
Borax deca and borax pentahydrate are the most widely used borates as fertilizers. Sodium borates can be used directly into the soil or can be applied by spraying onto plants due to their good solubility.
Boron is one of the most important trace elements necessary for the growth and development of healthy plants. In small concentrations, boron compounds are used as trace elements in fertilizers, in high concentrations they are used as herbicides, algicides and other pesticides. The role of boron in plants: 1. Important for maintaining the balance of sugar and starch, is involved in the transfer of sugar and hydrocarbons from the leaves to other organs. 2. Provides the formation of flowers, pollen, pollination, seed productivity. 3. Necessary for normal cell division, nitrogen metabolism and protein formation. Boron is an essential element for plant growth, seed yield and development, and promotes the transfer of water and nutrients to plants. Despite the fact that the need for boron in plants is very small, their growth and yield can be seriously affected as a result of a lack of boron in the soil.
One way to use borates as a fertilizer is to apply them in solid form directly to the soil, where they dissolve into wet conditions and absorbed by plant roots. Foliar spraying is also possible, as some plants absorb better through the leaves and this is the best way to fertilize. The amount of boron applied to the soil as a fertilizer varies depending on the plant variety, method of application, amount of rainfall, and the content of lime and organic material in the soil.
Application against cockroaches, rodents, fleas and mold.
Powdered sugar, flour and borax in equal proportions and in dry form are mixed. Sprinkle in places where cockroaches often appear;
Borax, flour and capsicum are mixed and also sprinkled in places where cockroaches are observed;
Finely ground rosin, powdered sugar and borax are mixed, sprinkled for three days where cockroaches appear;
AT hot water dissolve the borax and moisten the slices of bread with this solution. For several days in a row, lay baits in places where cockroaches appear and the next day they destroy poisoned cockroaches and baits.
Borax baits against rodents: mix borax, powdered sugar and finely ground rosin. Sprinkle the mixture around the holes formed by rodents.
Sprinkle borax on the floor along the walls (causes repelling mice).
Sprinkle borax in places where dogs usually sleep (litters, carpets) and generally anywhere where you suspect fleas nest. Borax releases boric acid, which is a poison (in order to harm an animal or a person, you need to swallow very large doses of this substance).
In those places where you need to lime mold and mildew, but where you don’t have to worry about the paint peeling off. Make a paste of borax and water (thick enough). Spread it on the moldy surface. Leave overnight or longer. Sweep away the dried powder, rinse the rest with water.
Mix equal parts lemon juice and borax. This mixture can be applied with a cloth directly to the rust, or poured into a spray bottle and sprayed directly onto the corrosion.
To remove rust from small metal objects, immerse the product in a container with borax and lemon juice until the rust disappears (approximately 30 minutes).
The use of borax as a detergent.
To clean the toilet bowl: Pour 1 cup of borax into the toilet bowl and leave overnight. The next morning, scrub the toilet with a brush. During the night, the borax will dissolve all stubborn layers. Borax also does a good job of removing rust.
As an all-purpose dishwashing detergent and laundry detergent: Mix 2 teaspoons of borax with 2 cups of water. Pour into a spray bottle. Shake before use. You can use the product directly in dishwashers.
Sodium tetraborate is used to a limited extent as a food preservative. It is used for canning non-mass consumption products - various varieties of caviar. This is due to the danger of this preservative to human health. Sodium tetraborate is rapidly absorbed and then slowly excreted from the body, and upon repeated intake, it accumulates in organs and tissues, mainly in the brain and nervous tissue, reducing oxygen consumption by tissues, ammonia synthesis and adrenaline oxidation.
Borax (sodium tetraborate) is used to preserve caviar sturgeon fish at concentrations up to 6000 mg/kg and caviar salmon fish in concentrations up to 3000 mg/kg of the product.
Receipt.
Technical borax (sodium tetraborate decahydrate) is obtained by neutralizing boric acid with sodium carbonate.
During soldering, many types of solders are used. Each of them has its own advantages, which makes it useful for a particular area. Flux for soldering drill is often used for soldering complex metals such as cast iron, steel or copper, but may be useful for other procedures. This is one of the most common and time-tested fluxes that are used both in the industrial sector and in the private sector. The soldering bit is relatively inexpensive and can be used for many types of soldering. It gives a complex effect, which simplifies the process and does not require the addition of other components, although more complex fluxes based on it are also found in the jewelry industry.
Copper brazing drill
A brass soldering bur helps not only to improve the properties of metal soldering, but also to clean its surface from excess films, deposits and other things that can damage a high-quality and reliable connection. In its pure form, it is a high-temperature flux, the melting point of which is approximately 700-900 degrees Celsius. But the properties of the material allow it to be easily dissolved in water, resulting in a softer flux. The degree of dissolution determines how high the melting point of the material will be. Throughout its existence, soldering specialists have come up with many ways to use and create combinations for this material. The soldering drill is made according to GOST 8429-77.
Advantages of solder drill
- Copper brazing bit is one of the few widely available fluxes for refractory metals;
- The cost of the material is relatively low compared to other materials of this kind;
- It is possible to dilute borax to the desired consistency in water, as it has good solubility;
- The flux is available in almost all stores and there are no problems finding the right brand;
- Long shelf life.
Flaws
- After application, a plaque of salts forms, which must be cleaned off mechanically;
- It is required to choose places for storage in which there is no moisture, since the flux will begin to deteriorate from high humidity;
- To prepare the material for use, you need to spend time and find the right proportion, which can lead to error.
Varieties of borax
There are two main varieties that relate to the appearance of the material. The first option is a solid form. Soldering drill flux is supplied in powder form with fine solid fractions. Due to this, it is easy to lay it on the metal surface before soldering in the right amount and it will not spread at the same time. This variety is supplied in a special box that protects the material hermetically from the penetration of moisture and other extraneous factors. Fractions are white.
The second variety, which is more often used for lighter metals and their alloys, is diluted borax. AT this case you are offered the same material, but dissolved in a liquid. As a result, it can be used at lower soldering temperatures. The use of this variety is also easier, since small parts they are simply dipped into the liquid, after which they can be soldered. This is used both in the jewelry industry and in other places where work in progress with small items. Contacts, wires and other types of equipment are in good contact with the dissolved flux. Despite the fact that the principle of how to use liquid soldering borax is somewhat different from the standard one, they have almost the same effect.
There are also varieties in the form of mixtures, when other fluxes are also used. This is necessary in cases where it is impossible to achieve the desired results with a single substance. Proportions and composition depend on specific goals. Most often it is combined with boric acid.
Composition and physico-chemical properties
Soldering borax contains sodium chloride and barium chloride, in some cases boric acid is added to it. It is not used in its pure form for all procedures, since this will require a too high melting point. Drill brazing powder is a high-temperature flux, so its main property is resistance to high temperatures. It is worth noting that their Chemical properties the material perfectly retains even at a lower concentration than supplied. Thus, the flux solution has enough high level dissolution of oxides of all base metals, for which it is used.
It can also dissolve fatty films and other unnecessary things that will interfere with the normal solderability of the material. Brown soldering protects against many types of marriage that can occur in work.
Specifications
There are two main grades of the substance, which are defined according to GOST as grade A and grade B:
- A - used for non-ferrous metals, frits, faience dishes, etc.;
- B - for enamels, glazes, technical equipment, plumbing, wire, etc.
Soldering Features
The minimum soldering temperature, even when working with a solution, must be more than 400 degrees Celsius. Most often, mixtures are used in place with boronic acid, due to which the composition acquires versatility and a lower operating temperature.
During combustion, the drill becomes like a kind of glass mass.
During the period of direct soldering, salts are formed at the place of application of this material. They give visible to the eye sediment, which is not desirable to leave on the surface. To get rid of it, you should use a mechanical cleaning method.
When mixing borax with any other substance, proportions of 1 to 1 are most often used. If solid components are mixed, it is best to grind them in a mortar made of porcelain or other material that does not have absorption properties.
The solution liquid is preheated. If the solution is evaporated, then in the end there will be a solid residue from the flux, since its boiling point is above 100 degrees Celsius. It is worth noting that it almost never contains borax. Most often, it includes.
To make borax more active, fluoride or chloride salt is added to it. There are two ways to apply flux to solder a drill. This may be the placement of a solid powder at the place of soldering, as it will heat up and melt when exposed to temperature. You can also use everything in a liquid form of a solution, simply by immersing the workpieces in the flux, and then use ordinary soldering.
Popular firms and brands
On modern market There are the following common manufacturers of this flux:
- Buisky chemical plant;
- Chempack;
- Xiamen.