Quotations of philosophers and thinkers. The most famous sayings of philosophers (not all)
Augustine Blessed Aurelius - Christian theologian and philosopher, influential preacher, Bishop of Hippo. One of the Fathers of the Christian Church, the founder of Augustinism. Founder of the Christian philosophy of history. The Christian Neoplatonism of Augustine dominated Western European philosophy and Catholic theology until the thirteenth century, when it was replaced by the Christian Aristotelianism of Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas. Some of the information about Augustine goes back to his autobiographical Confession. His most famous theological and philosophical work is On the City of God. Through Manichaeism, skepticism and Neoplatonism, he came to Christianity, whose teaching on the fall into sin and pardon made a strong impression on him. In particular, he defends the doctrine of predestination: a person is predetermined by God to be blessed or cursed, but this is done by Him according to the foreknowledge of human free choice - the desire for blessedness, or the rejection of it. human history, which Augustine sets out in his book “On the City of God”, “the first world history”, in his understanding there is a struggle between two hostile kingdoms - the kingdom of the adherents of everything earthly, the enemies of God, that is, the secular world, and the kingdom of God. At the same time, he identifies the Kingdom of God, in accordance with its earthly form of existence, with the Roman Church. Augustine teaches about the self-reliance of human consciousness and the cognitive power of love. When the world was created, God put in material world in the germ form of all things, from which they then independently develop.
Adam Smith; baptized and possibly born June 5, 1723, Kirkcaldy, Scotland, UK - July 17, 1790, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK - Scottish economist, ethical philosopher; one of the founders of modern economic theory.
Alfred North Whitehead is a British mathematician, logician, and philosopher who, together with Bertrand Russell, wrote the fundamental work Principia Mathematica, which formed the basis of logicism and type theory. After the First World War, he taught at Harvard University, developed his own Platonic doctrine with elements of Bergsonianism.
Anacharsis - Scythian, son of King Gnur, brother of King Savlius and Kaduit. Arrived at the time of Solon in Athens, where he met with Solon themselves and with another noble Scythian Toxar, who was known in Athens as a doctor and sage, later traveled to other Greek cities. Diodorus Siculus and Diogenes Laertes indicate that he, along with other wise men, visited the Lydian king Croesus, whom the Persians considered an adviser on Scythia. Anacharsis became famous as a sage, philosopher and supporter of moderation in everything, he was ranked among the seven wise men and many reasonable sayings and inventions were attributed to him. There are over 50 sayings of Anacharsis on different topics: reflections on human behavior; about relationships between people; about protecting one's own dignity; about envy; about the meaning of language; about navigation; about gymnastics; about politics and social structure; about the guilt and dangers of drunkenness, etc. There are ten “cynic” letters of Anacharsis known: to the Lydian king Croesus, the Athenians, Solon, the tyrant Hipparchus, Medoc, Annon, the royal son, Tereus, the cruel ruler of Thrace, Thrasilochus. These letters, bearing the name of Anacharsis, according to scientists, date back to the 3rd-1st centuries. BC e. and adjoin a tradition that idealized "natural", "barbarian" peoples and was filled with sharp social content under the influence of Cynicism. According to legend, Anacharsis invented the anchor, improved potter's wheel and sail.
Henri Bergson is one of the most significant philosophers of the 20th century, a representative of intuitionism and the philosophy of life. Laureate Nobel Prize in Literature 1927 "in recognition of his rich and vivifying ideas, and the excellent skill with which they were presented."
Metropolitan Anthony - Bishop of Russia Orthodox Church Metropolitan of Sourozh Philosopher, preacher. Author of numerous books and articles in different languages about spiritual life and Orthodox spirituality.
Aristippus (c. 435 - c. 355 BC) is an ancient Greek philosopher from Cyrene in North Africa, the founder of the Cyrenian, or Hedonian, school, a student and friend of Socrates, with a sophistical bent. Among his students was his daughter Aretha. According to him, knowledge is based on perceptions alone, the causes of which, however, are unknowable. The perceptions of other people are also inaccessible to us, we can only rely on their statements. Eudaimonia in Aristippus is not a concomitant phenomenon in the discovery of ability, as Socrates understood it, but a consciousness of self-control in pleasure: the sage enjoys pleasure without succumbing to it taking possession of him. Do not complain about the past or fear the future. In thinking, as in action, only the present should be important. Only we can freely dispose of them.
Aristotle is an ancient Greek philosopher. Plato's student. From 343 BC e. - teacher of Alexander the Great. In 335/4 BC. e. founded Lyceum. Naturalist of the classical period. The most influential of the dialecticians of antiquity; founder formal logic. He created a conceptual apparatus that still permeates the philosophical lexicon and the very style of scientific thinking. Aristotle was the first thinker who created a comprehensive system of philosophy, covering all areas of human development: sociology, philosophy, politics, logic, physics. His views on ontology had a serious influence on the subsequent development of human thought. The metaphysical teaching of Aristotle was adopted by Thomas Aquinas and developed by the scholastic method.
Arthur Schopenhauer is a German philosopher. One of the most famous thinkers of irrationalism, misanthrope. He gravitated toward German romanticism, was fond of mysticism, highly appreciated the main works of Immanuel Kant, calling them "the most important phenomenon that philosophy has known for two millennia", appreciated the philosophical ideas of Buddhism, the Upanishads, as well as Epictetus, Cicero and others. He criticized his contemporaries Hegel and Fichte. called existing world, as opposed to the sophistical, as he put it, Leibniz's fabrications - "the worst of all possible worlds", for which he received the nickname "philosopher of pessimism". The main philosophical work is The World as Will and Representation, which Schopenhauer was engaged in commenting and popularizing until his death. Schopenhauer's metaphysical analysis of the will, his views on human motivation and desire, and his aphoristic writing style influenced many famous thinkers, including Friedrich Nietzsche, Richard Wagner, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Erwin Schrödinger, Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, Otto Rank, Carl Jung, Leo Tolstoy and Jorge Luis Borges.
Bertrand Arthur William Russell is a British philosopher, public figure and mathematician. Russell is known for his work in defense of pacifism, atheism, as well as liberalism and the political left, and has made invaluable contributions to mathematical logic, the history of philosophy, and the theory of knowledge. Less well known are his works on aesthetics, pedagogy and sociology. Russell is considered one of the main founders of English neo-realism, as well as neo-positivism. In 1950 he received the Nobel Prize in Literature. Andree Esterling, a member of the Swedish Academy, described the scientist as "one of the most brilliant representatives of rationalism and humanism, a fearless fighter for freedom of speech and freedom of thought in the West." The American philosopher Irwin Edman highly valued the works of Russell, even comparing him with Voltaire, emphasizing that he, "like his famous compatriots, the philosophers of old, is a master of English prose." The editorial notes to the memorial collection "Bertrand Russell - Philosopher of the Century" noted that Russell's contribution to mathematical logic is the most significant and fundamental since the time of Aristotle.
Viktor Emil Frankl - Austrian psychiatrist, psychologist and neurologist, former prisoner of the Nazi concentration camp. Frankl is the creator of logotherapy, a method of existential psychoanalysis that became the basis of the Third Vienna School of Psychotherapy.
Vladimir Vasilievich Mironov - Russian philosopher, doctor philosophical sciences, Professor (1998), Honored Professor of Lomonosov Moscow State University (2009), Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (May 29, 2008), Head of the Department of Ontology and Theory of Knowledge of the Faculty of Philosophy of Lomonosov Moscow State University (since 1998) , Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy of Lomonosov Moscow State University (since 1998, re-elected in June 2003 in June 2008, in June 2013). In 2001-2008, he worked as Vice-Rector of the University: Head of the Academic Policy Department of Moscow State University (until 2006), Head of the Department of Academic Planning and Methodological Support of Educational Activities of Moscow State University (from 2006 to 2008). Laureate of the Lomonosov Prize II degree (2008).
Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky - Russian and Soviet naturalist, thinker and public figure of the 20th century. Academician of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy Sciences, one of the founders and the first president of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Founder of many scientific schools. One of the representatives of Russian cosmism; creator of the science of biogeochemistry. His interests included geology and crystallography, mineralogy and geochemistry, organizational activities in science and social activities, radiogeology and biology, biogeochemistry and philosophy. Laureate of the Stalin Prize I degree.
Voltaire (birth name François-Marie Arouet, French François Marie Arouet; Voltaire - an anagram of "Arouet le j (eune)" - "Arue the Younger" (Latin spelling - AROVETLI) - one of the largest French philosopher-enlighteners of the 18th century: a poet , prose writer, satirist, tragedian, historian, publicist, human rights activist.
Heraclitus of Ephesus (544-483 BC) - ancient Greek philosopher. Founder of the first historical or original form of dialectics. Heraclitus was known as the Grim or Dark, and his philosophical system contrasted with the ideas of Democritus, which was noticed by subsequent generations. His only work, from which only a few dozen fragments-citations have been preserved, is the book "On Nature", which consisted of three parts ("On Nature", "On the State", "On God").
Herodotus of Halicarnassus is an ancient Greek historian, the author of the first full-scale historical treatise - "History" - describing the Greco-Persian wars and the customs of many contemporary peoples. Just as ancient Greek poetry begins for us with Homer, so practically historiography begins with Herodotus; its predecessors are called logographs. The works of Herodotus were of great importance for ancient culture. Cicero called him "the father of history". Herodotus is an extremely important source on the history of Great Scythia, including dozens of ancient peoples on the territory of modern Ukraine and Russia.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz - German philosopher, logician, mathematician, mechanic, physicist, lawyer, historian, diplomat, inventor and linguist. Founder and first president of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, foreign member of the French Academy of Sciences. The most important scientific achievements: Leibniz, independently of Newton, created mathematical analysis- differential and integral calculus based on infinitesimals. Leibniz created combinatorics as a science; only he, in the entire history of mathematics, worked equally freely with both continuous and discrete. He laid the foundations of mathematical logic. He described the binary number system with the numbers 0 and 1, on which modern computer technology is based. In mechanics, he introduced the concept of "live force" and formulated the law of conservation of energy. In psychology, he put forward the concept of unconsciously "small perceptions" and developed the doctrine of unconscious mental life. Leibniz is also the finalist of the philosophy of the 17th century and the forerunner of German classical philosophy, the creator philosophical system called monadology. He developed the doctrine of analysis and synthesis, for the first time formulated the law of sufficient reason; Leibniz is also the author of the modern formulation of the law of identity; he introduced the term "model", wrote about the possibility of machine simulation of the functions of the human brain. Leibniz expressed the idea of converting some types of energy into others, formulated one of the most important variational principles of physics - the "principle of least action" - and made a number of discoveries in special sections of physics.
David-Emile Durkheim - French sociologist and philosopher, founder of the French sociological school and structural-functional analysis. Along with Karl Marx and Max Weber, he is considered the founder of sociology as an independent science. The integrity and coherence of societies in the conditions of modernity, devoid of traditional and religious ties, were Durkheim's main research interest. The first major work of the sociologist, "On the division social labor", was published in 1893, and two years later he published his" Rules sociological method". At the same time, he became the first professor of sociology at France's first sociological faculty. In 1897, he presented the monograph "Suicide", where he spent comparative analysis suicide statistics in Catholic and Protestant societies. This work, which marked the beginning of modern social research, made it possible to finally separate sociology from psychology and political philosophy. In 1898, Durkheim founded the journal L'Année Sociologique. Finally, in the 1912 book The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, Durkheim presented his theory of religion, based on a comparison of the social and cultural life of the natives and contemporaries.
The Dalai Lama XIV (Ngagwang Lovzang Tenjin Gyamtsho, Tib. བསྟན་འཛིན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་) is the spiritual leader of the Buddhists of Tibet, Mongolia, Buryatia, Tuva, Kalmykia and other regions. Laureate of the Nobel Peace Prize (1989). In 2006 he was awarded the highest US award - the Congressional Gold Medal. Until April 27, 2011, he also headed the Tibetan government in exile (he was replaced by Lobsang Sangai).
Dajian Hui-neng, sometimes Hui-neng, Huineng, Hoi-neng is the patriarch of Chinese Chan Buddhism, one of the most important figures in the tradition. Hui-neng was the sixth and last general patriarch of Chan. In Japanese tradition, Hui-neng is known as Daikan Eno.
Denis Diderot is a French writer, philosopher, educator and playwright who founded the Encyclopedia, or Explanatory Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Crafts. Foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Together with Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, D'Alembert and other encyclopedists, Diderot was the ideologist of the third estate and the creator of those ideas of the Enlightenment age that prepared minds for the French Revolution. Diderot died of an illness gastrointestinal tract in Paris on July 31, 1784.
Gibran Khalil Gibran, Arab. جبران خليل جبران, English. Khalil or Kahlil Gibran, Gibran Khalil Gibran is a Lebanese and American philosopher, artist, poet, and writer. An outstanding Arab writer and philosopher of the 20th century. Gibran Kahlil Gibran's book The Prophet, which glorified Gibran Kahlil, is the pinnacle of the poet's philosophy. Translated into over 100 languages. In 1895, Gibran Khalil Gibran emigrated to the United States with his mother, brother and sisters. Lived in Boston.
Jiddu Krishnamurti is an Indian philosopher. He was a famous orator on philosophical and spiritual topics. These included: the psychological revolution, the nature of consciousness, meditation, relationships between people, the achievement of positive changes in society. He repeatedly emphasized the need for a revolution in the consciousness of each individual person and emphasized that such changes cannot be achieved with the help of external forces - be it religion, politics or society. Jiddu Krishnamurti was born in colonial India to a strictly vegetarian Brahmin family who spoke Telugu. In early youth, when his family was living in the city of Madras, near the headquarters of the Theosophical Society, he was noticed by the famous occultist and high-ranking Theosophist Charles Webster Leadbeater. Leadbeater and Annie Besant, leaders of the Theosophical Society at the time, took the boy into custody and long years raised believing that Krishnamurti is the very "guide" they expected for the World Teacher. Subsequently, Krishnamurti lost faith in Theosophy and liquidated the organization created to support him, the Order of the Star of the East.
John Locke is a British educator and philosopher, a representative of empiricism and liberalism. He contributed to the spread of sensationalism. His ideas had a huge impact on the development of epistemology and political philosophy. He is widely recognized as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers and liberal theorists. Locke's letters influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers and American revolutionaries. His influence is also reflected in the American Declaration of Independence. Locke's theoretical constructions were also noted by later philosophers such as David Hume and Immanuel Kant. Locke was the first thinker to reveal personality through the continuity of consciousness. He also postulated that the mind is a "blank slate", that is, contrary to Cartesian philosophy, Locke argued that humans are born without innate ideas, and that knowledge is instead determined only by experience gained through sense perception.
John Stuart Mill - British philosopher, economist and political figure. He made a significant contribution to social science, political science and political economy. He made a fundamental contribution to the philosophy of liberalism. Defended the concept of individual freedom as opposed to unlimited government control. He was a supporter of the ethical teachings of utilitarianism. There is an opinion that Mill was the most notable English-speaking philosopher of the 19th century. For a number of years he was a member of the British Parliament.
Giordano Bruno (Italian Giordano Bruno; real name Filippo, nickname - Bruno Nolanets; 1548, Nola near Naples - February 17, 1600, Rome) - Italian Dominican monk, philosopher and poet, representative of pantheism. As a Catholic monk, Giordano Bruno developed neoplatonism in the spirit of renaissance naturalism and tried to give a philosophical interpretation of the teachings of Copernicus in this vein. Bruno expressed a number of conjectures that were ahead of the era and justified only by subsequent astronomical discoveries: that the stars are distant suns, about the existence of planets unknown at his time within our solar system, that in the Universe there are countless bodies similar to ours. Sun. Bruno was not the first to think about the multiplicity of worlds and the infinity of the Universe: before him, such ideas were put forward by the ancient atomists, Epicureans, Nicholas of Cusa. Was convicted catholic church as a heretic and sentenced by the secular court of Rome to death by burning. In 1889, almost three centuries later, a monument was erected in his honor at the place where Giordano Bruno was executed.
Daniel Clement Dennett is an American philosopher and cognitive scientist whose research lies in the fields of philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, and philosophy of biology. Professor of Philosophy and Co-Director of the Center for Cognitive Studies at Tufts University. Dennett is also a notable critic of religion and a member of the Brights movement.
Helena Petrovna Blavatsky - Russian noblewoman, US citizen, religious philosopher of theosophical direction, writer, publicist, occultist and spiritualist, traveler. Blavatsky declared herself the chosen one of some "great spiritual principle", as well as a student of the brotherhood of Tibetan mahatmas, who were declared to her as "keepers of secret knowledge", and began to preach the author's version of theosophy. In 1875 in New York, together with Colonel H. S. Olcott and lawyer W. C. Judge, she founded the Theosophical Society, which set itself the task of studying all philosophical and religious teachings in order to reveal the truth in them, which, according to Blavatsky and her adherents, will help to reveal the supersensible powers of man, to comprehend the mysterious phenomena in nature. One of the society's main goals was stated to be "to form the nucleus of a Universal Brotherhood without distinction of race, color, sex, caste or creed." Later, the headquarters of the society moved to India in the city of Adyar, near Madras.
Jean William Fritz Piaget is a Swiss psychologist and philosopher, known for his work on the study of the psychology of children, the creator of the theory of cognitive development. The founder of the Geneva school of genetic psychology, later J. Piaget developed his approach into the science of the nature of cognition - genetic epistemology.
Gilles Deleuze is a French post-structuralist philosopher who, together with the psychoanalyst Felix Guattari, wrote the famous treatise Anti-Oedipus. Deleuze and Guattari introduced the terms "rhizome", "schizoanalysis", "body without organs" into the philosophical lexicon.
Georges Bataille is a French philosopher and writer of leftist convictions, who studied and comprehended the irrational aspects of public life, developed the category of "sacred". Him literary works overflowing with "blasphemy, images of evil temptation, self-destructive erotic experiences".
Ivan Aleksandrovich Ilyin - Russian philosopher, writer and publicist, supporter white movement and a consistent critic of the communist government in Russia, the ideologist of the Russian All-Military Union. In exile, he became a supporter of the so-called. monarchists, "unpredetermined", gravitated towards the intellectual tradition of the Slavophiles and remained an opponent of communism and Bolshevism until his death. Ilyin's views strongly influenced the outlook of other Russian conservative intellectuals of the 20th century, including, for example, Alexander Solzhenitsyn.
Johann Gottlieb Fichte is a German philosopher. One of the representatives of German classical philosophy and the founders of a group of trends in philosophy known as subjective idealism, which developed from the theoretical and ethical works of Immanuel Kant. Fichte is often seen as the figure whose philosophical ideas served as a bridge between those of Kant and the German idealist Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. As with Descartes and Kant, the problem of objectivity and consciousness served as the motive for his philosophical reflections. Fichte also wrote works on political philosophy, and because of this he is regarded by some philosophers as the father of German nationalism.
Karl Heinrich Marx - German philosopher, sociologist, economist, writer, political journalist, public figure. His works formed dialectical and historical materialism in philosophy, in economics - the theory surplus value, in politics - the theory of class struggle. These directions became the basis of the communist and socialist movement and ideology, having received the name "Marxism". Author of such works as "Manifesto of the Communist Party", "Capital". Some of his works were written in collaboration with like-minded Friedrich Engels.
Sir Karl Raymond Popper was an Austrian and British philosopher and sociologist. One of the most influential philosophers of science of the 20th century. Popper is best known for his writings on the philosophy of science and social and political philosophy, in which he criticized the classical concept scientific method, and also vigorously defended the principles of democracy and social criticism, which he proposed to adhere to in order to make possible the prosperity of an open society. K. Popper is the founder of the philosophical concept of critical rationalism. He described his position as follows: “I may be wrong and you may be right; make an effort, and we may come closer to the truth.”
Carneades - Greek philosopher, founder of a new, or third, Academy. Came to Athens in 185/180 BC. e. Studied dialectics. His mentor in this area was the Stoic Diogenes of Babylon. Later, Carneades moved to the positions of the skeptical Academy. Developed extreme skepticism and denied knowledge and the possibility of a final proof. As the first theorist of the concept of probability, he distinguishes its three degrees: representations are probable only for those who adhere to them; representations are probable and not contested by those concerned; representations are absolutely undeniable. As part of the famous Athenian embassy, together with the Stoic Diogenes of Babylon and the Peripatetic Critolaus, he visited Rome in 155 BC. e. Carneades expressed his philosophical views orally, so the content of his views was preserved in the works of other thinkers - Cicero, Eusebius. Carneade also contributed to the popularization of skepticism literary activity his students - Clitomach, Harmad, whose numerous works have not been preserved, but there are numerous references to them.
Galen is a Roman physician, surgeon and philosopher. Galen made significant contributions to the understanding of many scientific disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and neurology, as well as philosophy and logic. The common spelling of the name as Claudius Galen appears only in the Renaissance and is not recorded in manuscripts; it is believed that this is an erroneous decoding of the abbreviation Cl. The son of a wealthy architect, Galen received an excellent education, traveled widely, collecting a lot of medical information. Having settled in Rome, he healed the Roman nobility, becoming over time personal doctor several Roman emperors. His theories dominated European medicine for 1300 years. His anatomy, based on the dissection of monkeys and pigs, was used until the appearance in 1543 of the work "On the structure of the human body" by Andreas Vesalius, his theory of blood circulation lasted until 1628, when William Harvey published his work "Anatomical study of the movement of the heart and blood in animals ”, in which he described the role of the heart in blood circulation. Medical students studied Galen until the 19th century. His theory that the brain controls movement through nervous system relevant today.
Confucius - ancient thinker and philosopher of China. His teachings had a profound impact on the life of China and East Asia, becoming the basis of the philosophical system known as Confucianism. The real name is Kung Qiu, but in the literature it is often referred to as Kung Tzu, Kung Fu Tzu or simply Tzu - "Teacher". Already at the age of a little over 20 years, he became famous as the first professional teacher in the Middle Kingdom. Prior to the victory of Legalism, the Confucian school was only one of many strands in the intellectual life of the Warring States, during a period known as the Hundred Schools. And only after the fall of Qin, the revived Confucianism reached the status of a state ideology, which survived until the beginning of the 20th century, only temporarily giving way to Buddhism and Taoism. This naturally led to the exaltation of the figure of Confucius and even its inclusion in the religious pantheon.
Lao Tzu (Old Baby, Wise Old Man) - an ancient Chinese philosopher of the 6th-5th centuries BC. BC, who is credited with the authorship of the classical Taoist philosophical treatise "Tao Te Ching". Within the framework of modern historical science, the historicity of Lao Tzu is questioned, nevertheless, in scientific literature he is often still identified as the founder of Taoism. In the religious and philosophical teachings of most Taoist schools, Laozi is traditionally revered as a deity - one of the Three Pure Ones.
Lev Evdokimovich Balashov - Russian philosopher, professor at the Moscow State University of Engineering Ecology, also teaches at the Russian Academy of Economics. GV Plekhanova, Candidate of Philosophical Sciences. graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University in 1969, where he also defended his Ph.D.
Lucius Annei Seneca, Seneca the Younger, or simply Seneca, was a Roman Stoic philosopher, poet and statesman. Educator of Nero and one of the largest representatives of Stoicism. Son of Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Elder and Helvia. Younger brother Junius Gallio. Belonged to the class of horsemen.
Ludwig Joseph Johann Wittgenstein is an Austrian philosopher and logician, a representative of analytical philosophy and one of the brightest thinkers of the 20th century. He put forward a program for constructing an artificial "ideal" language, the prototype of which is the language of mathematical logic. Philosophy was understood as "criticism of language". He developed the doctrine of logical atomism, which is a projection of the structure of knowledge on the structure of the world.
Mark Porcius Cato is an ancient Roman politician, great-grandson of Mark Porcius Cato the Elder. Legate in 67 B.C. e., military tribune in 67-66 BC. e., the quaestor in 64 BC. e., a plebeian tribune in 62 BC. e., a quaestor with the powers of a propraetor in 58-56 BC. e., praetor in 54 BC. e. He remained the informal political and ideological leader of the majority in the Roman Senate from the late 60s BC. e. and up to civil war Pompey and Caesar. For contemporaries, he was best known as a model of strict morals, a supporter of republican ideas, the leader of the aristocracy in the Senate, a principled opponent of Caesar and a prominent Stoic philosopher. After his suicide in Utica besieged by Caesar, he became a symbol of the defenders of the republican system.
Donatien Alphonse Francois de Sade, who went down in history as the Marquis de Sade, was a French aristocrat, writer and philosopher. He was a preacher of absolute freedom, which would not be limited by morality, religion, or law. The main value of life was the satisfaction of the aspirations of the individual. In his name, sexual satisfaction obtained by inflicting pain and / or humiliation on another person was called "sadism".
Martin Heidegger is a German philosopher. He created the doctrine of Genesis as a fundamental and indefinable, but all involved element of the universe. The Call of Existence can be heard on the paths of purification of personal existence from the depersonalizing illusions of everyday life or on the paths of comprehending the essence of language. He is also known for the peculiar poetry of his texts and the use of dialect German in serious works.
Michel Paul Foucault is a French philosopher, cultural theorist and historian. He created the first department of psychoanalysis in France, was a teacher of psychology at the Higher Normal School and at the University of Lille, and headed the department of the history of thought systems at the College de France. He worked in the cultural representations of France in Poland, Germany and Sweden. He is one of the most famous representatives of antipsychiatry. Foucault's books on the social sciences, medicine, prisons, insanity and sexuality made him one of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century.
Moses ben Maimon, called Moses Maimonides, also known as Abu Imran Musa ibn Maimun ibn Abd-Allah al-Kurdubi al-Yahudi / Abu Imran Musa bin Maimun bin Abdallah al-Qurtubi al-Israili, or simply Musa bin Maimun, or Rambam, in Russian literature he is also known as Moses of Egypt - an outstanding Jewish philosopher and theologian - Talmudist, rabbi, doctor and versatile scientist of his era, codifier of the laws of the Torah. The spiritual leader of religious Jewry, both of his generation and of subsequent centuries.
Maurice Polydore Marie Bernard Maeterlinck was a Belgian writer, playwright and philosopher. Wrote in French. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature for 1911. Author of the philosophical play-parable " Blue bird”, dedicated to man’s eternal search for an enduring symbol of happiness and knowledge of being - the Blue Bird. Maeterlinck's works reflect the soul's attempts to reach understanding and love.
Nick Bostrom is a philosopher and professor at Oxford University, known for his work on the anthropic principle. He received his PhD from the London School of Economics. In addition to numerous articles for academic and popular publications, Bostrom frequently appears in the media, where he discusses issues related to transhumanism: cloning, artificial intelligence, mind uploading, cryonics, nanotechnology, and simulated reality. In 1998, Bostrom co-founded the World Transhumanist Association with David Pierce. In 2004, he founded the Institute for Ethics and New Technologies with James Hedges. In 2005 he was appointed director of Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute.
Niccolo Machiavelli - an Italian thinker, philosopher, writer, politician - served in Florence as secretary of the second office, was responsible for the diplomatic relations of the republic, and the author of military-theoretical works. He was a supporter of a strong state power, for the strengthening of which he allowed the use of any means, which he expressed in the famous work "The Sovereign", published in 1532.
Nicholas of Cusa, Nicholas of Kuzanets, Cusanus, real name Nicholas Krebs - cardinal, the largest German thinker of the 15th century, philosopher, theologian, scientist, mathematician, church and political figure. Belongs to the first German humanists in the era of transition from the late Middle Ages to the early modern times. Nicholas of Cusa played a major role in church politics especially in the debate about church reform. At the Council of Basel, he initially supported the position of the conciliarists, who demanded the limitation of the powers of the Pope. However, later he went over to the papal side, which eventually won. Possessing diplomatic skills, he skillfully promoted the interests of the Pope and had a brilliant career as a cardinal, papal legate, prince-bishop of Brixen and vicar general of the Papal States. In Brixen, he faced strong opposition from the local aristocracy and authorities, which he could not resist. As a philosopher, Nicholas of Cusa stood on the positions of Neoplatonism, the ideas of which he drew from both ancient and medieval sources. The basis of his philosophy was the concept of the union of opposites in the One, where all visible contradictions between incompatible ones are resolved. Metaphysically and theologically, he believed that God is One. In the field of the theory of state and politics, he also professed the idea of unity. He considered the most important goal to be the widest embodiment of peace and harmony, despite the objective differences of opinion. In his philosophy, he developed an idea of religious tolerance, unusual for his time. Actively discussing Islam, he acknowledged that this religion has some truthfulness and the right to exist.
Avram Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, political essayist, philosopher and theorist. Institute professor of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, author of a classification of formal languages called the Chomsky hierarchy.
Giyasaddin Abu-l-Fath Omar ibn Ibrahim al-Khayyam Nishapuri - Persian poet, philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, astrologer. Omar Khayyam is famous all over the world for his rubaiyat quatrains. In algebra, he built a classification of cubic equations and gave their solutions using conic sections. In Iran, Omar Khayyam is also known for creating a calendar more accurate than the European one, which has been officially used since the 11th century.
Chandra Mohan Jain, since the early seventies, better known as Bhagwan Shri Rajneesh, and later as Osho, is an Indian spiritual leader and mystic, attributed by some researchers to neo-Hinduism, the inspirer of the neo-orientalist and religious-cultural Rajneesh movement. The preacher of a new sannyas, expressed in immersion in the world without attachment to it, life-affirmation, rejection of the ego and meditation, and leading to total liberation and enlightenment. Criticism of socialism, Mahatma Gandhi and traditional religions made Osho a controversial figure during his lifetime. In addition, he defended the freedom of sexual relations, in some cases arranged sexual meditation practices, for which he earned the nickname "sex guru". Some researchers call him the "guru of scandals."
Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaev is a Russian philosopher and publicist, who was declared insane by the government for his writings, in which he sharply criticized the reality of Russian life. His works were banned for publication in imperial Russia. In 1829-1831 he created his main work, Philosophical Letters. The publication of the first of them in the Telescope magazine in 1836 caused sharp dissatisfaction with the authorities because of the bitter indignation expressed in it about Russia's excommunication from the "worldwide education of the human race", spiritual stagnation that impedes the fulfillment of the historical mission destined from above. The magazine was closed, the publisher Nadezhdin was exiled, and Chaadaev was declared insane.
Plato (ancient Greek Πλάτων, between 429 and 427 BC, Athens - 347 BC, ibid.) - Ancient Greek philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle. Plato is the first philosopher whose writings are not preserved in brief passages quoted by others, but in their entirety.
Prodik from Julida on the island of Keos is an ancient Greek philosopher. One of the senior sophists of the time of Socrates, a younger contemporary of Protagoras. He arrived in Athens as an ambassador from the island of Ceos, and became known as an orator and teacher. Plato treats him with more respect than other sophists, and in some dialogues of Plato's Socrates, a friend Prodicus appears. Prodic in his curriculum attaches great importance to linguistics and ethics. The content of one of his speeches "Hercules at the Crossroads" is still known. He also presented the theory of the origin of religion.
Protagoras is an ancient Greek philosopher. One of the senior sophists. Gained fame thanks to teaching activities during his many years of travel. While in Athens, among others, he communicated with Pericles and Euripides.
Pierre Bourdieu - French sociologist and philosopher, one of the most influential sociologists of the second half of the twentieth century: 358: 319. His sociology is highly regarded in regards to both theory and empirical research:
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin - French philosopher and theologian, Jesuit priest, one of the creators of the noosphere theory. He has made significant contributions to paleontology, anthropology, philosophy, and Catholic theology; created a kind of synthesis of the Catholic Christian tradition and modern theory cosmic evolution. He did not leave behind a school or direct students, but founded a new trend in science - Teilhardism.
Reymond Claude Ferdinand Aron is an outstanding French philosopher, political scientist, sociologist and publicist, founder of the critical philosophy of history, one of the creators and main theorists of the concept of de-ideologization, as well as the theories of "mondialization" and a single industrial society. Liberal. He believed that the state is obliged to create laws that ensure freedom, pluralism and equality of citizens, as well as to ensure their implementation. Recipient of the Alexis Tocqueville Prize for Humanism.
Ralph Waldo Emerson - American essayist, poet, philosopher, pastor, public figure; one of the most prominent thinkers and writers of the United States. In his essay "Nature" he was the first to express and formulate the philosophy of transcendentalism.
Robert Maynard Pirsig is an American writer and philosopher, best known as the author of Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance (1974), which has sold over five million copies worldwide.
Socrates is an ancient Greek philosopher whose teaching marks a turn in philosophy - from the consideration of nature and the world to the consideration of man. His work is a turning point in ancient philosophy. With his method of analyzing concepts and identifying the positive qualities of a person with his knowledge, he directed the attention of philosophers to importance human personality. Socrates is called the first philosopher in the proper sense of the word. In the person of Socrates, philosophizing thinking for the first time turns to itself, exploring its own principles and methods. Representatives of the Greek branch of patristics drew direct analogies between Socrates and Christ. Socrates was the son of the stonemason Sophroniscus and the midwife Fenareta, he had a maternal brother Patroclus. He was married to a woman named Xanthippe. “The interlocutors of Socrates sought his company not to become orators ... but to become noble people and perform their duties well in relation to the family, servants, relatives, friends, Fatherland, fellow citizens.” Socrates believed that noble people would be able to govern the state without the participation of philosophers, but, defending the truth, he was often forced to take an active part in the public life of Athens. Participated in the Peloponnesian War - fought at Potidea, at Delia, at Amphipolis. He defended the strategists condemned to death from the unfair trial of the demos, including the son of his friends Pericles and Aspasia. He was the mentor of the Athenian politician and commander Alcibiades, saved his life in battle, but refused to accept the love of Alcibiades in gratitude, because he considered bodily love only a consequence of the inability to restrain the impulses of the low side of the human soul.
Thomas Hobbes is an English materialist philosopher, one of the founders of the social contract theory and the theory of state sovereignty. Known for ideas that have gained currency in disciplines such as ethics, theology, physics, geometry, and history.
Francesco Guicciardini is an outstanding Italian political thinker and historian of the High Renaissance. Come from a rich and noble family, Guicciardini studied at the Universities of Ferrara and Padua. A younger contemporary of Machiavelli, in his youth he turned to the study of the past of his native city - Florence. In the History of Florence, he outlined the events from the ciompi uprising of 1378 until 1509, when this essay was written, published only in 1859. Guicciardini subjected the evolution of evolution to a thorough analysis political system- from popolan democracy to the tyranny of the Medici - having come to the conclusion that the optimal form of government for Florence would be an oligarchy, "the rule of the best." Political predilections did not prevent him, however, from accurately assessing the hidden springs of the state life of the Florentine Republic, from seeing behind the changes in the structure of power the struggle of the selfish interests of individual groups and influential persons from the social elite. Unlike Machiavelli, his friend, whom he, however, often criticized, Guicciardini was not inclined to justify the system of autocracy under any circumstances - he remained true to republican principles, albeit of an aristocratic color, in his other writings, in particular in dialogue " On the Government of Florence.
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche is a German thinker, classical philologist, composer, creator of an original philosophical doctrine, which is emphatically non-academic and, in part, therefore, is widespread, going far beyond the scientific and philosophical community. The fundamental concept of Nietzsche includes special criteria for evaluating reality, which called into question the basic principles of existing forms of morality, religion, culture and socio-political relations and subsequently reflected in the philosophy of life. Being presented in an aphoristic manner, most of Nietzsche's writings are not amenable to unambiguous interpretation and cause much controversy.
Francis Bacon; January 22, 1561 - April 9, 1626 - English philosopher, historian, politician, founder of empiricism. In 1584, at the age of 23, he was elected to Parliament. From 1617 Lord Privy Seal, then Lord Chancellor; Baron Verulamsky and Viscount St. Albans. In 1621 he was brought to trial on charges of bribery, convicted and removed from all positions. Later he was pardoned by the king, but did not return to public service and last years devoted his life to scientific and literary work. Bacon began his professional activity as a lawyer, but later became widely known as a philosopher-lawyer and advocate of the scientific revolution. His works are the basis and popularization of the inductive methodology scientific research often referred to as Bacon's method. Induction gains knowledge from the outside world through experiment, observation, and hypothesis testing. In the context of their time, such methods were used by alchemists. Bacon outlined his approach to the problems of science in the treatise "New Organon", published in 1620. In this treatise, he proclaimed the goal of science to increase the power of man over nature, which he defined as soulless material, the purpose of which is to be used by man.
Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj - Indian guru, teacher of advaita, belonged to the lineage of the navnatha sampradaya. As one of the representatives of the 20th century school of non-duality metaphysics, Sri Nisargadatta, with his direct and minimalistic explanation of non-duality, is considered the most famous advaita teacher who lived after Ramana Maharshi. In 1973, his most famous and widely translated book, I Am That, was published, and the translation of Nisargadatta's discourses into English brought him worldwide recognition and followers. Some of the most famous students of Nisargadatta are Ramesh Balsekar, psychologist Stephen Wolinsky.
Emmanuel Mounier is a French personalist philosopher. In 1924-1927 he received a philosophical education at the University of Grenoble and at the Sorbonne. Then he taught philosophy in lyceums. From 1932 until his death, he published the Esprit magazine (in 1941-1944 the magazine was banned by the occupation authorities). Member of the resistance movement.
Anthony Ashley Cooper Shaftesbury - English philosopher, writer and politician, figure of education. 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury. Author of works collected in three volumes "Characteristics of People, Morals, Opinions, Times", devoted to ethical, aesthetic, religious and political problems.
Epictetus (ancient Greek Έπίκτητος; c. 50, Hierapolis, Phrygia - 138, Nikopol, Epirus) - an ancient Greek philosopher; a slave in Rome, then a freedman; founded a philosophical school in Nikopol. Lectures by the Stoic Musonius Rufus were held in Rome, and Epaphrodite, the master of Epictetus, accompanied by his slave, was among the listeners. He preached the ideas of Stoicism: the main task of philosophy is to teach to distinguish between what is within our power and what is not. We are not subject to everything that is outside of us, bodily, external world. It is not these things themselves, but only our ideas about them that make us happy or unhappy; but our thoughts, aspirations, and consequently our happiness are subject to us. All people are slaves of the one God, and the whole life of a person must be in connection with God, which makes a person able to courageously resist the vicissitudes of life. Epictetus himself did not write treatises. Excerpts from his teachings, known as "Conversations" and "Guide" are preserved in the notes of his student Arrian. The last text was especially popular: it was translated into Latin, and commented on by philosophers and theologians more than once.
Epicurus (Greek Επίκουρος; 342/341 BC, Samos - 271/270 BC, Athens) is an ancient Greek philosopher, the founder of Epicureanism in Athens. Of the 300 works thought to have been written by Epicurus, only fragments survive. Among the sources of knowledge about this philosopher are the work of Diogenes Laertes "On the life, teachings and sayings of famous philosophers" and "On the nature of things" by Lucretius Cara.
Yakov Semyonovich Druskin (1901-1980) - Soviet philosopher, writer, mathematician, art historian. Father - Semyon Lvovich Druskin (1869-1934), doctor, Social Revolutionary, a native of Vilna; mother - Elena Savelyevna Druskina (1872-1963). Born in Rostov-on-Don, where his father was a practicing physician and a member of the guardianship of the Talmud Torah of the Main Synagogue. In 1920-1930 - a member of the esoteric communities of poets, writers and philosophers "Chinari" and OBERIU, the author of the famous "Diaries" about the literary life of Russia in the 20-30s. Thanks to him, many works of "plane trees" and "Oberiuts" were preserved and published. Brother - musicologist Mikhail Semyonovich Druskin, sister - Lidia Semyonovna Druskina (1911-2005), physicist, candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, publisher of most of the older brother's posthumous publications.
Ancient Greek philosophy can still teach us a lot today. The worldview of ancient philosophers is striking in its optimism, virtue and wisdom. Below in the quotes are 9 life principles that the most famous people professed ancient philosophers Ancient Greece.
- Do everything with unconditional love.
A person should do what he loves. Only then will he succeed. Better to be a good carpenter than a bad banker. True love This is your calling to your work.
"Work done with pleasure leads to excellence"- Aristotle.
“It is better to do a small part of the job perfectly than to do ten times more badly”- Aristotle
"Never do what you don't know, but learn everything you need to know"- Pythagoras
"Each person is worth exactly as much as the value of the cause for which he bakes"- Epicurus.
"Where a man is resisting, there is his prison"- Epictetus.
- Do not grumble, do not lose heart, do not live in the past.
The biggest obstacle for a person in this world is himself. Other obstacles and adverse circumstances are the reason for looking for new opportunities and unexpected ideas.
“A person who is dissatisfied with a little is not satisfied with anything”- Epicurus.
"Going to a foreign land, do not turn around"- Pythagoras.
"Live today, forget the past"- an ancient Greek proverb.
“Small opportunities are often the beginning of great enterprises”- Demosthenes.
"The great science of living happily is to live only in the present"- Pythagoras.
"The first and best victory is the victory over yourself"- Plato.
“In their disasters, people tend to blame fate, the gods, and everything else, but not themselves” - Plato.
- Believe in yourself, listen to yourself and don't always take what others say for granted.
Nobody knows you better than you. In life, you will encounter many people who will share their ideas, opinions and vision with you. various situations. You will meet many people who will give you free advice on how you should manage your life. Listen without judgment, draw conclusions, but follow the dictates of your heart - ancient philosophers call in their aphorisms.
“Learn to listen and you can benefit even from those who speak badly of you”- Plutarch.
"Above all, don't lose your self-respect"- Pythagoras.
"Learn to be silent, let your cold mind listen and listen"- Pythagoras.
“Whatever they think of you, do what you think is fair. Be equally impartial to both blame and praise.”- Pythagoras.
"If you live in harmony with nature, you will never be poor, but if you live in harmony with people's opinion, you will never be rich"- Epicurus.
- Don't lose faith.
Replace fears and bad feelings with faith and hope. Humility, love and faith can work wonders. Everything will happen at the right time and in the right place.
"Hope is a waking dream"- Aristotle.
“No fruit ripens suddenly, neither a bunch of grapes, nor the fruit of a fig tree. If you tell me that you want figs, I will tell you that time must pass. Let the tree bloom first, and then the fruits will ripen.- Epictetus.
- Always strive to think and feel positive.
The ancient Greeks preached: "Think positively." If negative thoughts fill your head, wave goodbye to them and replace them with positive thoughts about beauty, happiness and love. Focus on the present, and on the things for which you are grateful to God. Avoid negative people around you and always surround yourself with happy and positive people.
“Fear and sadness, which have taken possession of a person for a long time, dispose to illnesses”- Hippocrates.
"The human brain contains the cause of many diseases"- Hippocrates.
"Happiness is up to us"- Aristotle.
“The brain is the place where pleasures, laughter and joys arise. From it come anguish, sorrow, and weeping.”- Hippocrates.
6. Improve yourself and discover new horizons.
"Explore everything, give reason first place"- Pythagoras.
“Work, good spirits and the aspiration of the mind to perfection, to knowledge lead to results that adorn life”- Hippocrates.
7. In a difficult situation, look for strength and courage within yourself.
"Courage is a virtue, by virtue of which people in danger do wonderful things"- Aristotle.
"Courage and fortitude are necessary for people not only against the weapons of enemies, but, equally, against any blows of fate"- Plutarch.
“You don’t develop the courage to be happy in a relationship every day. You will develop it in difficult times and through all sorts of hardships.- Epicurus.
"You will never do anything in this world without courage. This is the greatest quality of a person that should be honored"- Aristotle.
8. Forgive the mistakes of yourself and others.
Treat your mistakes positively as a learning experience that will help you eventually achieve your dreams. Failures and failures are inevitable.
"It's better to expose your own mistakes than someone else's"- Democritus.
“To live and not make a single mistake is not in the power of man, but it is good to learn wisdom from your mistakes in the future”- Plutarch.
“To be mistaken in nothing is the property of the gods, but not of man”- Demosthenes.
“Every business is improved by the mastery of technology. Every skill is gained by practice.”- Hippocrates.
9. Virtue and compassion.
The views of the ancient Greek philosophers have something in common with Christianity that arose later. It is no coincidence that medieval Christian theologians called Aristotle an elemental Christian, although he lived long before the birth of Jesus Christ.
"What is the sense of life? Serve others and do good"- Aristotle.
"Live with people so that your friends do not become enemies, and enemies become friends"- Pythagoras.
"Boys stone frogs for fun, but frogs die for real"- Plutarch.
“Immortality, alien to our nature, and power, which depends mostly on luck, we crave and covet, and moral perfection, the only divine blessing available to us, is put in last place”- Plutarch.
"Two things make a man godlike: life for the good of society and truthfulness"- Pythagoras.
« In order for the sun to rise, there is no need for prayers or spells, it suddenly begins to send its rays to the joy of everyone. So don’t expect applause, noise, or praise to do good, do good deeds voluntarily, and you will be loved like the sun.”- Epictetus.
"Life is short, but honest, always prefer a long life, but shameful"- Epictetus.
"Burning yourself, shine to others"- Hippocrates.
"By caring for the happiness of others, we find our own"- Plato.
“A person who has received a beneficence must remember this all his life, and a person who has rendered a beneficence must immediately forget about it”- Demosthenes.
In order to wake up, you need to stop looking around and turn your gaze inward. – Carl-Gustav Jung
Man himself invents the boundaries of the world. It can be the size of a street - or it can become endless. — Arthur Schopenhauer
We ourselves invent impossible things. They are difficult only because we cannot decide to take them on.
Philosophy can easily explain the past and the future, but gives in to the present.
Life is what philosophers earn their living for by scribbling ink on treatises that no one needs but themselves.
Every doctor is by definition a philosopher. After all, medicine must be supported by wisdom. – Hippocrates
When something new breaks into life, a person turns into a philosopher.
The world is more beautiful than a dream. Tastes better than gourmet food. Let him inside. Love. Maybe a minute left to live. And you have the last 60 seconds of happiness... - Ray Bradbury
Forward! Don't stop for a moment. Live bright, walk on the edge, give emotions and get LIFE!
We earn coins to spend. We lose time to get it. And we fight for peace. – Aristotle
Read the continuation of the quotes of philosophers on the pages:
There are two kinds of love: one is simple, the other is mutual. Simple - when a loved one does not love a lover. Then the lover is totally dead. When the beloved responds to love, the lover at least lives in him. There is something amazing in this. Ficino M.
Not to be loved is just a failure, not to love is a misfortune. - A. Camus
When there is no one you love, you have to love what is. Corneille Pierre
The girl who laughs is already half conquered.
The shortcomings of the girlfriend elude the attention of the lover. Horace
When you love, you discover such wealth in yourself, so much tenderness, affection, you can’t even believe that you know how to love like that. Chernyshevsky N. G.
All buildings will fall, collapse, and grass will grow on them, - Only the building of love is imperishable, weeds will not grow on it. Hafiz
The moments of meeting and parting are for many the greatest moments in life. – Kozma Prutkov
False love is rather the result of ignorance rather than a lack of ability to love. J. Baines.
Love makes sense only when it is mutual. Leonardo Felice Buscaglia.
There are many cures for love, but there is not one sure remedy. — Francois La Rochefoucauld
Love is the only passion that recognizes neither the past nor the future. Balzac O.
Just as ugliness is an expression of hatred, so beauty is an expression of love. Otto Weininger
Love is in the heart, and therefore desire is impermanent, but love is indispensable. Desire disappears after its satisfaction; the reason for this is that love comes from the union of souls, and desire - from the union of feelings. Penn William
You cannot love either the one you are afraid of or the one who is afraid of you. Cicero
The source of all delusion in life is lack of memory. Otto Weininger
Constancy is the everlasting dream of love. Vauvenarg
Love itself is the law; it is stronger, I swear, than all the rights of earthly people. Any right and any decree Before love is nothing for us. Chaucer J.
Love is an amazing counterfeiter, constantly turning not only coppers into gold, but often gold into coppers. Balzac O.
One should love a friend, remembering that he can become an enemy, and hate an enemy, remembering that he can become a friend. – Sophocles
When we love, we lose sight. Lope de Vega
Love deceived is no longer love. Corneille Pierre
If a woman hates you, then she loved you, loves or will love you. – German proverb
Love is like a tree; it grows of itself, takes deep roots in our whole being, and often continues to grow green and bloom even on the ruins of our heart. Hugo W.
Philosophy heals the spirit (soul). - Unknown author
A person feels his duty only if he is free. Henri Bergson
Love is stronger than anything, holier than anything, more unspeakable than anything. Karamzin N. M.
There is no time limit for affection: you can always love while the heart is alive. N. M. Karamzin
Love for a woman has a great, irreplaceable meaning for us; it is like salt for meat: impregnating the heart, it protects it from spoilage. Hugo W.
Love is a theorem that must be proven every day! Archimedes
There is no power in the world more powerful than love. I. Stravinsky.
Equality is the strongest foundation of love. Lessing
Love that is afraid of obstacles is not love. Galsworthy D.
One day you will understand that love heals everything, and love is all that is in the world. G. Zukav
The science of good and evil alone is the subject of philosophy. – Seneca (Junior)
Love is a person's idea of his need for a person to whom he is attracted. – T.Tobbs
Love is not a virtue, love is a weakness, which, in case of need, can and must be resisted. Knigge A. F.
Philosophy is the teacher of life. - Unknown author
In love, silence is more precious than words. It is good when embarrassment fetters our tongues: silence has its own eloquence, which reaches the heart better than any words. How much a lover can say to his beloved when he is silent in confusion, and how much intelligence he reveals at the same time. Pascal Blaise
A woman does not want to be talked about her love affairs, but she wants everyone to know that she is loved. — Andre Maurois
The love of wisdom (the science of wisdom) is called philosophy. – Cicero Marcus Tullius
Love is the desire to achieve the friendship of someone who attracts with his beauty. Cicero
Marriage and love have different aspirations: Marriage is looking for benefits, love is located!. Corneille Pierre
Love is blind, and it is able to blind a person so that the road that seems to him the most reliable turns out to be the most slippery. Navarre M.
Love is one - the fun of a cold life, Love is one - the torment of hearts: It gives only one moment of comfort, And the end is not visible to sorrows. Pushkin A. S.
Love is the beginning and end of our existence. Without love there is no life. That is why love is what the wise man bows before. Confucius
Love is a disease of tenderness. – A. Kruglov
Love is like a tree: it grows by itself, takes deep roots in our whole being, and often continues to grow green and bloom even on the ruins of our heart. – V. Hugo
No person is able to understand what true love is until they have been married for a quarter of a century. Mark Twain
Evolution is an unceasingly renewed creativity. Henri Bergson
Everything that is not colored by love remains colorless. – G. Hauptman
Oh, how deadly we love, As in the violent blindness of passions We most surely destroy everything, What is dear to our heart! Tyutchev F.I.
Love must not ask and must not demand; love must have the power to be sure of itself. Then something does not attract her, but she herself attracts. Hesse.
We fight to live in peace. Aristotle
The lover is always ready to believe in the reality of what he fears. Ovid
Love! It is the most exalted and victorious of all passions! But its all-conquering strength lies in boundless generosity, in almost supersensible disinterestedness. Heine G.
To love means to recognize the correctness of a loved one when he is wrong. – Sh. Pegi
In jealousy, there is more love for oneself than for another. La Rochefoucauld.
Love burns differently according to different characters. In a lion, a burning and bloodthirsty flame is expressed in a growl, in arrogant souls - in neglect, in gentle souls - in tears and despondency. Helvetius K.
Every obstacle to love only strengthens it. Shakespeare W.
The quarrel of lovers is the renewal of love. Terence
To love means to stop comparing. – Grasse
First to live, and only then to philosophize.
Time strengthens friendship, but weakens love. – LaBruyère
Philosophy and medicine have made man the most intelligent of animals, divination and astrology the most insane, superstition and despotism the most unfortunate. – D. Sinopsky
Love is not stained with friendship. The end is the end. - Remarque
Triumph over oneself is the crown of philosophy. - Diogenes of Sinop
Love is a tendency to find pleasure in the good, perfection, happiness of another person. Leibniz G.
The future is most talked about by those who do not have it. Francis Bacon
Love is the only one of all spheres of human communication, which is an amazing interweaving of spiritual and physical pleasure, creating a feeling of fullness of life with meaning and happiness. S. Ilyina.
Such is the law of lovers: They are all brothers to each other. Rustaveli Sh.
The only thing that matters at the end of our time on earth is how much we loved, what the quality of our love was. Richard Bach.
Isn't it a delusion to seek peace in love? After all, there is no cure for love, the elders tell us. Hafiz
Love is like a sticky disease: the more you are afraid of it, the sooner you catch it. – Chamfort
Most of all, people love when they are loved.
Nothing strengthens love like insurmountable obstacles. Lope de Vega
Seeking diversity in love is a sign of impotence. Balzac O.
Man has an eternal, uplifting need to love. France A.
It is much easier to yearn for someone you love than to live with someone you hate. LaBruyere J.
Conjugal love multiplies the human race; friendly love perfects it. — Francis Bacon
To love is to find your own happiness in the happiness of another. Leibniz G.
Love is like the sea. Its expanse knows no shores. Give her all your blood and soul: there is no other measure here. Hafiz
A person is ready for a lot to arouse love, but decide on everything to arouse envy.
Pythagoras was the first to give philosophy its name. – Apuleius
Love hurts even the gods. Petronius
Love is characteristic only of a sane person. Epictetus
Bring philosophy down to earth. – Cicero Marcus Tullius
The philosophy of each specialty is based on the connection of the latter with other specialties, at the points of contact of which it must be sought. Henry Thomas Buckle
A woman knows the meaning of love, and a man knows its price. — Marty Larney
It is easier for a woman to fall in love than to confess her love. And it's easier for a man to confess than to fall in love. – Konstantin Melikhan
Love is a lamp that illumines the universe; without the light of love, the earth would turn into a barren desert, and man into a handful of dust. M. Braddon
In love there is despotism and slavery. And the most despotic is a woman's love, which demands everything for itself! Berdyaev N. A.
This is how nature works: nothing strengthens love for a person so much as the fear of losing him. Pliny the Younger
The more a person shows love, the more people love him. And the more he is loved, the easier it is for him to love others. – L.N. Tolstoy
Love grows from waiting for a long time and quickly goes out, quickly getting its own. Menander
Whoever loves no one himself, it seems to me that no one loves him either. Democritus
Love conquers everything, and we will submit to its power. Virgil
Love, like a fire, goes out without food. – M.Yu. Lermontov
I know for sure that love will pass, When two hearts are separated by the sea. Lope de Vega
Love should not cloud, but refresh, not darken, but brighten thoughts, since it should nest in the heart and mind of a person, and not serve only as fun for external feelings that give rise to passion alone. Milton John
When you love, you want to do something in the name of love. I want to sacrifice myself. Want to serve. Hemingway E.
The truth is that there is only one highest value - love. Helen Hayes.
For a person who loves only himself, the most intolerable thing is to be alone with himself. Pascal Blaise
Love is rich in both honey and bile. Plautus
Joy and happiness are the children of love, but love itself, like strength, is patience and pity. Prishvin M. M.
Everything is for the best in this best of all possible worlds. Voltaire
When love comes, the soul is filled with unearthly bliss. Do you know why? Do you know why this feeling of great happiness? Only because we imagine that the end of loneliness has come. Maupassant G.
If you seek to solve a problem, do it with love. You will understand that the cause of your problem is the lack of love, for this is the cause of all problems. Ken Carey.
He who truly loves is not jealous. The main essence of love is trust. Take away trust from love - you take away from it the consciousness of its own strength and duration, all its bright side, therefore - all its greatness. – Anna Steel
Love is a priceless gift. It's the only thing we can give and yet you keep it. L. Tolstoy.
Love is harder to break than hordes of enemies. Racine Jean
For love there is no yesterday, love does not think about tomorrow. She greedily reaches for the present day, but she needs this whole day, unlimited, unclouded. Heine G.
Old love is not forgotten. Petronius
You can't pick roses without being pricked by thorns. – Firdousi
Love is a competition between a man and a woman to bring each other as much happiness as possible. – Stendhal
Black suspicions cannot coexist with strong love. Abelard Pierre
Who did not know love, he still did not live. molière
Friendship often ends in love, but love rarely ends in friendship. – Ch. Colton
Philosophy is always considered a lamp for all sciences, a means for doing any deed, a support for all institutions ... - Arthashastra
There are no great things without great difficulties. Voltaire
No mind, no heart, no soul In love is not worth a penny. Ronsard P.
Love is too great a feeling to be only a personal, intimate matter for everyone! Show B.
If there was no one to love, I would fall in love with a doorknob. — Pablo Picasso
True love cannot speak because true feeling expressed in deeds rather than words. Shakespeare W.
Others think that old love should be beaten out new love like a wedge by a wedge. Cicero
Love cannot be harmful, but if only it were - love, and not the wolf of selfishness in the sheep's clothing of love ... Tolstoy L.N.
To die of love is to live by it. Hugo W.
Everyone has the same love. Virgil
Love and hunger rule the world. – Schiller
Love is not cured by herbs. Ovid
Philosophy is the mother of all sciences. – Cicero Marcus Tullius
There is no such nonsense that some philosopher would not teach. – Cicero Marcus Tullius
What should be guided by people who want to live their lives flawlessly, no relatives, no honors, no wealth, and indeed nothing in the world will teach them better than love. Plato.
The first sign of love: in men - timidity, in women - courage. Hugo W.
There must be love in life - one great love for a lifetime, it justifies the causeless fits of despair to which we are subject. Albert Camus.
Love destroys death and turns it into an empty ghost; it also turns life from nonsense into something meaningful and makes happiness out of misfortune. Tolstoy L.N.
The first sign of love: in men - timidity, in women - courage. – V. Hugo
In love, longing competes with joy. Publius
The forces of love are great, disposing those who love them to difficult feats, to endure extraordinary, unexpected dangers. Boccaccio D.
You need to live always in love with something inaccessible to you. A person becomes taller from what stretches up. M. Gorky.
Do we have the power to fall in love or not to fall in love? And do we, having fallen in love, have the power to act as if it had not happened? Didro D.
Truth cannot contradict truth. Giordano Bruno
Like a fire that flares up easily in reeds, straw, or hare hair, but quickly dies out if it finds no other food for itself, love ignites brightly with blooming youth and bodily attractiveness, but will soon die out if it is not nourished by spiritual virtues and good disposition of young spouses. . Plutarch
Deceived in love knows no mercy. Corneille Pierre
There is love that prevents a person from living. Gorky M.
Love, love, when you take possession of us, you can say: sorry, prudence! Lafontaine
The greatest joy in a person's life is to be loved, but no less is to love yourself. Pliny the Younger
Only the one who has ceased to love is restrained. Corneille Pierre
If the choice in love were decided only by will and reason, then love would not be a feeling and passion. The presence of an element of immediacy is also evident in the most reasonable love, because out of several equally worthy persons, only one is chosen, and this choice is based on the involuntary inclination of the heart. Belinsky V.
Philosophy is the medicine of the soul. – Cicero Marcus Tullius
Anyone who loves loneliness is either a wild beast or the Lord God. Francis Bacon
Choose who you love. Cicero
Recently, the fashion for philosophical statements is gaining momentum. Often people use wise sayings as statuses in social networks. They help the author of the page to express their attitude to the current reality, to tell others about their mood and, of course, to tell the society about the features of their worldview.
What is a philosophical statement
The word "philosophy" should be understood as "love of wisdom". This is a special way of knowing being. Proceeding from this, philosophical statements should be understood as sayings according to the most general issues concerning the understanding of the world, life, human existence, relationships. These include both the thoughts of famous people and the arguments of unknown authors.
about life
Sayings of this kind express an attitude to the meaning of life, success, the relationship of events that happen to a person, and the peculiarities of thinking.
Very popular at the present time are the arguments that life circumstances are the result of our thoughts. Guided in his actions by good thoughts, a person constantly feels the joy of being.
Remarks of this nature are found in Buddhist literature, where it is said that our life is the result of our thoughts. If a person speaks and acts with kindness, joy follows him like a shadow.
It is impossible not to note the question of the significance of a person's personal responsibility in what happens to him. For example, A. S. Green expresses the idea that our life is changed not by chance, but by what is in us.
There are also less specific philosophical statements. Alexis Tocqueville notes that life is not suffering or pleasure, but is a matter that must be completed.
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is very brief and wise in his statements. He emphasizes the value of life, noting that it cannot be "rewritten in white paper." Our compatriot considers struggle to be the meaning of being on Earth.
Arianna Huffington talks about how life is a risk and we only grow in risky situations. The biggest risk is to allow yourself to love, to open up to another person.
Very briefly and correctly, he said about luck: "Lucky for those who are lucky." Any success is the result of hard work and implementation of the right strategy.
How often does a person say something really smart and valuable? Certainly much less than any stupid phrases. But, as the Bible tells us, in the beginning was the Word. It is this that allows us to reveal our thoughts as much as possible and convey it to others.
Beautiful phrases that carry in themselves, as a rule, appear in the head of smart and great people. They are usually quoted and called aphorisms. Let's get acquainted with a selection of the best quotes on a variety of topics.
Folk wisdom of Europe
We do not always know exactly the author of any aphorism. They may be "of the people." So, a simple peasant somehow expressed an idea in a conversation - and here is a finished quote, already going to the people. Abstruse phrases were not included in such a set of words. People preferred something simple and concise, something that could be quickly picked up as a solid argument or backing up their opinion.
So proverbs and sayings appeared in the world. They are an important part of folklore. In them, in fact, the whole mentality of the people-author is visible. There are Russian phrases that have sunk into the soul and are very often repeated in the daily vocabulary.
The European tradition of proverbs and sayings is very similar to ours in meaning and content. How can this be explained? Of course, our extremely connected historical past and a common monotheistic religion. If you wish, you can easily find analogues of Russian morality within the folklore of other European peoples.
As can be seen from the comparative table, the meaning of the listed smart phrases is the same, despite the fact that they are present in the lexical everyday life of the peoples of different countries.
Folk wisdom of other countries
When confronted with the cultural heritage of people from other continents, an equally huge source of wisdom is discovered. These abstruse phrases carry a lot of information, convey the meaning of the lives of these people, their history and allow us to better understand their mentality.
For example, residents of Europe and Russia are well aware that a real man does not cry. A true husband should not express his emotions in public, especially such as grief and disappointment. Yes, and by itself you should not “dissolve the nurses”, you just need to take it and do the job. However, the Indians from North America look at us with a grin because of this:
- "A strong man cries, a weak one does not."
- "The weak are afraid of their feelings."
- "The soul has no rainbow if there are no tears in the eyes."
This is how this people, who have always lived in the wild and did not know enlightenment, treated the manifestations of emotions - as a natural need of any creature. Maybe you should listen to these. wise phrases expressed by representatives of the indigenous population of America?
On the example of the deep thought of the Chinese, one can understand how differently we see, know and feel the world. Often the philosophical phrases of the people of the Celestial Empire are so different from what we are accustomed to consider as wisdom that one wonders - how can one and the same earth feel so differently?
Here is how the Chinese speak about the significance of a person, his “I”, which, according to the philosophy of Tao, does not exist at all:
- “If you are, nothing has been added; if you are not, nothing has been lost.”
For Europeans and Russians, this sounds not only incomprehensible, but sad and depressing.
In addition, the search for peace is of great importance for the inhabitants of the Celestial Empire. For them, he is the secret goal to which a person must strive in order to become one with nature. That is why the interesting phrases of this country are closely related to the description of trees and flowers. They often refer to spring.
The Chinese attach great importance to harmony and unity. The whole world in their view is just an echo of the Tao River, which flows in some other dimension.
They are sure that at the end of the journey everyone is the same, no matter who they were in this life. Many of their sayings speak of this.
Power Quotes
From the time of primitive existence, man wants to be above the rest, he longs to stand at the head of the tribe. He dreams of commanding, managing, because he is sure that he knows everything better than anyone. Power is a terrible force, and not everyone is worthy of it. However, the desire to achieve high status is one of those qualities due to which people changed our whole world.
Power was especially revered in Antiquity, mainly in Ancient Rome where civic engagement was paramount. We could hear interesting phrases from the lips of people of that time:
- “I'd rather be the first in this village than the second in Rome” (Gaius Julius Caesar, during an overnight stay in a small village).
- “To rule is to fulfill duties” (Seneca).
- “Before you begin to command, learn to obey” (Solon of Athens).
In the future, the thirst for power never let humanity out of its tenacious embrace. It becomes the object of expression of many politicians, writers and public figures. Each of them (as well as any other person, isn't it?) was concerned with questions of power. Perhaps, due to their wisdom, they found answers to some of them, from which we can learn by looking at their clever phrases:
- “Violence, if it allows itself to delay, becomes power” (Elias Canetti).
- “The minister should not complain about newspapers and even read them - he should write them” (Charles de Gaulle).
- “Power is given only to those who dare to bend down and take it” (Fyodor Dostoevsky).
Many later, after the Middle Ages, saw the root of all troubles in power - both in the need to obey and in the desire to command. Philosophers and writers agreed that all people are equal, and the very concept of the world order, where one person can order another, is contrary to our high nature.
Alas! Humanity is still stuck at the level where power is the most important engine of human emotion. People cannot imagine how one can disobey.
War quotes
However, one must still fight for power. After all, other people very, very much want to take it away. When two endless desires for power collide, war begins.
Mankind has succeeded in waging wars, and abstruse phrases about them flow like water. That's what people do most of the time. They learn to fight from an early age, and therefore war takes up a lot of space in their minds. Some praise her, others give advice on how to avoid military conflicts, others sneer.
That war cripples billions of lives, destroys thousands of countries, wipes out millions of cities and cultures from the face of the earth, it will always have a place in someone's head. And the longer humanity exists, the more it realizes how much destructive energy war generates. We are trying harder and harder to get rid of it. Declare war on war.
People used to talk about how great it is to fight. How much true courage, valor, courage and patriotism are manifested in this. Now we are getting closer to the fact that people are realizing that killing another person will never bring anything good.
- "War... War never changes" (Fallout, video game).
- “Generals are a striking case of developmental delay. Which of us has not dreamed of being a general at the age of five? (Peter Ustinov).
- “I do not know of a single nation that would be enriched by the victory in the war” (Voltaire).
- “If we want to enjoy the world, we have to fight” (Cicero).
Friendship Quotes
Since ancient times, friendship has meant deliverance from loneliness, salvation and support. And betrayal is the most terrible sin, according to most peoples of the world. Take even Dante - weren't traitors tormented in his worst, the ninth circle of Hell?
The veneration of friendship has found an important reflection in every culture of the world. Many thought it necessary to notice its importance. Phrases with meaning, telling about the power of friendship, are very common in the sayings of great philosophers and writers of different times. Among them are such great names as Socrates, Aristotle, Johann Schiller, Benjamin Franklin, Mark Twain. All of them skillfully focus on the quality of friendly relations.
- “Friendship is not such a miserable light to go out in separation” (Johann Schiller).
Quotes about love
Love has always had power over people. And sometimes it captured friendship more strongly, forcing them to step over principles. A person is having a hard time without it. This feeling has been visited by millions of people. The wiser they were, the more it consumed them. Poets and musicians, writers and playwrights - many wrote only about her, about love. Abstruse phrases do not suit her, only sincerity and honesty suit her.
At the same time, it became a topic for speculation, material for excellent manipulation. Thousands of monotonous works impose the image of false, not sensual, "mandatory" love in everyone's life. But what does the real one look like? Clever phrases about this were left to us by great people:
- “To resist love is to supply it with new weapons” (Georges Sand).
Freedom Quotes
Man's desire to be free manifests itself with different strength in different eras. No matter how often people forget about it now, the desire to escape from someone's control and power lives in every person. And this despite so many prevailing factors: the war makes him a slave, friendship with someone bad takes all his strength, and false love forever deprives him of sleep and requires submission.
And only by getting rid of all these misfortunes, you can become free. And it is precisely this kind of freedom that people always aspire to, it is precisely for it that they are ready to die. people are forced to think: how free are we?
This higher struggle - for one's own will - is directed precisely at the first, bestial and herd trait - the desire for power. And when every person, even the smallest, kills the king inside himself, and when everyone starts “squeezing the slave out drop by drop,” then we can talk about the free world. A world where everyone has the right to make mistakes. Where one person cannot kill another, not because he will be punished for it, but because he does not give himself the inner right to do so.
- “A people accustomed to living under the rule of a sovereign and, thanks to chance, becoming free, hardly retains freedom” (Nicolo Machiavelli).
- “He who sacrifices liberty for security deserves neither liberty nor security” (Benjamin Franklin).
- “Only by losing everything to the end, we gain freedom” (Chuck Palahniuk).
Quotes About the Meaning of Life
Every person from time to time is interested in: “In the name of what do we exist and come into this world?” Phrases about the meaning of life probably have more mysteries than answers. You can argue with them and not share the opinions of their authors. And rightly so, because for each person the answer to this question is individual. And his future, goals and desires depend on what he will be.
However, this does not hurt to listen to more smart people. The expressions and phrases of those who were looking for the meaning of being can help us and guide us in the right direction.
- “The meaning of life is to achieve perfection and tell others about it” (Richard Bach).
funny quotes
And what is left for a person to do when he has renounced the thirst for power and war, has got true friends, has come to know true love found freedom and found the meaning of life? Of course, one thing is to laugh with happiness.
Despite all sorts of clever phrases, human life, first of all, is incredibly funny. In all its tragedy, sorrow, need, it continues to be funny. And only subtle people understood this with all their hearts. For example, Anton Pavlovich Chekhov knew how to laugh at his own grief: “How so! There are so many terrible and bad things in our life, and it is declared that it is ridiculous!” It is as if he, feeding the whole family with the daily work of a writer in his youth, dying of consumption, burying his brothers, never tasted the taste of grief ... But the fact of the matter is that what stronger man- the more he is able to be ironic about his troubles.
And great and wise people understood it. None of those whose beautiful phrases are presented above have ever missed the opportunity to joke. Laughter is the main evidence of a living soul of a person. Here are some of their famous ironic sayings:
- “I didn’t fail the test, I just found 100 ways to get it wrong” (Benjamin Franklin).
- "Murderers and architects always return to the scene of the crime" (Peter Ustinov).
Conclusion
Phrases with a meaning that is deeply hidden in them will never lose their relevance. Such are they in themselves - aphorisms, an important part of human culture. After all, how much intelligence is needed to fit your strong message in one or two sentences! It is only for this possession of rhetoric and eloquence that a person can be called wise.
After all, this is such a big job - a well-tailored phrase. Examples clearly show that people have always, at all times, worried about the same thing. Human nature is unchanging and, apparently, will be so for a long time to come. Therefore, quotations, aphorisms and proverbs will remain an inexhaustible source of the main treasure - intelligence and wisdom.