When the new calendar style was introduced. Old and new style
The Julian calendar was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC. It was supposedly developed by Egyptian astronomers (Alexandrian astronomers led by Sosigenes), but they named it exactly in his honor.
It acquired its final form in 8 AD.
The year began on January 1, since it was on this day that the elected consuls took office, and then everything is as we know - 12 months, 365 days, sometimes 366.
It is precisely this “sometimes” that distinguishes it from the Gregorian calendar.
Actually, the problem is that the Earth completes a full revolution around the sun - a tropical year - in 365.24219878 days. In a calendar, the number of days is an integer. It turns out that if there are 365 days in a year, then every year the calendar will go astray - it will go ahead by almost a quarter of a day.
In the Julian calendar, they did it simply - to correct the discrepancy, they assumed that every fourth year would be a leap year ( annus bissextus), and will have 366 days. Thus, the average length of the year in the Julian calendar is 365.25, already much closer to the real tropical year.
But not close enough - now the calendar is lagging behind every year by 11 minutes 14 seconds. In 128 years this will be already a day. This causes some dates associated with astronomical phenomena, such as the astronomical spring equinox, to begin to shift towards the beginning of the calendar year.
The discrepancy between the astronomical spring equinox and the calendar one, recorded on March 21, became increasingly obvious, and since the Easter holiday was tied to the spring equinox, many in Catholic Europe believed that something had to be done about the problem.
Finally, Pope Gregory XIII got his act together and reformed the calendar, resulting in what we now know as the Gregorian calendar. The project was developed by Luigi Lilio, and according to him, in the future only those century years were to be considered leap years, the number of hundreds of years of which is divisible by 4 without a remainder (1600, 2000, 2400), while others would be considered simple. The error of 10 days accumulated since 8 AD was also eliminated, and according to the pope's decree of February 24, 1582, it was established that October 4, 1582 should be immediately followed by October 15.
In the new calendar, the average length of the year was 365.2425 days. The error was only 26 seconds, and the discrepancy per day had been accumulating for about 3,300 years.
As they say, “well, or rather, we don’t need it.” Or, let’s put it this way, these will be the problems of our distant descendants. In principle, it would be possible to declare every year divisible by 4000 to be not a leap year, and then the average value of the year would be 365.24225, with an even smaller error.
Catholic countries switched to new calendar almost immediately (you can’t argue against the pope), Protestant with difficulty, one of the last was Great Britain, in 1752, and only Orthodox Greece, which adopted the Gregorian calendar only in 1929, held out until the very end.
Now only some Orthodox churches adhere to the Julian calendar, for example, the Russian and Serbian.
The Julian calendar continues to lag behind the Gregorian calendar - by one day every hundred years (if the century year is not divisible by 4 without a remainder), or by three days every 400 years. By the 20th century, this difference had reached 13 days.
The calculator below converts a date from the Gregorian calendar to the Julian calendar and vice versa.
How to use it - enter the date, the “Julian calendar” field displays the Julian calendar date, as if the entered date belonged to the Gregorian calendar, and the “Gregorian calendar” field displays the Gregorian calendar date, as if the entered date belonged to the Julian calendar.
I will also note that before October 15, 1582, the Gregorian calendar did not exist in principle, so it is pointless to talk about Gregorian dates corresponding to earlier Julian dates, although they can be extrapolated into the past.
Vladimir Gubanov
(In the given statements of the authors, the words in parentheses are the original. The words in rectangular brackets are our explanations, V.G.).
Orthodox Christians New Year begins in the fall, on the 1st day of the month of Septemvria (1st Septemvria according to the old style is September 14 according to the new style): this is according to the month, according to the charter of the Church, which is obligatory for everyone, both priests and laity.
Until 1492, the new year in Russia began in the spring on March 1st. This beginning is ancient and more reasonable than the beginning of the year on September 1st, or even more so on January 1st; but it was abandoned. The fact that the new year used to begin in the spring is seen in the Divine Service Easter canon, which is used in the Church and according to which the counting is carried out precisely from Easter, from the Resurrection of Christ, it says: “1st resurrection after Easter”, “2nd resurrection after Easter”, and so on.
So, there are already three new years: one spring on March 1st, the second autumn on September 1st, and the third winter, civil new year, on January 1st. Taking into account the old and new styles, we get six New Years in one year. What is the meaning of the origin of these chronologies?
Life on earth has not always existed, so it is very reasonable that the beginning of life, the spring of life, is the beginning of the year - this is how the spring New Year appeared. But when the harvest was ripe and harvested, the year naturally ended - and so the autumn New Year appeared. By the way, the children also have a new academic year begins in the fall on September 1st. And the winter, civil New Year was introduced in Russia by decree of Tsar Peter I in 1700, however, by decree of Peter it was allowed to use two calendars at once with two new years, both September and January.
The new calendar, which is used today, was introduced in 1582 by decree of Pope Gregory, and therefore it is called the Gregorian calendar, or new style. By that time, the popes were no longer Orthodox and staged wars against Orthodox countries, Byzantium and Russia (and even the Catholic Order of Crusaders fought against Catholic Poland!).
The chronology, which is now called the old style, was introduced on the advice of the astronomer Sosigenes under Julius Caesar (Julius Caesar) in 46–45 BC, and therefore it is called the Julian (or Julian), old style.
The modern calendar - the Gregorian, new style - has many shortcomings: it is more complex than the old, Julian reckoning, and its origin is associated with pagan festivals, pagan Roman calendars, from which the word calendar comes, and the continuous counting of days in the new calendar is broken, it has a year begins in the middle of the season, in winter. (The word “calendar” did not exist for more than a thousand years, neither in the Church nor outside it.)
On the contrary, the spring and autumn new years each begin with the beginning of the season, with the beginning of the season, which is very convenient in everyday life.
Unlike the new style, it is convenient to calculate according to the old style: three years have 365 days each and the fourth, leap year, has 366 days.
But they claim old style lags behind the new style. Really? Or maybe the new style is in a hurry? Let's check, and then we will see that, indeed, the old style is more accurate than the new style, and moreover, precisely according to the data of science, astronomy, chronology, mathematics, meteorology, we will see that, from a scientific point of view, the new style is in a hurry. But it’s not the good watches that go fast, but the ones that go accurately.
When in Russia it was discussed whether to introduce the Gregorian, a new calendar for civil use, it was the educated part of society that was mainly against the calendar reform, and at the meetings of the Commission of the Russian Astronomical Society in 1899 on the issue of calendar reform, Professor V.V. Bolotov, expressing general opinion, said:
“The Gregorian reform has for itself not only no justification, but even no excuse... The Council of Nicea did not decide anything of the kind” (Journal of the 4th meeting of the Commission on the Reform of the Calendar, September 20, 1899, pp. 18-19), and he also said: “I find the very abolition of the Julian style in Russia at all undesirable. I still remain a strong admirer of the Julian calendar. Its extreme simplicity constitutes its scientific advantage over all other corrected calendars. I think that Russia’s cultural mission on this issue is that , in order to keep the Julian calendar in life for a few more centuries and thereby make it easier for Western peoples to return from the Gregorian reform, which no one needs, to the unspoiled old style" (Journal of the 8th meeting of the Commission on calendar reform, February 21, 1900, p. 34 ).
In part, these words turned out to be prophetic: the Gregorian calendar turned out to be unnecessary and now scientists want to replace it or correct it. The new style is already outdated! And the Pope has already expressed his consent to correct the Gregorian calendar, to change the new style. It is no coincidence that the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, although he was a zealous Catholic, refused to replace the old style with a new one and to participate in the compilation of this new calendar, rightly believing that astronomy does not have sufficient accuracy to establish a new time calculation, and this is true to this day .
The Second Vatican Council on December 4, 1963, by a majority vote of 2057 to 4, stated that it “does not object to the intention to introduce civil society perpetual calendar" instead of the modern Gregorian. So, the Gregorian reform turned out to be unnecessary, not eternal - they want to replace or correct the new style. The new style has neither the scientific accuracy that it claimed, nor the practical convenience that the old style is valuable for.
Contrary to false belief, the old style was not canonized. And a scientific discovery or worldview cannot be canonized. For scientific discoveries are updated frequently, and worldviews change even more often. And the Church has always canonized only spiritual and moral rules. For with any change of scientific discoveries, governments, parties, in all centuries, murder remains murder and theft remains theft.
On the contrary, the new style, the Gregorian calendar, was dogmatized by the dogmatic message of the Pope, a bull, which commanded the introduction of a new number in Catholic countries. And now they want to correct or replace this modern calendar - the new style is already outdated! The priest and professor, later a holy martyr, Dimitry Lebedev said this well in his work “Calendar and Paschal”: The new Gregorian style is outdated: its 400-year period is not correct, a 500-year period would be better, but the 128-year period is most accurate.
That is, according to Dimitry Lebedev, all calendars are inaccurate, and it would be most correct to use a more accurate counting instead of the Gregorian style, with thirty-one leap years every 128 years, this is the cycle of a Russian astronomer, German by birth, our professor of Dorpatsky, Yuryevsky, and now foreign Tartu, University of I.G. Medler (1794–1874), proposed by him in 1864.
(Sources:
YES. Lebedev, "Calendar and Easter", M., 1924, p. 30.
I. Medler, “On the reform of the calendar,” Journal of the Ministry of Public Education, January 1864, fourth decade, part CXXI, department VI, St. Petersburg, 1864, p. 9.
Moreover, the idea of introducing a new calendar in Russia was then introduced by the Masonic society, which was called as follows: “German scientific society “das freie Hochstift für Wissenschaften, Künste und allgemeine Bildung in Goethe`s Vaterhause””, ibid., p. 9, translation: "Free high pin for sciences, arts and general education in Goethe's father's house.").
But John Medler was not for the transition to the Gregorian calendar, but for the transition to his, Medler’s, calendar.
And in our opinion, based on the totality of all the scientific advantages, especially for theological reasons, the old style is better, more accurate and more convenient. See the evidence below.
That the old style, the Julian style, was not canonized is also evident from the fact that it was not introduced as a mandatory rule, it was not mentioned in conciliar decrees or in church rules. Anything not mentioned cannot be a canon; there are only written canons, there are no others. That the old style was not canonized is also evident from the fact that the Church threw out everything unnecessary from it and left what was useful. For example, initially in the Julian calendar the new year began in winter in January, but in the Church the new year began in March, and then began to begin in September, as we see now in the calendar. So, the old style was not canonized, it was only more convenient.
Some, very many, believe that the old style lags behind by one day every 128 years. That is, it is considered that the day spring equinox Every 128 years, according to the old reckoning, it falls on a different date, shifted by one day. But who said that the vernal equinox should always fall on the same date? and, moreover, precisely on March 21st? (The vernal equinox is when day and night are equal and have 12 hours each). Who said that the spring equinox should always fall on March 21st? The church rules do not say this, and there are no other canons. After all, formally, Easter can be counted from any date that falls on given year the vernal equinox, or better to say: the number has no meaning, because the day of the month itself outside of Easter has no meaning, because in essence Easter is not counted from the number and Easter is not adjusted to the number, but Easter is celebrated according to church rules, according to tradition Orthodox Church. This is the eternal establishment of the Church.
So, March 21st is not a sacred number holy month, for in a year all numbers and months are equal, the Church sanctifies the days, and not the days sanctify the Church, and the Orthodox Church has never canonized the calendar. Even the beginning of the year in the churches was different, for example in the Anglican Church the new year began on March 25th, and then the beginning was moved to January 1st.
And in modern names months, in their location, even common sense No. For example, September in translation means the seventh month (month of the year), October means the eighth, November means the ninth, and, finally, December means the tenth month, and not the twelfth, as according to the modern calendar. This means that according to the count of months, the year does not end in December and does not begin in January. That is: the year begins in March, as according to the old church calendar.
On the accuracy of the Julian calendar
All calendars are accurate only relatively, conditionally, they do not have perfect accuracy, for the human mind is not perfect after the Fall. And yet, in all respects, the old style, the Julian calendar, is preferable to the modern Gregorian calendar.
The scientist Sergei Kulikov, an expert on calendars, a fan of the Gregorian calendar in everyday life, and not our Julian one, in his work “Calendar Cheat Sheet” says: “The Gregorian calendar is also inaccurate. Absolutely accurate calendar impossible to create; A more accurate calendar is also more complex,” that is, less convenient in everyday life.
In his other work, “The Thread of Times. A small encyclopedia of the calendar with notes in the margins of newspapers,” published in 1991 by the Main Editorial Board of Physics and Mathematics Literature, the publishing house “Nauka” (and this is the very scientific publishing house here in Russia), on page 6 he states: “Generally speaking, of the existing calendars, the simplest is the Julian. Now its scope is very limited: it is used by the Orthodox Church and residents of small areas of the Earth... But because of its simplicity (and harmony!) it is still used in science, in counting Julian days and in recalculating dates of the lunar and lunisolar calendars." So, our Julian calendar is used in science, which means it is more accurate and convenient than the Gregorian calendar.
The Julian calendar is used, for example, by astronomers when calculating lunar and lunisolar calendars. Sergei Kulikov talks about it this way: "If the current solar calendars[calculated only by the sun - V.G.] are relatively simple in their patterns, then the calendars “with the participation of the Moon” are quite complex, and when translating the dates of the lunar and lunisolar calendars into the Julian (the translation is carried out specifically into the Julian calendar, and then amendment is introduced) one has to make painstaking calculations or use several tables" (ibid., p. 225).
On page 7, he says: “The Julian calendar conquered half the world, having undergone minor changes in the 16th century, and in this new capacity (Gregorian calendar) has already spread to the whole world.” Yes, indeed, the Gregorian calendar is not a new calendar, but only a modified or distorted version of the old calendar, the Julian calendar.
He also talks about the use of the Julian calendar and when calculating the Jewish Passover, here is an example: “23 weeks and 2 days are added to the date of the Julian calendar corresponding to Nisan 15” (ibid., p. 215).
Therefore, says scientist S.S. Kulikov, “The Orthodox Churches in 1903 expressed a categorical denial regarding the adoption of the Gregorian style. The All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918 in Moscow decided to maintain and preserve the old style for church calculus and for liturgical practice” (ibid., p. 147).
Another Russian scientist, astronomer Alexander Alexandrovich Mikhailov, in his book “The Earth and Its Rotation,” published in 1984, says on page 66: "The old style is simple and quite sufficient in accuracy". This opinion is fair, because the old style is convenient and simple. Indeed, according to astronomy, the old style is sufficient in accuracy, that is, there was no need to introduce a new style. And only the prejudice that the equinox should be exactly on March 21st served as the reason for the introduction of a new style and especially served as a reason for throwing away 10 days when introducing a new style, by which the equinox was assigned to the 21st day of the month of March. But here too, Pope Gregory sinned: a year after the introduction of the Gregorian calendar, the spring equinox was on March 20th (New Art.). Moreover, the vernal equinox more often occurs on March 20, and not on the 21st (according to the New Art.), - and for what then was the calendar calculated, bringing the equinox to the 21st of March? Why did they throw out 10 days from the account? For the sake of accuracy, which was not achieved!
But further, in the same book by A.A. Mikhailov cites a false opinion, which astronomers and historians copy from each other, he says: “and if a calendar reform was subsequently carried out, it was not at all for practical reasons, but for a religious reason associated with the Christian holiday of Easter. The fact is that the Nicene cathedral–meeting senior officials Church in 325 in the ancient Byzantine city of Nicaea (now Iznik) in Asia Minor established rules for determining the day of Easter. It was decided to celebrate Easter on the first Sunday after the spring full moon, which occurs after the equinox on March 21." Here there is an error upon error. The same errors are in the book of astronomer I.A. Klimishin "Calendar and Chronology", published in 1985 - there is even the city is called incorrectly "Izvik" (instead of Iznik, p. 209). The same errors are in other books; probably, astronomers and historians copy mistakes from each other, and it is not difficult to expose them. However, Klimishin also has a good review of the old style : So, on page 56 of the mentioned book he says the following:
"The attractive side of the Julian calendar is its simplicity and strict rhythm of alternating simple and leap years. Each period of four years has (365 + 365 + 365 + 366) 1461 days, each century 36525 days. Therefore, it turned out to be convenient for measuring long time intervals."
So we see good opinions astronomers about the old Julian style, which they use today in the form of Julian days in astronomy. Julian days (or Julian period) were introduced in 1583 by the scientist Joseph Scaliger instead of the abolished old style.
But where do scientists, with such mathematical accuracy of calculations, get such false ideas about the time of celebrating Christian Easter? Firstly, among the 20 rules of the 1st ecumenical council, who was in Nicaea, there is no rule about Passover! Contrary to what A.A. Mikhailov says that this council “established rules for determining the day of Easter” - and even “rules” in plural. But in the rules of this council there is not a single rule about Easter. Take any Book of Rules, which contains all church decrees for the first millennium of the Christian era, whether published in Greek, either in Slavic or in Russian, and you will not find in it any rule of the 1st Council of Nicaea on the celebration of Easter. The Council considered this issue, as it considered many other issues, but did not leave any rule about Easter, and was not obliged to leave it. For example, the fifth ecumenical council did exactly the same thing: having resolved some pressing issues, it did not leave any rules at all, not a single one. For all the necessary rules had already been pronounced by previous councils and there was no need to proclaim them again.
Likewise, the rule about Easter already existed before the 1st Council of Nicaea: it is found in the Apostolic Rules (this is the 7th rule). In total there were seven ecumenical councils and ten local councils, whose rules or regulations are collected in the Book of Rules, but none of these rules say either about the full moon or about March 21st. That is why, speaking about the 1st Council of Nicea, about the time of the celebration of Easter, slanderers do not cite any evidence from primary sources, no quotes from the Book of Rules, or from interpretations of it: for there was no rule, there is nothing to quote. I.A. Klimishin even falsely claims, with a pseudo-scientific air, that this rule “was not in the archives of the Church of Constantinople already at the beginning of the 5th century” (p. 212). But this is a lie, because this rule never existed there, neither before the 5th century, nor after. And this is not difficult to prove. After all, lists of rules of ecumenical and local councils are the most important documents of the Church, and therefore, after each council, all rules are sent to all churches in all countries, and if the rule disappeared in one archive, other churches would send lists and copies. But the rule could not disappear unnoticed, because it is in the list of rules, linked, numbered and filed, and, moreover, all the rules of the councils are signed by all participants in the councils and all lists of rules immediately after the council are sent to all churches for use in church life, they are copied for themselves and for use in the temple. But how absurd it is to assume that the rule suddenly disappeared in all churches, from all book depositories, public and private, and, moreover, disappeared imperceptibly and at the same time from all the lists that are linked, numbered and filed. No, it could not disappear unnoticed, suddenly and simultaneously, this is a lie. And scientists copy this misconception from each other. A thousand years have passed since the writing of the Book of Rules, but during this millennium none of the holy fathers referred to this imaginary rule, because it did not exist. Even the ancient heretics, among whom forged writings also circulated, did not refer to it. It was later invented by Roman Catholics, and now it is supported by learned atheists in order to discredit the church.
So, no rule about the time of celebrating Easter was decreed at the 1st Ecumenical Council, for it was not necessary: this rule had already been spoken before, it is found in the Apostolic Canons and it says the following: “If anyone, a bishop or presbyter , or deacon, will celebrate the holy day of Easter before the spring equinox with the Jews: let him be deposed from the sacred rank" (rule 7). Jews are Jews who did not accept Christ. So, in this rule about Easter it is not said about March 21st, nor about the full moon, contrary to false opinion. The rule only prohibits celebrating Passover with Jews. It also prohibits celebrating Easter before the spring equinox, and nothing more. The Church has not canonized astronomical information; it is not in any rule of the universal and local councils, because only spiritual and moral commandments are included in the rule. Astronomical precision cannot be law; it is left to private interpretation or opinion.
Conclusions: the mythical March 21st arose by decree of the Pope, who gave this number inappropriate honor only because it was the spring equinox, during the 1st Ecumenical Council in Nicaea; it took place in the year 325, and in the 4th century the vernal equinox was approximately March 22nd and 21st. But is this cathedral more honorable than other cathedrals? After all, before there was an apostolic council, no less venerable. If there was a need to fix the spring equinox to a certain date, wouldn’t it be better to keep the day of the equinox that was at the birth of Christ or His resurrection? Or the first day of March, the first day of spring? But, as has been said, there could not be such a need, and the universal Church in its rules never canonized the data of astronomy, which did not have absolute accuracy, for church rules must be infallible.
In order to fix the vernal equinox on the twenty-first day of the month of March, although this was not required, the Pope ordered that the supposedly “extra” 10 days “accumulated”, in quotes, since the 1st Council of Nicea be thrown out of the count of days, and this became a significant drawback modern calendar: it disrupts the continuous counting of days. Another significant drawback: according to the new style, 3 leap years in 4 centuries are destroyed. All this made it impossible to carry out accurate calculations. Therefore, the new style is not used in the Church, and in historical chronology, and in astronomy - where precise mathematical calculations are required, but the Julian days are used.
"The disadvantage of the Gregorian style is its unnecessary complexity, which forces us to first perform calculations using the Julian calendar, and then convert Julian dates to Gregorian ones. Thanks to the Julian calendar, it is easy to chronologically restore various historical facts, astronomical phenomena in the past, recorded in chronicles or ancient monuments, which cannot be done according to the Gregorian calendar" ("On the Church Calendar", A.I. Georgievsky, Associate Professor of the Moscow Theological Academy, Moscow, 1948).
About the Julian days, or the Julian period. When Pope Gregory in 1582 abolished the old style, Julian, then next year the old style was revived under the name of the Julian period, which was introduced into science by the French scientist Scaliger. This Julian period, or otherwise Julian days (more correctly, Julian), is used today by all astronomers around the world, although the Julian period is an artificial era and in it the days are counted from a conditional, arbitrary date (noon of January 1, 4713 BC) , and not from the Nativity of Christ or from another historical event. Scaliger, according to him, called his system, where a continuous count of the day is kept, Julian because it counts according to the Julian calendar, according to the old style. Scaliger was against the new style, against the Gregorian calendar, rightly believing that only the Julian calendar retains a continuous count of days. Take any astronomical calendar or astronomical yearbook, published in any country in the world, in any language, in any year, and you will see in it a count of days according to “Julian days” - JD. In addition, in astronomy there is the Julian (Julian) century, the Julian year (365.25 days), and other Julian quantities (those who wish can read more about this in my book “Why the old style is more accurate than the new style. Divine miracles according to the old style.", Moscow, "Pilgrim", 2002).
So, the Julian calendar, the old style, is used in the Orthodox Church and in astronomy, as well as in historical research, where mathematical calculations are required. For example, you need to find out in what year in the seventh century there was a solar or lunar eclipse in a particular city. This can only be calculated using the old style; and then the calculated Julian dates are converted to dates of the Gregorian calendar. But why convert some numbers into others if you can use the old style without translation? It's easier after all.
That the new style, the Gregorian, modern calendar does not have the astronomical accuracy for which it was introduced, we will provide further evidence from astronomy.
The vernal equinox is movable, it does not stand in the sky (a phenomenon of precession), therefore assigning a fixed date to it (the 21st) and thus linking Easter with it is a gross astronomical and logical mistake.
The book, which is a guide to modern astronomy, because it contains all the basic astronomical and physical information, is “Astrophysical Quantities” (author of the book K.W. Allen, published in 1977, Mir Publishing House, translation from English, page 35), - the length of the year is given in various precise measurements (see table, we present data with insignificant rounding).
| Tropical year (from equinox to equinox) | 365.242199 average solar day |
| Sidereal year (relative to the fixed stars) | 365.25636556 days |
| Time of change in the right ascension of the average sun through 360 degrees, measured relative to the stationary ecliptic | 365.2551897 days |
| Anomalous year (time between successive passages through perihelion) | 365.25964134 days |
| Eclipse (draconic) year | 346.620031 days |
| Julian year | 365.25 days |
| Gregorian calendar year | 365.2425 days |
TOTAL SEVEN DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS OF THE YEAR. Here we can also add the EIGHTH DIMENSION OF THE YEAR - this is lunar year, which is equal to 12 lunar synodic months, on average: 354.367 days.
To this you can also add FIVE DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS OF THE MONTH (in the same book, pages 35 and 213):
And in secondary schools, and in higher schools too, stubbornly, like ignorant journalists, they talk only about the tropical or Gregorian year.
Without being able to explain here what it is tropical, ecliptic, perihelion and so on, we must say that all calendars are conditionally divided into solar, in accordance with the annual movement of the sun, lunar, commensurate with the phases of the moon, and solar-lunar, commensurate with the movements of the sun and moon. In modern calendars, the length of the year is usually commensurate with the duration of the so-called tropical year, that is, the year measured from one vernal equinox to the next. But this is not a true tropical year, measured by tropical points (which is not possible to talk about in detail here).
But astronomically the most accurate is not the so-called tropical year, but the sidereal year, that is, the sidereal year, measured by the stars and not by the sun. For the sun is too mobile relative to the stars, and the stars are taken to be motionless during measurements. So it is in astronomy. But practically, in Everyday life The most convenient year in its simplicity is the Julian year: three simple years and a fourth leap year.
But the Julian calendar is based on the sidereal year, and not the tropical year (true or so-called, it doesn’t matter)!
And when calculating Easter, the phases of the moon, the full moon, and the time of the equinox are also taken into account. The duration of the solar sidereal year was not known accurately enough in ancient times, but, in the end, by God's providence, the Julian year turned out to be closer to the most accurate sidereal year than the Gregorian year. Look at the table above: the duration of the most accurate sidereal year (365.256-plus days) is closer to the length of the Julian year (365.25 days), and the Gregorian year (365.2425 days) is much further away from the sidereal year. That is, the old style turns out to be more accurate than the new style. And due to the difference in numbers, after a few centuries the old style in the dates of the beginning of the seasons will become equal to the astronomical calendar, but the new style will not be equal even after two thousand years.
So, astronomically the most accurate year is not the tropical year (true or so-called), but the sidereal year. But the sidereal, sidereal year is not very convenient in everyday life, for example, just as it is inconvenient to consider that a chicken lays 0.7 eggs daily, because she lays whole eggs, and not different halves. And we are accustomed to integers and to measuring time by the sun, and not by the stars, although the latter is more accurate. So, between the inexact tropical year and the exact sidereal year is the Julian year, which is closer to the sidereal year than the Gregorian calendar year. For this reason, the old style turns out to be more accurate than the new one.
This amazing pattern was not noticed due to the persistent desire to tie the equinox to March 21, because the new style was falsely dogmatized in Roman Catholicism: the “infallible” Pope declared the calendar “corrected” by him to be infallible.
In astronomy, in addition to the Julian days and Julian years, which were mentioned above, there is also, and since the year 2000, the Julian century has again been naturally introduced, that is, the coming century will be Julian, and not Gregorian. You can read about this in the appendix to the above-mentioned book “Astrophysical Quantities” (pp. 434–435) and in the Astronomical Yearbook for 1990 (p. 605; as well as in other publications), where the following is stated:
“The unit of time used in the fundamental formulas for accounting for precession is considered to be the Julian century of 36525 days; so that the epochs (moments) of the beginning of the year differ from the standard epoch by values that are multiples of the Julian year, equal to 365.25 days.”
So, the coming century will be Julian, not Gregorian: that is, the years will be counted according to the old style, in which every three years have 365 days, and the fourth year has 366 days. This use of the Julian century, that is, the account according to the old style, is not at all accidental, but a completely natural phenomenon.
The old style is convenient and simple and not spoiled by false science under the influence of politics.
It is appropriate to repeat here that the new style, that is, the modern calendar, has long been outdated and they want to replace or correct it: for more than a century and a half, discussions have been ongoing among scientists and non-scientists about correcting the modern calendar, the Gregorian, and numerous proposals have already been received, dozens all kinds of calendar projects, and in 1923 a special commission on calendar reform was created under the League of Nations, and the same commission operates in the current United Nations, and many books and articles have already been published with a variety of schedules of the so-called “perpetual calendars” .
However, it should be noted that some projects of “perpetual calendars” provide for calculation both according to the old style, Julian, and the newest, corrected style. That is, the old style does not change, but the new one is subject to change.
One of these new and most accurate calendars of its kind was calculated by the Yugoslav scientist Milutin Milankovic, this is the so-called New Julian calendar, it is 10 times more accurate than the Gregorian calendar. But it is also based on the same so-called tropical year, and not the sidereal year, although calculations based on the stars are more accurate.
Let us give one more scientific evidence that the old style is more accurate than the new one. Using the Astronomical calendar for 1999, you can compare the dates of the beginning of the seasons according to the old style and the new style, and according to astronomy.
From this comparison it is obvious that the old style is more accurate than the new style, because the dates of the beginning of the seasons according to the Gregorian calendar (according to the new style) differ from astronomical dates by three weeks, and the dates of the beginning of the seasons according to the Julian calendar (according to the old style) differ from astronomical dates only for one week. That is, in other words, the old style is three times more accurate than the new one. This means that it is not the old style that is lagging behind, but the new style that is in a hurry. More precisely, both are in a hurry, but the new style is too hasty.
For example: the beginning of spring in 1999 according to the astronomical calendar on March 21 (translated into modern calculus, Gregorian). And according to the official, Gregorian calendar (civil, which is used in European countries, America, Australia and partly in Asia and Africa, in addition to local calendars), the beginning of spring is March 1st - that is, the difference between them is 20 days, almost three weeks.
But according to the old style, Julian (in terms of numbers converted to the new style), the beginning of spring is March 14th - that is, the difference between them is 7 days, one week. And this difference between the new and old style and the astronomical calendar is approximately the same in other dates: the beginning of summer, autumn and winter. There is a new style everywhere, the modern calendar is three weeks ahead, and the old style is only one week ahead, compared to the astronomical calendar. So, in counting the dates of the seasons, that is, seasons, the old style is approximately three times more accurate than the new style.
Here science and religion are completely unanimous: the old style is more accurate than the new style, astronomy confirms the truth of the tradition of the Church. Only according to the old style, the church monthly, can one correctly celebrate Holy Easter and all Christian holidays.
On the accuracy of the old style according to the time of the annual stay of the sun in the constellations. Another proof of the accuracy of the old style compared to the new style. In astronomy, it is known that throughout the year the sun passes through the vault of heaven, divided into constellations. Each constellation of the sun takes almost a month, starting with the first constellation, spring, called Aries, and ending with the last constellation, Pisces. Currently, the date of the beginning of the annual entry of the sun into the constellation Aries is April 18th of the new style (see table, from the book of the already mentioned Sergei Kulikov “Calendar Crib Sheet”, Moscow, 1996, publishing house “International Education Program”; pp. 49-50 ):
| Constellation: | Entry date sun to constellation: |
| Aries | April 18th |
| Taurus | may 13 |
| Gemini | 21st of June |
| Cancer | July 20 |
| Leo | 10th of August |
| Virgo | 16 of September |
| Libra | October 30 |
| Scorpio | November 22 |
| Ophiuchus | 29th of November |
| Sagittarius | December 17 |
| Capricorn | January 19 |
| Aquarius | February, 15 |
| Pisces | 11th of March |
So, obviously: April 18 (new century), beginning annual movement sun according to the zodiac constellations, closer to the start date of the year according to the old style (March 14, in terms of numbers in the new style), and not to the start date of the year according to the new style (March 1 according to the new style). That is, here too the old style is more accurate than the new style.
On the accuracy of the old style according to meteorological data. The old style is more accurate than the new style not only astronomically, but also meteorologically, for Russia. For, in addition to astronomical spring, there is also meteorological spring - the day when the average daily, daily temperature air passes through zero, that is, from sub-zero temperatures to positive ones. In Russia, and indeed throughout the entire northern hemisphere, the first day of spring is colder than the first day of autumn, that is, temperatures are not symmetrical: cold winter times are shifted towards summer, and winter begins later and ends not in its own winter time, but in spring. And so the meteorological spring comes later than spring, celebrated according to the new style, and later than spring, celebrated according to the old style, and even later than astronomical spring. Until recently, meteorological spring at the latitude of Moscow began around April 7 according to the new style, or March 25 according to the old style. But the climate is warming, according to scientists, and the date of meteorological spring is approaching the date of astronomical spring. According to the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia, now at the latitude of Moscow, meteorological spring begins on March 27–28 (new century), which is closer to the date of the beginning of astronomical spring and to the date of the first day of spring according to church calendar, old style.
So, let's summarize the conclusions: meteorological spring is closer to the start date of spring according to the old style, and not according to the new style. And this is also by the providence of God, this also proves that the old style is more accurate than the new style.
Question : Why is the sidereal year more accurate than the tropical year?
Answer : Astronomers have calculated: the earth, moving in its orbit around the sun, does not return to its original place in a year (the so-called tropical year), because the sun also does not stand still and moves forward, the sun also moves in its orbit around our center in a year galaxy, and also due to precession, which cuts off about 20 minutes from the sidereal year every year and thereby turns the sidereal year into a tropical year - but these phenomena require a very long and careful explanation, and we omit them here). This is where this difference in duration between the sidereal year and the tropical year appears - this is the time during which the earth needs to travel to its place in order for the circle to close, or, more clearly, for the sun to pass in the sky relative to the stars, and not relative to the equinox points , which, contrary to the Gregorian calendar, do not stand still, but move towards the sun in its annual movement across the sky.
Question : But why do the astronomical dates for the beginning of spring, summer, autumn and winter differ in numbers and do not start from the same number (from the 21st, 22nd, 23rd, again from the 22nd)?
Answer : Because the observed annual movement of the sun around the earth, or, that is, the movement of the earth around the sun, is not strictly circular: the circle is stretched into an uneven ellipse - the sun and the earth either approach each other and move faster, or move away from each other and move slower, hence the unevenness in the duration of seasons, seasons, and the discrepancy between the numbers of dates according to the astronomical calendar.
Question : Will there be a shift in dates according to the old style in such a way that the spring holiday of Easter will be celebrated in the summer or even in the fall?
Answer : Orthodox Easter This is not a spring holiday, but a holiday of the resurrection of Christ; Easter is not a local holiday, but a universal one. In Australia, which today is located on the other half of the globe, on its southern side, as well as in South America, and in southern Africa Easter is now celebrated in the fall. For when it is spring with us, it is autumn with them; When it’s summer for us, it’s winter for them. And vice versa, it’s autumn for us, it’s spring for them.
Question : But after a hundred seconds extra years Will the Orthodox Church still celebrate, for example, the Nativity of Christ no longer on January 7th, but on the 8th, due to the shift in dates by one day every 128 years? So, her month book (calendar) is not correct?
Answer : No, true. Because she does not celebrate January 7th. The Orthodox Church always celebrates the Nativity of Christ according to the church style, according to which the Nativity of Christ is always on December 25th - although according to the new style it can be the 7th, or the 8th, or any day of the month, but this is already sinful style.
So, conclusions: the old style is more convenient and easier for everyday use than the new one, and scientifically it is more accurate. According to it, the structure of the monthly word is clearer, the alternation of holidays and fasts and their timing is clearer. The natural course of nature is inscribed in the monthbook. Many ancient monthly books contained astronomical tables, that is, the information that is now placed in calendars, desk calendars, and navigation publications: about the times of sunrise and sunset of the sun and moon, about solar and lunar eclipses, O lunar phases, about the timing of new moons and full moons, about the length of day and night, about the equinoxes. In addition to this information, the monthly book usually contained little-known cosmic cycles, understandable only to those who know astronomy: this is the 28-year cycle of the sun and the 19-year cycle of the moon. These cycles were called: “circle to the sun” and “circle to the moon” (the word “circle” is a translation of the word “cycle”, for the Slavic month book is a translation from the Greek month book). These astronomical cycles, the circle of the sun and the circle of the moon, could be calculated on the fingers - for those who do not know this is difficult, but for those who know it is simple. It was called vrutseleto - summer (year) in hand. Anyone who knew vrutseleto could predict, as if from a book reference book, when and what day would be for a century and a millennium in advance, when Easter would be in what year. And, of course, no matter how accurate astronomy is, for a Christian moral rules are higher than astronomical information.
The spiritual and moral rules of the Ecumenical Orthodox Church, set out in the Book of Rules of the Holy Apostles, Holy Councils and Holy Fathers, are the first reason why Christians should use the church calendar, the old style, and celebrate Easter according to it. And these rules, I am sure, will be observed until the second coming of Christ the Savior, when the entire Church of Christ will be raptured into heaven, “to meet the Lord in the air” (1 Thess. 4:17).
In the words of the ancients: “man is a microcosm,” that is, man physically is a small world, a small universe. According to the ancient Fathers of the Church: “man is the macrocosm,” that is, man is the universe, the world, the great in the small. In the human body there are all the particles, elements of the world, and there is something that is dearer than the whole world, this is the soul. What good is it to a man if he gains the whole world for himself, but loses his soul? In the Gospel, Jesus Christ says: “I came into this world for judgment” (John chapter 9, verse 39). These words from the Greek original are literally translated as follows: “I came into this space for judgment.” So, except this space, there is another space, other world But the other cosmos is not open to everyone. Such a revelation is given from above, it is “given” and not “achieved”, it is not achieved even by prayer and fasting, it is not achieved even by the feats of mortification of the flesh and cutting off the will. And the saints, whose names are in the Orthodox monthly, reached that world. That peace is partly achieved here too. That world exists in this world. Eternity still exists today. The kingdom of heaven is achieved on earth, in the creation of God's works. Only good deeds done for the sake of God, for the glory of God, in the name of Jesus Christ, Orthodoxy, in accordance with the rules of the Orthodox Church, give a person the grace of God, the Holy Spirit, without which salvation is impossible. No one and nothing will save a person except God, the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, and to Him and from us be glory, honor and worship now and ever, and forever and ever. Amen.
Speaking about dates, we often come across a common misconception related to the conversion of dates from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar (from the “old style” to the “new”). A significant portion of people believe that this difference is always 13 days. In fact, everything is much more complicated and the difference between calendars changes from century to century.
First of all, it is necessary to explain why the appearance of different calendars is connected. The fact is that the Earth makes a full revolution around the Sun not in 365 or 366 days, but in 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 45.19 seconds (information for the 2000s).
In the Julian calendar, introduced in 45 AD. and spread throughout Europe, incl. (via Byzantium) - and in Rus', the length of the year is 365 days and 6 hours. The “extra” 6 hours make up 1 day – February 29, which is added once every 4 years.
Thus, the Julian calendar is inaccurate, and over time this inaccuracy became obvious in the calculation Christian holidays, first of all, Easter, which should be celebrated on the first Sunday after the vernal equinox.
The Catholic Church drew attention to this problem, and in 1582 the Gregorian calendar was introduced. Pope Gregory XIII issued a bull on October 5, 1582, ordering October 5 to be counted as 15. Thus, the difference between the calendars in the 16th century was 10 days.
The Gregorian calendar is based on the following principles:
- Just like in the Julian calendar, every fourth year is a leap year.
- Years divisible by 400 (for example, 1600 and 2000) are also leap years.
- The exception is for years that are divisible by 100 and not divisible by 400 (for example, 1700, 1800 and 1900): they are not leap years.
Thus, the discrepancy between the Julian and Gregorian calendars is as follows:
| XVI century | 10 |
| XVII century | 10 |
| XVIII century | 11 |
| XIX century | 12 |
| XX century | 13 |
| XXI century | 13 |
| XXII century | 14 |
| XXIII century | 15 |
| XXIV century | 16 |
| XXV century | 16 |
| XXVI century | 17 |
In Russia, the Gregorian calendar was introduced by decree of the Council of People's Commissars on January 24, 1918. After January 31, 1918, February 14 came.
Thus, most time by which a genealogy can be compiled (XVII - early XX centuries), the Julian calendar was in effect in Russia, and all dates require recalculation in accordance with the table given above. For example, the 150th anniversary of the abolition of serfdom (manifesto of February 19, 1861) - March 3, 2011.
Currently, the Julian calendar continues to be used by some local Orthodox churches, including the Russian Orthodox Church. A significant part of the Orthodox churches (for example, the Greek) adopted the New Julian calendar, which calculates leap years using a different, slightly more complex model. However, until the 29th century there will be no differences between the Gregorian and New Julian calendars.
Wikipedia
Julian calendar
Julian calendar- a calendar developed by a group of Alexandrian astronomers led by Sosigenes and introduced by Julius Caesar in 45 BC.
The Julian calendar reformed the outdated Roman calendar and was based on the chronology culture of Ancient Egypt. In Ancient Rus', the calendar was known as the “Peacemaking Circle”, “Church Circle” and “Great Indiction”.
The year according to the Julian calendar begins on January 1, since it was on this day from 153 BC. e. The consuls elected by the comitia took office. In the Julian calendar, a normal year consists of 365 days and is divided into 12 months. Once every 4 years, a leap year is declared, to which one day is added - February 29 (previously, a similar system was adopted in the zodiac calendar according to Dionysius). Thus, the Julian year has an average length of 365.25 days, which is 11 minutes longer than the tropical year.
365,24 = 365 + 0,25 = 365 + 1 / 4
The Julian calendar in Russia is usually called old style.
Monthly holidays in the Roman calendar
The calendar was based on static monthly holidays. The first holiday with which the month began was the Kalends. The next holiday, falling on the 7th (in March, May, July and October) and on the 5th of other months, was Nones. The third holiday, falling on the 15th (in March, May, July and October) and the 13th of other months, was the Ides.
Months
There is a mnemonic rule for remembering the number of days in a month: fold your hands into fists and, going from left to right from the bone of the little finger of the left hand to the index finger, alternately touching the bones and pits, list: “January, February, March...”. February will have to be remembered separately. After July (bone index finger left hand) you need to move to the bone of the index finger right hand and continue counting to the little finger, starting in August. On the underwires - 31, between - 30 (in the case of February - 28 or 29).
Replacement by the Gregorian calendar
The accuracy of the Julian calendar is low: every 128 years an extra day accumulates. Because of this, for example, Christmas, which initially almost coincided with winter solstice, gradually shifted towards spring. The difference is most noticeable in spring and autumn near the equinoxes, when the rate of change in the length of the day and the position of the sun is maximum. In many temples, according to the creators' plan, on the day of the vernal equinox the sun should hit a certain place, for example, in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome this is a mosaic. Not only astronomers, but also senior clergy led by the Pope could make sure that Easter no longer falls in the same place. After a long discussion of this problem, in 1582 the Julian calendar in Catholic countries was replaced by a more accurate calendar by decree of Pope Gregory XIII. Moreover, the next day after October 4 was announced as October 15. Protestant countries abandoned the Julian calendar gradually, throughout the 17th-18th centuries; the last were Great Britain (1752) and Sweden.
In Russia, the Gregorian calendar was introduced by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars adopted on January 24, 1918; in Orthodox Greece - in 1923. The Gregorian calendar is often called new style.
Julian calendar in Orthodoxy
Currently, the Julian calendar is used only by some local Orthodox churches: Jerusalem, Russian, Serbian, Georgian, Ukrainian.
In addition, it is followed by some monasteries and parishes in other European countries, as well as in the USA, monasteries and other institutions of Athos ( Patriarchate of Constantinople), Greek Old Calendarists (in schism) and other schismatic Old Calendarists who did not accept the transition to the New Julian calendar in the Greek Church and other churches in the 1920s; as well as a number of Monophysite churches, including in Ethiopia.
However, all Orthodox churches that have adopted the new calendar, except the Church of Finland, still calculate the day of Easter celebration and holidays, the dates of which depend on the date of Easter, according to the Alexandrian Paschal and the Julian calendar.
Difference between Julian and Gregorian calendars
The difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars is constantly increasing due to different rules definitions of leap years: in the Julian calendar, all years divisible by 4 are leap years, while in the Gregorian calendar, a year is a leap year if it is a multiple of 400, or a multiple of 4 and not a multiple of 100. The leap occurs in the final year of the century (see Leap year ).
Difference between the Gregorian and Julian calendars (dates are given according to the Gregorian calendar; October 15, 1582 corresponds to October 5 according to the Julian calendar; other start dates of periods correspond to the Julian February 29, end dates - February 28).
Date difference Julian and Gregorian calendars:
| Century | Difference, days | Period (Julian calendar) | Period (Gregorian calendar) |
| XVI and XVII | 10 | 29.02.1500-28.02.1700 | 10.03.1500-10.03.1700 |
| XVIII | 11 | 29.02.1700-28.02.1800 | 11.03.1700-11.03.1800 |
| XIX | 12 | 29.02.1800-28.02.1900 | 12.03.1800-12.03.1900 |
| XX and XXI | 13 | 29.02.1900-28.02.2100 | 13.03.1900-13.03.2100 |
| XXII | 14 | 29.02.2100-28.02.2200 | 14.03.2100-14.03.2200 |
| XXIII | 15 | 29.02.2200-28.02.2300 | 15.03.2200-15.03.2300 |
You should not mix the translation (recalculation) of real historical dates(events in history) to another calendar style with recalculation (for ease of use) to another style of the Julian church calendar, in which all days of celebration (in memory of saints and others) are fixed as Julian - regardless of which Gregorian date a particular holiday or memorial day corresponded to. Due to the increasing change in the difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars, Orthodox churches using the Julian calendar, starting in 2101, will not celebrate Christmas on January 7, as in the 20th century. XXI centuries, and January 8 (translated into the new style), and, for example, from 9997, Christmas will be celebrated on March 8 (new style), although in their liturgical calendar this day will still be marked as December 25 (old style ). In addition, it should be borne in mind that in a number of countries where the Julian calendar was in use before the beginning of the 20th century (for example, in Greece), dates historical events, which occurred before the transition to the new style, continue to be celebrated on the same dates (nominally) on which they occurred according to the Julian calendar (which, among other things, is reflected in the practice of the Greek section of Wikipedia).
Old and new style
You have already noticed: the modern dates of the holidays mentioned by Nekrasov’s Matryona Timofeevna are given according to the old and new styles, that is, the calendar. What is their difference?
In the Julian calendar, introduced by the Roman emperor Julius Caesar in 45 AD, the year (that is, the time of the Earth's complete revolution around the Sun) was not calculated quite accurately, with an excess of 11 minutes 14 seconds. For one and a half thousand years, despite the amendment of three days made in the 13th century, this difference amounted to ten days. Therefore, in 1582, Pope Gregory XIII ordered these ten days to be thrown out of the calendar; The Gregorian calendar (“new style”) was introduced in most countries of Western Europe and then America. However, Russia did not agree with the amendment made by the head catholic church, and continued to adhere to the Julian calendar. Introduced a new style in Russia Soviet authority in February 1918, when the difference in calendars had already reached 13 days. Thus, the country's chronology was added to the pan-European and American calendar. The Russian Orthodox Church did not recognize the reform and still continues to live according to the Julian calendar.
So, the difference between the calendars in the 20th and 21st centuries is 13 days, in the 19th century it was 12 days, in the 18th century it was 11. From March 1, 2100, the difference between the old and new styles will already reach 14 days.
When reading old Russian literature, it is useful to take into account the difference between the Gregorian calendar officially adopted in Russia and the old, Julian one. Otherwise, we will not accurately perceive the time when the events described by our classics occur. Here are examples.
Today, often, hearing the rumble of thunder in the first days of May, people quote the beginning of the famous poem by F.I. Tyutchev’s “Spring Thunderstorm”: “I love a thunderstorm at the beginning of May...” At the same time, few people think that the poem was written in the 19th century, when May in Russia began on May 13 according to the current calendar (a difference of 12 days) and a thunderstorm in the middle zone countries are not at all uncommon. Therefore, Tyutchev, describing the first thunderstorm at the beginning (and in our opinion, in the middle) of May, is not at all surprised by it, but only rejoices.
In the story by I.S. Turgenev “Knocking!” we read: “...it was the tenth of July and the heat was terrible...” Now it is clear to us that, as of now, we're talking about about the twentieth of July. Another work of Turgenev, the novel “Fathers and Sons,” says: “They came better days in the year - the first days of June." By adding 12 days, the reader will easily understand which time of the year according to the modern calendar Turgenev considered the best.
In the further presentation of the dates of the old and new styles, we will give them as a fraction.
What is unclear from the classics, or Encyclopedia of Russian life of the 19th century. Yu. A. Fedosyuk. 1989.
See what “Old and New Style” is in other dictionaries:
NEW STYLE (GREGORIAN CALENDAR)- A system of calculating time established in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, who moved the clock forward 10 days to correct errors in the calculation of time that had accumulated in the old Julian calendar since its adoption at the Council of Nicea... ... Linguistic and regional dictionary
See Calendar... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron
Style- 1) syllable, manner of writing, 2) in art, features inherent in some era, some artist and school, 3) chronology (old and new style) ... Popular political dictionary
- (Latin stilus, from Greek stylos writing stick). 1) in literature: an image of expression, style, a unique way of presenting the thoughts of outstanding writers. 2) a type of stylus with which the ancients wrote on waxed tablets, the lower end of which was sharp... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
NEW, opposite old, old, ancient, ancient, former, past; recently created, made, revealed; recently ended, happened; our century, this year, month, day; different, different, not the same as before: hitherto unknown or... ... Dictionary Dahl
Style: Wiktionary has an article “style” Style (written, stylo, stylos, stylus lat. ... Wikipedia
Style, m. [Greek. stylos, lit. a stick with a sharp end for writing on waxed tablets]. 1. Totality artistic means, characteristic of works of art of any kind. artist, era or nation. Architectural styles. Gothic style … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
style- I, m., STYL I, m. style m., gol.stylus, German. Style lat. stylus syllable of the letter.1. A set of features that characterize the art of a certain time and direction from the outside ideological content and artistic form. BASS 1. Style, calm,… … Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
1. STYLE, i; m. [French] style] 1. A set of characteristics, features that create a holistic image of art of a certain time, direction, individual manner of the artist in relation to ideological content and artistic form. Romantic s. V… … encyclopedic Dictionary
style- in chronology, a method of calculating time, dividing it into annual periods. Until 1918, we adopted the old style (according to the so-called Julian calendar), according to which the year was divided into 365 days, and since in reality it is longer by... ... Reference commercial dictionary
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