Women's athletics. Athletics. Main types of athletics

Pakharenko Kirill Vladimirovich

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Pakharenko Kirill. "Athletics. Main types athletics»

Report on physical culture:

"Athletics. Main types of athletics"

Prepared by:

Pakharenko Kirill Vladimirovich

8th grade student "A"

MBOU "Secondary school p. Pionersky"

Supervisor:

Physical education teacher:

Zhuravleva Tatyana Anatolyevna

MBOU "Secondary school p. Pionersky"

Smt. Pionersky

2016

1. Project passport……………………………………………………………3
2. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….3
3. Types of athletics and their characteristics……………… …………………..4
4. Calendar of competitions and form of their implementation……..………………...8
5. World and Olympic records in athletics. Outstanding athletes……………………………………………………………….10
6. Development of athletics in Russia……………………………………...13
7. Huge problems in athletics…………………………………..18
8. Conclusion……………………………………………………………..22
9. Used Literature……………………………………………………………..22

Introduction

1. Report author:Pakharenko Kirill.
2. Purpose of the report:

• Studying the history of athletics andits development in Russia;
• Find out about types of athletics and their characteristics;
• Understand the problems of athletics in our time;

1. Objectives of the report:

• make a list of questions of interest;
• study theoretical material on this topic;
• make a sample based on the read data and display the result;
• compare the data obtained and analyze them;
• put forward a problem on this topic;
• present your report.

Athletics is a complex sport that includes various types of disciplines. She is rightfully considered the queen of sports, not without reason; two of the three calls in the motto “Faster, higher, stronger” can be attributed without hesitation to athletics disciplines. Athletics formed the basis of the sports program of the first Olympic Games. This is one of the main and most popular sports.

Athletics has gained popularity due to the fact that it does not require expensive equipment. Due to this, athletics was able to become popular even in countries such as Asia, Africa and Latin America. It was in connection with its extensive development that she received the title of “Queen of Sports”. Athletics truly rules the sports world; it is loved and revered in the most remote corners of the planet.

Types of athletics and their characteristics

Athletics is a sport that combines many disciplines. One of the main and most popular sports.Athletics is a very conservative sport. So the program of men's disciplines in the program Olympic Games(24 species) has not changed since 1956. The female events program includes 23 events. The only difference is the 50km walk, which is not on the women's list. Thus, athletics is the most medal-intensive event among all Olympic sports.

The indoor championship program consists of 26 events (13 men's and 13 women's). At official competitions, men and women do not participate in joint starts.

Types of athletics are usually divided into five sections: walking, running, jumping, throwing and all-around. Each of them, in turn, is divided into varieties.

Race walking - 20 km (men and women) and 50 km (men). Race walking is a cyclic locomotor movement of moderate intensity, which consists of alternating steps in which the athlete must constantly make contact with the ground and at the same time the forward leg must be fully straightened from the moment it touches the ground until it reaches the vertical.

Running competitions are one of the oldest sports for which official competition rules were approved, and have been included in the program since the very first Olympic Games in 1896. For runners, the most important qualities are: the ability to maintain high speed over a distance, endurance and tactical thinking.

Running events are included both in the disciplines of athletics and in many popular types sports in separate stages (in relay races, all-around events). Running competitions are held in special athletics stadiums with equipped tracks. Summer stadiums usually have 8-9 tracks, winter stadiums have 4-6 tracks. The width of the track is 1.22 m, the line separating the tracks is 5 cm. Special markings are applied to the tracks indicating the start and finish of all distances, and corridors for passing the relay baton. As shoes, athletes use special running shoes - spikes, which provide good grip on the surface. Running competitions are held in almost any weather. In hot weather, long-distance running events may also provide food stations. During running, athletes should not interfere with each other, although when running, especially long and middle distances, contact between runners is possible. At distances from 100 m to 400 m, athletes each run along their own track. At distances from 600 m to 800 m, they start on different tracks and after 200 m they join the common track. 1000 m or more start as a group at the line marking the start. The athlete who crosses the finish line first wins. In case of controversial situations, a photo finish is used and the athlete whose part of the body first crossed the finish line is considered first. Since the 1966 European Championships and the 1968 Olympic Games, electronic timing has been used to record running results at major competitions, measuring results to the nearest hundredth of a second. But even in modern athletics, electronics are duplicated by judges with a manual stopwatch. World and lower level records are recorded in accordance with IAAF rules.

Results in running disciplines at the stadium are measured with an accuracy of 1/100 sec., in road running with an accuracy of 1/10 sec.

Jumps are divided into vertical (high jump and pole vault) and horizontal (long jump and triple jump).

Running high jump is an athletics discipline related to vertical jumps of technical types. The components of a jump are the run-up, preparation for take-off, take-off, crossing the bar and landing. Requires athletes to have jumping ability and coordination of movements. Held in the summer and winter seasons. It has been an Olympic track and field discipline for men since 1896 and for women since 1928. An athlete can start jumping from any height, having previously notified the judges about this. The distance between the bar holders is 4 m. The landing area dimensions are 3 x 5 meters. When attempting, the athlete must push off with one leg. An attempt is considered unsuccessful if: as a result of the jump, the bar did not stay on the racks; the athlete touched the surface of the sector, including the landing area, located behind the vertical projection of the near edge of the bar, or between or outside the posts with any part of his body before he cleared the bar.

The judge marks a successful attempt by raising a white flag. If the bar falls from the stands after the white flag is raised, the attempt is considered valid. Usually the judge records the gain no earlier than the athlete has left the landing site, but the final decision on the moment of recording the result formally remains with the judge.

Pole vault is a discipline related to vertical jumps of technical types of the athletics program. Requires athletes to have jumping ability, sprinting qualities, and coordination of movements. Pole vault among men has been an Olympic sport since the First Summer Olympics in 1896, among women since the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney. Included in track and field all-around events. At the preliminary stage and the final, the athlete is given three attempts at each height. The increase in height during the competition is determined by the judges; it cannot be less than 5 centimeters. Typically, at low altitudes, the bar is raised in increments of 10-15 cm and then the step moves to 5 cm. The distance between the bar holders is 4 m. The dimensions of the landing site are 5 x 5 meters. The length of the runway is at least 40 meters and the width is 1.22 meters. The athlete has the right to ask the judges to adjust the location of the bar posts from 40 cm in front of the back surface of the box to support the pole, to 80 cm towards the take-off point. An attempt is considered unsuccessful if: as a result of the jump, the bar did not stay on the racks; the athlete touched the surface of the sector, including the landing site, located behind the vertical plane passing through the far edge of the support box, with any part of the body or a pole; the athlete in the flight phase tried to keep the bar from falling with his hands. The judge marks a successful attempt by raising a white flag. If the bar falls from the stands after the white flag is raised, it no longer matters - the attempt is counted. If the pole breaks during an attempt, the athlete has the right to try again.

Long jump is a discipline related to horizontal jumps of technical types of the athletics program. Requires jumping and sprinting qualities from athletes. The long jump was part of the competition program of the ancient Olympic Games. It has been a modern Olympic track and field discipline for men since 1896 and for women since 1948. Included in track and field all-around events. The athlete's task is to achieve the greatest horizontal length of the running jump. When performing a jump, athletes in the first stage make a run-up along the track, then push off with one foot from a special board and jump into a pit with sand. The jump distance is calculated as the distance from a special mark on the take-off board to the beginning of the hole from landing in the sand. The distance from the take-off board to the far edge of the landing pit must be at least 10 m. The take-off line itself must be located at a distance of up to 5 m from the near edge of the landing pit. For world-class male athletes, the initial speed when pushing off the board reaches 9.4 - 9.8 m/s. The optimal angle of departure of the athlete's center of mass to the horizon is considered to be 20-22 degrees and the height of the center of mass relative to the normal position when walking is 50-70 cm. Athletes usually achieve their highest speed in the last three to four steps of the run-up. A jump consists of four phases: run-up, take-off, flight and landing. The greatest differences, from a technical point of view, affect the flight phase of the jump.

Throwing - shot put, javelin throw, discus throw and hammer throw. In 1896, discus throwing and shot put were included in the Games program; in 1900 - hammer throwing, in 1906 - javelin throwing.

All-around events are the decathlon (men's event) and heptathlon (women's event), which are held over two consecutive days in the following order. Decathlon - first day: 100 m run, long jump, shot put, high jump and 400 m run; second day: m hurdles, discus throw, pole vault, javelin throw and 1500 m run. Heptathlon - first day: 100 m hurdles, high jump, shot put, 200 m run; second day: long jump, javelin throw, 800 m run. For each event, athletes receive a certain number of points, which are awarded either according to special tables or empirical formulas. Between types there must be a defined interval for rest (usually at least 30 minutes). When conducting certain events, there are amendments typical for all-around events: in running events, two false starts are allowed (instead of one as in regular running events); In the long jump and throwing, the participant is given only three attempts.

In addition to the listed Olympic types, running and walking competitions are held at other distances, over rough terrain, and in the athletics arena; in throwing for young men, lightweight projectiles are used; All-around competitions are carried out in five and seven events (men) and five (women).

The rules in athletics are quite simple: the winner is the athlete or team that showed the best results in the final race or final attempt of technical disciplines.

First place in all types of athletics, except all-around, marathon and walking, takes place in several stages: qualification, ½ finals, ¼ finals. Then the final is held, in which the participants who took prizes are determined. The number of participants is determined by the competition regulations.

Calendar of competitions and form of their implementation

Non-commercial competitions.

The Summer Olympic Games have included athletics in the Games program since 1896.

The World Open Stadium Championship has been held since 1983, every two years in odd-numbered years. The next world championship in 2011 will be held in Daegu (Republic of Korea).

The World Indoor Championships have been held since 1985, every two years in even-numbered years. The next championship will be held in 2010 in Istanbul (Türkiye).

The European Open Stadium Championship has been held every four years since 1934. The next European Championship was held in 2010 in Barcelona (Spain).

European Indoor Championships - held since 1966, every two years in odd years.

Open World Cup (team competition) - held every four years. The next World Cup will be held in 2010.

Commercial competitions:

Grand Prix is ​​a cycle of summer competitions that take place annually and end with the Grand Prix final (a special “Jackpot” prize of $1 million).

Golden League.

Diamond League - a cycle of competitions held annually since 2010.

The difference between commercial and non-commercial competitions mainly lies in the approach to the selection of athletes and different interpretations rules At commercial competition starts

usually held in one round; any number of participants from a country, including a wildcard, can be received by participants from the organizing country; the use of pacemakers in running disciplines is allowed; it is allowed to reduce the number of attempts in technical disciplines to 4 (instead of 6); men and women can participate in the same race; non-standard selection of events for track and field all-around events.

Competitions, warm-ups and training can take place outdoors or indoors. In this regard, there are two seasons of athletics, in the regions where this sports discipline is most popular: in Europe and in the USA. Competitions:

The summer season, usually April - October (including the Olympic Games and World and European Championships) are held in open stadiums. The winter season is usually January - March (including the World and European Winter Championships) held indoors.

Competitions in race walking and running (cross-country) on the road have their own calendar. Thus, the most prestigious marathon races are held in spring and autumn.

In most cases, an athletics stadium is combined with a football (in the USA, American football or lacrosse) stadium and field (for example, Luzhniki Stadium). The standard includes a 400-meter oval track, which usually consists of 8 or 9 separate tracks, as well as sectors for jumping and throwing competitions. The 3000-meter steeplechase track has special markings, and the water obstacle is placed on a special bend.

It is customary to measure distances in stadiums in meters (for example, a 10,000-meter run), and on a highway or open area in kilometers (for example, a 10-kilometer cross-country race). The tracks at stadiums have special markings marking the start of all running disciplines, and corridors for passing relays.

Sometimes throwing competitions (usually hammer throwing) are separated into a separate program, or even taken outside the stadium, since potentially a projectile accidentally flying outside the sector can cause injury to other competition participants or spectators.

An indoor stadium (manege) standardly includes a 200-meter oval track, consisting of 4-6 separate tracks, a 60-meter running track and sectors for jumping events. The only throwing event included in the winter season program in closed premises- This is shot put and, as a rule, it does not have a special sector and is organized separately on the site of other sectors. Official IAAF competitions are held only on a 200-meter track, but there are also stadiums with a non-standard track (140 meters, 300 meters and others).

In arenas on bends, a certain slope angle is laid down (usually up to 18°), which makes it easier for runners to cover the distance on turns with a small radius of curvature. These competitions were first held in 1985 in Paris, France. True, they were then called “World Indoor Games”, but, starting in 1987, they received the familiar name “World Indoor Championships” to all of us. The World Championships are held every two years and only once was an exception made to this rule, when the competitions were held in 2003 and 2004. This was done in order to separate the summer and winter championships in different years.

Since 2006, the 200-meter distance has been excluded from the program of the World and European Championships for reasons that the participants are placed in very unequal conditions, that is, those who run along the outer track are in the most favorable conditions. However, in other competitions and in most national championships, competitions at a 200-meter distance are still held.

World and Olympic records in athletics. Outstanding athletes

The concept of world records in athletics means obtaining and achieving the highest results that can be shown either by one individual athlete or the whole team from several athletes, and the conditions must be comparable and repeatable. New records can also be set directly during IAAF world competitions in full accordance with the list of disciplines available for this sport.

The concept of the highest world achievement is also quite widespread. This achievement belongs to the category of those achievements that do not belong to the list of athletics disciplines that are on the list of athletics disciplines. Such track and field sports include disciplines such as 50-meter running and throwing of various weights.

In all disciplines that are approved, records are measured in accordance with metric system, which includes meters and seconds. The only exception to this rule is the mile run.

The first highest world achievements historically date back to the middle of the 19th century. The 1968 Mexico City Olympics saw the first use of a fully automated timing system accurate to hundredths of a second (Jim Hines, 9.95 seconds in the 100m dash). Since 1976, the IAAF has made the use of automatic sprint timing mandatory.

The oldest world record in the athletics disciplines included in the Olympic Games program is the women's 800-meter outdoor record (1:53.28), set on July 26, 1983 by Jaromila Kratokhvilova (Czechoslovakia).

The oldest world record recorded in the disciplines included in the World Championships program is the winter record in women's shot put (22.50 m), set on February 19, 1977 by Helena Fibingerova (Czechoslovakia).

The IAAF practices the payment of bonuses for setting a world record. So, in 2007, the prize money was 50,000 USD. Organizers of commercial races can set additional prizes for breaking the world record, which attracts spectators and sponsors.

Athletics fans often debate records in vertical jumps, especially in the pole vault. In this discipline, athletes have the opportunity to add centimeters to the previous result, which is impossible in other sports. The record holder for the number of records is pole vaulter Sergei Bubka (USSR, Ukraine), who set duringfrom 1984 to 1994 35 world records.

Yelena Isinbayeva - holder of 27 world records, for the first time in the world in 2005 she conquered a height of 5 meters.

American Dick Fosbury won in 1968 in Mexico City, jumping in an unprecedented way (flying over the bar with his back, not his stomach), the world record in this event was broken only in 1973 by the efforts of Dwight Stones , who took 2 meters 30 centimeters. Then the world record was broken using the old flip method by only one person - a phenomenally talented Vladimir Yashchenko . Undoubtedly, the technique of pole vaulters and throwers of all four types - hammer, shot, javelin and discus - has improved. But the technique of long and triple jumpers has improved to a lesser extent over the past 20-40 years, and that of runners - even less. For example, Michael Johnson held the world record in the 200 meters for 12 years ( Usain Bolt in Beijing in 2008 he broke his world record for 200 m), and for 400 meters his unsurpassed achievement was already 10 years old.

On the one hand: more and more countries and athletes are becoming involved in athletics at a high level. In pre-war times, more than 80 percent of the world records in sprinting, jumping and throwing belonged to Americans. It was only in endurance running that they were surpassed by the Europeans. Moreover, the Americans themselves, some 40 years ago, believed that short-distance running was for dark-skinned people, and middle- and long-distance running was for white people. In those years, the world record for 800 meters was held by a blond New Zealander Peter Snell , at 1500 - a phenomenal record for an Australian Herb Elliot lasted 7 years until he was beaten by a white American Jim Ryan.

At 5000 and 10000 meters, world records first passed from the British to the RussiansVladimir Kuts and Peter Bolotnikov, and then - to the Australian Ron Clark . But now the records have been taken over by natives of Africa, where physical education and modern training methods are gradually penetrating. What is surprising: not all countries of the Black Continent produce record holders, but only a few. Moreover, in that multi-ethnic Kenya with a population of 30 million, all the famous runners, including numerous record holders and Olympic winners, represent only one Kalenjin people. There are less than 10% of the population in the country, although 70% of Kenyans live in the middle and highlands. Even more interesting is that most of the Kenyan record holders were born in the highland town of Eldoret with a population of 80 thousand people, or in the villages closest to it. And many of them are related to each other. As the Beijing Olympic champion in the 800m race told our correspondent Wilfred Bungei , his cousins ​​are the world record holder Wilson Kipketer and multiple world record holder Henry Rono, distant relatives Kepchogo Keino, Pamela Gelimo . Moroccan record holders and ex-world record holdersKhalid Skah, Said Aouita and El Geroujalso come from the same small mountain province.

IN world elite Endurance running also includes young natives of Sudan. Well, our Yuri Borzakovsky, contrary to all logic, has been defeating talented natives of Africa (more precisely, some of its regions) for 10 years, who also accept citizenship of the USA, Denmark, Turkey, the Emirates, France, Sweden.

The situation is similar for sprinters. In the 100m race, the last white world record holder was a German. Armin Hari half a century ago. After him (plus another 30 years before him), only black Americans invariably improved the record for the fastest distance. Recently, they have been increasingly competing with dark-skinned residents of the islands near the American continent - mainly Jamaica. Usain Bolt confirmation of this. He covered 100m in 9.58 seconds. This is a phenomenal result. Athletes who won greatest number gold medals in the history of the Olympic Games:Carl Lewis (USA) and Paavo Nurmi (Finland)- 9 gold medals.

Outstanding results in the history of world sports were shown by such athletes as:

• Robert Korzeniewski (Poland)
• Jesse Owens (USA)
• Valery Brumel (USSR)
• Al Orter (USA)
• Sergey Bubka (USSR-Ukraine)
• Michael Johnson (USA)
• Hisham El Guerrouj (Morocco)
• Haile Gebrselassie (Ethiopia)
• Kenenisa Bekele (Ethiopia)
• Usain Bolt (Jamaica)
• Nina Ponomareva-Romashkova (USSR)
• Tatyana Kazankina (USSR)
• Irena Shewińska (Poland)
• Heike Drechsler(GDR)
• Wilma Rudolph (USA)
• Stefka Kostadinova (Bulgaria)
• Jackie Joyner-Kersee (USA)
• Meseret Defar (Ethiopia)
• Tirunesh Dibaba (Ethiopia)
• Elena Isinbaeva (Russia)

Development of athletics in Russia

The beginning of the development of athletics in Russia is associated with the organization in 1888 of a sports club in the village of Tyarlevo near St. Petersburg. The organizer of the circle was P.P. Moskvin. The members of the circle were mainly young students who spent time in Tyarlevo summer holidays. In the 90s of the 19th century, the circle held a number of major competitions for that time.

The following year the circle received the name "Society of Running Lovers", and from 1893. - "St. Petersburg circle of sports lovers." Club members began running in early spring on Petrovsky Island, and with the onset of summer - in Tyarlevo. The competition program was supplemented in 1893 with running long jumps, and since 1895 with shot put, high jump, hurdles and steeplechase. A little later, competitions appear in cross-country and pole vaulting, discus throwing and javelin throwing.

The program of the large sports festival organized by the circle in 1895, which was attended by about 10,000 spectators thanks to free admission, in addition to bicycle races, included running over various distances, running long jumps, hurdles, throwing a ball and a cast iron shot.

The first Russian championship in athletics, dedicated to the 20th anniversary of the founding of the sports circle in Tyarlevo, was held in 1908. This championship, despite the fact that about 50 athletes from St. Petersburg and Riga participated in it, served as an incentive for the further development of athletics athletics. Sports clubs appeared in Moscow, Kyiv, Samara, and Odessa.

In 1911, the All-Russian Union of Athletics Amateurs was created, uniting about 20 sports clubs from various cities. In 1912, a team of Russian track and field athletes (47 people) took part for the first time in the V Olympic Games, which were held in Stockholm (Sweden). Low level athletics in Russia in comparison with other countries, weak preparatory work, shortcomings in team recruitment affected the unsuccessful performance of Russian athletes - none of them took a prize. An unsuccessful performance at the Stockholm Olympics forced the organizers of Russian sports to take measures to identify capable athletes and attract them to training.

Before the First World War, two All-Russian Olympiads were held. The results shown by track and field athletes at these Olympics indicated that there were many gifted athletes in Russia. At the same time, in pre-revolutionary Russia, playing sports was the privilege of the propertied classes. Wide masses did not have access to them. Therefore, although there was some rise in athletics, it was not widespread.

In 1913, the First All-Russian Olympiad took place in Kyiv, where marathon running and the women's athletics championship were held for the first time. The Second All-Russian Olympiad took place in 1914 in Riga. The hero of this Olympics was a young runner from Moscow Vasily Arkhipov. On the sandy track of the Riga Hippodrome, he showed an outstanding result for that time in the 100 m race - 10.8. It must be said that with the same result in 1912, the American sprinter R. Craig won the title of champion of the V Olympic Games.

The outbreak of the First World War, then the revolution, postponed sports competitions for many years. The first national athletics championship was held in Moscow in 1922, 200 athletes from 16 cities and regions of the country participated. The state of the sport at that time is indicated by the following fact: at the individual Moscow athletics championship in 1921, one of the participants broke his javelin, the competition had to be stopped, since there was no second javelin in Moscow.

Beginning in 1924, the USSR began to officially register records in athletics, which stimulated the growth sporting achievements.

The All-Union Spartakiad of 1928 was of great importance for the development of athletics, in which athletes from all regions and republics of the country and representatives of workers' sports unions from 15 foreign countries took part. About 1,300 athletes took part in athletics competitions, and 38 all-Union records were set. In the team competition, athletes from the Russian Federation took first place, athletes from Ukraine took second place, and athletes from Belarus took third place.

The development of athletics was greatly facilitated by the introduction in 1931 of the All-Union GTO complex, in which, of all sports, athletics was most widely represented. The introduction of the GTO complex contributed to a significant improvement in sports performance and increased mass participation. Millions of people began to engage in athletics and were preparing to pass the standards of the GTO complex. During the preparation and in the process of passing the standards, many gifted athletes emerged, who subsequently, systematically training in athletics sections, became nationally famous. For example, brothers Seraphim and Georgy Znamensky.

In the 1930s, the development of theory and light techniques athletics. A number of manuals and tutorials have appeared. In 1936, through the joint efforts of the Moscow and Leningrad Institutes of Physical Culture, the first Soviet textbook on athletics was created, which reflected the practical experience of leading coaches, teachers, as well as the results of scientific work.

In 1938, one of the prominent theorists and practitioners of athletics G.V. Vasiliev defended the first candidate's dissertation in our country on this sport (“Throwing in Athletics”).

In 1941, a unified All-Union sports classification was introduced, which, due to the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War could not become widespread.

For the first time, Soviet athletes took part in the European Championship in 1946 in Norway, and in 1948 the All-Union Athletics Section became a member of the International Athletics Federation. Two years later, USSR athletes at the European Championships in Brussels won the largest number of points for prizes. In 1952, for the first time since the 1917 revolution, the USSR national team took part in the Olympic Games. The debut turned out to be successful: 2 gold, 10 silver and 7 bronze Olympic medals..

A golden shower of medals rained down on Soviet track and field athletes at the Olympics in Rome (I960). The Olympic champions were Vera Krepkina (long jump), sisters Tamara and Irina Press, Lyudmila Shevtsova (800 m), Pyotr Bolotnikov (10,000 m), Vladimir Gopubnichy (20 km walk), Robert Shavlakadze (high jump), Vasily Rudenkov ( hammer throw), Viktor Tsybulenko (javelin), Nina Ponomarev (discus), Elvira Ozolina (javelin). Record number of gold medals.

At subsequent Games there were also individual outstanding performances (by Viktor Saneev, Svetlana Masterkov, Valery Borzov, Tatyana Kazankina, Sergei Bubka, etc.), but the Roman achievement remains unsurpassed. Since 1996, Russia has been an independent team. At the Sydney Games (2000), Russian track and field athletes won three gold medals (Sergei Kpyugin - high jump, Irina Privalova - 400 m hurdles and Elena Yepesina - high jump).

At the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, Russian track and field athletes won six gold medals. The champions were Valery Borchin, Olga Kaniskina, Andrey Silnov, Elena Isinbaeva, Gulnara Galkina-Samitova and the women's relay team in the 4x100 meters. In addition, the athletes brought five silver and six bronze medals to the Russian team. In terms of the number of medals in this sport, only the United States could compete with Russia. In general, our team’s performance at the Olympics can be considered quite successful.

In the team event at the 2010 World Championships in Barcelona, ​​the Russians took first place. This result is inferior to the Russian triumph in Gothenburg 2006 (12 gold and 34 medals of all merits). In terms of gold (10), the Russians repeated their second result in recent history (since the 1994 European Championship) after Helsinki 1994. In terms of the total number of medals (24), the current result is third after Gothenburg 2006 (34) and Helsinki 1994 (25). The same number of total awards was in Munich 2002 (24).

If we analyze the preparation of the Russian team by type of athletics, the results will be far from equal.

As for the women, it is worth noting the remarkable performance of the “weak” half of the Russian team at the largest competitions of the four-year anniversary. Even in the absence of famous athletes: Elena Soboleva, Daria Pishchalnikova, Gulfiya Khanafeeva, Tatyana Tomashova, Yulia Fomenko and Svetlana Cherkasova, whose disqualification occurred due to a DNA mismatch in doping tests taken back in 2007 and who claimed prize money based on the results of the current season places, our women showed an excellent “medal” result at the Olympic athletics forum.

Of course, there is some lag among Russian athletes in the sprint (100 and 200m), but given their performance in the 4x100m relay, in which they took first place, we can say that in team wrestling only American and Jamaican athletes can compete with our girls.

A different picture is observed when analyzing the preparation for these competitions of the men's team. At the moment, in events such as 100, 200 and 400 meters, it is quite difficult for our runners to compete with the strongest athletes from other countries and show results that allow them to get into the final races, where the fight is for the top eight. The same situation is observed in the following events: 1500m, 3000m with obstacles, 5000m, 10000m and marathon. But if in the first four of the listed types we really lag behind other countries, then the situation with the marathon is somewhat different.

If we analyze the results of the performances of Russian runners at a distance of 42,195 m, it is worth noting the fact that they compete quite successfully with the masters of ultra-long distances and often take prizes at commercial competitions. In addition, in terms of time, the results themselves are quite high. So, in 2007, Alexey Sokolov established new record Russia, previously owned by Leonid Shvetsov and lasted about ten years. But when the time comes to perform at major competitions (European or World Championships, as well as the Olympic Games), Russian athletes are not always able to show decent results.

As for the running types of athletics described above, the lag of Russian athletes from runners from other countries can also be explained by an ineffective training system. It's about It’s not that we have bad coaching staff who are unable to cope with the assigned tasks. In fact, there are currently qualified trainers whose names are known throughout the world. However, most of the traditions have been lost. This applies to both men's sprinting and middle and long distance running. For example, Russian athletes are currently performing at the level they have been at for more than 50 years.our strongest runners performed back: Vladimir Kuts, Pyotr Bolotnikov and others.

“Trampling” in the shoes of runners from Russia, when there is no increase in athletic results from year to year, makes us think about the effectiveness of modern training in a number of athletics events. In addition to the training system, there are also other reasons that hinder the development of athletics in our country. The issue concerns young personnel, the inability of coaches to interest children and attract them to athletics, the lack of modern equipment, etc. In most cases, everything is somehow connected with insufficient funding.

Another problem hindering the development of athletics in Russia is the lack of specialized training centers for athletes or their poor provision of equipment and equipment. At the moment, the Russian athletics team has only two sports facilities at its disposal, which are intended to prepare for major competitions: Adler and Kislovodsk. However, these bases have long been unable to meet modern requirements that should provide adequate training. For example, at the Olympic base in Kislovodsk there is still a “track” that was laid and intended to prepare Soviet athletes for the Olympics - 80. But the shelf life of such a track is only 5 years, so at the moment it is so traumatic that many people prefer do not conduct training at the "Upper Stadium" in the city of Kislovodsk. In this regard, Russian athletes were forced to train abroad.

Huge mild problems athletics

Currently, world athletics is in a dual position - on the one hand, successful development, on the other, fire of criticism. There are many problems that arise in sports, the solution of which does not seem entirely realistic. Athletics competitions, originally held in Europe and North America, have become a global sport. This, in addition to success, is what causes obvious skepticism. Moreover, while the expansion of athletics' influence was initially seen as an undoubted success, it is now subject to emerging challenges.

It is important that spectators usually pay for the upcoming pleasure and thus finance, directly or indirectly, athletics competitions. In order to highlight the problem in this matter, it is necessary to consider the different categories of viewers.First category– these are those who purchase tickets in order to attend competitions. Second – television viewers who indirectly pay for watching competitions. Third group , which calls itself the “athletics family,” tries to attend all competitions, but for free.Fourth groupis present at the competitions as it is a sponsor of the competition. They may not be very interested in the progress of the competition, but it is their job to be at the competition. Fifth group – guests and their presence are a gift from sponsors who, by showing hospitality, do their own business. Sixth group consists of schoolchildren who naturally watch the competitions for free, their function is to fill the stadium and thus show interest in athletics.

Looking at the spectator audience at athletics competitions in more detail, one can notice that the first two groups of spectators are decisive in the promotion of sports. However, the ratio between paying and “free” viewers begins to grow catastrophically in favor of the latter. Even at events such as the World Athletics Championships, the number of spectators who paid for tickets was 60%. With the exception of the Olympic Games and World Championships, other athletics competitions attract a fairly modest number of spectators. Eurosport's live broadcast of the Grand Prix attracts between 80,000 and 200,000 viewers, which is not considered effective enough.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the structure of high-end results. Athletes try to extend their careers as long as possible in order to earn more money, so now many of them show high results, reaching 30 years of age. However, the presence of a significant number of high-class athletes can hinder the development of the sport. Careers may last a long time, but at the very top of the list of the most outstanding athletes there is constant change. New stars appear regularly from various regions, but their life as idols is usually short. Experienced stars tend to plan their performances based on the highest possible income, which often conflicts with planning competition programs. In such a semi-professional situation, the role of managers increases significantly in resolving conflicts.

Turning to the future of today's coaches, we can note their insignificant role. Trainers must rely solely on themselves, be completely dependent on the success of their students and be prepared to receive income in exceptional cases. While athletes are organized semi-professionally, there is no organizational structure for coaches. Athletics competitions are a particularly problematic area, and we can easily identify problems in general structure and competition rules. Many spectators complain of boredom during the competition. The reasons they complain about are many - unequal competitive conditions, bad information, the information board is too far away and often breaks down, too many different events are taking place at the same time, many events are too far away from the spectators. And this list is endless.

Next, the hierarchy of our competitions. Many athletes can compete in the Golden League and then take part in the Grand Prix II within a few days. In other sports, it is not possible to compete in an amateur league on Wednesday and then compete in a professional league on Sunday. And only in athletics is this possible. It's also difficult to compare one competition to another. Some focus on running events, others on throwing, and it is also possible to combine different types of athletics in one competition. It is not surprising that it is often impossible to evaluate the rating of competitions and announce this to the audience.

Now about the rules. A specific example is the use of leaders or “hares” to show high or record results in middle and long distance running. If you look at the rules-making process, you will notice that at the IAAF Congresses, held every two years, there are constantly lengthy debates on the problems of changing the rules of competitions. Athletics is perhaps the only sport where the rules of competition are constantly changing. Perhaps such changes may reduce interest in athletics. Sometimes a change has just been made, and the next one is already being prepared.

The problems of competitions in open stadiums are also quite relevant. Football associations are completely abandoning the coexistence with athletics that has existed in Europe for more than 100 years. Modern football stadiums do not have space for a running track, and the creation of dedicated athletics stadiums is not yet being considered.

Interestingly, athletics is moving away from traditional stadiums and moving outdoors. High jumping to music, pole vaulting on beaches or in markets, shot put in shopping malls. Such competitions are not held under the patronage of the IAAF and often do not comply with the rules. This suggests that perhaps the future of athletics will lie outside the stadium. This is a very risky path. The entire history of athletics has evolved as a form with many different sports exercises, and pulling it apart into separate types in the interests of individual groups represents a danger and loss of our unity.

The issue of advertising and support for athletics is very painful, since the situation in this matter is extremely negative. Currently, sports work very closely with advertising companies. However, the distribution of advertising often does not achieve the necessary goals and does not lead to increased sales of the advertised products. And here we need new ideas. There are no long-term advertising programs yet that use multiple information channels. The possibilities of television and the Internet are underutilized, and we do not learn from our mistakes. Without regret, it cannot be ignored that the image of great athletes, who have enormous potential in stimulating the attraction of sponsors in athletics, is not used enough. The IAAF has a number of sponsors: Adidas (contract until 2019), Seiko, Epson, TDK, and Samsung recently joined these ranks.

There is a cultural conflict within the athletics system that is rarely discussed these days. This is, first of all, a matter of competitions in the halls. The conflict between Europe and North America and Asian countries, South America and Africa. If Africans take part in our summer competitions, then Europeans do not want to do the same during the African summer. It is clear that this issue is primarily an economic one, and in the future athletics will be increasingly dependent on global economic markets for its development. With few exceptions, such markets are currently located in the regions of Europe and North America. From these positions, holding competitions in halls is quite productive, but from the standpoint of world culture, it is undoubtedly unprofitable. Typically, these issues are not often discussed, but as changes brew in the global economy and some economic markets move to other regions, discussion on a new regional athletics policy is necessary.

Today, the demographic ratio of age categories in some regions poses a real danger to the development of athletics.

Modern athletics faces many challenges. The main headache of the International Athletics Federation (IAAF) remains the problem of doping, which continues to attack athletics from all sides. The use of chemicals and physiological stimulation techniques to artificially enhance performance in athletics has been around for as long as professional sports. The first cases of use of stimulant drugs go back to antiquity. Until the 1980s, cases of doping were rare, were not fully confirmed and did not attract public opinion, being an exception to the rule. In 1968, world record holders Irina and Tamara Press retired from the sport after gender determination was introduced at the Olympic Games as an additional procedure. Since the 1980s, the IAAF has decided to fundamentally change its approach to athlete doping and sanctions. Anti-doping tests have existed for a long time, but the procedure for conducting them was such that athletes could prepare in advance. In 1984, Tatyana Kazankina, during a competition in Paris, was suddenly invited to a doping test, refused and was disqualified.

After the reunification of Germany, a particularly large number of athletes and coaches who were caught and voluntarily confessed were accounted for by the former representative of the avant-garde of athletics, the German Democratic Republic. Heike Drechsler, Ruth Fuchs, and Ilona Slupyanek added their voluntary confessions to the list of dopers. Heidi (Andreas) Krieger (1986 European champion in shot put) has become one of the symbols of the fight for the purity of sport. In 1997, she underwent gender reassignment surgery because the use of illegal drugs led to changes in her sexual characteristics.

A significant number of world records in athletics arouse legitimate suspicion among experts, although the athletes were not caught and did not confess. This is especially true for women's athletics. These include, for example, the 400 m world record of Marita Koch (GDR), the 100 and 200 m records of Florence Griffith-Joyner, the 3000 m and 10,000 m records. The problem is that modern female athletes cannot even come close to the results 1970-1980. The experience of weightlifting, where a new weight category grid was introduced and thereby simply canceled all previous world records, is not applicable in athletics. The Nordic countries are proposing to invalidate world records in athletics set before 2000. The athletics federations of these countries intend to present such an initiative on August 20 at the congress of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), timed to coincide with the World Championships in Paris.

"The records that were achieved in the 1980s and 1990s cannot be surpassed because they were achieved by athletes who used doping," said Norwegian Athletics President Svein Arne Hansen. He argued that "many world records have been shown with the use of doping. This is not a secret, there have been legal proceedings in some cases. Now we must cross out all these records set before 2000."

As the Norwegian Telegraph Bureau notes today, Norway and a number of other European countries back in 1999 advocated the elimination of a number of world records. But then it was not possible to do this. Now the Nordic countries are entering a new stage of struggle, led by the President of the Norwegian Athletics Federation.

“I consider this action extremely relevant,” emphasized Svein Arne Hansen. He believes that many European states will support this proposal, but this is not enough. For the proposal to be accepted, it is important that the United States also joins it.

Since January 1997, for each athlete who is among the top twenty in the world, a special identification card has been issued, which contains all the information about the athlete undergoing out-of-competition doping control. The card is called the IAAF Elite Athletes Club. Only possession of this document opens the way to receiving cash bonuses at championships. On the card, the athlete also signs a pledge: “As one of the best athletes in the world, I agree to support the governing body world light Athletics - The IAAF in its efforts to promote clean and fair athletics. As my contribution to this noble struggle, I undertake to be guided by the rules and laws of the IAAF."

Conclusion

Athletics is a sport that combines natural physical exercise: running, jumping and throwing.

Thanks to athletics, a person learns the correct motor skills of walking, running, jumping, overcoming obstacles, etc., necessary for him in everyday life. Develops agility, speed, strength and endurance, accuracy and beauty of movements.
Athletics is one of the main and most popular sports.
Athletics are widely available due to the variety of its types, a huge number of easily dosed exercises that can be done anywhere and at any time of the year.

It can be considered that comprehensive athletics classes are one of the “mechanisms” for achieving goals and objectives for the prevention of diseases, bad habits and offenses, as well as promoting health, maintaining high human performance, establishing healthy image life, the formation of the individual’s needs for physical and moral improvement, the development of the volitional qualities of the individual.

References

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2. School of Athletics, ed. A. V. Korobova, 2nd ed., M., 1998
3. Bolsevich V.K. Physical culture for everyone and for everyone: - M: FiS, 2007 - 232 p.
4. Geitsin K.A. Not a day without physical education: - M: Physical education at school, 2009 - 41 p.
5. Athletic sport // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 extras). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
6. Kuznetsov V., Tennov V. Olympic rings of the “queen of sports”. Moscow, Soviet Russia", 1979
7. E.A. Malkov. Make friends with the “queen of sports.” Moscow, “Enlightenment”, 1987
8. Popov V., Suslov F., Livado E. Young athlete. Moscow, “Physical Education and Sports”, 1984

In this article we will try to tell you about all the intricacies of such a sport as athletics. Let's answer the question, what sports are included in athletics, and find out why this discipline is considered the king of sports. Athletics is one of the most popular and spectacular sports. It includes many different athletics disciplines. There is an expression “Faster, higher, stronger.” At the ancient Greek Olympics, athletics was the most important program. Since the time of the ancient Greeks, it has been the king of all sports.

This excessive popularity is due to the fact that any person on earth can engage in their favorite athletics sport. In order to run or jump, there is no need to buy expensive equipment. Thus, many winners are people from Asia, Latin America and Africa.

Athletics received great honor and the title “Queen of Sports” in the 20th century. The development and popularization of this discipline contributed to progress. There was no hint of changing the title, since the king remained on his throne for a very long time. for a long time.

History of athletics

The interesting news is that this discipline was known before the ancient times of Greece. The peoples of Asia and Africa often held athletics competitions. For the first time we learned about this sport from old vessels, clay tablets that said that it was necessary to develop running, strength, and others. The most ancient sport is running. Running competitions were held as early as 776 BC. Strength sports were naturally classified as weightlifting. The ancient Greeks even considered long-distance marathons to be weightlifting. Much has changed since then following the event of the century, namely the revival of the Olympic Games in 1986.

Athletics, what does it include?

The basic exercises of athletics are: running, jumping, throwing, walking and all-around. All types are carefully classified according to such criteria as: male and female disciplines for different ages. In the Olympic Games, men can compete in 24 athletics events and women in 23 events. So, to clarify more, it’s worth taking everything apart.

• Running - competitions are held in various types, steeplechase, hurdles, relay race, sprint. All types have different distances;
• Walking – this type requires a lot of willpower and endurance. Since the approaches require the athlete to walk 3,5,20,35,50 kilometers;
• Jumping – jumping consists of long jump, high jump, running jump, and pole vault;
• Throwing - this discipline will require the athlete to have speed, strength, flexibility, and agility. Throwing various projectiles of a discus, a shot, a spear, a hammer;
• All-around – here the athlete needs versatile development, since all-around consists of various types. For example, men compete in the decathlon and women in the heptathlon. So, the all-around includes such events as: shot, javelin, height, 100 m, 400 m, 1500 m, 110 m hurdles, pole, length, discus.

Doping in athletics

To become better, stronger, faster is the goal of athletes. But thanks to 21st century technology, doping has reached colossal proportions. Even 50 years ago, many experts and professional athletes argued that maximum results had already been achieved. But today the situation has changed dramatically. World records are updated annually. Every new Olympic Games, a large number of athletes test positive for doping, despite the plague of sports in the 21st century. It is unlikely that anyone can remove doping from sports.

Many athletes take steroids to become champions, despite the fact that doping greatly harms the human body. Experts and doctors in the field of doping issues are trying to bypass controls. There is a hidden opinion in the sports community that modern competitions are a struggle between doctors, not athletes. And that’s why the person who has a lot of money invested will win. Agree that it is difficult for a simple athlete to beat an athlete who has more than fifty thousand dollars invested in him.

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History of athletics

History of athletics

Athletics is, without a doubt, the oldest sport in the history of civilization. The life of primitive man depended on the ability to run quickly and accurately throw a spear. The official date of birth of athletics as a sport is considered to be 776 BC, when the first Olympic Games took place. Then their program included only one discipline - “stadiodrome”, which means running “stadia” (an ancient measure of length equal to the distance a person covers in two minutes). As you might guess, “stadium” was formed from this word, however, now the lengths of cinder tracks in stadiums significantly exceed the original Olympic length of 192 meters and 27 centimeters.

According to historians, the name of the first Olympic champion in running is Koroibos from the city-polis of Elis. By profession, by the way, he was a cook. Only in 724 BC. at the 14th Games, the athletic program expanded to two distances - diaulos (running over two stages) was added to the “stadidrome”, and four years later “dolichos” (running over a distance of about 4.6 km) also appeared. But the true “breakthrough” in the history of the Olympics must be recognized in 708 BC, when the “pentathlon”, an analogue of the modern pentathlon, was included in the competition. However, then the Hellenes competed in other disciplines: running, long jump, javelin throwing (for accuracy), discus throwing (for distance) and wrestling. The most famous athlete of the ancient world was Leonidas of Rados, who won the Games 12 times.

A little later, the Greeks excluded wrestling, like fist fighting, from the list of athletics sports, coining the name “weightlifting” for strength exercises. But archery and swimming were considered “athletics” competitions for a long time. The development of athletics, like most other sports, was hindered by the spread of the Christian religion. The Olympic Games were recognized as a pagan cult and were banned in 394 by the last emperor of the unified Roman Empire, Theodosius I.

The second “progenitor” of athletics was England. It was there in 1937 that the historic race of Rugby College students took place over a distance of about 2 km, which is called the starting point in the new history of athletics. Following Rugby University, similar competitions are held in the colleges of Eton, Oxford, Cambridge, and London. The program is expanding, short-distance running and obstacle racing are appearing. In 1851, long and high jump competitions were revived, and in 1864, hammer throwing and shot put competitions were revived. At the same time, competitions were held for the first time between the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, which later became traditional.

In 1865, the London Athletic Club was created in England, and in 1880, an amateur athletic association was created, bringing together all athletics organizations under its wing. British Empire. In the United States, the New York Athletic Club was founded in 1868, and the Student Athletic Union in 1875.

At the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens, track and field athletes competed for 12 sets of medals - a third of the total number of medals. On April 6, 1896, American James Connolly became the first Olympic champion in modern history, winning the triple jump competition.

History of the IAAF

The International Amateur Athletics Federation was founded in 1912 (renamed the International Association of Athletics Federations - IAAF in 1999), with the first European Championships held in 1934 and the World Championships in 1983.

World Championships in outdoor stadiums are held once every two years in odd-numbered years, World Indoor Championships (the first in 1985) in even-numbered years. The European Championships are held in outdoor stadiums once every four years, indoors (for the first time in 1966) - once every two years. The Team World Cup cycle is also 4 years. The most significant commercial competitions are the IAAF Grand Prix and the Golden League stages.

Athletics is one of the most conservative sports; the program of men's disciplines at the Olympic Games has not changed since 1956.

The largest number of medals at the Olympic Games were won by US athletes - more than 700. USSR-Russian track and field athletes are in second place - more than 250 awards, and representatives of Great Britain are in third place - less than 200 medals. The most titled athletes on the planet are American Carl Lewis and Finn Paavo Nurmi, who each have 9 victories at the Olympics. Among Soviet athletes, three-time Olympic champions Tatyana Kazankina, Tamara Press, and Viktor Saneev achieved outstanding achievements.

Russian track and field athletes won more than 80 medals at the Olympic Games, a third of which were of the highest standard. Famous two-time pole vaulter Olympic champion, 27-time world record holder Elena Isinbaeva was recognized as the best athlete of the past decade.

Sport has always attracted a huge number of people who tried to surpass their competitors and prove that the capabilities of their body are much higher than those of their opponents. The high desire for competition led to the beginning of the Olympic Games, which included Then, depending on the strength loads of various competitions, the creation of categories began, which gave birth to weightlifting and track and field athletics.

Some moments in the history of the Olympic Games consist of legends, naturally this will be so, because the birth of the sport took place more than 2 thousand years ago, when people perceived everything differently, which, of course, influenced the history of athletics.

History of the development of athletics

Competitions were held everywhere and throughout the existence of mankind, but in ancient times people were interested exclusively in raising warriors who were capable of bringing victories in battles with minimal losses. Military interest in raising physically developed men gradually began to degenerate into sports games, the main competitions in which were endurance and strength. From this moment the birth of athletics began.

The first winner of athletics competitions (according to confirmed data) is a cook from the city of Elis named Korebus, who in 776 BC ran the fastest distance in 1 stage (about 192 meters).

Athletics in ancient Greece had differences from modern competitions, for example, now a throwing disc weighs 2 kilograms for men and 1 kilogram for women, but in ancient times discs were different in almost all respects:

1. Various materials were used (wood, metal and bronze).
2. Their appearance also changed (for unknown reasons).
3. The most important difference is the weight, which varied from 1.25 kilograms to 6.63.

One of the most popular competitions among fans was the javelin throw, which is most likely due to the military direction of this sport, and the remaining competitions attracted fewer fans, but were part of the Olympic Games because they tested the capabilities of the human body and spirit.

Modern athletics

The ancient Olympic Games were very different from what we see now, due to the influence of people, their beliefs and attitudes towards competition.

History of the development of athletics in modern form began in 1837. Competitions in “light” sports became modern after the first 2-kilometer running competition was held in England. The championship was held among college students in the city of Rugby, and after that it began to be popularized in other institutions and cities: Oxford, London, Cambridge and others. Then other competitions began to be added to the games: 1851 - high and long jumps with a running start, 1864 - shot and hammer throw, and other physical competitions.

In 1865, the world's first athletic club was formed in London, which achieved the holding of national championships in various sports. After 3 years, New York picks up the idea of ​​British athletes and organizes its own association, which begins to popularize competitions on the mainland of the New World.

Rest European countries They realized a little later that sport attracts a huge number of people, and began to hold competitions in 1880, and by the 90th year of the same century, all of Europe was already in the “power” of sport.

Athletics competitions, after the start of popularization, were held exclusively within each country, and only in 1896 the real Olympic Games were held in Athens, which consisted of 12 different competitions and included several countries.

American track and field athletes were trained to top level in almost all types of competitions and received most medals, from that moment on they come prepared and lead in these types of competitions.

America showed an excellent result and after that holds the leading position in the number of winners, but not in such numbers, since other countries have realized the importance of this event and are preparing future champions according to their own programs.

The history of the emergence of athletics contains many champions, but the first winners are remembered most of all: R. Jury (champion of the 2nd and 3rd Olympics in standing jump), Orter, Mathias, Thorpe and Owens (champions in the triple jump of the Olympics), Korzhenevsky (four-time winner in race walking) and the rest of the winners, who will forever remain the first, since the birth of modern games began with them.

Achievements of athletics athletes

At first, the organizers, athletes and fans simply rejoiced and remembered the achievements, but a little later a boom began not only in winning, but also in achieving the best results in the entire history of the games.

Throughout the entire period of the games, new athletics records are constantly being set, but the difference between them is that the bulk are insignificant indicators that were overcome immediately; others were beaten decades later; but there are those that no athlete can still surpass.

The first world record, which remained the best for 20 years, was the long jump of an American athlete (8 meters 90 centimeters), but the most remarkable thing is that the previous achievement was half a meter less.

The history of marathon running has a more serious achievement that cannot be surpassed to this day - this is the 100 and 200 meter race. The record holder in this discipline was the American runner Griffith-Joyner, who broke two results at once: she ran 100 meters in 10.49 seconds, and 200 meters in just 21.34 seconds.

There are no hard competitions left in the Olympic Games today; the list consists of almost only easy competitions. The main struggle, which has a large number of victories and records, and which athletics is rich in, is the marathon. This popularity is due to athletes from Nigeria, who constantly change the Book of Records and attract a huge number of fans.

Women in athletics

From the beginning of modern athletics, all competitions were aimed only at men, and women were not allowed to participate in competitions, but after a century of modern marathons, everything changed and “beautiful” athletics appeared. The “Queen of Sports” at first had few participants, but over time a huge number of women came to the sport.

The first competitions with the participation of female representatives took place in 1928, but only by 1996 the number of athletics competitions with women reached 20 types.

They managed to fully gain the trust of the organizers only at the 1999 games, when athletes competed in hammer throwing and pole vaulting in Sydney.

The history of athletics in Russia

The Russian Empire was in no hurry to take part in the Olympics, and already in 1952 the USSR brought athletes to the games and firmly established itself on a par with America. The competition between the USSR and the USA arose a long time ago and was strengthened by competitions in which our athletes still create enormous competition for all countries of the world.

The fact that Russia ignored the world's love for sports does not mean complete absence competitions. In our country, the history of the development of athletics began with the first fans, who organized a circle in St. Petersburg in 1888. A year later, the sports community got a name: “Society of Running Lovers.”

The St. Petersburg circle quickly recruited athletes and spectators, and just a year later they changed their name and continued their work as a sports center of the Russian Empire. After organizing the community, it took only five years, after which the circle grew so much that other sports began to be added, and the history of athletics in Russia records 1895 as the year of the first large-scale games, where 10,000 fans came.

Russia was in no hurry to enter world athletics competitions, but its exit meant collapse for athletes from all countries of the world, which is proven by the victory tables, where the USSR is in first place in almost all games, but today our athletes do not show the results that they could reach in the USSR.

Doping control in athletics

The history of athletics knows a huge number of disqualifications due to doping, and the situation with this has not yet been resolved, as athletes want to be the best, and some of them try to prove their superiority through antibiotics.

To monitor athletes (in addition to medical examination), the IAAF organization has been created, which makes it possible to check the athlete’s history for all medical examinations not related to the Olympics.

We can cite a huge number of examples of “doping catches” that athletics is rich in: high jump (2012 - disqualification of a gold medal contender), race walking (2014 - disqualification of 4 athletes from Russia), running (2014 - disqualification of an athlete) , as well as many other examples of rule violations.

The IAAF has developed a card system based on the marking of any medical examinations outside the competition, however, the athlete could participate without this card, but in this case he did not receive cash bonuses and fulfilled the standards only for interest.

And although, when applying for a card, the athlete confirms that he will comply with the rules and, in case of victories, will support the IAAF organization in their control work, there are still athletes who neglect this and take doping, dropping out of the competition.

The origins of the marathon

The history of athletics began with running, and today the most popular athletics sport is one that originated with the creation of the Olympic Games according to a rather beautiful legend.

Marathon legend: “Near the small town of Marathon, Greek troops completely defeated the Persian enemies and sent a messenger to inform Athens, who ran 40 kilometers without stopping, and upon arrival only managed to shout out that they had won, after which he immediately died.”

This legend is confirmed by the distance that the marathon athletes of the ancient Olympics ran - 40 kilometers, and the same distance was from Athens to the city of Marathon, however, scientists doubt that the Greeks could measure this distance so accurately, but the Egyptians somehow built ideal pyramids.

(marathon) is not limited to 40 kilometers, but is the minimum distance for women to participate in ultramarathons and ultramarathons, which include athletics (the "queen of sports"). Ultramarathon participants must run as far as possible in the allotted time. In this sport, there are only time frames in the form of 2, 12 hours, days, 2 days and 6 days, during which athletes can run from 50 to 1500 kilometers.

The point of long-distance marathons is not to run the fastest, but to move as far away from the starting point as possible in the allotted time. This type of athletics is quite difficult to classify as easy, because athletes do not just run for 2 hours, they run enormous distances without rest in a day, or even several days, completely exhausting themselves and leading the body to a dangerous state.

Determination of all-around winners

From the very beginning, sports have many different types and are grouped into categories. The history of athletics remembers many different groups that were initially formed for greater entertainment and diversity, but after a while the set of all-around competitions was focused on selecting the most versatile athletes. The Greeks valued the winners very much and opened all doors and any positions in the government of the country for them.

The Olympic competitions include pentathlon, decathlon and heptathlon, and to win you need to score more points than your competitors and outperform your opponents in several disciplines. However, there are controversial situations when it is not known exactly who became the first, but this is also covered by athletics. The photo is the only proof of the athlete’s victory with insignificant gaps from the opponent, but today it is possible to view the photo finish, but how this issue was resolved before is still unknown.

Due to the tense situation of almost complete achievement of human capabilities (see Note) and high competitiveness, athletes come within a few fractions of a second of each other, so photo finishes are actively used in all sports.

Note. According to some scientists, in 40 years humanity will reach the maximum capabilities of the body and will no longer be able to set new world records in competitions in physical capabilities.

Guinness Book of Records for Athletics

Sport is closely associated with records, which fill the history of the development of athletics, and without them there would be no growth in popularity and constant transformation of sports competitions.

The Guinness Book of World Records was invented just 59 years ago for the entertainment of bargoers from the Guinness company and other beer lovers, and the first versions were printed not only to inform and resolve controversial situations of fans in sports bars, but also for entertainment, so it included funny records.

The brewery that ordered the book did not think about such popularity, but in the first couple of months sales reached 5,000, and by the beginning of 56 of the 20th century, 5 million collections of records had already been sold.

Note. The book of records not only describes the achievements of people, but also shows photos of their records, but if the publishers had thought about the sequential writing of records, then it would reflect the history of athletics. A summary of all events would allow people to track the popularity of sports, but today this data is no longer so popular, because the Internet shows all achievements in almost real time.

Apparently, due to the fact that Russia began to reach the world level quite late (in 1955) and did not show much interest (although it showed excellent results), the Book of Records was translated into Russian only in 1989.

Then the popularity began to grow higher and higher, which is due to the lack of means of constant and reliable information at that time, and the book is a collection of all sports achievements in one place. In the end, to get on the list of record holders you just had to break a record or do something incredible that no one would do under normal conditions and, in general, not everyone would dare to do this.

Simply put, the history of the Guinness Book of Records is not just connected with athletics, it began to develop at the expense of those sports that were most popular among people, and only after that began to accept other, in some cases crazy, records of people and their capabilities.

Athletics in the 21st century

The Olympic Games today are a big event for all countries of the world, many of which are trying to gain the trust of the organizers and spend these significant days in the stadiums of their cities. However, many do not understand the danger of competition from an economic point of view, and an example of this is the creators of athletics - the Greeks. The Olympics in Greece led the country to a crisis that knocked everything out of the Greeks cash, put the country in very bad condition, from which she has been recovering for several years and is still recovering from those economic costs.

In athletics and any other sport, today it is difficult to beat the records of competitors, and most winners cannot repeat their achievements. This speaks to the difficulties that athletics has encountered. Jumping, running, throwing objects and other sports are oversaturated with records, humanity is coming big steps, progress is so fast that ordinary residents do not have time to test the technology on themselves, and scientists do not have time to do something new. All events only confirm the hypothesis that soon there will be no records left to break, and man will reach the peak of his physical capabilities.

As an example of the fact that people are at the limit of their capabilities, the method of identifying winners, which is actively used by athletics, can serve as an example. A photo is the only possible option for determining the winner, because today there is such serious competition and there are no athletes who are superior to their opponents by 2, 3, or even more so 5 seconds, and the fight takes place in tenths and sometimes hundredths of a second.

Big sport №7-8(74)

Andrey Supranovich

On the eve of the World Athletics Championships, which Moscow will host for the first time in history, Bolshoi Sport looked back and compiled its rating list of the greatest track and field athletes in the history of sovereign Russia.

Yelena Isinbayeva

Born June 3, 1982 in Volgograd
Two-time Olympic champion (2008, 2012) in pole vault
Bronze medalist of the 2012 Games
Two-time world champion (2005, 2007)
Four-time world indoor champion (2004, 2006, 2008, 2012)

A recognized prima of athletics, one of the most recognizable Russian athletes, multiple world record holder, “Bubka in a skirt” - all this is about Elena Isinbayeva.
She came out of nowhere: at the age of 15 she gave up gymnastics, and six months later she won the World Youth Games, and this fact alone says a lot about the talent of the Russian woman. Over the next 10 years, Elena won a host of titles - everything she touched turned into gold. And our Volgograd Midas has also set three dozen world records, constantly raising the bar in the literal and figurative sense. It always seemed that before us was a creature from another planet - Elena competed in competitions, competing with herself, going to the start line after her competitors had sheathed their poles. She was a superstar, the face of Russian sports, a kind of David Beckham of the jumping sector.
In the end, show business knocked me down and tripped me up. Successes were still going by inertia, and the training process was slowly fading into the background. Isinbayeva made her main mistake - she left coach Evgeniy Trofimov. The tragedy did not happen right away - the gap between the Russian woman and the rest of the world was so great that Lena could still win without warming up, on one leg. Until one day at the World Championships I took the initial height. And the failures snowballed, and when Isinbayeva finally realized the problem, it was almost too late.
The pole queen returned to Trofimov, but the old coach was unable to quickly correct the situation. Against this backdrop, London's bronze was not seen as a failure, but rather as a sign of recovery. As the mentor notes, Elena is already breaking her own world record during training. The athlete herself is increasingly keeping silent, setting the X hour for the Moscow World Championships...

Anna Chicherova

Born July 22, 1982 in Belaya Kalitva, Rostov region
Olympic champion – 2012 in high jump
Bronze medalist of the 2008 Games
World champion – 2011, two-time silver medalist of the world championships (2007, 2009)
World indoor champion – 2005
Champion of the 2001 Universiade

Anya’s father is a high jumper, her mother is a basketball player, so the future champion could not escape the big sport. The girl followed in the footsteps of her father, who became her coach.
They started talking about Chicherova already in 2002, when she began to reach a height of two meters. But success never came - even after changing her coach and moving to Moscow, the talented jumper was unable to fully develop. At the 2004 Games, she managed to take only sixth place, and then Anya became permanently second: she won silver very often. At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, the Russian woman did end up with a medal, but only a bronze one – second and first places went to favorite Blanka Vlasic and sensational upstart Tia Ellebo. A year later, Vlasic became the world champion, and Chicherova, having received the tired silver round, said in her hearts: “I’m ending my career.” And she kept her promise without ever receiving the title of “great.”
Anna became a mother, but, as sometimes happens, she did not immerse herself in her family, but, on the contrary, accumulated the energy to return. Soon she broke the Russian record, setting it at 2.07 meters, and finally won the World Championships in Korea. Fortunately, the time for big victories for the young mother is not over yet. In London, the 30-year-old athlete fulfilled another cherished dream: to listen to the Russian anthem while standing on the top step of the Olympic podium. After this triumph, the smiling beauty Chicherova is one of the most recognizable people in athletics. But she doesn't need popularity. The jumper’s plans are to break the world record (2.09 meters), which has been held by Bulgarian Stefka Kostadinova for 15 years.

Tatiana Lebedeva

Olympic champion – 2004 in long jump
Three-time silver medalist of the Games (2000, 2008 – triple, 2008 – length), bronze medalist of the 2004 Games (triple)
Three-time world champion (2001, 2003 – triple, 2007 – length)
Three-time world indoor champion (2004, 2006 – triple, 2004 – length)
2001 Universiade champion in triple jump

Champion of the 2001 Universiade in the triple jump. Tatyana Lebedeva’s wealth of awards and titles is primarily due to the fact that our famous jumper, following the example of world record holder Galina Chistyakova, never concentrated on any one event, but was a superb jumper in both the long and triple jumps. It’s just a pity that her outstanding career is coming to an end: just recently, 36-year-old Tatyana was injured again and risks not competing at the Russian Championship, which will take place at the end of July. In this case, Tatyana will officially retire from the sport.
She has already stated this - immediately after the unsuccessful Olympics in London. Lebedeva made it to her fourth Games with difficulty, having started training six months before the qualifying competitions. But winning the national championship in the triple jump opened the door to England, where, unfortunately, a miracle did not happen - Tatyana was only 10th and ended her career. To soon resume it again - “for pleasure.”
Despite the decline, Lebedeva should not be discouraged - after all, there are already a lot of bright pages in her biography. The most important one dates back to 2004, when the native of Sterlitamak succeeded in literally everything, and awards poured in like from a cornucopia. She set a world record in the triple jump (indoor), but the Olympic gold medal in the long jump was definitely the icing on the cake. Then in Athens the entire pedestal was Russian. It’s a pity that four years later only a centimeter separated Tatyana from winning again. But two silver medals at Beijing 2008 cannot but be considered a well-deserved reward for the super-talented jumper.

Svetlana Masterkova

Born on January 17, 1968 in Achinsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory
Two-time Olympic champion - 1996 in the 800 and 1500 meters
World Champion – 1999
World record holder in 1 km and 1 mile running

Starting out as an 800-meter runner, Svetlana Masterkova won the last USSR championship in history, thereby making people talk about herself. True, there was no bright continuation - after eighth place at the planetary championship, Svetlana began difficult period injuries, and then maternity leave. My husband, cyclist Asyat Saitov, helped me return to the big sport. Watching his training, Masterkova realized that she could try herself on the track again and even prove that she was the best. With her character it couldn’t have been any other way.
But the most surprising thing is that the native of Achinsk quickly returned to the world elite. In 1996, having barely announced the resumption of performances, Svetlana won the Russian Championship in the crown 800-meter, adding gold in the 1.5-kilometer distance. These victories paved the way for her to the Olympics, where she was not expected to win. A full 20 years have passed since Montreal 1976, when Leningrader Tatyana Kazankina won both the 800 and 1500 meters in brilliant style. All the more unexpected were Masterkova’s two triumphant races, in which she beat the recognized favorites - world champions Maria Mutola and Ana Fidelia Quirot. Moreover, both victories were achieved in the same, signature style - with leadership from start to finish.
After the sensation in Atlanta, Svetlana continued her spectacular performances on other tracks. Amazing readiness helped set two world records that have not fallen to this day. The only pity is that four years later in Sydney Masterkova was unable to defend her titles - she retired in qualifying due to an offensive injury.
After finishing her career, the famous athlete did not retire, but directed her energy in a different direction. Now she occupies a deputy seat in the municipal council in Moscow, and also heads the capital's Athletics Federation and the Children's Sports Palace. It is gratifying that Masterkova has a worthy successor in the 800-meter race: Maria Savinova from Chelyabinsk has won six major tournaments over the past three years, including the London Olympics.

Yuri Borzakovsky

Born July 22, 1982 in Kratovo, Moscow region
Olympic champion – 2004 in the 800 meters
World Indoor Champion – 2001
Two-time silver (2003, 2005) and bronze (2007, 2011) World Championship medalist
European Champion – 2012

When you hear the rather rare surname Borzakovsky, the final 800-meter race at the Athens 2004 Olympics immediately appears before your eyes. Even then, both rivals and spectators knew about the Russian’s extraordinary style - to accumulate strength and sit in the back of the group of runners, and 200 meters before the finish give a grandiose spurt. But even such awareness did not prevent one from gasping and opening his mouth wide with delight: Yuri made a stunning leap, as if he were not six hundred meters behind - and at the very finish line he overtook the recognized favorite Wilson Kipketer. “I just have a slightly different muscle structure - they are longer than usual. This makes metabolism go differently. I can also hold my breath and sit under water for 3 minutes 40 seconds,” the athlete explained his uniqueness.
Unfortunately, despite such data, the Athenian success was not repeated either in Beijing or in London, although they traditionally bet on Borzakovsky. Both times the Russian did not even make it to the finals, attributing the failures to shortcomings in preparation. But the reason is different: Yuri’s tactics were learned by heart long ago, and the speeds have increased - the recognized leader of the eight-hundred-meter race David Rudisha from Kenya runs the entire distance the way Borzakovsky once ran the last 200 meters. But our athlete (by the way, nicknamed Kenyan) believes and remembers that Africans can be defeated, and is preparing for his fourth Olympics. There, to win, you will need to show a time of about 1.41, and the athlete is ready for this. How he will lose 4 seconds from his last results is another question.

Liliya Shobukhova

Born November 13, 1977 in Beloretsk, Bashkiria
Three-time Chicago Marathon winner (2009–2011)
London Marathon winner (2010)
World record holder in the 30 km run, European record holder in the 5000 meters run

This athlete is the only one on our list who was not lucky enough to stand on the Olympic podium. Although there were chances: in London last year, Shobukhova was named among the main contenders for victory. And for good reason - Liliya won four of the six major marathons in which she participated, becoming the first runner in history to conquer the Chicago Marathon three times. It is a pity that the offensive injury did not allow her to complete the Olympic distance.
But specifically for the sake of the Games, the runner refused to start in the London Marathon, which, however, she had already won. At the same time, the athlete lost substantial prize money. Behind last years triumphs in the marathon races brought Shobukhova two championships in the overall standings of the most prestigious World Marathon Majors series and a total of one million dollars.
The Olympics in London was Liliya's third - she previously represented the country in Athens and Beijing, and ran at a distance of 5000 meters. But already in 2008, she set a world record in running 30 km and began to think about switching to the longest running distance. Her subsequent successes in marathon running are also notable for the fact that shortly before her debut, Shobukhova scandalously broke up with her long-time coach Tatyana Senchenko. But the athlete’s talent helped her get out of a difficult situation, and Lilia managed to independently (with the help of her husband) prepare herself for grueling starts.

Valery Borchin

Born on September 11, 1986 in Povodimovo, Mordovia
Olympic champion – 2008 in 20 km walk
Two-time world champion (2009, 2011) in 20 km walk

One area where Russians have looked head and shoulders above athletics in recent years is race walking. And all thanks to the world famous Mordovian school of walkers Viktor Chegin. Our top 10 could well be filled only with his students, but we still tried to choose only two.
Among the representatives of the stronger sex is Valery Borchin, who won the 20 km walk in Beijing. This gold was the first for Russians since 1968, when the great Soviet walker Vladimir Golubnichy won in Mexico City. After his victory, Borchin did not slow down, but continued to win, becoming a two-time world champion and remaining unbeaten until the Games in London. No one doubted that Valery would win again... But first, Vladimir Kanaikin, who was supposed to help on the track, was removed from the race, and then the unexpected happened: Borchin, who was in the lead, lost consciousness and retired a couple of kilometers before the finish. The doctors just shrugged their shoulders and found no reason for what happened.
However, the athlete’s age allows him to take revenge in Rio de Janeiro. And in London, 33-year-old Sergei Kirdyapkin, who is unlikely to make it to Brazil, stood up for the honor of the Mordovian walkers. But last year, the two-time world champion managed to win at a 50-kilometer distance. By the way, this is also the first and so far only gold medal in the history of the Russian team.

Olga Kaniskina

Born July 21, 1976 in Sterlitamak, Bashkiria
Olympic champion – 2008 in 20 km walk
Silver medalist of the 2012 Games in 20 km walk
Three-time world champion (2007, 2009, 2011)
European Champion – 2010

Beijing Olympic champion Olga Kaniskina will be only 31 in 2016 - an excellent age to win her second top award. The dream could have come true even earlier, but last August, 20-year-old Elena Lashmanova sensationally took gold on the roads of London, also taking the title of the youngest champion and a world record! The fans were happy for Victoria in any case, but Olga was clearly upset when she lost to her young colleague at the finish line.
But it’s still too early for Lashmanova to reach the prestigious top 10 - for this she needs to continue winning. Kaniskina, for example, won the last three world championships - no one else has so many titles! The only pity is that the champion herself is pessimistic: in interviews she has repeatedly stated that she is not going to continue competing until Rio de Janeiro, and she may well refuse to defend her title at the World Championships in Moscow. If Olga nevertheless decides to end her career, the same Lashmanova and Anisya Kirdyapkina, the wife of Olympic champion Sergei Kirdyapkin, will take up the banner. At the London Games, the 23-year-old Russian woman finished in 5th place.

Irina Privalova

Born November 22, 1968 in Malakhovka, Moscow region
Olympic champion - 2000 in the 400-meter hurdles
Silver medalist of the 1992 Games (4x100 meters) and 2000 Games (4x400 meters), bronze medalist of the 1992 Games (100 meters)
World champion – 1993 in the 4x400 meter relay
Three-time world indoor champion (60, 200, 400 meters) and European champion (100, 200 meters)
Best female athlete in Europe – 1994
World record holder in the 50 and 60 meters

Due to physiological characteristics, black athletes almost always dominated in running, while representatives of the white race traditionally looked weaker. For example, in the women's sprint race in the 21st century, only Yulia Nesterenko shot - the Belarusian sensationally won the 100-meter dash at the Athens Olympics. But in the 1990s there was their own “white lightning” - Irina Privalova. In the period from 1991 to 1995, she had no equal in Europe, and Irina beat black athletes more than once. At the Games in Barcelona, ​​the famous athlete lost only two hundredths to the American Gail Divers, for which she got even with her a year later at the World Championships in Stuttgart. Then the Russian team sensationally won the 4x100 meter relay, and Privalova outshone her main rival Divers in the last meters. It’s just a pity that injuries did not allow Irina to realize her potential at the Olympics in Atlanta.
The coveted gold came to Privalova only in Sydney, and at a distance of 400 meters with hurdles! The born sprinter retrained as an average runner for a reason: she figured that after suffering injuries she would not be able to fight the Americans on equal terms, and chose the distance at which she could win gold. And it worked! Less than a year of training - and Privalova took gold and bronze at the Olympic Games, while the final of the 400-meter hurdles race became for Irina only the fourth start at this distance in her career!
After Sydney, the champion was seriously injured again and decided to devote herself to her family. But before Beijing 2008 she announced her desire to compete at the Games at the age of 40! It’s a pity that the dream did not come true - after all, the long downtime and age could not help but take their toll. Privalova did not qualify, finishing seventh (200 meters) and ninth (100 meters) at the Russian Championships.

Olga Kuzenkova

Born on October 4, 1970 in Smolensk
Olympic champion – 2004 in hammer throw
Silver medalist of the 2000 Games
Three-time silver medalist at the World Championships (1999, 2001, 2003)
European Champion – 2002

Just imagine - today the world record in women's hammer throw, held by the German Bette Heidler, is approaching 80 meters (79.41), while 15 years ago it was ten meters less! It is gratifying that the first woman to cross the 70-meter mark was our Olga Kuzenkova.
A native of Smolensk has long been known as a trendsetter in a rather new sport for the fairer sex. The first world record officially registered by the IAAF (66.84) belongs to her. In general, Olga renewed her world achievement seven times, and the more sensational was her defeat at the first Olympics for throwers in Sydney. Then the Russian woman was surpassed by 17-year-old Polish Kamila Skolimowska. Fortunately, the gold of the Games did not disappear from Kuzenkova - she became the best four years later. But Olga has no victories at planetary championships: the 2005 championship was taken away from her this year after rechecking her doping tests. The athlete herself refused to return the medal and admit her guilt, but did not go to court, citing lack of time: after leaving the sport, Kuzenkova became a deputy of the Smolensk Regional Duma.