Tests 

Life, work, way of life and beliefs of the ancient population. History test "primitive farmers and cattle breeders"

Test No. 1.

OPTION 1

1. Primitive people communicated with each other using: a) speech; c) various sounds;b) gestures; d) drawings. 2. Traces of ancient people who lived more than 2 million years ago were discovered by archaeologists in: A) North America; c) South Australia;b) East Africa; G) Western Europe. 3. The primitive collective of people, where the custom of “one for all and all for one” operated, was called: a) the human herd; c) neighboring community;b) clan community; d) tribe. 4. With the invention of the harpoon by primitive people, hunting for: a) sitting birds; c) large fish;b) small fish; d) fast running animals.6. 40-12 thousand years ago, primitive people hunted:a) horses, deer, bison;b) mammoths, cave bears;c) wolves, foxes, tigers;d) hares, dogs, martens. 5. About 40 thousand years ago, man became similar to modern man and was called by scientists: a) “skillful person”;b) “homo erectus”;c) “reasonable man”;d) “an illiterate person.” 6. Scientists believe that the most ancient people who lived in the human herd obtained food for themselves by doing: a) hunting; c) agriculture;b) craft; d) gathering. 7. The origin of religious beliefs among primitive people is associated with: a) with fear of forest fires and predatory animals;b) with attempts to understand natural phenomena;c) with the ability to depict natural phenomena using drawings;d) with the ability to make tools. 8. The appearance of an ancient person is characterized by: a) protruding jaws;b) straight gait;c) jumping gait;d) arms hanging below the knees. 9. The ability to make tools helped ancient man: a) communicate better with each other;b) hunt better;c) live alone;d) engage in collecting. 10. Primitive people thought that animals would be enchanted and would not leave the surrounding area if: a) draw them in the depths of the cave;b) hit the image with a spear;c) draw them wounded;d) put food for them at the entrance to the cave. 11. If a primitive man loses his fire: a) forced to light the fire again;b) expelled from the team;c) they were forced to guard the sleep of their relatives all their lives;d) they demanded to make fire again alone.

Test No. 1. PRIMITIVE FARMERS AND PASTLE BREEDERS

OPTION 2

3. The appearance of “Homo sapiens” is characterized by: a) high forehead; c) brow ridge;b) straight gait; d) chin protuberance. 1. Traces of primitive man who lived about 100 thousand years ago were discovered by archaeologists in: a) North America; c) Southeast Asia;b) Western Europe; d) Antarctica. 2. More than 2 million years ago, a man appeared on Earth, called by scientists: a) “homo erectus”;b) “skillful person”;c) “reasonable man”;d) “an illiterate person.” 5. With the invention of the bow and arrow by primitive man, hunting for: a) slow-moving animals;b) small and fast running animals;c) large fish;d) sitting and flying birds. 6. 2 million years ago, the earliest people hunted: A) saber tooth tigers and cave bears;b) hares and martens;c) fleet-footed antelopes and zebras;d) horses and deer. 4. The most ancient people did not live alone, but in groups called by scientists: a) human herds;b) tribal communities;c) neighboring communities;d) tribes. 7. With the invention of the spear with a stone tip and the harpoon, the most important occupations of primitive people became:a) agriculture; c) craft;b) hunting; d) fishing. 8. The most ancient people communicated with each other using: a) words; c) drawings;b) gestures; d) various sounds. 9. What helped primitive man survive harsh and frosty winters was: a) ability to use fire;b) the ability to build dugouts from clay;c) the use of caves for housing;d) the ability to store food for future use. 12. Primitive people believed that you can achieve success in hunting if: a) draw bison, deer, horses in the depths of the cave;b) draw wounded animals;c) hit the image of animals with a spear; d) put food near the entrance to the cave. 10. Primitive people considered the guardians of the hearth: b) women gatherers;c) male warriors;d) leaders of the tribal community. 11. The origin of faith in the soul among primitive people is associated with: a) the development of cave painting;b) attempts to understand the causes of phenomena occurring in themselves (dreams);c) ritual ceremonies in the tribal community before going hunting;d) attempts to understand natural phenomena.

They communicated with each other, like animals, using a variety of sounds. The brain volume of ancient man was larger than that of a monkey, but much smaller than that of people of our time. People didn't know how to talk yet. They communicated with each other, like animals, using a variety of sounds. The brain volume of ancient man was larger than that of a monkey, but much smaller than that of people of our time.




2. The most ancient tools. If we could observe a herd of people, we might see such a picture. People approached the river; it was not thirst that brought them here. They are looking for stones in shallow water. Not everyone takes it. Throwing one away is no good. They will raise another: is this one suitable? Now you need to sharpen it. The earliest man picked up a pebble, a smooth round stone. With blows from another stone, he split the pebbles and sharpened them, producing a crude tool.


3. How did the most ancient people hunt? It is difficult to answer this question precisely. The first people lived on Earth a long time ago! Nowadays, the life of wild animals is being studied. Watching the flock small predators tries to take away its prey from a large one, scientists suggest that the most ancient people could have done the same.


Let's imagine African steppes two million years ago. The lioness attacked the antelope, lifted it up and wants to drag it away. Noticing this, dozens of hunters creep up on him from all sides. to a terrible beast. They begin to scream deafeningly, wave clubs, and throw stones at the lioness. And the predator growls in response, releases its claws, bares its fangs, and its eyes burn with an ominous fire. But if she is tired of chasing an antelope and has had enough time, she will not accept a fight with people.


Having abandoned the carcass, the lioness will hide in the steppe. Here's another way ancient hunt. Let's imagine: large herd Zebras peacefully nibble the grass. People attack animals as they flee. Zebras rush like the wind: of course, you can’t catch them. But there are sick people in the herd, there are very old and very young animals. These do not keep up with the others and fall behind. If hunters manage to cut off a zebra from the herd, they stun it with clubs, inflict severe wounds with sharpened stones and kill it.


Various dangers awaited human herds. One of the worst was fire. Let’s imagine that lightning lit up the bushes and grass, and the whole place was on fire. All living things are afraid of fire: birds fly away from the fire, both animals and people flee. How did man master fire? Nobody knows this. 4. Mastery of fire.


Perhaps one day, overcoming fear, the brave souls approached the fire. It could be a tree set on fire during a thunderstorm or burning lava from a volcano. Then a great discovery was made: if you put a branch into a flame, you will catch the fire! Now it's yours! Bonfires blazed in people's camps. Meat baked over coals turned out to be tastier and more nutritious than raw meat. A bright fire warmed a cold night, dispersed the darkness, and scared away wild animals. This is how our ancestors lived. Homework: § 1, c Answer the questions on p. 11.

Leisure activities for children in the pre-school group on the topic:

"How Ancient People Communicated with Each Other".

Goals:

  1. introduce children to the ways ancient people transmitted information over long distances;
  2. show the importance of communication between people;
  3. cultivate a love of language and respect for ancestors;
  4. develop memory, logical thinking, imagination when getting acquainted with various types communication;
  5. reveal the meaning of the drawing writing stage, how turning point in the evolution of writing;
  6. develop fine motor skills and spatial concepts.

Equipment:

Drum, ropes with knots different colors, “letter” from the girl Taffy, birch bark, plasticine pieces for children’s drawings, sticks. Presentation for an interactive whiteboard with images of caves with “scratches” of bears, ancient people, drawings of Indians near fires, Indians with drums and knotted “messages”.

Progress of the lesson:

  1. Organizational moment.

Guys, today we will take you on a journey into the past. Make yourself comfortable on the rug, soon we will have a time machine in this place.

  1. Subject message.

How do we communicate with each other when we are far, far away?(lead to the answer: we write letters)

Do you want to learn to write?
- Do you think it’s easy or difficult?

Was it easy for humanity to learn to write?

Do you know who invented writing and when it happened?

Today in class we will find out when writing appeared.

  1. Stages of writing development.

But how did people manage without writing? It was a very, very long time ago. So long ago that it’s impossible to even imagine when. In those distant times, there was not a single house on the entire Earth and people lived in caves. But not only people lived there: who else could you meet there?
Whether long or short, the ancient people evicted the ancient Toptygins.


- Let's sit in our time machine, close our eyes and fly back to those times(music plays, the blinds close, a presentation with images of caves is turned on, then a slide with “traces” of bear claws).

Now you and I are ancient people. Look around, what do we see?

Seeing such traces, people thought that these were mysterious signs, but it turned out that there was nothing mysterious in them. These were scratches that the bears made when they sharpened their claws on the wall. People also wanted to leave marks on the surface of the wall. This is exactly how some scientists imagine the beginning of the road to writing.

How are people different from animals?

What does “communicate” mean?

How to convey your thoughts, communicate important information, if the person is very far away?

What could ancient people have used to convey a message?

Various signals were used: for example, the Indians lit fires, the smoke of which was visible very far away. This smoke could tell people a lot. Look at the pictures(slide with Indians by the fire). How are they different? Yes, if the smoke from the fire does not rise high, it means the enemy is far away, there is nothing to worry about. What do you think this signal could mean?(smoke is high - the enemy is close, alarm)

And in Africa, one tribe conveyed a message to another using a large drum - tam-tam(slide with image of tam-tam).

2 beats (show) – greeting, frequent beat (show) – alarm. Let's try it with you.

  1. Dynamic pause.
    - Did you hear the alarm? Come quickly and help:
    The drum calls for help    we walk in circles
    Let's go drive away the enemies
    Let's run it here    lunges left and right, imitate
    Let's drive away the spear blows there
    And the enemy will flee. running in place

- Everyone sat down quietly. Well done, they helped the neighboring tribe. Now look at these ribbons (hand out ribbons with knots). Do you think this is how we can communicate?(slide with ancient people with “knot messages”)What can be communicated in this way?
Many tribes tied knots of different colors to convey information about the beginning of a war, the birth of a child, and other events. What color do you think the war was reported in? About the end of the war?

  1. Drawing letter.
    - Time passed, new ways of communication between ancient people appeared. And now I have one of the first letters in my hands. But it is not ordinary - it was drawn (yes, I’m not mistaken) a long time ago by a little girl. Of course, not on paper. What is it?
    - Birch bark is the top layer of birch bark (I give birch bark to children), it used to be used for writing notes. See how you can remove a thin layer from birch bark. What does he look like? Try it yourself.
    - Let's go back to the note. The girl Taffy carried it to her mother. What does it show?
    - Ancient people left such drawings everywhere they visited. From them, scientists learned and told everyone about life in those distant times. What do you think is written here?
    - Why do we have so many different opinions?
    - The writer Kipling told children about the girl Taffy. The story is called “How the First Letter Was Written.” Taffy's dad broke his spear while fishing, asked the girl to bring a new spear, and the little girl drew a “note” and passed it to her mother through a stranger. Everyone “read” the letter in their own way, but when they figured out what it was, it was very funny. Dad told Taffy that such notes were a great discovery and the day would come when people would call him the ability to write.
    This is how, or almost this way, picture writing appeared. We will read this work later, but for now let’s remember how ancient people communicated with each other?
  2. Consolidation of the studied material.
    -     Let us, like the ancient people, try to tell about something in picture writing. I have prepared a surprise for you: tablets on which you can scratch with sticks, just like our ancestors did.(boards with a thin layer of plasticine applied and sticks are handed out, children draw their letters)

- Let's try to read Vasya's letter.
- Did we understand correctly? (listen to the story of 3-4 children).

When and how did the person speak? According to some scientists, this happened 50 thousand years ago, others put the figure at millions of years.

Biblical view

The Old Testament story says that man was created with intelligence and with the God-given ability to speak. God brought animals to man “to see what he would call them, and to know what he would call every living soul.”

But the first word spoken by Adam, according to Dante Alighieri, was the Hebrew word “El” - God. From Adam, Eve and their children spoke Hebrew: this language remained the only one until the “Babylonian Pandemonium.”

Imitating nature

The 18th-century German historian Johann Gottfried Herder seriously shook the “divine theory” of the origin of language, which most believed at that time. The scientist argued that speech began to form at the moment when a person began to imitate the sounds of animals.

Contemporaries ridiculed Herder's theory, dubbing it the "av-av thesis."

Linguist Alexander Verzhbovsky returned to Herder’s hypothesis, putting forward his theory of “ambivocal primary signals of onomatopoeic origin.” According to the scientist, to convey the sounds of the frightening forces of nature, for example, thunder, our ancestors used the sound combinations “Gan” and “Ran”, and the signals “Al” or “Ar” were shouted when they drove the animal into a trapping pit.

The origins of the rudiments of speech, according to Verzhbovsky, should be sought in one or several habitats of the “humanized primate,” from where speech was spread to all corners of the Earth. This “humanized primate,” according to Verzhbovsky, was the Cro-Magnon man, who inhabited Europe 40 thousand years ago.

"Brock's Center"

Homo habilis, who lived supposedly 2.5 million years ago, is often called the first representative of the genus Homo. He had a number of characteristics that distinguish him from the animal kingdom: not only the ability to make tools and primitive clothing, but also the structure of the brain.

According to anthropologist Stanislav Drobyshevsky, the brain of Homo habilis is characterized by increased development of areas that are responsible for speech.

In particular, a noticeable bulge inside the thin-walled skull indicates the presence of a “Broca’s center”: it is this area that ensures the motor organization of speech and control of the parts of the brain that coordinate the speech apparatus.

Physiological specialists have reconstructed the morphology of the upper part of the speech apparatus of Homo habilis using traces of muscle attachment on the skull. The human ancestor probably had a massive tongue and lips that did not touch each other: this could allow the hominid to pronounce sounds phonetically similar to our vowels “i”, “a”, “u” and the consonants “s” and “t”.

From gestures to speech

American neuroscientists, comparing the structure of the brain of humans and monkeys, in particular, chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas, noticed a very significant similarity. It turned out that the so-called “Brodmann area 44,” which is located in “Broca’s center,” is larger in both humans and monkeys in the left hemisphere of the brain than in the right.

In humans, this area is responsible for speech, but why do monkeys need such a developed organ?

The researchers hypothesized that Brodmann's area 44 is responsible for sign language in monkeys. From this follows the assumption that human speech could have developed from the gestures that our ancestors used to communicate.

Scientists from the National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (USA) confirmed these guesses: they found that the same parts of the brain are responsible for verbal and nonverbal means of human communication.

Linguist Philip Lieberman from the University of Connecticut drew attention to the importance of the pharynx in pronouncing the vowel sounds “a”, “i”, “u”, which form the basis of many modern languages. By combining with consonants, these vowels are capable of creating multiple combinations, but, most importantly, instantly linking coded series of sounds into understandable oral speech.

Together with Yale University anatomist Edmund Crelin, Lieberman decided to test to what extent ancient man was able to pronounce the sounds mentioned.

Using fossils, scientists reconstructed the Neanderthal's vocal apparatus and found that his larynx was noticeably higher than its position at modern man.

Then the researchers recreated the pharyngeal, nasal and oral cavities of the ancient man in plasticine. Having taken measurements, they compared them with the size of the vocal apparatus of a modern person. Next, putting the resulting numbers into the electronic computer, they determined the resonances and range of sounds produced.

The conclusion was this: our ancestors, who lived 60 thousand years ago, could not pronounce basic vowels in rapid combinations. According to scientists, the speech of ancient people was much more primitive, and they spoke about 10 times slower than modern humans.

Innate function

The prominent American linguist Noam Chomsky put forward a bold hypothesis. In his opinion, human speech is not the result of learning - it is a genetically built-in mechanism, like hearing or vision.

He sees confirmation of his theory in the fact that infants instantly and consciously distinguish speech-relevant information from the surrounding noise.

Experiments in the field of genetics make Chomsky's theory quite viable. Thus, the study of human mitochondrial DNA showed that in order to achieve modern level speech should have arisen as a result of a genetic mutation 200 thousand years ago - this, as is known, is the time of “mitochondrial Eve”.

However, Kholmsky believes that the whole point is in the evolutionary breakthrough of language that occurred about 50 thousand years ago, when our ancestors left Africa. The linguist sees the reasons for the “language surge” in the emergence of more complex social institutions, creative activity, tracking natural phenomena and other factors in the development of human society.

Joint activities

Some experts are convinced that Homo erectus must have had some form of language, since much of his activity required the exchange of thoughts. Drawings on the fossils of Torralba and Ambrona already indicate a high organization of the hunting process by primitive man.

American writer Edmund White is sure: in order to compose preliminary plans hunting, name animals, tools, indicate landmarks primitive man should have talked. And as intra-family and public relations expanded and vocabulary our ancestor.

White's hypothesis can be confirmed by studies of human remains from the Totavel Cave (France), which are supposedly 450 thousand years old. Scientists attribute them to a group of hominids that are an intermediate species between Pithecanthropus and Neanderthals.

Using a computer, experts recreated the passage of sound from the lungs to the tip of the lips of the “Totavel man.” The machine produced the result in the form of sounds “aah-aah”, “chen-chen”, “reu-reu”. For an ancient hunter, this is a very good result.

Primitive people lived in small groups, hunted and worked together. For a joint hunt to be successful, they needed to coordinate their actions, that is, somehow communicate with each other. Many animals that live in packs contact each other using growls, body movements and screams.

However, in the process of evolution, people developed a special communication system - a language that made it possible to express thoughts using words and sentences. It was a slow, gradual process, but the emergence of language and speech represented a huge leap in the evolution of human intelligence.

The ability to use speech distinguishes humans from animals. When talking, people communicate their thoughts, feelings, and requests to each other. Without language, human society and civilization could not exist.

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