How to aim a mortar. Chapter viii. preparing a mortar for firing and marching. Translation of a mortar from a combat position to a marching one
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL PROJECTS
General information
Mortar (Fig. 77) is light weapons mounted infantry fire. Mortar weight 14 kg, mine weight 900 g, firing range 60-520 m.
The mortar crew consists of three people.
On the march, the mortar is carried on two packs: 1) a barrel with a lifting mechanism and 2) a base plate with leveling and turning mechanisms. For short distances, the mortar is carried assembled - by the handle.
In addition, the calculation simultaneously transfers 5 trays with mines, 10 mines in each tray, and a box with accessories.
The mortar consists of two main parts (Fig. 78 and 79): 1) a barrel with a lifting mechanism and 2) a base plate with leveling and turning mechanisms.
The German mortar, unlike our mortar, has a firing device. Therefore, in order to shoot, it is necessary, after lowering the mine into the barrel, to lower the firing device.
The lifting mechanism is used for the production of rough and precise vertical guidance of the mortar.
Coarse pickup is carried out by moving the sleeve 5 (Fig. 78) along the tube 4, while pressing the latch; fine aiming - by rotating the turnbuckle 6 of the lifting mechanism.
The rotary mechanism (Fig. 79) is used for precise aiming of the mortar in a horizontal plane, for which it is necessary to rotate the handle 5 of the mechanism in one direction or another.
Leveling(alignment) of the mortar is achieved by rotating the handles 5 of the leveling mechanism.
fragmentation mine(Fig. 80) consists of a cast-iron body 1 and a stabilizer 2. The combat charge of a mine consists of a tail cartridge 4, which is held in the stabilizer tube with a locking screw. The explosive charge of the mine is TNT. The weight of the finally equipped mine is 900 g. The mine is equipped with a fuse 3 of instantaneous action. Before firing, the fuse does not require any setting.
Installing a mortar on a firing position
1. Having chosen a firing position, place the mortar on the ground so that the base plate is slightly tilted forward. If necessary, dig the soil with a shovel.
2. By moving along the white stripe on the trunk base plate direct the mortar at the target; while the mortar barrel in relation to the base plate should be in the middle position.
3. By hitting the shovel handle on the slab, push the slab into the ground so that its ribs (on the underside) go deep into the ground.
4. Set the sector 10 scale pointer and the goniometer pointer to "O" (the latter is not shown in the figure).
5. By rotating the handles 8 of the leveling mechanism (see Fig. 79) and following the ball level 16, level (align) the mortar; the bubble of the ball level should be in the middle.
The handles must be rotated both at the same time as follows:
a) the bubble deviated back - turn both handles to the left.
b) the bubble deviated forward - turn both handles to the right.
c) the bubble deviated to the right - rotate both handles outward.
d) the bubble deviated to the left - rotate both handles inward.
Aiming a mortar at a target and firing a shot
1. Having installed the mortar on the firing position (OP), aim it at the target. If the target is visible from the OP, then the mortar is first roughly oriented - along the white line on the barrel, then it is aimed accurately - along the sight by rotating the handle 3 (Fig. 77) of the rotary mechanism.
2. Give the mortar an elevation angle corresponding to the distance to the target, for which purpose combine the pointer 11 with the corresponding number on the scale of sector 10 (Fig. 77).
The numbers on the scale - 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 - correspond to the distance to the target in meters. For example, if the range to the target is 300 m, then the pointer should be against the number 300 on the sector scale.
The elevation angle is given by the lifting mechanism roughly - by moving the sleeve 5 along the tube 4 (Fig. 78), precisely - by rotating the turnbuckle 6.
3. In order to fire a mortar, it is necessary to lower the mine with the tail cartridge inserted (tail down) into the barrel and press the trigger handle (pulling it towards you) of the firing device.
Notes:
- A shot from a mortar should be done lying down, tilting your head as close to the ground as possible.
- When shooting, make sure that the bubble of the ball level is in the middle. If the bubble is knocked down, it must be adjusted to the middle.
Shooting and transferring fire
1. In case of overshoot or undershoot, rotate the turnbuckle of the lifting mechanism to change the range setting accordingly on the scale of its sector. Range changes less than 10 m are not made.
2. In the case of lateral deviations of the mine from the target, the setting is changed according to the scale on the transverse bar 14 (Fig. 79) by rotating the handle of the rotary mechanism.
Note. The scale on the transverse bar (Fig. 81) is applied double (front and back). The distances between two lines of each scale are equal to 20 divisions of the goniometer (0-20). But the dashes of the back scale are shifted to the side in relation to the dashes of the front scale by half the division value. Therefore, the distance from the bottom line to the adjacent top line is 10 protractor divisions (0-10). This means that the horizontal installation of the mortar on this scale can be done with an accuracy of 10 divisions (0-10).
Changing the horizontal aiming at a certain angle can also be done using the sight sight with a mark on the aiming point.
3. When transferring fire to a new target, it is necessary to determine the range to it and, accordingly, set the elevation angle on the scale on the sector with the lifting mechanism.
The mortar barrel in relation to the base plate rotates 3-00 in each direction. Therefore, when transferring fire to another target at an angle greater than 3-00, the change in the installation of the mortar must be done roughly by turning the base plate and then refining it by turning the handle of the rotary mechanism.
Aiming a mortar when the target with the OP is not visible
When the target is not visible from the firing position, the mortar is guided along two milestones. Milestones and mortar in this case are installed as follows:
1. Go out covertly, without revealing yourself to the enemy, to the line that covers the target, so that the target is visible. Place the first milestone vertically (Fig. 82).
2. Without losing sight of the target or an object located in the direction of the target, move back to the mortar along the continuation of the line target - the first milestone. Put the second milestone vertically.
3. Put a mortar on the OP, observing the following:
1) both milestones must be visible from the OP;
2) the mortar must stand on a straight line, mentally drawn through two milestones; at the same time, the white line on the barrel (or the sight on the sight when set to “0”) must be pointed in the direction through two milestones.
Disassembly and assembly of the mortar
Assembly is in reverse order. When assembling the leveling mechanism, it is necessary to adjust the thickness of the ring gaskets so that the ball bushing after screwing the nut rotates freely, but without pitching
Mortar Handling
1. In the event of a misfire during firing, you still need to try, by operating the trigger handle (3-5 times) of the firing device, to fire a shot.
If at the same time the shot does not follow, then, after waiting one minute, defuse the mortar.
2. To defuse a mortar, you must:
a) squeezing cup 17 (Fig. 78), separate the base of the lifting mechanism from the frame;
b) tilt the lifting mechanism forward;
c) for one person, carefully tilt the mortar barrel forward, for the other to grab the muzzle of the barrel with his hand, take the mine falling out from there by the centering thickening and put it in the tray.
3. After firing, the mortar barrel and parts of the mechanisms must be cleaned and lubricated with a thin layer of gun grease, in winter, at temperatures up to -30 °, lubricate the rubbing parts with winter gun grease and below 30 ° with grease No. 21.
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HOW TO USE TROPHY WEAPONS IN COMBAT |
left entirely. highlighted in red .
the most important
1) mine flies from subsonic speed along a steep path. It means that you can hear a shot and a characteristic whistling sound from a mine to its explosion.
mine 82mm flies for 6km 30-60 sec (initial speed 100-200m/s) from here
mine 120mm flies for 6km 22-50 sec (initial speed 119 - 270 m/s) from here and from here
the sound of a shot at 6 km will reach in 18 seconds (sound speed 330 m / s).
total reaction time 4-12-32-42 seconds (inaccurate, because the speed depends on the charge). TOTAL seconds 5-10 is.
2) you can determine where they shot from
3) DK Kuibyshev, apparently, was fired with a mine 82 mm(or less)
4) the maximum firing range of a mortar is no more than 6-7 km (regardless of caliber). Real (sighting) 4-6 km.
SURVIVE UNDER MORTAR FIRE.
Characteristics of mortars and mines, rules of conduct under fire.
82 mm mine: Effective damage radius lying targets of 82-mm fragmentation mine, not less than 18 m. At the same time, the grass on the affected area is completely mowed. The radius of the capital destruction of growth targets - 30 m
with the obligatory defeat of the target by 2-3 fragments. The spread of individual fragments can be up to 100-150 meters.
82 mm mine able to destroy only a light overlap
, for example, a visor made of poles over a trench.
The funnel, when it breaks, even if the mine goes into the ground to the most favorable depth, will be small: 1 meter in diameter and about 50-60 centimeters deep. But usually such a funnel does not work, because the 82 mm mine is not designed for destructive shooting, but designed only for fragmentation
, and it breaks before it penetrates the ground ...
82mm mortars are not particularly long-range weapons, but very common. Maximum firing range up to 4 kilometers. The minimum firing range is 85-100 meters. Therefore, for the purpose of camouflage, the mortar and ammunition are usually carried by hand. The mortar weighs more than 40 kilograms, a standard box with 10 mines weighs more than 30 (total 70 kg !!!)
. Therefore, mortar attacks are usually sudden and short-lived: an experienced crew fires ten shots in a matter of seconds, and the last mine exits the barrel before the first one explodes. After that, the mortars immediately disassemble the mortar (up to a minute) and change their position in order to get away from return fire.
A 120 mm mortar can hit 7.2 km. Effective on range up to 7 km. Minimum range (dead zone) - 480 meters. Rate of fire - 10-15 shots. Portable ammunition - 80 min.
Towed or self-propelled 120mm rifled mortar type " Nona"(in service with 25 VBR) Rate of fire - up to 11 rounds per minute. It is used against manpower located on open area, in trenches or light shelters.
Ammunition "Nona": The main ammunition of the gun includes high-explosive shells 3OF49 with contact fuse and radio fuse. The projectiles have an initial velocity at full charge of 367 m/s and a maximum firing range of 8,855 km. When a contact fuse is set to a fragmentation action during the break, the 3OF49 projectile forms about 3500 lethal fragments weighing from 0.5 to 15 g, with an initial velocity of about 1800 m / s. The reduced area of destruction of openly located manpower in the "standing" position is 2200 m², the armor penetration of homogeneous steel armor is 12 mm at a distance of 7 to 10 m from the epicenter of the projectile burst. When using the AP-5 radio fuse, the effectiveness of defeating openly located manpower increases from 2 to 3 times. When installing a contact fuse for high-explosive action, the 3OF49 projectile is capable of forming funnels up to 5 m in diameter and up to 2 meters deep. Also, “Nona” hits with all types of 120-mm mortar mines.
The mortar has several features that you must know. In-First, the mine flies at subsonic speed along a steep trajectory. This means that you can hear a shot and a characteristic whistling sound from the mine to its explosion. Experienced fighters determine by the sound in which direction it flies, approaches (the sound changes from low frequencies to high) or already removed during the flight. In combat conditions, such skills need to be acquired as quickly as possible.
Secondly, the mine explodes on impact with the ground, and fragments fly up and to the sides. Therefore, a car or a standing person is a very vulnerable target. If the fighter is lying at the time of the mine explosion, the probability of falling into him with fragments decreases sharply. Therefore, when you hear the sound of an approaching mine (or the warning cry of an experienced comrade), immediately fall to the ground and press yourself into it harder, covering your head with your hands.
Fragments of 82-mm mines are light and very "bad". When a three-kilogram mine explodes, 400-600 fragments are formed. Any barrier - brick, wood, concrete pillar, - can unpredictably change the direction of their flight. For the same reason, mine fragments do not penetrate more or less serious obstacles. A stone wall, a parapet, a sandbag, a fallen tree trunk, a hard hat, body armor can all help.
If the enemy is not targeting the area, then it is advisable not to stick out for 5-10 minutes, the destruction package is usually 60-80 minutes per square.
Sometimes mortars release one sighting mine (smoke or incendiary) towards the target and at the place of its rupture, introduce amendments and turn on rapid fire with the entire battery to kill. So after the first gap in the side, there is a little time to find cover and lie down.
According to experience, they fire from a mortar in "series": 6-8 shots, a pause of several minutes, then again 6-8 shots to finish off. Usually there were no more than three such series. It is possible to fire from one, two or three mortars (three mortar crews are part of a platoon).
During the shelling, do not even think about getting up. Lie down where you fell. During a pause, you can inspect the area, move to a slot, pit, funnel. The lower you lie, the more likely you are to survive the shelling without consequences. Trenches, dugouts, structures made of concrete blocks, solid brick walls - quite reliable protection against a mortar. Even in an open field, you can come up with a shelter.
It is not a good idea to sit out the shelling in a rare planting or bushes. The mine fuse will work when it hits branches and an air explosion of the mine will result, which will increase the area affected by fragments.
In a pause, be ready for the next "series" of shelling, the approach of which will warn you all the same whistling sound.
So, the basic rules for survival during a mortar attack:
1. Listen to the sounds of flying mines, learn to recognize and analyze them.
2. When firing, immediately fall and press into the ground. Learn to do this before the mines start to fall - it's to your advantage.
4. Don't forget to open your mouth, this will save your eardrums.
5. No matter what happens, in no case should you rise, let alone stand up. Do not try to run away from the firing zone - mines and fragments are still faster than you. Wait for an example of 8-10 breaks, then wait at least three minutes, then quickly change position and go into cover. Even if someone nearby needs help, provide it after shelling and in cover, otherwise you will most likely need help soon.
6. Use artificial and natural shelters and terrain folds. You can hide in them in between series of shots.
7. Move only by crawling. If you come under fire in the field and wait it out, crawl out of the fire zone so as not to be noticed and not cause a second fire.
8. If you are in a zone where mortar shelling is possible, do not take off your body armor and helmet - if you have them, of course. Bulletproof vests of the third or fourth class stop mortar fragments quite reliably. Even a simple second-class vest and an old Soviet-style helmet will not be superfluous.
9. It happens that some of the mines do not burst (soft ground, the fuse did not work) and brazenly stick out of the ground with their tails. In no case do not touch them, do not take them out and do not beat them. The probability of an explosion is extremely high.
10. Dig trenches and build dugouts with strong ceilings. The message paths should be zigzag. In the event of a mine hitting a trench, the fragmentation will be limited to a straight segment only.
11. Feel free to train and work out your actions in case of shelling in advance. Remember: hard in teaching, easy in the affected area.
12. If you come under mortar fire during the march on the “armor”, dive inside. The task of the APC driver is to get out of the fire zone at full speed. Stopping and dismounting, you turn into a perfect, motionless target for mortars.
13. Keep snipers on the ground where a mortar spotter might be. These are usually ruins, tall houses and trees in the line of sight from your location, from which good review terrain. A man with binoculars and a walkie-talkie (telephone) is goal number 1.
How to determine where the mortar or gun was fired from?
By the nature of the crater from a projectile or mine, you can determine where the shooting was carried out from. The fact is that the projectile falls at an angle, and not strictly vertically, it breaks, as if on its side, so the funnel is uneven. The side facing the point of the shot will be flatter than the opposite. There are more fragments in the ground on the side from which the projectile came, since most of shell fragments from the opposite side went into the air during the explosion. Usually, after removing loose soil, you can find the trace of the projectile in the ground and determine the general direction of fire.
To determine the range to the place where the shot was fired from, you can be much more accurate if you determine which ammunition formed the funnel. By measuring the angle of incidence of the projectile, it is possible, using the firing tables, to determine from what range the shot was fired. The angle is measured as follows: the earth loosened by the explosion is carefully removed, the center of its deepening (hole) is found. A stick is taken, which is placed on the edges of the funnel, freed from the soil poured by the explosion (this is how the ground plane is determined). After that, in the middle of the sloping slope of the funnel (the one on the side of the shot), a peg is driven in, reaching the ground plane. Thus, we determine the average point of contact of the projectile with the ground, after which we draw a straight line from the hole to this point - the easiest way is to put a stick or rail, getting the “trajectory” of the projectile on the last meter of flight. By measuring the angle of incidence, we can determine the angle of departure, and, consequently, the range according to the tables for firing.
When you first come under fire from a mortar, it may seem that nothing could be worse. Actually - maybe. After a week of shelling with Grads, mortar fire seems more annoying than intimidating.
Weapons of counter-guerrilla warfare
For SOBR instructors
In our time, junior officers appointed as commanders of special assault groups try not to take a mortar with them, motivating this by the large weight of the system. The real reason is that now the principle of working with a portable mortar is forgotten even in the troops, and in systems law enforcement this topic has always been a "blank spot". At the same time, the unique combat capabilities of mortars for conducting counter-guerrilla warfare remain unclaimed.
Once, about 50 years ago, it was portable mortars of 50-82 mm calibers that turned out to be an almost indispensable weapon in conditions of closed, rugged and difficult terrain with a complete lack of landmarks. A portable mortar is, first of all, a rational combination of the power of a projectile (feathered mine) and the lightness of a movable throwing device - the mortar itself. The most valuable quality of the mortar is its light weight with the great power of the mine, which gives a colossal effect of fragmentation and high-explosive action at the target. Suffice it to say that the effectiveness of breaking one 82 mm fragmentation mine is equal to the combat work of five or six F-1 hand grenades. In this case, the ratio of the weight of the mortar to the weight of the mine will be? 1/16.
A mortar is a smooth-bore gun that fires non-rotating feathered projectiles, that is, mines. From others artillery systems the mortar is distinguished not only by its low weight, but also by the simplicity of the device, ease of use, steep trajectory (elevation angles from 45 to 85o). The large steepness of the mine flight path allows you to destroy closed targets that are not affected by flat fire of artillery and grenade launchers, facilitates the closeness, selection and camouflage of your own firing positions, provides firing from deep shelters and shooting "over the heads" of your units. A mobile mortar is indispensable as a means of direct support for its orders, both advancing and defending or ambushed.
Mortar systems have a very high accuracy and accuracy of fire. This allows you to effectively and quickly destroy enemy snipers, machine gunners and grenade launchers directly on the scene. The mortar is a flexible and powerful weapon capable of resolving a local tactical situation like no other. The high height of the mine also makes it possible to effectively knock down the enemy from tactical heights.
In short, a mortar is a tool that allows you to actively control the course of combat events.
The purpose of this material is to give law enforcement officers, officers and soldiers of the internal troops an initial idea of \u200b\u200bwhat a mortar is and how to handle it if you have to deal with it.
The design of a portable muzzle-loading mortar of the classical scheme is simple.
Photo 1. The mortar barrel (1 in the Photo) is a smooth-walled pipe without rifling, on which a breech is screwed in the rear (lower) part. At the bottom of the breech there is a drummer, on which the primer of the main (tail) charge of the mine is broken when it is lowered into the barrel. From below the breech ends with a ball heel. Through this part, the barrel is connected to the base plate (2 in the Photo). There is a hole in the ball heel, into which any mount is inserted for screwing and unscrewing the breech from the barrel when cleaning the mortar.
In 82 mm mortars, the striker is hard, screwed into the bottom of the breech. This ensures simplicity of design and increases the rate of fire.
The barrel rests on a two-legged carriage, which gives it the angles of vertical and horizontal guidance.
Photo 2. It has lifting (4 in Photo 2), swivel (5 in Photo 1) and leveling (6 in Photo 1) mechanisms. The bipedal carriage is detachably connected to the barrel through a shock absorber (7 in Photo 2) by means of a clip (8 in Photo 2) and a basting. All screw-type mortar guidance mechanisms.
Photo 3. The leveling mechanism, which has a transverse level (9), is designed for accurate leveling of the mortar in cases where the sight is rigidly mounted on a bipedal carriage. The scope is usually mounted on the left side of the swivel mechanism. The need for precise leveling is eliminated when a swinging sight is used, which levels itself.
The base plate serves as a support for the barrel. It consists of a main sheet, to which stiffeners (coulters) are welded from below. The distribution of the recoil force on large area helps to reduce pressure on the ground.
When fired, due to the elastic deformation of the plate and soil, the barrel moves along the axis by an insignificant amount and then returns to its original place again. To prevent damage to the mortar mechanisms during a sharp movement of the barrel, the two-legged carriage is attached to the barrel by means of spring shock absorbers.
Mortars of caliber 82 mm of post-war production are equipped with fuses from double loading. This device prevents the laying of a second mine when the mortar is already loaded.
Photo 4. Schematically with the designation of the main parts of the mortar is shown in photo 1-2-3-4.
Photo 5. Mortar sights are optical and mechanical. Each mortar sight has a goniometer circle (10) for horizontal aiming. The horizontal guidance of the mortar is carried out by directing the sight line of the goniometer to the point of guidance. The mortar sight, like the artillery compass, has a scale on the horizontal circle of the goniometer, divided into large divisions of 1-00 (one hundred thousandths) for an optical sight, and small divisions of 0-20 (twenty thousandths) for a mechanical sight. In addition, the sight has a turret for measuring angles with an accuracy of 0-01 (1 thousandth) (11 in Photo 5). Recall - one thousandth is 1/1000 of the distance to the target, deployed "along the front." Therefore, a correction of 1/1000 to the side at a distance of 1 km will give a deviation of 1 meter, at 2 km - 2 m, respectively. Guiding the mortar horizontally is carried out by a rotary mechanism.
The sight itself with a level is used to measure vertical angles and vertical aiming in range. For aiming at a distance, the necessary sight is set on its scale (13 in Photo 5), and then the barrel is raised or lowered by the lifting mechanism until the air bubble at the level of the sight takes the middle position and the target hits the aiming element. This trunk is given the required elevation angle.
The sight is transported (transferred) separately from the mortar. When installing the sight on the mortar, the number 30 on the goniometer circle and the risks on the base of the sight are combined. By technical device the mortar is simple and does not require much effort to master. The 82 mm mortar is transported disassembled over long distances. The calculation usually consists of 4 people.
A mortar shot consists of a projectile (mine) and a powder charge.
Photo 6. A mine is a non-rotating feathered projectile designed to be fired from a mortar. It is intended mainly for hitting a target with shrapnel or to smoke the target, or to illuminate the area.
A fragmentation mine consists of a drop-shaped body, an explosive charge, a fuse and a stabilizer.
The body of the mine is designed to connect all the details of the mine, to place an explosive charge, and to form fragments when it breaks. The body is made of steel or cast iron. A fuse is screwed into the head part of the body, and a stabilizer is screwed into the bottom part. On the outer surface of the housing there is one or two centering bulges. They are necessary so that the mine does not “walk” in the bore, but goes along it evenly and with a small gap. Centering ledges are made on the wings of the stabilizer. All this ensures the correct movement of the mine along the bore.
To reduce the breakthrough of powder gases between the mine and the inner surface of the barrel, annular grooves are made on the centering thickening of the barrel. In these grooves, the powder gases expand, swirl and slow down, while losing pressure and speed. Therefore, the amount of escaping gases is small - 10-15o.
The stabilizer gives the mine stability in flight and serves to accommodate the main and additional propellant charges (beams), and also centers the mine as it moves along the barrel. It consists of a tube with holes and feathers welded to the tube. Mines are six-finned and ten-finned. After ignition of the main (tail) propellant charge placed in the tube, powder gases rush into the bore through the fire transfer holes. When this occurs, the ignition of additional charges located on the stabilizer tube or placed between its feathers.
Explosive charge is intended to break the mine. Explosive - usually tol.
The fuse is designed to ignite the explosive charge of a mine when a mine collides with an obstacle after a shot.
The propellant charge of the 82 mm mortar consists of a tail cartridge (main charge) and additional charges.
The tail cartridge (main charge) is a cardboard sleeve with a powder charge. A capsule is inserted into the metal bottom of the sleeve. From above the charge is closed by wads.
Additional charges (beams on artillery slang) of 82 mm mortars are assembled in packages (caps) that have the shape of boats for six-blade mines, which are fixed between the stabilizer feathers. Charges for ten-point mines are ring-shaped and mounted on the stabilizer tube.
A shot from an 82 mm mortar takes place in the following way: a mine lowered into the bore falls down inside the barrel and is pricked by a primer of the tail cartridge on the protruding striker (firing pin) of the breech, which ignites the primer, the flame from which ignites the main charge (tail cartridge). The resulting powder gases cardboard walls of the sleeve and through the holes in the stabilizer tube break into the breech breech. The power of the main charge is enough to give the mine an initial speed of 70 m / s. and throw it at a distance of 85 to 475 m. With gas pressure, the mine moves at increasing speed along the bore, sliding with a centering thickening along its walls, and is thrown outward in the direction of the axis of the bore. If there are additional charges on the stabilizer tube, the hot gases of the main charge ignite additional charges through the holes in the tube, as a result of which the gas pressure in the barrel increases and the firing range increases.
Features of a shot from a mortar - due to the lack of rifling in the barrel, the mine does not receive rotational motion. The point of application of the recoil resistance force (stop of the ball heel) coincides with the direction of the recoil force, as a result of which the departure angle practically does not appear. Due to the low pressure in the barrel (compared to cannon mortars), mortars do not have a barrel height, which ensures its unlimited survivability.
When a mine falls and collides with any obstacle, the mine fuse is triggered and ignites the explosive charge of the mine. The resulting gases break the body of the mine and the fragments scatter very flatly in all directions. Depending on what material, in what historical period and what technology the hull was made of, fragments are formed from 200 to 1000. The reality of hitting a target with fragments depends on the height of the target and is determined by the radius of fragments that hit a target of a given height. The radius of the actual destruction of lying targets of 82 mm fragmentation mines is not less than 18 m. At the same time, the grass is completely mowed out on the affected area. The radius of the capital destruction of growth targets with the same mine is 30 m with the obligatory defeat of the target by 2-3 fragments. The spread of fragments is up to 350-400 meters. The fragmentation effect of a smoke mine is 35-40% less compared to a fragmentation mine, but the target is also affected by flying pieces of burning phosphorus.
Smoke mines are a useful thing both in the field, and in the forest, and in the mountains. With their help, the positions of the enemy are smoked, which practically blinds them. In addition, smoke mines provide target designation, shooting, and in the mountains - determining the wind speed at altitude. The density and stability of the smoke cloud depends on the number of exploded mines, the state of the atmosphere, the strength and direction of the wind.
Of the features of mortar ballistics, the following should be noted: the angle of maximum (limiting) range for 82 mm mines is about 45o. Such an angle is given to the barrel of the mortar, horizontally aligned "by zeros" in the horizontal and vertical planes. When firing from mortars, only hinged trajectories are used, obtained at elevation angles greater than the angle of greatest range. Therefore, the scale of the sight on the mortar has a reverse thread. The so-called "narrow" sighting fork for an 82 mm mortar is 50 meters.
The form hinged trajectory mines depends on the elevation angle and on the initial speed given to the mine by one or another amount of additional charges. The greater the elevation angle and the lower the initial speed, the smaller the horizontal range. Conversely, the lower the elevation angle and the greater the initial speed, the greater the horizontal range. By simultaneously changing the initial speed and elevation angle, you can get several hinged trajectories with the same horizontal range but different heights. Large elevation angles and angles of incidence of the hinged trajectory of the mine almost completely exclude the presence of dead spaces and provide the possibility of firing from behind high shelters and hitting targets in any terrain fold. Due to the lack of rotation of the mine, derivation in flight is completely absent.
Attention! When fired, a mortar mine rises very high, and, accordingly, is significantly blown away by the wind, which at different heights has a much higher speed than near the ground. This is especially felt in the mountains, where winds at different altitudes blow in different directions with different strengths!
In counter-guerrilla warfare, mortars are very often used to ensure the attacking advance of our battle formations by firing "over their heads." This is permissible only under the condition of complete safety of firing for their subunits, excluding the possibility of their accidental defeat. Security is ensured by the presence of such a distance between the target and the location of its own combat formations closest to it, which excludes the possibility of hitting them with fragments of its own mines. When calculating this distance, the following is taken into account:
a) the half of the full dispersion of mines closest to the location of their own, increased by one and a half times;
b) the radius of expansion of fragments of mines (30 m); c) possible deviation of mines due to inaccurate accounting for the influence of wind.
In the case of firing at an unsighted target, the distance between the target and friendly units must be greater than the specified distance by the value of the “narrow fork” (see earlier). In this case, you should shoot with the initial installation of the sight, obviously increased by a possible error in determining the firing range and taking into account the influence of weather conditions - in general, by 25% more than a certain distance to the target.
Example. For the safe opening of fire from an 82 mm mortar from a distance of 600 m on the first charge at an unsighted target located in front of their units, between the latter and the target, it is necessary to have the smallest distance of about 150 m (according to the calculation table, plus the value of a narrow fork of 50 m). The initial setting of the sight should correspond to a distance of 750 m. If events take place in a forest or on rough terrain, where the distance of fire contact is usually 150-200 m, then this is just what you need.
If friendly subunits are hidden in the folds of the terrain from being hit by fragments of their own mines, then the distance between them and the covered target can be reduced by the value of the radius of fragmentation, i.e. at 30 m.
As follows from the above, the precise measurement of the distance from the mortar to the target plays a decisive role in such firing. At one time, German rangers had mortar spotters in their combat advancing chains during the fire displacement of partisans. Adjustment of mortar fire was carried out by telephone, the wire length of which was always equal to 200 meters. The sights on the German 50 mm “tray” mortars, which, together with the control cells, advanced behind advancing targets on a permanent telephone wire tether, were set at a distance of 300 m.
In this case, adjustments were usually made in the course of events ± 30 m closer / farther.
Later german experience without changes, it was used by the special battalions of the MGB in suppressing the resistance of the OUN-UPA. It was the Soviet 82 mm mortars that turned out to be the ideal weapon for forest combat - they were given target designation on the spot, the distances were close, the targets were group, the mortars were front-line trained, the mortars were transferred, installed and aimed quickly. And most importantly, the mines were triggered by contact with foliage and tree branches and exploded in the air. At the same time, the ambush positions of Bandera on the trees lost all meaning. It was impossible to hide below in the folds of the terrain. The losses were horrendous.
For firing mortars on the plain, the plain firing tables should be followed. The firing tables for six-fingered and ten-finned mines are not the same. The ring charge is approximately twice as strong as the “boat” charge.
Attention! When firing, it is imperative to take into account the corrections for the deviation of the weight of the mine from the normal one (sign H). To do this, algebraically multiply the tabular correction with its sign by the deviation of the weight of the mine (the number of signs on the mine) and raise the result with its sign to the range.
Example! Tabular correction (+6m), three minuses (---) are marked on the mine. We multiply: (+6) x (-3) \u003d -18 m. Amendment - 18 m. Reduce the range by 18 m (from the firing table of TS No. 102).
The mortar is perhaps one of the few types of heavy weapons that can be disassembled to be carried over rough terrain. Therefore, it is indispensable in the mountains. In the mountains, the target will not be as mobile as on the plains, but it will always be above or below the level at which the mortar position is located. Therefore, mortar firing in the mountains is carried out according to flat firing tables, adjusted for target elevation tables in relation to the mortar horizon.
At the same time, in order to obtain the sight setting, it is necessary to algebraically add a correction for the elevation/decrease of the target to the plain tabular sight setting.
Attention! On rocky ground in the mountains, shooting is carried out without a base plate! The base plate in such conditions is not only useless, but also harmful - it is not fixed on the stone, and after each shot it shifts back. At the same time, the mortar has to be installed and aimed again for each new shot. At the same time, precious time is lost, the effectiveness of the fire is reduced and the consumption of ammunition increases. To install a mortar on rocky ground with a pickaxe or an ice ax, two recesses are cut for a two-legged gun carriage and one deeper recess for the ball heel of the breech. In this case, the mortar barrel rests directly on the stone with the ball heel. Instead of a base plate, which weighs 15-18 kg, it is more profitable and better to take 4-5 additional mines - while they are simply thrust into the waist belt with stabilizers.
But in such cases it is forbidden:
a) hold the ball heel with your foot - more than one fool has crushed his foot;
b) shoot, resting the barrel not on a biped, but putting it on the back of another fool - more than one spine has been broken from this practice, but shell-shocked from shock wave no one counted the shots.
When firing on gravel soil, the mortar barrel rests on the gravel with the lower part of the breech and the ball heel immersed in the gravel.
If the enemy is located much higher than you on a slope of 40-50o, but not on a height ridge, it will be more profitable for you to shoot so that the mines fall 20 meters above the enemy’s positions. In addition to being hit by shrapnel, it will also be covered by rockfall caused by a mine explosion. The advantage of a position at a tactical height is reduced to zero. Therefore, having a mortar, one can easily refute the well-known postulate: "He who is higher in the mountains is right!" Having a mortar, you can fend off an ambush, ensure the offensive advancement of your “bottom-up”, as well as cover the partisan mortar, firing from top to bottom from a closed position. It has already been confirmed that a skilled mortar, firing from an 82 mm mortar in the mountains at distances of 1-1.5 km with a large number of targets hit, consumes less ammunition “by weight” than a machine gunner and even an easel automatic grenade launcher.
Two checkpoints or strong points, located at a distance of 400-500 m from one another, equipped with 82 mm mortars, are practically inaccessible to capture by partisans. Why? Because when attacking a checkpoint, the territory adjacent to it with "dead" spaces where the enemy accumulates can be easily treated with mortar fire from a neighboring checkpoint. Having a mortar battery of two or three 82 mm mortars can bring down the enemy from tactical heights as effectively as using combat helicopters.
For effective mortar firing in the mountains, it is necessary to know the military topography very well and navigate the map.
Of course, the partisans will also have mortars. But in practice, this means little and is not decisive. For accurate, fast, effective firing from a mortar, especially at non-obvious and unobservable targets hidden behind reverse slopes of heights, it is necessary to be able to make accurate mathematical calculations very quickly. This can only be done by a professional artillery officer, who usually immediately destroys the target with the first or second mine. Partisan mortarmen take aim for a long time, by trial and error, overshoots and undershoots, according to the principle "2 bast shoes to the right, 10 fathoms forward." The validity of fire on a moving target in this case is equal to zero. This is the essence of the use of the mortar as a counter-guerrilla weapon. An army mortar will always (always!) be incomparably stronger than partisan mortars.
Mortar - extraordinarily strong tactical weapon. Therefore, during the war, the Germans had 50 mm “tray” mortars in every platoon, and we suffered the same losses from them as from German machine guns. Our gunners were the best in the world, but the German mortars were unsurpassed. Our partisans also got a lot from them.
The Soviet military leadership thought in terms of large-scale strategic categories. The calibers of Soviet mortars had a strong tendency to increase. Mortars of caliber 50 mm, and then 82 mm, were gradually withdrawn from service, as unsuitable for large-scale combat operations. Their release was discontinued. The events in Afghanistan made us remember the tactical need for 82 mm mortars and resume their production.
In Western armies, small-caliber mortars have never been abandoned. On fig. 5-6 show the French MO-6OL and the American M-224 DE - light mortars of 60 mm caliber and mines for them. Weight, respectively, 14.8 and 20.4 kg, firing range, respectively, 2060 m and 3500 m. The French MO-6OL mortar was developed back in 1934 and has not changed since then. Both of these mortars have proven to be unusually effective remedy in the fight against drug guerrilla formations in the mountainous jungles of Latin America.
In this section, the choice of charges for the Soviet 82 mm battalion mortar and the firing tables from it are given for distances of no more than 2300 m. As practice shows, this is the distance of the observed target, and only trained virtuoso artillerymen can shoot further in a counter-guerrilla war. Further distances in mountainous wooded areas correspond to shooting at unobservable closed targets, require the most complex calculations, the highest level preparation, as well as adjustment of fire, carried out by special methods. In your case, this is unrealistic, and in order to improve your mortar skills, it is recommended that you familiarize yourself with the firing tables of the GRAU No. 102 for an 82 mm mortar. It contains detailed information on the mortar system, sights and ammunition.
It should be noted that mountain crossings force you to abandon excess weight. Therefore, it is preferable to take old-issue mortars without a double-loading fuse with simple lightweight sights into the mountains.
Shooting a mortar is a dangerous occupation, so the following rules should be observed:
- shooting through the crest of the shelter is possible if the distance from the crest to the mortar is not less than "one and a half heights" of the shelter along the horizon;
- when installing a mortar on the ground, the slope of the base plate to the horizon should be 25-30o;
- the base plate must rest on the ground with its entire surface and be deepened into it no less than? coulter heights;
- bipedal coulters must be sunk into the ground to the plates and be approximately at the same level with the ball heel of the breech;
Photo 7. before firing, the cap of the fuse M-5 and M-6 is removed and the integrity of the membrane (14) is checked;
- additional charges (beams) are printed only at the firing position immediately before firing, additional ring charges are put on the stabilizer nozzle only in the lowest position (until it stops on the plumage); charges - boats of six-finned mines are fixed securely so that they do not fall out when loading; do not leave mines with additional charges in the open air, do not lay them on uncovered ground, grass, snow, etc.; in summer, protect additional charges from dampness and sun rays; in winter - from snow, frost, frost.
It is forbidden to: Shoot with damp charges, which have poorly sewn caps, and on all charges of the ABPl 42-20 or VTM brand of gunpowder, manufactured before 1945 inclusive (these gunpowder can detonate), shoot mines, in which the fire-transmitting holes are clogged with snow, ice, oil, dirt, etc., mines with stabilizer defects, mines with a damaged fuse membrane and body defects.
Loading order.
When loading, the mine is inserted by the stabilizer into the muzzle of the barrel, recessed into the barrel to the centering thickening and released. After that, immediately remove your hands and especially your head away from the barrel, bend down to the side of the mortar and close your ears! If you do not have time to do this before the shot, in best case- contusion, at worst - an accident.
When shooting, do not allow a rate at which a collision of a departing mine with a mine brought for loading is possible (as a rule, a high rate of fire is not needed in the mountains). It is necessary to ensure that there are no even light obstacles in the path of the mine's flight - snow cornices, tree leaves, etc., which can cause premature detonation due to the high sensitivity of the fuse.
In case of a misfire, wait at least 2 minutes (maybe a long shot), then sharply push the barrel with a banner or any wooden object, at worst - with a butt, this can trigger the primer of the main (tail) charge. If the shot did not occur, wait at least 1 more minute, then unload the mortar.
To unload, loosen the shock absorber clip, carefully and without jerks turn the barrel 90 ° in the hinge plate support, separate the barrel from the plate and, supporting the biped, raise the breech breech to a horizontal position. At the same time, one of the numbers of the calculation holds the palms of the "ring" near the muzzle, so as not to touch the fuse, carefully takes the mine and removes it from the barrel. With all these manipulations, do not stand in front of the muzzle! To prevent a shot during discharge, it is strictly forbidden to lower the raised breech until the mine is removed! After that, the tail cartridge of the mine changes, and it is used for its intended purpose.
Tactical and technical data of 82 mm battalion mortar model 1937-1941 (THE USSR)
Caliber - 82 mm
Barrel length - 1220 mm
Weight in combat position - 50 kg
The greatest firing range - 3040 m
Fragmentation mine weight - 3.1 kg
Smoke mine weight - 3.46 kg
The weight of the explosive charge of a fragmentation mine is 0.40 kg
The weight of the propellant charge of the tail (main) - 8 g
Additional propellant weight (boats) - 7 g
The weight of the ring-shaped propellant charge is 13 g
Rate of fire - 15 rounds per minute.
Min markings:
Lighting - S-832s
Campaign six-pointed - A-832-A
Fragmentation ten-feathered - 0832D
Fragment ten-point improved design - 0832DU
Fragmentation six-feathered - 0832\smoke ten-feathered - D-832
Smoke six-pointed - D-832
Fuse M-4, M-5, M-6.
Alexey Potapov
Special forces of the 21st century. Elite Training. Volume 1. SPC "Health of the People", LLC "VIPv"
In fact, being the captain of a ship is very difficult, since he needs not only to take care of the condition of his ship and crew, but also be able to manage it.
In this section, we'll cover all the basic ship controls in Assassin's Creed 4: Black Flag.
Ship control in Assassin's Creed 4: Black Flag
In square brackets - the name of the key,RMB - right mouse button,
LMB - left mouse button.
Team set. Commands can be typed in taverns or pick up people on rafts right in the ocean by pressing the [Space] key. To replenish the team at sea, you need to board and capture the ship. After a successful boarding, a selection menu appears on how to deal with the defeated: reduce the level of fame and get rid of the pirate hunters and replenish the team, use the captured ship to repair Jackdaw, or join the ship to the fleet.
Navigation
- Spyglass- hold down the [E] key. Zoom in - scroll wheel on the mouse. Cancel selected ship - [W].
- Raise the sails and speed up- press several times [W].
- Stop and release the steering wheel- press [S] several times to stop and then hold down [S].
- Management of sailor songs (or as they are also called - shanti)- keys and .
- Align the camera and change the angle of view- keys [C], [←], , [↓], [→].
- Dodging enemy shots- hold down [Space].
- Trophy Selection- swim up to the object and press [Space].
The battle
- Shot from cannons with ordinary cannonballs- move the camera with the mouse to the left or right side of the ship, hold [RMB] and press [LMB]. It is impossible to shoot simultaneously from two sides, being between two enemy ships.
- Shot from cannons with heavy cannonballs- move the camera with the mouse to the left or right side of the ship and press [LMB]. The number of cores is indicated in the lower right corner of the screen. Replenishment of ammunition: through the captain's cabin in the ship's layout, at the harbor master or after boarding.
- Shot with nipples- move the camera with the mouse to the bow of the ship, hold down [RMB] and press [LMB], or immediately press [LMB]. Knipples tear sails, break masts, which slows down the enemy.
- Falconet shot- hold and release after aiming at the weak spot of the ship (marked with a red pointer). When boarding, we use it by pressing the [E] key.
- Mortar shot- hold down the [Q] key, point the sight at the target with the mouse and press [LMB]. The number of mortar charges is indicated in the lower right corner of the screen. Mortars are good ranged weapons. Effective against forts and ships of the line. To start using, you need to purchase the upgrade of the same name in the captain's cabin.
- The use of incendiary projectiles- move the camera with the mouse towards the stern and press the [LMB] key. Gunpowder barrels are effective when you need to get away from the chase.
- The use of a ram- use the navigation keys to direct the ship towards the enemy and crash into it at full speed.
- Boarding and capture of the ship. Starts during battle when you immobilize an enemy ship. After that, white zones appear on both sides of the enemy ship, which you need to enter, and then hold down [S]. Depending on the size of the enemy ship, additional goals appear: destroy a certain number of soldiers of the enemy captain, scouts on the masts, blow up barrels of gunpowder or rip off the flag. Only after completing these tasks, the ship is considered captured.
30. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
The duration of the mortar's combat service and the failure-free operation of all its mechanisms depend on proper handling with a mortar and care for it, as well as from careful preparation mortar for shooting and marching.
Preparation of mortars for firing is carried out under the direction of the platoon commander. It consists of inspecting mortars, checking and adjusting the operation of mechanisms, as well as checking sighting devices.
Inspection of the mortar is carried out in order to timely identify and eliminate malfunctions, as well as to prevent damage and the consequences of improper care for the material part of the mortar and handling it. In military units, the inspection is carried out by the chiefs of artillery weapons, artillery technicians and officers, to whom the material part is entrusted for service, within the time limits established by the Charter internal service, as well as persons appointed to conduct inspections of artillery weapons and ammunition.
The mortar must always be ready for combat use, but before each shooting it is necessary to make sure once again that the mortar and all its mechanisms are in full working order. It should be remembered that even minor malfunctions that are not detected and eliminated in a timely manner can cause serious damage to the material part and lead to an accident, and poorly adjusted mortar mechanisms and misaligned sights reduce the accuracy of fire and, as a result, increase ammunition consumption.
During firing, it is necessary to continuously monitor the operation of the mortar and promptly eliminate all noticed malfunctions.
It is forbidden to shoot with long-range charges from the M-120 mortar.
31. INSPECTION OF THE MORTAR AND CHECKING THE OPERATION OF MECHANISMS
Inspection and preparation of the mortar for firing should be carried out in the following sequence:
1. Thoroughly clean the mortar from dust and dirt by turning Special attention on the condition of the breech and screws of the lifting and turning mechanisms.
2. Inspect the barrel and breech. On the outer surface of the barrel and breech there should be no cracks, swelling and dents that form bulges in the bore, visible to the naked eye.
Check the reliability of the fastening of the pipe in the holder 2 (see fig. 21) and basting 3 basting clamp; remove grease from the bore.
Note. Careful removal of grease from the bore is one of the main conditions for preparing a mortar for firing.
It is necessary to remove the grease not only because the grease slows down the movement of the mine when the mortar is loaded, which can cause misfires, but also because the grease has a great influence on the ignition and combustion of the charges.
Oily and wetted charges ignite poorly and burn unevenly. Therefore, the presence of lubrication in the bore during firing, as a rule, leads to undershot mines and their large dispersion.
When removing lubricant from the bore, they are often limited to running a bannik with a breech screwed onto the pipe. In this case, the lubricant is not removed from the bore, but is driven into the breech, i.e., where the charge is located before the shot.
If the lubricant remains in the bore, then the powder grains get into the lubricant, are oiled and do not burn out. Therefore, special attention should be paid to removing grease from the bore and, whenever possible, before firing, when wiping the bore, screw the breech off the pipe and carefully wipe both the bore and the breech. Inspect the bore that has been wiped clean. In poor lighting, place a sheet of white paper obliquely in front of the muzzle. When inspecting the channel, pay special attention to ensure that there are no cracks, swellings or dents in it. A barrel that has cracks, bulges or dents on the outer surface or in the channel is not allowed to fire.
Carefully check the condition of the channel, paying attention to the fact that there are no solid particles left in it, which, when fired, can damage the barrel. Inspect the obturation ring, check whether it has compression around the entire circumference in the form of imprints of the pipe and breech belts, indicating a tight fit of the obturation ring to the corresponding surfaces of the pipe and breech.
3. Check the operation of the firing mechanism.
To do this, release the impact mechanism several times, while the trigger lever must each time return to its original position under the action of the spring. Then, with the breech separated, check the output of the striker.
4. Check the fuse against double charging.
Remove grease from the parts by wiping them with a clean rag and check that the fuse is assembled correctly. Then check the reliability of the fuse on the barrel and put the safety mechanism in the "Open" position.
5. Check the operation of the lifting and turning mechanisms. The check is carried out on a mortar installed in a combat position. The handles of the lifting and turning mechanisms should rotate easily and smoothly, without jerking and sitting. If the effort on the handles is greater than normal (over 4 kg), then inspect the mechanisms, especially carefully inspect the screws of the lifting and turning mechanisms, and identify the cause of the tight movement of the handles of the mechanisms (dirt and nicks may be the cause).
The mortar guidance mechanisms (lifting and swivel) may have backlashes - pitching in the connections of the lead screws with their queens or with other landing parts of the biped-carriage.
There may be backlash in the rotary mechanism:
Axial (longitudinal) and radial (transverse) - in the connection of the screw with the eyes of the swivel;
Axial and radial - in the connection of the uterus with the screw.
To select the axial and radial play in the connection of the screw with the eyes of the swivel, it is necessary to use a wrench screwdriver ( 51–15 ) unscrew the plug 1 (see fig. 16), take out the washer 2 and bend the washer tooth; then the key ( 51–20 ) rotate the cone 4 to such an angle at which the screw will rotate smoothly and without pitching in the eyes of the swivel, then insert the washer, bend its tooth into the slot of the cone and screw in the plug.
In mortars with a variant shock absorber, only the axial play of the propeller can be selected. To do this, remove the washers 11 and 12 (see fig. 18), tighten the nut 13 and turn it to such an angle that there is no axial pitching of the screw in the eyes of the swivel and at the same time the screw rotates easily and smoothly.
To select the backlash of the uterus, you need a key ( 51–12 ) loosen the locknut 11 (see fig. 16) and tighten the adjusting nut 10 in the direction of the arrow marked on the uterus; tighten the nut so that the screw rotates easily and without play. If the uterus has two adjusting nuts, then they need to be tightened alternately. In mortars that do not have locknuts and nuts, and the uterus is made split (see Fig. 20), it is necessary to remove the wire and tighten the adjusting bolts, and then fix them again with wire.
In the lifting mechanism, only the axial (longitudinal) play of the screw is regulated. To do this, unscrew the screws that lock the cover on the body of the lifting mechanism, and with a key ( Sat51–20, see fig. 11) tighten the cover on the body of the lifting mechanism so that the screw rotates smoothly and easily, without axial pitching.
In other mechanisms, backlashes are selected by lining washers or replacing worn parts in repair shops.
It must be borne in mind that the gaps in the mortar mechanisms increase the overall instability of the mortar barrel, which worsens the accuracy of fire. The unsteadiness of the mortar barrel should not be more than ±0-20. If the shakiness of the barrel is greater and it is impossible to reduce it by adjustments, the mortar must be sent to the workshop for repair.
6. Inspect the bipedal carriage and check for breakage and damage on it, as well as cracks on the swivel. Check the operation of the sight leveling mechanism (where available), make sure that the shock absorber springs are in good condition and check for deflection of the shock absorber rods. The shock absorber should freely (without sitting) move forward by the amount of travel when pulled by the swivel and return to its original position when the force is removed from the swivel.
7. Inspect the base plate; on the plate, especially in welds, there should be no damage (cracks).
8. Check sights.
32. CHECKING SIGHTING DEVICES
Checking sights includes:
Quadrant check;
Preparing the sight for alignment;
Mortar preparation for checking the zero line of sight;
Reconciliation of the sight (alignment of the scales of elevation angles, the zero line of aiming and the level of the swivel according to the transverse level of the sight).
To reduce the amount of drift of the zero line of sight depending on the elevation angle, it is necessary to align the zero line of sight of the mortar at an angle of 63 ° (7-00).
Alignment of the control mortar quadrant KM-1
To reconcile a quadrant, you must:
Disconnect the barrel from the plate;
Put the breech of the barrel on some kind of rigid support (tragus, park boxes, etc.) with a height of 1200-1300 mm, while setting the biped approximately vertically;
Wipe dry the control pad on the trunk;
Level the control area of the shaft in the transverse direction using the leveling mechanism;
Remove the quadrant from the case and dry the bottom plane of its base;
Set the zero division of the quadrant scale against the pointer and place the quadrant on the control platform along the barrel along the longitudinal risk so that the point of the arrow of the quadrant is directed to the muzzle of the barrel; using the lifting mechanism of the biped, bring the bubble of the quadrant level to the middle;
Rotate the quadrant 180°, if the level bubble stays in the middle then the quadrant is correct.
If, after turning the quadrant, the level bubble does not retain its middle position, then it is necessary to select approximately half of the error by turning the quadrant disk relative to the pointer; then, turning the flywheel of the lifting mechanism, bring the quadrant level bubble to the middle and rotate the quadrant 180° again. If the level bubble is not in the middle, repeat the above procedure until the level bubble remains in the middle position when the quadrant is rotated 180°.
Note. It may be that when the quadrant is rotated 180° for the first time, the level bubble will shift so much that it does not. it will even be possible to roughly determine the magnitude of the error. In this case, it is recommended, by rotating the handle of the lifting mechanism, to bring the level bubble to the middle, noticing the exact number of turns of the handle (take into account the backlash), and then turn the handle in the opposite direction by half the observed number of its turns. By turning the quadrant disk, bring the level bubble to the middle.
Rotate the quadrant 180°. If the level bubble remains in the middle, then the quadrant is correct. If, when the quadrant is rotated 180 °, the level bubble slightly shifts from the middle position, then continue the check as indicated above; if the bubble again shifts so much that it will not be possible to determine the magnitude of the error by eye, then continue the test using the lifting mechanism, taking into account more precisely the number of revolutions of the handle.
Preparing sights for inspection
To prepare sights for testing, you must:
Remove the scope from the case and wipe it with a clean, dry cloth;
Inspect the sight and its mechanisms, test the smoothness of their movement and check the presence of all nuts and screws;
Install the sight with the axis into the socket of the bracket and secure it with the handle;
Set zero settings on the sight: goniometer 30-00, sight 7-00; using the fine leveling mechanism (or sight leveling mechanism, where it is available), bring the bubble of the transverse level of the sight to the middle.
Determination of dead moves of the goniometer
To determine the dead strokes of the protractor, you must:
Aim the crosshair of the reticle at any aiming point located no closer than 400 m from a mortar by rotating the goniometer drum in one direction; on the scale of the goniometer and the drum, read the setting of the goniometer and memorize it;
Knock down the tip by rotating the goniometer drum in the same direction;
Align the crosshairs of the sight with the same aiming point by rotating the protractor drum in the opposite direction, and read the setting of the goniometer.
The difference between the first and second settings is the backlash of the goniometer. The backlash must be determined three times and the arithmetic mean of the three determinations should be taken as its value. In addition, checking the backlash of the goniometer in the order indicated above should be carried out in three positions that differ from each other by about 10–00, for example, with goniometers 20–00, 30–00 and 40–00.
The backlash value of the goniometer should not exceed two thousandths (0-02). In case of greater backlash, at least in one position, the sight must be replaced.
Determination of dead moves of the mechanism of elevation angles
To determine the backlash of the elevation mechanism, you must:
Set the “50” division of the scale of the checked quadrant against the pointer, place the quadrant on the control platform along the barrel, as indicated above, and, turning the handle of the mortar lifting mechanism, bring the bubble of the quadrant level to the middle, i.e., give the mortar barrel an elevation angle of 50 ° ; remove the quadrant from the trunk;
Bring the bubble of the longitudinal level of the sight to the middle by rotating the drum of the elevation angle mechanism in one direction (in the direction of decreasing the installation of the sight); on a scale 27 (see fig. 31) and drum scale 4 read the setting of the sight and memorize it;
Remove the bubble of the longitudinal level from the middle position, continuing to rotate the drum in the same direction;
Bring the bubble of the longitudinal level back to the middle, rotating the drum in the opposite direction, and read the sight setting again.
The difference between the first and second sight settings is the backlash of the elevation mechanism.
The backlash must be determined this way three times and the arithmetic mean should be taken as its value.
In the same order, check the backlash of the mechanism of elevation angles at an angle of 65 °. The value of the backlash of the mechanism of elevation angles should not exceed two thousandths (two divisions of the drum scale).
With a larger backlash, at least at one elevation angle, the sight must be replaced.
Preparation of the mortar for checking the zero line of sight
Before checking the zero line of sight, it is necessary to level the mortar in the transverse direction, for which you should:
Install the mortar, if possible, on a flat area, giving it an elevation angle of 63 °;
Wipe the control platform on the trunk and install on it (perpendicular to the axis of the bore along the transverse risk on the site) a previously checked control quadrant; set the zero division of the quadrant scale against the pointer;
Bring the bubble of the quadrant to the middle using the clamp (see fig. 12) and the fine leveling mechanism (see fig. 13).
Alignment of the sight MPM-44 (MPM-44M)
Reconciliation of sight levels in the troops is not carried out, since they are not amenable to any adjustment in military conditions. Levels are adjusted at the factories that manufacture sights, or in workshops that have special adjustment devices.
To align the sight, you must select a pointing point (tree, pole, milestone, etc.) located at a distance of at least 400 from the mortar m.
If the aiming point is selected at a distance of at least 400 m is impossible in front of the mortar, then you can align the sight using a special shield, which should be placed in front of the mortar at a distance of at least 10 m without removing the mortar from the firing position. To do this, on a piece of plywood, a board, a wall or the bottom of a box, draw two prominent parallel lines 200–250 long. mm and a width of 3–5 mm each.
Distance between lines should be 136 mm. On a light background, the lines should be applied with dark paint (black, blue or charcoal). On a dark background, the lines should be applied with white paint or chalk.
Place the shield in front of the mortar so that the lines on the shield are vertical (check the installation of the shield by a plumb line).
After selecting the aiming point or setting the shield, point the mortar muzzle roughly at the eye to the aiming point or shield. At the same time, the slab and the biped must be placed on the ground in such a way that during further work at the mortar they do not change their position. Therefore, it is most expedient to align the sight without removing the mortar from the firing position; the barrel must be securely fixed in the shock absorber cage so that the white line on the barrel does not fall off to the side when looking at the rear of the barrel.
Check the sight in the following order.
Alignment of elevation scales
To give the mortar barrel with the greatest accuracy - an elevation angle of 63 "in the control quadrant, carefully installed on the control platform of the barrel.
Bring the bubble of the transverse level to the middle (using the sight leveling mechanism).
Then, turning the drum 4 (see fig. 31), remove the bubble of the longitudinal level 6 to the middle. In this case, the risk of the pointer 24 must match the division "10" on the scale 27 , and "0" of the drum scale 4 - with pointer risk 13 . If the position of the scales does not correspond to the specified, then it is necessary:
unscrew four screws 12 one turn and, holding the drum 4 with one hand, turn the scale with the other 5 1Z and tighten the four screws 12 ; at the MPM-44M sight, respectively, the blind nut is unscrewed and screwed, securing the drum;
Loosen the screw one turn 25 and two turns screw 14 , move the pointer until its risks coincide with the “10” division of the scale 27 , then tighten both screws until they stop.
To avoid friction, check the presence of an end gap between the pointer 24 and scale 27 ; clearance must be at least 0.15 mm.
Reconciliation of the zero line of sight
Behind the mortar, at a distance of 10–15 m from it, install the compass so that the line of sight from the compass to the aiming point (or the right line on the shield) passes approximately through the middle of the ball heel of the breech of the tested mortar.
Then, rotating the monocular of the compass and working with the rotary mechanism of the mortar, achieve the alignment of the white line on the barrel of the mortar and the aiming point (or the right line on the shield) with the vertical line of the crosshair in the monocular of the compass. The bubbles of the longitudinal and transverse levels should be in the middle.
Rotating drum 4 , combine the vertical line of the crosshair of the sight mounted on the mortar with the aiming point (or the left line on the shield). In this case, the risk of the pointer 19 must match the division "30" on the scale 18 large divisions of the goniometer, and the risk of the pointer 9 must match the division "0" on the scale 17 small divisions of the goniometer.
If the position of the scales does not correspond to the specified, then it is necessary to loosen the locking screws by half a turn. 3 , fixing the scale 18 large divisions of the protractor, and move this scale until division "30" is aligned with the stroke of the pointer 19 then tighten the screws until they stop.
Then loosen the four screws one turn. 7 on the drum 4 and holding the handwheel with one hand; another turn the scale 17 until the zero division is aligned with the pointer 9 , after which the screws 7 screw it all the way down (in the MPM-44M sight, unscrew and tighten the cap nut securing the drum, respectively). Check if the aiming of the mortar and sight has not gone astray.
Note. If there is no compass, then pointing the white line on the mortar barrel to the aiming point (or the right line on the shield) can be done using a sight mounted on the second mortar behind the tested mortar at a distance of 10–15 m, or a plumb line suspended behind the mortar at a distance of 3–5 m.
Check the level of the swivel in the following order: give the mortar an elevation angle of 63° (along the quadrant) and precisely orient the swivel using the precise leveling mechanism along the transverse level of the sight, while the level bubble of the swivel should be in the middle.
If the bubble of the swivel level is not in the middle, loosen the fixing screws, turn the level to one side or the other and bring the bubble to the middle, then fix the level again with the fixing screws.
Notes: 1. If the mortar has a swing mechanism, then before adjusting the level of the swivel, it is necessary to combine the marks on the clamp of the swing mechanism.
2. If the level of the swivel, consistent with the level of the sight at a mortar elevation angle of 63 °, leaves the middle when the mortar elevation angle changes (within the operation of the lifting mechanism by more than 0.5 level divisions), then this level of the swivel cannot be used; in this case, when pointing the mortar, use only the level of the sight.
Checking the sight stand
After checking the sights, it is necessary to check the rack attached to this mortar and determine the error of the rack. To determine the error of the stand, it is necessary, having noted at any aiming point with a sight mounted on a mortar without a stand, then mark at the same aiming point with a sight mounted on a mortar with a stand, and determine the difference in marks both by goniometer and by elevation. To determine the difference in elevation marks, you need to bring the bubble of the longitudinal level to the middle with the drum of the elevation angles of the sight and subtract its reading from the obtained indication of the elevation angle scale before installing the sight on the rack. This difference will be the stance error (excluding dead moves of the sight) in elevation.
The rack error is allowed no more than 0-05 (according to the goniometer and elevation angle). The actual rack error must always be taken into account when dealing with it. If the rack error exceeds 0-05, then the rack must be handed over to the workshop.
33. SELECTION AND PREPARATION OF A FIRE POSITION
It is necessary to select and prepare a firing position in such a way that it ensures the mortar's camouflage, its stability when firing, and the ability to quickly change the direction of fire.
It must be borne in mind that the safety of the material part of the mortar and the accuracy of fire depend on the choice and quality of the preparation of the firing position.
Camouflage is achieved by placing the mortar in closed firing positions (reverse slopes, hollows, full-profile trenches, etc.).
The installation of a mortar in open positions should be carried out only in exceptional cases when, according to the conditions of the situation, it is required to immediately open fire, and there are no natural shelters on the ground.
In order for mines not to burst prematurely on their flight path, mortars must be positioned so that the distance from the mortar to the shelter is one and a half times the height of the shelter (for example, if the height of the shelter is 10 m, then the mortar must be installed no closer than 15 m from shelter). The area in the direction of firing must be cleared of trees, branches of which the mine may touch during flight, as a result of which premature rupture may occur.
When preparing a firing position, it must be taken into account that, depending on the quality of the soil (soft, hard or medium hardness), its preparation for installing the base plate should be different.
The best soil for installing the mortar base plate is medium-hard soil (alumina, black earth, turfed soil, etc.). Such a soil provides a slight draft of the base plate, sufficient stability of the mortar during firing and the safety of the material part.
Rice. 73. Strengthening the soil under the base plate by driving stakes
Before installing the base plate, the soil must be processed (depending on the conditions and condition of the soil). Installing the base plate on soft ground (loose sand, swamp, etc.) without treatment leads to an increased settling of the plate when fired, which is accompanied by a large pickup and can cause damage to the material. Installing the base plate on hard ground (frozen, rocky, etc.), as well as on medium hard ground without treatment, leads to poor stability of the mortar (bouncing) and breakage of the material part of the biped, sight or base plate.
Soft soil is processed in one of the following ways:
Bags of earth, turf, small branches mixed with the ground, crushed stone, etc. are placed under the base plate;
Stakes 5–8 thick are driven into the ground on which the slab rests. cm and length?-1 m(Fig. 73);
2–4 mats of branches are placed under the base plate (Fig. 74); between the mats and on top of them, the existing dense soil is poured (turf, small branches mixed with the ground, etc.);
The base plate is installed on the roots of the shrub;
The base plate is installed in a rectangular wooden frame (Fig. 75); log house is made of logs with a thickness of about 15 cm; inside the log house, the existing dense soil is poured (turf, small branches mixed with the ground, etc.); when installing the base plate in a log house, it is necessary to ensure that the sides of the plate do not rest against the walls of the log house; the emphasis of the sides of the slab against the walls of the log house can cause it to break during firing;
Rice. 74. Strengthening the soil under the base plate by lining mats from branches
Rice. 75. Installation of a base plate in a rectangular wooden frame
The soil is strengthened with stakes hammered into a cone (Fig. 76).
Solid soil under the slab is loosened by about? m. If it is impossible to loosen the soil with the available entrenching tool (crowbar, pickaxe), the soil is loosened by blasting with the help of sapper tools. 2-3 bags of earth are poured onto the top layer of loosened soil.
The preparation of soil of medium hardness comes down to loosening the soil and digging a ditch (trench) for the slab.
Rice. 76. Strengthening the soil with stakes driven in a cone
34. TRANSFER OF THE MORTAR FROM THE MOTOR POSITION TO THE BATTLE
To the prepared firing position, bring a wheeled move with a mortar and put it with a pivot paw towards the rear. Unfasten the straps that secure the biped to the walk. Raising the stroke by the front part, gradually lower the base plate to the place prepared for it, keeping the stroke from tipping over. Release the barrel from the clip securing it. Release the biped from fastening with clamp supports, unwind the chain of the bipod and unfasten the coupler connecting the plate with the move. Supporting the trunk, take the move back. Move the barrel over the plate (forward) and set it in firing position. At the same time, put the uterus of the rotary mechanism in the middle of the screw and, by rearranging the bipedal, direct the mortar barrel approximately at the intended target.
If the fuse was removed during the transportation of the mortar, then it must be put on the mortar barrel.
When transporting a mortar without a move (on a utility wagon, in a sleigh, etc.), transfer the mortar to a combat position in the following order: remove the base plate from the wagon and place it on the ground, remove the barrel and install the ball heel into the base cup of the plate, supporting trunk with hands at an elevation angle of 45–80 °. Then remove the shock absorber with the bipedal from the wagon, rest it against the ground with the coulters, and bring the shock absorber with the clip under the trunk, insert the shock absorber clip and the basting of the clip into the groove on the trunk and secure with a clamp.
Installing a mortar at a firing position
The correct placement of the mortar in the firing position is one of the important factors that ensure effective firing. Incorrect installation of the mortar in the firing position leads to the following;
To poor stability and, as a result, to frequent knocking down of aiming, which is accompanied by a deterioration in the accuracy of fire, and, consequently, an increase in ammunition consumption;
To damage to the material part of the mortar (settlement and breakage of the springs of the shock absorber and screws of the lifting and turning mechanisms, as well as the breakage of individual parts of the two-legged mortar and the breakage of the sight).
Base plate installation must be carried out so that the amount of departure or settlement of the plate from the shot is not more than the allowable shock absorber, i.e. not more than 150 mm.
If the deflection or settling of the plate is greater than the specified value, then the shock absorber springs are compressed until the coils come into contact, and further withdrawal of the plate leads to a hard blow, which is accompanied by an even greater settling of the plate, and then breakage of the springs and bending of the shock absorber rods, bending of the screws of the lifting and turning mechanisms, bending swivel and bipod, sight breakage, etc.
When installing the base plate, the following rules must be observed:
The inclination of the base plate to the horizon in the direction of the shooting direction should be 25–30 °,
The base plate must rest with its entire surface on solid ground and must be immersed in it for at least ? coulter heights;
Under the surface of the base plate, it is necessary to create a dense earthen cushion, on which the base plate should lie with all its recesses and recesses (Fig. 77), and not with individual points.
Setting up a biped. The openers of the bipedal must be sunk into the ground to the plates and be approximately at the same level with the ball heel of the breech (Fig. 78).
Rice. 77. Base plate installation
At the same time, if the elevation angles are less than 65 ° (sight 6-50 and more), the biped is moved forward by about 1600 mm from the center of the ball heel of the breech and connects to the upper recess of the barrel, and at elevation angles greater than 65 ° (sight 6-50 and less), the biped is moved forward by about 1000 mm and connects to the lower groove of the barrel.
Rice. 78. Installing a mortar at a firing position
When installing a mortar on a firing position, two grooves are made with radii equal to 1000 and 1600 mm, to bring the biped forward from the center of the base plate. Bipedal openers are installed in one or another groove, depending on the elevation angle attached to the mortar.
35. MORTAR POINTING
If, after installing the mortars on the firing position, a parallel fan was built, then the adapter posts of the sight must be removed. It should be remembered that it is impossible to fire from a mortar with a rack installed, since in this case the rack, swivel bracket and sight may break.
Target the mortar in the following order:
1. Check the leveling of the sight by its transverse level.
2. Set the commanded elevation angle on the sight by operating the sight elevation knob.
3. Bring the bubble of the longitudinal level of the sight to the middle, using the lifting mechanism of the mortar.
4. Install the commanded goniometer on the sight and, using the rotary mechanism of the mortar, align the vertical cross hairs on the reticle with the aiming point. If the angle to which the mortar needs to be rotated is greater than the angle selected by the rotary mechanism, but not more than 3-00, then the biped should be rearranged.
If the angle of rotation is greater than 3-00, then rearrange the biped and the base plate so that the cutout in the cup of the base plate is located in the direction of the trunk.
5. Bring the bubble of the transverse level of the sight to the middle by turning the adjusting screw of the sight swing mechanism (in mortars with a device for leveling the sight) or by operating the swivel leveling mechanism.
6. Check the aiming and, using the rotary mechanism, accurately align the vertical thread of the cross hairs of the reticle with the aiming point; if necessary, make additional leveling of the sight or swivel.
7. Check the position of the bubble of the longitudinal level and, using the lifting mechanism, bring it to the middle, then check again the leveling (according to the transverse level) and aiming.
8. When firing, do not remove the sight from the mortar swivel.
36. LOADING THE MORTAR, SHOT AND UNLOAD THE MORTAR
Before loading the mortar, set the firing device to the "hard" or "free" position of the striker.
To set the striker to the “Hard” position, you need a switch knob 12 (see fig. 4) turn, setting it against the letter "Ж", printed on the breech, and to set the striker to the "Free" position, set the switch knob against the letter "C", also printed on the breech.
After aiming and installing the firing device, loading and firing are performed on command. In order to fire a shot, you need a mine with additional charges put on it and the fuse crane installed according to the command, insert the stabilizer into the muzzle of the barrel and, having sunk it into the barrel approximately to the centering thickening, release it.
The fuse cap must be removed immediately before loading. After lowering the mine, the loader must quickly remove his hands from the barrel.
In the "Hard" position of the striker, a shot is fired by self-piercing the primer of the tail cartridge of the mine onto the striker when the mine is lowered into the bore of the mortar.
In the "Free" position of the striker, to fire a shot, after lowering the mine into the bore of the mortar, pull the trigger cord to failure, and after the shot, release it again. When firing, it is necessary to carefully monitor the position of the double-loading fuse blade in order to prevent loading the barrel with two mines.
Note. It must be borne in mind that when switching from firing with the "Hard" position of the striker to firing with the "Free" position of the striker, the first shot due to soot or contamination of the striker may occur by self-piercing, as in the "Hard" position of the striker. Therefore, in order to prevent possible self-piercing of the primer of the tail cartridge of the mine in the “Free” position of the striker, before loading the mortar, perform 2–3 idle triggers of the firing mechanism.
37. UNLOADING THE MORTAR
In the event of a misfire when firing with the “Free” position of the striker, trigger another 2-3 times; if the shot does not occur, then, after waiting at least 2 minutes, go up to the mortar and sharply push the mortar barrel (with a banner, a shovel handle or some kind of pole) so that the mine falls into place (if it has not reached before), after what, after waiting at least a minute, to make another 2-3 times the descent; if the shot does not follow, then it is necessary to defuse the mortar.
In the event of a misfire when firing with a “hard” position of the striker, you should wait at least 2 minutes, then go up to the mortar and sharply push the mortar barrel (with a banner, shovel handle or some kind of pole) so that the mine sits in its place (if She hadn't gotten there before.)
If the shot does not follow, then, after waiting at least 1 minute, move the handle 12 switch (see Fig. 4) to position "C", and then unload the mortar.
In mortars of earlier manufacture, having a firing device with a switch stopper, before unloading the mortar, it is necessary, by rotating the stopper lamb, to drown the switch stopper. To unload the mortar, it is necessary to separate the trigger cord from the firing device and give the barrel the smallest elevation angle (about 45 °).
After that, loosen the basting of the shock absorber cage, carefully, without jerking, turn the barrel 90 ° in the ball bearing of the plate, separate the barrel from the plate and, holding the biped, raise the breech of the barrel. In this case, one number of the calculation should keep their hands near the muzzle so as to keep the mine from falling to the ground, while trying not to put pressure on the fuse head (hands must be kept near the muzzle after the barrel takes an approximately horizontal position).
When the mine touches the hands, carefully remove it from the barrel. In order to avoid a shot when unloading, it is strictly forbidden to lower the raised breech of the mortar barrel while the mine is in the bore.
A mine, the tail cartridge of which misfired, but the fuse and stabilizer were not damaged by the mine itself during discharge, can be used. To do this, after removing additional charges, remove the misfired tail cartridge with the help of an extractor, insert a new tail cartridge and equip the mine with additional charges.
38. OBSERVATION OF THE MORTAR WHEN SHOOTING, POSSIBLE FAULTS AND WAYS TO ELIMINATE THEM
When shooting, the following must be observed:
1. Check and correct aiming after each shot.
2. Monitor the operation of the shock absorber and the installation of the plate.
The slab should rest firmly on the ground and not give big draft when fired. At the beginning of shooting, when the ground has not yet been compacted, the base plate from each shot should not go deeper into the ground by more than the amount allowed by the shock absorber. When the soil under the slab is compacted, the shrinkage of the slab should be greatly reduced. If shooting conditions allow, the first shot must be fired on the smallest or average charge.
With the correct installation of the plate on medium soil and the correct operation of the shock absorber (without meetings), after several shots, the mortar pickup almost does not go astray.
3. Follow the installation of the biped. In no case should the womb of the swivel mechanism rest against the swivel leg.
When the slab shrinks, it is necessary to dig in the bipedal coulters so that they are approximately at the same level with the ball heel of the breech. When the slab moves back, it is necessary to rearrange the biped periodically so that the normal protrusion of the bipod (1600 mm at elevation angles less than 65° and 1000 mm at elevation angles greater than 65°).
Failure to comply with this requirement may lead to the failure of the mortar. With a large shrinkage of the plate, the shooting should be stopped and the soil under the base plate should be compacted.
4. Make sure that all the time the bubbles of the transverse level of the sight and the level of the swivel (in mortars with a swivel leveling mechanism) are in the middle.
5. Check the mounting of the sight on the swivel and the clips of the shock absorber on the barrel after 8-10 shots.
Possible malfunctions mortar when firing and how to eliminate them
| Possible malfunctions | Causes of malfunctions | Troubleshooting |
|---|---|---|
| Misfires | 1. Pollution of the striker (soot, a cap or primer of an igniter charge remains) | 1. Clean the impact mechanism |
| 2. Breakage or wear of the striker | 2. Replace the striker | |
| 3. Pollution of the barrel bore (soot from previous firing), as a result of which the mine is decelerated when it moves down after loading | 3. Clean the bore | |
| 4. Non-central (eccentric) pricking of the primer with a striker | 4. Reject the mine | |
| 5. Ignition charge primer failure | 5. Replace ignition charge | |
| 6. Broken or deformed striker spring | 6. Replace the striker spring | |
| Jamming and tight running of the screw of the lifting mechanism | 1. Pollution of the lifting mechanism | 1. Disassemble and clean the lifting mechanism from dirt, and then lubricate |
| 2. Nicks on the lifting screw | ||
| Jamming and tight running of the rotary mechanism | 1. Pollution of the rotary mechanism | 1. Disassemble and clean the rotary mechanism |
| 2. Knocks on the swivel screw | 2. Clean out the nicks with a personal file | |
| Shock absorber knock | Breakage or residual deformation of the shock absorber spring | Disassemble the shock absorber and install a spare spring |
| Jamming (tight running) shock absorber rods | Insufficient lubrication or contamination of shock absorber rods, springs and cylinders | Remove dirt from cylinders, rods, springs, add grease |
| Barrel fuse | Loosening the nut securing the safety to the barrel | Put a wooden gasket on the upper cut of the fuse body and push the fuse back with hammer blows on the gasket, then screw the nut to the stop |
| The safety mechanism slowly returns to the "Open" position. The mine lingers in the fuse when loading the mortar (tight movement of the safety mechanism in the axial direction) | 1. Contamination of the mechanism | 1. Disassemble and clean the safety mechanism |
| 2. Deformation or breakage of the spring | 2. Replace the spring | |
| After lowering the mine, the safety mechanism remained in the "Open" position | Lever wear or spring deformation | Replace lever or spring |
| The safety mechanism does not move to the "Closed" position | Contamination of the safety mechanism or nicks on the surface of the lever and body | Clean the safety mechanism and eliminate the existing nicks on the surface of the lever and body |
| Damage to parts of the safety mechanism | Combat or operational damage | Replace damaged parts with new ones from the spare parts kit |
39. TRANSFER OF THE MORTAR FROM THE BATTLE POSITION TO THE TRAVELING
The procedure for transferring a mortar from a combat position to a marching one is as follows:
1. Fix accessories (bannik, pickaxe, shovel, crowbar and milestone) on the wheeled course. Put covers on the muzzle and on the breech of the mortar barrel.
2. Raise the frame of the mortar stroke with the pivot paw up and in this position bring the mortar to the rear of the mortar so that it enters the hooks of the base plate with its U-shaped brackets (thickened parts of the brackets) (Fig. 79-81), then put on the coupler of the course on the plate bracket and tighten the tie.
3. After the base plate is laid and secured to the travel frame, the mortar barrel is carefully (without removing it from the base plate) using. overturn two or three people so that the muzzle of the barrel lies in the holder of the course, where it is fixed with a basting and a clamp.
Rice. 79. Mortar in stowed position. Wheel travel arr. 1938 (the right wheel is conventionally not shown in the upper figure):
1 - wheel travel; 2 - mortar; 3 - a box for spare parts; 4 - banner and milestone; 5 - Sapper shovel; 6 - pickaxe; 7 - scrap
Rice. 80. Mortar in the stowed position. Wheel travel design of plant No. 702 (the right wheel is conventionally not shown in the upper figure):
1 - wheel travel; 2 - mortar; 3 - a box for spare parts; 4 - banner and milestone; 5 - Sapper shovel; 6 - pickaxe; 7 - scrap
Rice. 81. Mortar in the stowed position. Wheel travel design of factory No. 106 (the right wheel is conventionally not shown in the upper figure):
1 - wheel travel; 2 - mortar; 3 - a box for spare parts; 4 - banner and milestone; 5 - Sapper shovel; 6 - axe; 7 - park boxes with mines
4. Fold the biped, wrap the chain and secure the legs in the barrel yoke.
5. Lower the travel frame with the mortar and check whether the fastening of the plate with the barrel coupler in the travel clip and the biped in the barrel collar is secure. Attach the legs to the travel frame with two straps.
6. Close the stacked mortar on top with a cover of general coverage.
40. INSPECTION OF THE MORTAR BEFORE TRAVELING
Inspection of the mortar before marching should be carried out in the following order:
1. Check whether the fastening of the stowed barrel, bipedal and plate, as well as a box with spare parts and entrenching tools is secure.
2 Inspect the suspension of the B-20 stroke.
3. Inspect the wheels, make sure that the tires are intact and that they are securely fastened to the rims, check the condition of the discs (no cracks, deflection, etc.), check that all nuts are screwed onto the bolts to failure.
Check that the wheels rotate freely by lifting them off the ground. The wheels must turn freely.
4. Check the serviceability of the stoppers, as well as the presence of all bolts, nuts and cotter pins.
When transporting the mortar behind cars and tractors that have rear buffers, the latter must be removed, as they limit the rotation of the mortar and can lead to breakage of the pivot paw.
The rotating hook of the vehicle (tractor) must be fixed, as the pivot foot of the B-20 travel rotates.
41. MORTAR OBSERVATION ON THE TRIP
During movement, it is necessary to observe the marching mount of the trunk, bipedal and base plate. When driving on bad roads and rough terrain, make sure that the plate does not touch the ground, as this may break the parts of the marching mount.
At halts and stops, check whether the box with spare parts and accessories and trenching tools are securely fixed; make sure that the wheel hubs do not heat up and grease does not leak out of them. If the hub becomes very hot, remove the wheel as soon as possible, inspect the roller bearings and change the grease. Replace defective roller bearing. Check if the nuts securing the wheels to the axle shafts have loosened; fasten loose nuts.