When was the first train launched? Types of trains

On November 11, 1837 (October 30, old style), the grand opening of the first railway in Russia from St. Petersburg to Pavlovsk took place, marking the beginning of the construction of a railway network in Russia.

On that day, a note appeared in the Vedomosti newspaper: “It was Saturday, the townspeople flocked to the old regimental Church of the Introduction at the Semenovsky parade ground. They knew that an unusual railway was opening and “a steel horse carrying many, many carriages at once” would set off for the first time However, not everyone was able to see the first train. Commoners were not allowed into the station itself, which had only recently been built. Exactly at 12:30 p.m., the tiny locomotive blew a piercing whistle, and eight carriages with the noble public set off along the route St. Petersburg - Tsarskoye Selo."

It was the first public railway in Russia (before the opening of the Nikolaev Railway in 1851), the only one in the country and the sixth in the world. It was built to provide railway communication between Tsarskoye Selo station in St. Petersburg, Tsarskoye Selo and Pavlovsk.

The construction of the road was led by a Czech engineer, professor of Vienna Polytechnic Institute Franz von Gerstner. In the summer of 1835, he managed to convince the emperor of the benefits of railways, allowing for the rapid transfer of troops.
The decree of Emperor Nicholas I to the Senate approving the “Regulations on the establishment of the Society of Shareholders for the construction of a railway from St. Petersburg to Tsarskoe Selo with an extension to Pavlovsk” was published on April 16, 1836 (old style).

On May 1, 1836, construction of the railway from Pavlovsk began. In July, a platform under a canopy for visitors was ready and the foundation of the hotel building was laid. On September 10, a station and a locomotive depot with a turning circle were laid in Tsarskoe Selo. By September 30, the rails were laid at a distance of 22 versts from Pavlovsk. At the end of September, we conducted test trips (several cars) on horse drawn from the platform in Pavlovsk to Tsarskoe Selo.

On November 3, 1836, the first running-in of a steam locomotive took place. It was delivered disassembled by sea from England to Kronstadt, and from there along the bay, the Obvodny Canal and on horseback to Tsarskoye Selo, where it was assembled and tested.
The first train consisted of 8 cars and a three-axle locomotive, built at the Stephenson plant in England. The train consisted of four classes of carriages. The most comfortable carriages were called “Berlins”: these were carriages with covered bodies and soft seats for eight people. The capacity of carriages of other classes was 10 passengers. "Stagecoaches" were soft covered carriages with a larger capacity. The following classes were represented by open carts ("lines"): carts with roofs were called "sharabans", without a roof - "wagons". The carriages had no heating or lighting.
At Gerstner's request, the locomotives had to have a power of 40 horsepower and be able to transport several carriages with three hundred passengers at a speed of 40 versts per hour.
To increase the carrying capacity of the road, Gerstner decided to use rolling stock with a gauge of 1829 mm, rather than 1435 mm, which was adopted on railways in England.

On the very first voyage from St. Petersburg to Tsarskoe Selo, the locomotive was brought by Professor Franz von Gerstner himself. The length of the road was 27 kilometers; the trip took 35 minutes and the return trip took 27 minutes; Thus, the maximum speed reached 64 km/h, and the average was 51 km/h. At the time, this seemed like a fantastic achievement.

In the first six months of operation, horse traction was used on the road, and steam traction was used only on Sundays or holidays. The complete transition to "steam" occurred in April 1838, and in May train traffic was opened on the St. Petersburg - Pavlovsk section.

In the first years, the fare for first and second class passengers was 2.5 and 1.8 rubles, respectively, for third and fourth class passengers - 80 and 40 kopecks.

In 1837, a station was built for the first railway in Russia between St. Petersburg and Tsarskoe Selo. According to Gerstner's plan railway station in St. Petersburg was supposed to be on the embankment of the Fontanka River, but the money allocated for construction was only enough for the construction of the railway itself and the construction of a station in Tsarskoe Selo. Then it was decided to build a temporary wooden station a little away from the site allocated for the station. This is how the oldest train station in Russia, Vitebsky, was built. In 1849-1852, according to the design of the architect Konstantin Ton, a stone building was built, which existed until the beginning of the 20th century.

The modern station building was built in 1904 in the Art Nouveau style (architects Stanislav Brzozovsky, Sima Minash).

The cost of building the first railway in Russia was estimated at 5 million rubles (almost 10% of this amount was spent on the purchase of rolling stock and rails). In 1838, the road carried 700 thousand passengers and began to generate income, which allowed it to recoup all costs of construction and operation of all vehicles in five years.

As an independent railway, the Tsarskoye Selo road existed until 1897, after which it was included in the Moscow-Vindavo-Rybinsk railway and was changed to Russian gauge (1524 mm). Only six locomotives were converted to the Russian gauge. In total, during its independent existence, 34 steam locomotives were delivered to the Tsarskoye Selo Railway.

In 1987, on one of the platforms of the Vitebsk station, in a special glass pavilion, a model of the train that made the first flight in Russia from St. Petersburg to Tsarskoe Selo was installed in 1837.

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources

The trains are powered by locomotives and run on steel rails. They are used to transport people and goods both above and below ground.

What are Trains?

The first horse-drawn trains appeared in the 15th century. during the industrial revolution. They consisted of trolleys that transported goods on metal rails in mines and factories. With the invention of the steam locomotive, regular train service arose between major cities.

The first steam locomotives

In 1802, the English engineer Richard Trevithick patented a steam engine on wheels. In 1825, one hundred compatriot George Stephenson, having successfully overcome problems associated with engine power, built a steam locomotive for the newly opened railway and named it “Locomotion”. Stephenson's steam locomotive, the Rocket, won the only competition of its kind in a competition announced by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1829.

The Age of Steam Locomotives

After the triumph of Stephenson's Rocket, steam locomotives quickly gained great popularity. At that time there were few good roads, and there were no mechanical means of transportation along them. Therefore, by the beginning of the 20th century. majority developed countries had a network of railways along which they transported most of cargo and millions of passengers.

Steel on steel

Most modern carriages and locomotives have steel wheels that roll on steel rails. The resistance force here is small, and therefore the heavy train can be set in motion by applying relatively little force. As for the traction force of a locomotive, in addition to the engine power, it depends on its weight. The heavier the locomotive, the heavier the train it can pull.

Trains underground

In many cities around the world there is a network of railways laid in tunnels under the ground. Thanks to this, traffic jams on the streets are reduced, and people get to their destination quickly and without interference. The first underground railroad was a line owned by the Metropolitan Railroad Company. It was commissioned in 1863 in London. Locomotive smoke presented a considerable problem, so subsequently electric trains began to be used on such lines. Over time, the metro appeared in other cities. Thus, in New York the subway opened in 1868, in Boston in 1901, in Budapest in 1896, in Paris in 1900, and in Moscow in 1935.

New competitors

In the second half of the 20th century. Railways began to lose their importance, and the number of passengers and goods transported along them decreased. Cars and airplanes began to compete with trains.

Railway tracks

Trains move along different tracks, changing from one track to another at certain points. These places, equipped with appropriate alarms, are controlled by the dispatcher of the centralization post using computers. Automatic sensors Signal controllers keep the line clear for high-speed passenger or express trains by moving local and freight trains onto side tracks called sidings.

Rail transport does not have sufficient “flexibility”; it cannot deliver every person to the door of his home, like a car, for example. In addition, in the context of increased safety requirements, the operation of railways is too expensive. Trains need to travel a long distance to gain speed and brake. This means that they must be separated by a considerable distance from each other, and therefore the number of trains traveling on the same track is strictly limited. The railways gradually became unprofitable. Throughout the 60s and 70s. some railway lines were closed or traffic on them was reduced.

Projects of the future

Currently, engineers are looking for ways to once again attract the attention of passengers and shippers to rail transport. For many years, the speed of trains remained almost unchanged, but now trains with speeds of 200 km/h and higher have appeared on the railways of a number of countries. Bold projects of trackless maglev trains are already being developed. This will further increase travel speeds while reducing the noise generated by trains.

If you sit at the train, you better go, maybe at Prague, maybe at Viden.(Piccardian third)

Trains - there is so much in this word, especially now, in the summer, when the long-awaited time for vacations has arrived and something inside is pulling somewhere to the south, closer to the sea, beaches and warm sun. Therefore, it is not at all surprising to see huge queues at railway ticket offices; people are buying train tickets to Crimea en masse. Whatever you say, trains are perhaps the most comfortable way of transportation, and definitely the safest. Yes, trains are the safest means of transportation in the world, the number of accidents involving trains is minimal (which cannot be said about motor vehicles, which, on the contrary, are the most dangerous). And trains are just a wonderful place to communicate with various interesting random fellow travelers (sometimes those philosophical discussions about life can be heard in the carriages) it’s great to travel on fun trains friendly company, with whom it is no less fun to spend time, sing songs, play different games, etc.. In a word - trains, whatever we could do without them, but how did it all start and where did they come from?

So, the first prototypes of the oldest trains appeared at the end of the 15th century and had absolutely nothing to do with railway transport. In those days, the word “train” simply meant a series of interconnected carts, which were moved by one draft force - it could be a horse, or an ox, or some other representative of large (and sometimes cattle) livestock. Some inventive residents of that time used such train-carts for military purposes - as fortifications. In particular, our Ukrainian Cossacks were very fond of doing this, who always took several of these coupled cart-trains with them on military campaigns and, if necessary, created a fortified camp out of them, a real mobile fortress on wheels.

Take your seats according to the tickets you purchased, boom! It’s just that the Cossacks didn’t have that much cavalry, so they had to fight on foot, shooting opponents from firearms. And since the quality of those weapons left much to be desired, and there was a high probability of being chopped into cabbage by the enemy cavalry while the Cossack reloaded the musket, therefore cart-trains became for them simply a lifesaving wand, and an integral element military tactics our glorious ancestors. There are even historical evidence about how once 50 Cossacks in such a fortress of carts successfully repelled the attack of 500 Turkish horsemen.

But let's return to trains, this word acquired a new meaning already at the end of the 17th century, it was at this time that the first trolleys appeared, which were an open small carriage designed for transporting various goods. Horses were used as draft power. The trolleys moved along a special wooden road; in fact, this was the prototype of the first railway. Times moved forward and progress did not stand still, railways improved, and already in 1804, the English inventor and engineer Richard Trevtik designed the world's first train (already in its modern sense) and a locomotive (“locomotive” means to move). The horses breathed a sigh of relief.

This is what he looked like.

Only one passenger carriage was attached to the first train and sent in a circle for the entertainment of the noble London public. The train itself was playfully nicknamed “Catch me if you can.”

But only seven years later the British realized that trains were cool. And already from 1811, trains and railways began to be actively built. First only in England, and then English example Other countries have adopted it, and now Grandma Europe is lined with iron rails along which trains smoke merrily.

Small digression: In general, the development of trains and railways had a tremendous impact on the development of the entire human civilization, and the railways themselves gradually turned into the blood arteries of human civilization, especially its economy. Even in various strategic computer games (there economic strategies like Civilization 5), without proper construction of railways there will be no progress.

The ceremonial arrival of the train on the Tsarkoselskaya railway, the first in Russia, built in 1837.

Even then, a division of trains into passenger and freight trains took place; in general, the first freight train with locomotive traction appeared in 1820, transporting coal from the English Hatton mine to the town of Sunderland. Of course, trains in those days were different from today, they had a steam engine and smoked so oh-yo-yo, and by modern standards they were turtles, because the maximum speed of the first trains was a maximum of 40 km. per hour To keep the train moving, coal had to be constantly added to the engine room stove. But such trains, of course, were not very useful for the environment, although at that time nature was not yet as devastated as in our “ultra-progressive” times.

During the First World War, the Civil War and the Second World War, trains again began to be actively used for military purposes, so-called armored trains appeared - steel mastodons stuffed with all kinds of weapons.

Somehow it turns out that many human inventions, first conceived for peaceful purposes, were then used for all sorts of military things.

But already at the beginning of the 20th century, with the invention of electricity, the first electric locomotives appeared; trains moved using magical power electric current and they no longer smoked like those locomotives.

The first electric locomotives, photos from the 20s, 20th century.

This is the story of trains that have come a long evolutionary way from carts, through retro smoking trains of the 19th century to such modern beauties.

In conclusion, a good song from the group “Piccardian Tertsia” - “Sit by the Train”.

The history of the invention of the steam locomotive has many controversial issues. It is known that the first attempts to create steam self-propelled vehicles They were a cart on a wooden frame. It was driven by a simple steam boiler and an engine with vertical cylinders, thanks to which the wheels rotated. Despite the fact that Joseph Cugnot is considered the author of the first machines, he did not have to put his invention on rails.

Richard Trevithick

The first to invent a steam locomotive was Richard Trevithick, an engineer from England, who in 1801 first thought out the design of new steam boilers - light and practical, and then patented the world's first steam locomotive, the Puffing Devil. Distinctive feature this model were good technical specifications, but its production was also discontinued due to a shortage of steel from which the rails had to be made, because the cast iron rails simply could not cope with the enormous weight of the vehicle and sagged.

7 years later, Trevithick developed a more advanced machine design, capable of moving at speeds of up to 30 km/h. The name “Catch Me Who Can” was not given to this model by chance: in London there were whole competitions in the speed of a car with horses.

Followers of Trevithick

The first steam locomotives in the world were heavy and could not always move on too smooth rails. Therefore, inventors after Trevithick sought to come up with various means that would improve the adhesion of wheels to rails. So, in 1811, William Barton built a new steam engine with three pairs of wheels. The innovation of his approach was the teeth that were equipped with the middle wheels. They were needed to engage with the teeth of the rack laid along the tracks. Of course, the device moved smoothly along the rails, but it created such noise that it had to be abandoned and the teeth replaced with levers on hinges. However, this solution also did not take root.

Another version of the steam locomotive was created by mechanic Forster and blacksmith Hackworth - their machine was called "Puffing Billy", which was explained by the loud noise when releasing steam. The design turned out to be successful, since most of the elements were recreated by analogy with Trevithick’s first model.

In 1813, the Blücher steam locomotive was built, which was invented by George Stephenson. True, he had to work hard to vehicle became perfect, and it achieved perfection only in 1816, when the third version was released, capable of carrying trains weighing up to 50 tons, reaching a speed of 10 km/h.

Cherepanovs

While steam locomotives were already beginning to travel around the world, in Russia the movement of people between cities was carried out on horse-drawn stagecoaches. The history of steam locomotive building in our country was started by Efim and Miron Cherepanov, the creators of the first Russian steam locomotive. Already in 1830 they began to work on their machine. The “steamboat Dilijan”—that’s what the Cherepanovs called their creation—was ready in 1834. The “iron miracle,” frightening those around him, moved on cast iron rails, was designed to transport ore, and reached speeds of up to 15 km/h.

The Cherepanovs were the first to create a steam locomotive in Russia, but their machine was not in demand, and most models were purchased abroad. By 1880, the number of steam units in our country increased significantly, although their production occupied only a third of the market. But it is believed that it was our engineers who were able to destroy England’s monopoly on their production. The era of steam locomotives lasted until the 50s of the 20th century, and the created vehicles were in use as early as the 70s. Today you can see the first steam locomotives only in museums.

Already stipulates the mandatory presence of traction units:

A train of coupled railway cars driven by a locomotive or motor car.

As the use of horse-drawn transport declined, the word "train" gradually lost its meaning. original meaning(“a row of carts”) and became associated exclusively with the railroad.

Train railway, formed and coupled train of cars with one or more operating locomotives or motor cars, having light and other identification signals

Train design and calculation

The weight of the train is one of the most important parameters, as it determines the carrying capacity of the sections, that is, how many passengers or goods will be transported between stations in a certain time (most often - 1 day). Increasing the weight of the train allows not only to increase this parameter, but also to reduce the cost of transportation. At the same time, an excessive increase in the weight of the train leads to overloading of locomotives and premature failure of their equipment. Also, as a result of the design, it is possible to determine the length of the train, the number of cars and locomotives in it and their distribution among the train, as well as the modes of driving the train along various sections of the track.

Formation of freight trains

The procedure for the formation and passage of long-train, heavy, connected, increased weight and length freight trains is established by the railway duty officer. Formation is carried out without selecting cars according to the number of axles and weight, but when forming long-unit and heavy trains, empty cars must be placed in the last third of the train. when traveling to or from repairs, they are placed at the tail of the freight train in one group. The rules of technical operation of railways in force in Russia prohibit the inclusion of the following cars in the train:

Formation of passenger trains

The weight and length standards for long-distance and local passenger trains and the order of placement of cars on them are indicated in the train timetable books. In the front and last cars, the outer end doors are locked, and the transition platforms are secured in the raised position. The procedure for attaching cars in excess of the norm to passenger trains and following long-train passenger trains is determined by the relevant instructions. On Russian railways, it is allowed to attach non-all-metal cars for service purposes to passenger trains (except for commuter trains).

It is prohibited to place on passenger and mail and baggage trains:

wagons with dangerous goods;
cars with expired periodic repairs or with expired unified technical inspections.

Passenger (except high-speed and express) and postal and baggage trains can also be equipped with several freight cars.

long-distance - 1 car (or one two-car section for transporting live fish);
local and suburban - 3 cars;
in postal and luggage - 6 cars;

The speed of passenger and mail and luggage trains, which include cars of other designs and types, is limited by the speeds established for these cars.

Organization of train traffic

The basis for organizing train traffic on mainline railways is the schedule, violation of which is not allowed. Thanks to it, traffic safety and rational use rolling stock. In accordance with the schedule, each train is assigned a specific number. Trains of a certain direction are assigned even numbers, and trains reverse direction- odd. In addition to the number, each freight train at the formation station is assigned a certain index, which does not change until the disbandment station. If a train is not scheduled, a number is assigned to it when it is assigned. In accordance with the rules of technical operation of Russian railways, trains are divided into the following categories:

Extraordinary:

Next - in order of priority:

Federal trains:

Passenger expressways (always federal);
Fast passenger trains of federal significance (usually branded);
Federal freight trains;

Passenger ambulances;
High-value freight trains:

Special orders of increased value;
Freight trains with perishable contents;

Passenger trains (additional trains and passenger trains of lower importance);
Postal and luggage, military, cargo and passenger, human, expedited cargo;
Freight (through, sectional, groupage, export, transfer), utility trains;

To control the movement of all trains, the railway track is divided into certain sections (usually 100-150 km), called in sections. The movement of all trains on each section is controlled by a train dispatcher (DNC). His responsibilities include ensuring compliance with the train schedule, so the dispatcher’s orders are subject to unconditional execution. In addition, drivers and other employees servicing trains are subject to the instructions of station attendants, who in turn are also subject to the train dispatcher. Up to several areas can be under the control of one dispatcher.

Types of trains

Trains differ in the nature of the cargo, speed, size, weight, etc. The following types of trains are found on Russian railways.

Passenger- designed for transporting passengers, luggage and mail. In turn, they differ in:

Freight(commodity - outdated name):

Accelerated:

Express freight;
Refrigerated;
For transporting animals;
For transportation of perishable products;

Flood control;
Individual locomotives:

Control rooms;

Military- intended for the movement of troops, military equipment, institutions and other military cargo.

In addition, the word "train" is integral part following names:

Agitation train is a rolling stock designed for propaganda, propaganda and educational work;
An air train is a multi-car train that uses aerodynamic forces when moving, creating a screen effect;
Armored train - armored rolling stock for combat operations;
Diesel train - diesel multiple unit rolling stock;
A turbo train is a multi-unit rolling stock in which the primary engine is a gas turbine;
Electrical installation train - a unit designed for electrical installation work during the electrification of railways;
An electric train is a multi-unit rolling stock that receives energy from an external electrical network (contact network, overhead rail) or from batteries.
Power installation train is a manufacturing enterprise that carries out the construction of power transmission lines in railway transport.

Train equipment

Brakes

Currently, trains use the most various types brakes: pneumatic and electric, automatic and non-automatic, cargo and passenger, soft and semi-rigid, etc.

The main disadvantage of the pneumatic brake is that the speed of propagation of the air wave, and therefore the actuation of the brakes, is equal to the speed of sound (331 m/s). Non-simultaneous operation of the brakes can lead to longitudinal shocks, which in passenger trains leads to discomfort for passengers, and in long freight trains - to the train breaking apart. Therefore, electro-pneumatic brakes are used on passenger and long-unit freight trains. In this case, an electrical wire runs parallel to the brake line, through which signals are transmitted to the air distributors (the latter is called an electric air distributor, due to the presence of an electrical part in the design). The advantage of this type of brake is the almost simultaneous actuation of the brakes along the entire length of the train, which also reduces the braking distance.

In addition to the Westinghouse brake, the Matrosov brake system is used. In the former USSR on trains, on trucks and on some types of buses. The peculiarity of this system is that braking occurs when the pressure drops in brake system. There are two types of Matrosov braking systems: with spring braking, and with air valve braking. Unlike the Westinghouse system, movement is impossible without pressure in the brake system.

Tram trolley. The magnetic rail brake shoe is visible between the wheels.

Control and safety devices

To increase safety, trains are equipped with various instruments and devices, most of which are located in the driver's cabin. To monitor traffic light signals, the train is equipped with an ALS - automatic locomotive signaling system. It reads from the path special signals coming from the traffic light in front, deciphers them and duplicates the signals of the traffic light in front at the mini-traffic light (locomotive traffic light) located in the cabin. To check the vigilance of the driver, the so-called vigilance handle (RB, structurally it is made in the form of a button or pedal) is used. When the indication at a locomotive traffic light changes, as well as if the driver long time did not change the position of the traction and brake controls, a sound signal is heard, which is often duplicated by a light signal (in some cases, the light signal lights up before the sound signal). Having heard a sound signal (or seen a light signal), the driver must immediately press the brake control, otherwise, after some time (5-10 s), emergency braking will be applied automatically. Periodic vigilance checks are also carried out when a train approaches a traffic light with a prohibitory indication. Often, to monitor the driver’s vigilance, sensors are used that measure his physiological data (pulse, pressure, head tilt).

Signals


	Steam locomotive whistle

Reproduction help

As is clear from the definition, one of the properties of a train is the presence of signals. Train signals are included in common system railway transport signaling, which also includes track signals - traffic lights, signal signs, signs, etc. Signals are divided into audio and visible.

To provide sound signals, special devices installed on rolling stock are used - whistles, typhons, bells. They are designed to improve safety by providing warning of approaching trains, as well as providing commands to train preparers and carriage inspectors. Sound signals in turn are divided into high-volume signals and low-volume signals. A high-volume signal must be reliably audible within the braking distance and is used extremely rarely, especially within cities and settlements. Typhon is used to supply it. On railway locomotives, the volume level of the typhon signal at a distance of 5 meters is about 120 dB with a tone frequency of 360-380 Hz. Early locomotives used bells to provide low-volume signals; nowadays they have been replaced by whistles. A whistle signal at a distance of 5 meters has a sound level of 105 dB with a fundamental frequency of about 1200 Hz. To drive the whistle and typhon on steam locomotives, steam from the boiler is used; on other locomotives, compressed air is used. On trams, signals are given using an electric bell.

Examples of some sound signals given by train drivers on Russian railways:

Signal	Meaning	When served
3 short	"Stop"	When approaching a prohibiting signal.
3 short	Complete stop signal	Served after the train has come to a complete stop.
One long	"Go to the Train"	When the train departs.
One long	Alert signal	When approaching crossings, tunnels, passenger platforms, curves, and track work sites. When traveling in low visibility conditions (blizzard, fog, etc.). To prevent collisions with people. When trains meet on double-track sections: the first signal is when approaching the oncoming train, the second when approaching its tail section.
One long, one short, one long	Alert when following the wrong path	In the same cases as a regular notification.
One long, one short, one long	Alert signal	When a train arrives at a station on the wrong track. When approaching a traffic light with a prohibitory indication, if you have permission to proceed through it. When following a traffic light with a prohibitory or unclear indication.

The head of all trains when following the correct track is indicated by a spotlight and two transparent white lights turned on at the buffer beam (buffer lights), and in this case a multiple unit train will be allowed to proceed with the buffer lights extinguished;
When a train is traveling on the wrong track, its head is indicated by a red lamp light on the left side, and a transparent white lamp light on the right side;
The tail of freight and cargo-passenger trains is indicated by one red disc with a reflector at the buffer beam on the right side;
The tail of passenger and mail and baggage trains is indicated by three red lights, and in the case of a freight car being coupled to the tail - by one red light;
The tail of the locomotive, traveling at the tail of the train, or without any cars at all, is indicated by one red light on the right side;
During shunting movements (including traveling to the depot), the locomotive and multiple unit rolling stock are indicated by one buffer light in front and behind, turned on from the main control panel (on ordinary mainline locomotives and multiple unit trains - the left buffer light in front and the right buffer light behind).

Connection

To exchange information between train drivers and station attendants, train dispatchers, train compilers, as well as among themselves, trains are equipped with radio communication devices. Depending on the type of work, two types of radio communications are used on the metro and main railways - train and shunting. The first is used for the exchange of information between train drivers and train dispatchers, as well as among themselves, the second is used for the exchange of information between the duty officer at the centralization post and the train driver and train compilers during maneuvers.

Radio communication operates in simplex mode with group calling in the most common hectometer (~ 2 MHz) and meter (~ 151-156 MHz) bands. Since the level of interference in the hectometer range is quite high, to obtain a good signal, guide wires are stretched along the railway track, which can be placed on the supports of the contact network or on the supports of overhead communication lines. On mainline railways, radio communication between train drivers and train dispatchers is carried out via train dispatch radio on the decimeter range (330 MHz, abroad - up to 450 MHz), while train radio communication serves to communicate between train drivers among themselves, with station attendants, as well as with the train manager (on passenger trains). Locomotive radio stations are installed in the control cabin, often with two remote controls (separately for the driver and his assistant).

On passenger multi-unit trains, an internal communication system is installed, which is carried out via a wire line. This system is designed to transmit messages to passengers in the cabin, as well as to exchange information between members of the locomotive crew (driver with an assistant or conductor) located in different cabins. For emergency communication between passengers and the driver, a “passenger-driver” communication system is designed, the intercoms of which are located in the passenger compartments. Often the “driver-passenger” and “passenger-driver” communication systems are combined into one.

Train traction

Main article: Train traction theory

On the first railways, the muscular power of animals, mainly horses, was used to propel the train. In the first half of the 19th century, they were replaced by a locomotive - a traction vehicle moving on rails. The principle of its operation is based on the interaction of the wheel and the rail - traction force is transmitted from the engine to the wheel, and the wheel, due to the friction force on the rail, sets the locomotive, and with it the entire train, in motion. The first type of locomotive was a steam locomotive - a vehicle whose engine was a steam engine. The steam in the steam engine came from a steam boiler, which was located on the locomotive. Despite such an advantage as “omnivorousness” (fuel for a steam locomotive could be oil, coal, firewood, peat), such locomotives had a very significant drawback - very low efficiency, which was about 5-7%. Therefore, at present, steam locomotives are almost never used in train work.

Modern locomotives use internal combustion engines as the prime mover - diesel (diesel locomotives) or a gas turbine (gas turbine locomotives). Since such engines can operate in a limited range of rotation speeds, an intermediate transmission is required - electric or hydraulic - to transmit rotation to the driving wheels. The electric transmission consists of a generator and electric motors, the hydraulic transmission consists of fluid couplings, torque converters and hydraulic pumps. Hydraulic transmission is lighter and cheaper, but electric transmission is more reliable and more economical. Low-power diesel locomotives sometimes use mechanical transmission. From autonomous locomotives greatest distribution received diesel locomotives with electric transmission.

The prime mover can be completely removed from the locomotive, and energy can be transferred to the locomotive from the outside - through the contact network. It is on this principle that an electric locomotive operates - a non-autonomous locomotive driven by electric motors. The electric locomotive, through a pantograph, receives electricity from the contact network, which is then transmitted to traction motors, which drive the driving axles through a gear drive. The main advantage of an electric locomotive over autonomous locomotives is the virtual absence of harmful emissions into the atmosphere (unless, of course, you count emissions from power plants), which made it possible to convert all urban rail transport - trams and subways, as well as monorail trains - to electric traction. In addition to the listed types of locomotives, there are also their combinations: electric diesel locomotive, electric steam locomotive, heat steam locomotive, and so on.

The train can be set in motion without transferring traction from the engine to the wheel and then to the rail. Thus, in a linear motor, electrical energy is directly converted into energy forward motion- the train moves due to the interaction of the magnetic fields of the inductor and the metal strip. The inductor can be located both in the overpass and on the rolling stock. This engine is used in magnetically suspended trains (maglev), as well as in monorail transport. In addition, in the twentieth century, experiments were carried out using aircraft engines (propeller, jet engine) for traction of trains, but they were mainly intended to study the interaction of rolling stock and rails at high speeds.

Energy of wagons

Passenger trains have a variety of assistance systems designed to ensure passenger comfort. Most of them (lighting, heating, ventilation, cooking in dining cars) use electricity. One of its sources is an autonomous power supply system, which includes a generator and a battery. Generator DC is driven into rotation from the axis of the wheelset through a belt or cardan drive. The voltage on the generator is 50 V, and its power is about 10 kW.

If the car is equipped with an air conditioning system, the voltage on the generator is 110 V, and its power can reach 30 kW. In this case, an alternating current generator and a rectifier are often used. To obtain alternating current (to power fluorescent lamps, radio equipment, sockets for connecting electric shavers and other low-power devices), machine or semiconductor DC-to-AC converters are used. The battery is designed to back up the generator at low speeds and also handle load peaks. The main disadvantage of such a system is the increase in movement resistance by up to 10%.

On high-speed and high-speed trains, a power station car is used to supply power to the train. It is equipped with a diesel generator set and is mainly installed in the front part of the train, immediately behind the locomotive (on the high-speed trains "Aurora" and "Nevsky Express" it is installed at the rear of the train). On diesel trains, to obtain low voltage, auxiliary generators are used, which are driven by a diesel unit. On DC electric trains, the generator is located on the same shaft with a dynamotor located under the car; high-voltage semiconductor converters are also often used. On AC electric trains, low voltage is obtained from a traction transformer, where the contact line voltage is reduced to the required level (about 220 V). Next, the single-phase current in the machine converter is converted into three-phase. To obtain direct current from alternating current, rectifiers are used. On subway cars, the control and lighting circuits are powered by battery(it is also charged from the contact rail through a set of resistors), or from a static converter.

To power the heating circuits, high voltage is required (on mainline railways - about 3000 V) which comes from the locomotive. On a DC electric locomotive, the power in the train's heating circuit comes directly from the contact network; on an AC electric locomotive, the contact network voltage (25 kV), using a special winding on the traction transformer, is reduced to 3 kV, after which it enters the heating circuit. A diesel locomotive may have a special generator that generates a voltage of 3 kV, otherwise, heating with fuel (coal, firewood, peat) is provided on passenger cars. In subway cars operating in open areas (for example, the Filyovskaya line of the Moscow metro), as well as in tram cars, electric furnaces are connected directly to the contact network (or to the contact rail). High voltage can also come not only from the locomotive, but also from the power station car. Often, low voltage can be supplied from the locomotive to the cars to power lighting, ventilation circuits, etc., which makes it possible not to use an autonomous power supply system.

Trains in culture and art

In painting

One of the first paintings depicting a train can rightfully be considered a painting by the artist Tumling, which depicts a train of the Tsarskoye Selo Railway (see above). In 1915, Gino Severini painted “A Sanitary Train Rushing Through a City.” Also in the halls of many museums you can find many other paintings depicting trains (“Turksib”, “Winners” and others). Vladimir Gavrilovich Kazantsev and Isaac Ilyich Levitan painted trains in their paintings.

In literature

Trains appear in large quantities literary works, and in a number of them trains play an important role. This is how the action of some of Agatha Christie’s novels about Hercule Poirot unfolded on trains: “The Mystery of the Blue Train” and “”. The main character of Leo Tolstoy's novel Anna Karenina throws herself under a train. One of Jules Verne's first novels, Paris in the Twentieth Century, describes a train that is driven by a cylinder moving inside a pipe and connected to the train by magnetic communication - a prototype of a linear motor, and in another novel, Claudius Bombarnac, the hero travels by train along the Trans-Siberian Railway. The book “Yellow Arrow” by V. Pelevin is also dedicated to traveling on a train. In 1943, Boris Pasternak published a collection of poems entitled “On Early Trains”. In 1952, Gianni Rodari published a collection of children's poems called Train of Poems. In the Harry Potter series of novels by J. K. Rowling, the Hogwarts Express train takes students to Hogwarts School at the beginning of each school year. In V. Krapivin's story "The Outpost on the Anchor Field" a futuristic maglev train is one of the key elements of the plot, sometimes visiting a secret station that is located in a parallel world

The plot of I. Shtemler’s book “The Train” also develops on a train.

In cinema

As representatives of railway transport, trains appear in a huge number of films, starting with the earliest - “Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat Station” (It can also be seen in the film “The Man from the Boulevard des Capuchins”). Also, the main action of films often takes place on trains (“Under Siege 2: Territory of Darkness”, “Golden Echelon”, “Main Line”, “Uncontrollable”, “Ambulance 34”, “Murder on the Orient Express”, “Train”, “ We, the undersigned”, etc.).

In cartoons

One of the most famous cartoons related to trains is the English animated series “Thomas and Friends” (since 1984), as well as its Soviet predecessor, “The Little Engine from Romashkov”. In many American cartoons, you can often see an episode when a character standing on the rails is hit by a train (this episode is even played out in the film “Who Framed Roger Rabbit”). Trains can also be seen in such cartoons as:

“Well, wait a minute! (issue 6) "(1973) - at the end the Wolf chases the Hare on the train;
“Shapoklyak” (1974) - Gena and Cheburashka are traveling by train at the beginning and end of the cartoon. It is noteworthy that the electric locomotive ChS2, which has the nickname “Cheburashka” among railway workers, is easily recognizable in the locomotive;
“Holidays in Prostokvashino” (1980) - Uncle Fyodor runs away from his parents on a commuter train;
"Stop the Train" (1982);
"Around the World with Willy Fog" (1983);
“South Park” - in the episode “Cartman’s Mom is a Dirty Whore” (1998) Kenny is hit by a train;
“Futurama” - at the exhibition “Pastorama” (episode “Lesser of Two Evils” (2000)) Fry gives the definition of the train: “mobile free house”;
“Cars” (2006) - McQueen crosses the crossing in front of the train;
“The Simpsons Movie” (2007) - EPA agents catch Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie on a train.
"Tilly the Brave Little Engine"
In the Polish animated series "The Magic Pencil" one of the episodes

In songs

One of the most famous Soviet songs about a train is the children's song “Blue Car”, heard in the cartoon “Shapoklyak”:

The blue carriage is running and swaying,
The fast train is picking up speed...

Many songs about trains are heard in films or on music stages:

"Train to Chattanooga" - from the film "Sun Valley Serenade"
“The Train Goes East” - from the film of the same name
“I’ll take the fast train” - Mikhail Boyarsky
"Train to Leningrad" - Empire
“Fast Train” (D. Tukhmanov - V. Kharitonov) - Cheerful guys
"Fast Train" - Bravo
“Fast Train” - Viktor Petlyura
“The fast train will come” - Brigade C
“The Train Again” - Chizh & Co
"City of Roads" - Centr
"Train on Fire" - Aquarium
"Mail Train" - Hi-Fi
"Talk on the Train" - Time Machine
"Another Town, Another Train" - ABBA
"Trainhide to Russia" - Accept
"Train of Consequences" - Megadeth
"Bullet Train" - Judas Priest
"Train Kept A Rollin'" and "Back Back Train" - Aerosmith
"Train" - 3 Doors Down
"Zion Train" - Bob Marley
"Suburbian Train" and "Urban train" - DJ Tiesto
"Rock'n'Roll Train" - AC/DC
"Hold the Train" - Metal Corrosion
“The Slowest Train” - Laima Vaikule
“Waiting Room” - Irina Bogushevskaya
“Farewell” (...from all stations trains go to distant edges…) - Lev Leshchenko
"Burning Arrow" - Aria, as well as other performers
“Train to Surkharban” - Oleg Medvedev
"Knock" - Cinema
“Train 193” - Alexander Bashlachev
“Road No. 5” - Chizh & Co

Also, songs about trains include any song that mentions moving rail rolling stock:

“Wait, locomotive” - from the film “Operation “Y” and other adventures of Shurik”
"Electric Train" - Cinema
“Electric Train” - Alena Apina
"Cloud Engine" - Lyceum
“42 minutes underground” - Bravo
“Tram Pyaterochka” - Lyube
"Extra 38" - Chizh & Co
“The Thirty-Ninth Tram” - Irina Bogushevskaya
“I hesitated” - Disco Accident
"347th" - 7B
“The carriage is rocking” - Vyacheslav Dobrynin
“To the sound of wheels” - KREC, etc.
“Quiet Don” - Nikolai Bobrovich
“The Trains Are Leaving” - Alexander Emelyanov

In Viktor Argonov's techno-opera 2032: The Legend of the Unfulfilled Future general secretary The Central Committee of the CPSU A. S. Milinevsky visits the secret city of Zelenodolsk-26 on a maglev, which is mentioned in the songs “200 minutes” and “The impossible way.” The speed of the train is given to be slightly greater than 300 km/h.

On postage stamps

In computer and video games

Due to the huge number of computer games of various genres, trains are found in quite a few games. There is even a whole genre of games dedicated to trains - train simulator. The most famous games in this genre are: Southern Belle and its sequel Evening Star, Train Simulator, Densha de GO!, Microsoft Train Simulator, Trainz, Rail Simulator. In these games, the player is given the opportunity to control trains from different countries of the world along a variety of route options with different options for forming trains.

In games of other genres, trains play a much smaller role and act there mainly only as a means of delivery. In such games, the player can simply watch the movement of a train along a pre-created railway track (Commandos 3: Destination Berlin, Blitzkrieg), but can also create the railway infrastructure, set routes for trains and even select the number of cars in the train and the type of cargo. The latter is especially pronounced in economic simulators, for example in Transport Tycoon, Railroad Tycoon and their sequels (Transport Tycoon Deluxe, Transport Giant, Railroad Tycoon 3, Railroad Pioneers and so on). Some games even have the ability to primitively control a train (GTA: San Andreas, SimCity 4: Rush hour).

Railway slang

“mad” - high-speed train;
“turntable” - a freight train, mainly composed of dump cars and hoppers, operating along a circular route;
“humpbacked” - a train with oversized cargo;
“corral” - a multiple unit train (diesel or electric train) running in without passengers, or a locomotive running without cars;
“parrot” - a multiple unit train (diesel or electric train) following the fast train schedule;
“fly” - a working train of 2-3 passenger cars with a shunting locomotive;
“surge” - reducing the delay time of passenger trains;
“bulk”, “filling” - a train transporting liquid (liquid) cargo (mainly oil and oil products, as well as oils, acids, liquefied gases etc.);
“stub”, “shorty” - a short and light train;
“foundling” - a commuter train consisting of a locomotive and 1-4 cars, or an electric train of 4-6 cars;
“stretch” - stop with the train on a difficult section (ascent, profile break) due to a breakdown or inability to drive the train;
“spontka” - several locomotives linked together along a stretch;
“super heavyweight” - a locomotive traveling as a reserve (without carriages);
"freight train" - freight train;
“mother-in-law” is a signal indicating the tail of the train;
"coal" - a train loaded with coal.

Train records

Main article: Train speed records

in the world

In the CIS

Accidents and train derailments

in the world

1988 Germany crash

In Russia

Train-related terrorist attacks

Helicopter on a train

Gallery

Notes

The French train surpassed its record. Vesti.ru (April 3, 2008). Archived from the original on January 24, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2012.
Section 5 // Rules for technical operation of railways of the Russian Federation.
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Article "Train" in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd ed.
Railway transport // Bolshaya Russian encyclopedia. - 1994. - P. 210.
History of railway transport in Russia / ed. E. N. Boravskaya, K. A. Ermakov. - St. Petersburg. : JSC “Ivan Fedorov”, 1994. - T. 1. - P. 24-25. - ISBN 5-859-52-005-0
Zabarinsky P. Stephenson. - Moscow: Magazine and newspaper association, 1937.
ed. Boravskaya E. N., Ermakov K. A. History of railway transport in Russia. - St. Petersburg: JSC “Ivan Fedorov”, 1994. - T. 1. - P. 38-40. - ISBN 5-859-52-005-0
The first number means the number of running axles - they help the locomotive fit better into curves and relieve some of the load on its front part. The second digit means the number of coupling axles (they are also called driving) - the operating torque from the engines is directly transmitted to these axes. It is the wheels on these axles that set the locomotive, and with it the entire train, in motion. The third number means the number of supporting axles - they help to better distribute the weight of the locomotive on the rails, somewhat relieving its rear part
Several locomotives, to reduce the load from the axles on the rails, were soon equipped with a running axle, as a result of which the 1-3-0 type was created for the first time in the world
History of railway transport in Russia / ed. E. N. Boravskaya, K. A. Ermakov. - St. Petersburg. : JSC “Ivan Fedorov”, 1994. - T. 1. - P. 29, 106, 243-249. - ISBN 5-859-52-005-0
Railway transport // Great encyclopedia transport. - T. 4. - P. 184-185.
Section 4. // Rules for technical operation of railways of the Russian Federation.
Starting from the 1980s, in most motor car depots of the USSR, the position of conductor was abolished, and part of his responsibilities (monitoring the boarding and disembarking of passengers) was transferred to the assistant driver.
Railway transport // Great Encyclopedia of Transport. - T. 4. - P. 170-171.
Railway transport // Great Russian Encyclopedia. - 1994. - P. 78-80, 291-293.
Currently [ When?] another definition has been adopted: high-speed train - a train following average speed at least 51 km/h and at least 5 km/h faster than other passenger trains traveling in the same direction ((subst:AI))
The concept is relatively arbitrary, for example, the length of the route of the commuter train St. Petersburg - Malaya Vishera is about 163 km.
A conventional carriage is a conventional measure of length equal to 14 m. Mainly used to measure the length of station tracks.
Taking into account the number of axles of the locomotive
Railway transport // Great Russian Encyclopedia. - 1994. - P. 24, 30, 44, 115, 462, 519, 522.
Railway transport // Great Encyclopedia of Transport. - T. 4. - P. 132-135.
Railway transport // Great Russian Encyclopedia. - 1994. - P. 448-450.
Railway transport // Great Russian Encyclopedia. - 1994. - P. 514.
Rakov V. A.. - M.: Transport, . - ISBN 5-277-02012-8
Rakov V.A. Locomotives and multiple unit rolling stock of the railways of the Soviet Union, 1976-1985. - M.: Transport, .
Railway transport // Great Russian Encyclopedia. - 1994. - P. 222.
Railway transport // Great Encyclopedia of Transport. - T. 4. - P. 125-127, 199.
Railway transport // Great Russian Encyclopedia. - 1994. - P. 18.
Because of this, as well as because of the characteristic tapping sound during operation, the nickname “snitch” was assigned to the mechanical speedometer.
Railway transport // Great Russian Encyclopedia. - 1994. - S. 22-23, 199, 392-393.
One of the disadvantages of the AVP of commuter trains is the error of up to 20 meters, which can lead to the first car being outside the platform.
For comparison: 110 dB is the sound level of a running tractor at a distance of 1 m; 150 dB - sound level of a jet plane taking off
Railway transport // Great Russian Encyclopedia. - 1994. - P. 389.
Chapter 8. Sound signals // . - Transport, 2005.
For example, when right-hand traffic- on the left path
Chapter 7. Signals used to indicate trains, locomotives and other moving units. // Instructions for signaling on the railways of the Russian Federation. TsRB-757. - Transport, 2005.
Railway transport // Great Encyclopedia of Transport. - T. 4. - P. 127-128.
Railway transport // Great Russian Encyclopedia. - 1994. - P. 383-384.
Railway transport // Great Russian Encyclopedia. - 1994. - P. 352.
Pegov D.V. etc. DC electric trains / Ageev K.P. - Moscow: "Center for Commercial Development", 2006. - P. 68. - ISBN 5-902624-06-1
Railway transport // Great Russian Encyclopedia. - 1994. - P. 289-290.
Railway transport // Great Encyclopedia of Transport. - T. 4. - P. 138-145.
Rakov V. A. Mainline electric locomotives with hydraulic transmission // Locomotives of domestic railways, 1956-1975. - Moscow: Transport, . - pp. 179-180. - ISBN 5-277-02012-8
Railway transport // Great Encyclopedia of Transport. - T. 4. - P. 203-205.
Railway transport // Great Russian Encyclopedia. - 1994. - P. 211.
Background of high-speed and high-speed foreign railways // High-speed and high-speed railway transport. - T. 1. - P. 171-172.
Railway transport // Great Encyclopedia of Transport. - T. 4. - P. 135-138, 149-153.
At the stop. Winter morning on the Ural Railway. 1891
The train is on its way. 1890s. Art catalogue. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
Jules Verne Paris in the twentieth century.
Danil Koretsky Nuclear train. - Moscow: Eksmo, 2004. - ISBN 5-699-09043-6
Russian railway slang. Steam locomotive IS. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
Background of high-speed and high-speed foreign railways // High-speed and high-speed railway transport. - T. 1. - P. 176.
World speed records on rail roads // High-speed and high-speed railway transport. - T. 1. - P. 295.
China. Artemy Lebedev. Home page. - Look at the last photo. Archived from the original on January 24, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2009.