Inorganic chemistry. General and inorganic chemistry - In three parts - Korenev Yu.M., Ovcharenko V.P.

General and inorganic chemistry. Korenev Yu.M., Ovcharenko V.P.

M.: School them. A.N. Kolmogorov, Moscow State University, 2000-2002; 60s.+36s.+48s.

The present Toolkit compiled in accordance with the program of the course of inorganic chemistry, and read by the students of the chemical and biological department of the School named after A. N. Kolmogorov Specialized educational and scientific center Moscow State University.

The book introduces the main classes of inorganic compounds, their properties and methods of obtaining.

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PART I.

CHAPTER I. BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS 3
1.1. The structure of matter 3
1.2. Quantitative ratios in chemistry 9
1.3. Chemical symbols and formulas 13
CHAPTER II. STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM 20
2.1. Early models of the atom 20
2.2. Quantum mechanical model of the structure of the atom 26
CHAPTER III. CHEMICAL bond 41
3.1. Title 41
3.2. Valence bond method 47
3.3. Molecular orbital method 53

PART II.

CHAPTER 1. Oxides 3
§ one. Physical properties oxides 3
§ 2. Classification of oxides and patterns of change in chemical properties .. 4
2.1. Classification of oxides by chemical properties 4
2.2. Patterns of changes in the properties of oxides 5
§ 3. Methods for obtaining oxides 7
§4. Chemical properties oxides 9
4.1. Basic oxides 9
4.2. Acid oxides 10
4.3. Amphoteric oxides 10
4.4. General chemical properties of oxides 11
CHAPTER 2. Acids and BASES 13
§ 1. Theories of acids and bases 13
1.1. Electrolytic theory 13
1.2. Protolithic theory 13
1.3. Electronic theory 14
§2. Acids 16
2.1. Classification of acids 16
2.2. Methods for obtaining acids 19
2.3. General methods for obtaining any acids 19
2.4. Chemical properties of acids 21
§3. Grounds 24
3.1. Base classification 24
3.2. Methods for obtaining bases 25
3.3. Chemical properties of bases 27
CHAPTER 3. Salts 29
§ 1. Classification of salts 29
§ 2. Methods for obtaining salts 30
§ 3. Chemical properties of salts 33

PART III.

CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of THERMODYNAMICS 3
§ 1.1. Basic definitions 3
§ 1.2. Zeroth law (beginning) of thermodynamics 6
§ 1.3. First law (beginning) of thermodynamics 6
§ 1.3.2. Standard heat (enthalpy) of formation of compound 9
§ 1.3.3. Standard enthalpy of combustion 10
§ 1.3.4. Standard energy (enthalpy) of a chemical bond 10
§ 1.3.5. Standard enthalpy of sublimation, evaporation and melting 11
§ 1.3.6. Electron affinity, ionization potential, electronegativity 11
§ 1.3.7. Hess' Law 13
§ 1.3.8. Born-Haber cycle 14
§ 1.3.9. Kirchhoff's law 16
§ 1.4. Second law (beginning) of thermodynamics 17
§ 1.4.1. Definition of entropy from the standpoint of classical thermodynamics 18
§ 1.4.3. Statistical interpretation of the concept of entropy 19
§ 1.4.4. Gibbs free energy 21
§ 1.4.5. Chemical potential 22
§ 1.4.6. Chemical equilibrium 23
§ 1.4.7. Reaction direction 31
CHAPTER 2 Fundamentals of KINETICS 35
§2.1. Chemical reaction rate 35
§ 2.2. Factors affecting the rate of a chemical reaction 37
§ 2.3. Experimental methods for determining the rate constants of a chemical reaction 47

CONTENT:
Editorial (3).
Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov ( Curriculum vitae) (4).
1. Fourier-Lebesgue series diverging almost everywhere (8).
2. On the order of magnitude of the coefficients of the Fourier-Lebesgue series (12).
3. Remarks on the study of the convergence of Fourier series (15).
4. Convergence of Fourier series (16).
5. Axiomatic definition of the integral (19).
6. On the boundaries of the generalization of the integral (21).
7. About the opportunity general definition derivative, integral and summation of divergent series (39).
8. On harmonically conjugate functions and Fourier series (40).
9. On the principle of tertium non datur (45).
10. Convergence of Fourier series (69).
11. Fourier-Lebesgue series diverging everywhere (73).
12. Convergence of orthogonal series (75).
13. Operations on sets (85).
14. On the Denjoy integration process (93).
15. On the topological-group-theoretic substantiation of geometry (94).
16. Study of the concept of an integral (96).
17. On the definition of the mean (136).
18. On the compactness of sets of functions under convergence in the mean (139).
19. On the interpretation of intuitionistic logic (142).
20. On the justification of projective geometry (149).
21. On measure theory (150).
22. Points of discontinuity of functions of two variables (167).
23. Normability of general linear topological spaces! (168).
24. Continuation of the study on the points of discontinuity of a function of two variables (171).
25. Convergence of series in orthogonal polynomials (174).
26. Laplace transform in linear spaces (178).
27. On the order of the remainder of Fourier series of differentiable functions (179).
28. On the best approximation of functions of a given functional class (186).
29. Duality laws in combinatorial topology (190).
30. Homology ring of complexes and locally compact spaces (197).
31. Finite coverings of topological spaces (203).
32. Betti groups of locally compact spaces 2A7
33. Properties of Betti groups of locally compact spaces (209).
34. Betti groups of metric spaces (211).
35. Relative cycles. Alexander's duality theorem (214).
36. On open mappings (215).
37. Skew-symmetric quantities and topological invariants (218).
38. Study of the diffusion equation associated with an increase in the amount of matter, and its application to one biological problem (221).
39. Simplified proof of the Birkhoff-Khinchin ergodic theorem (246).
40. On inequalities between upper bounds of successive derivatives of an arbitrary function on an infinite interval (252).
41. Rings of continuous functions on topological spaces (264).
42. Curves in a Hilbert space that are invariant with respect to a one-parameter group of motions (269).
43. Wiener spiral and some other interesting curves in Hilbert space (274).
44. Points of local topologicality of countably multiple open mappings of compact sets (278).
45. Local structure of turbulence in an incompressible viscous fluid at very large numbers Reynolds (281).
46. On the degeneration of isotropic turbulence in an incompressible viscous fluid (287).
47 Energy dissipation in locally isotropic turbulence 290
48. Equations of turbulent motion of an incompressible fluid (294).
49. Remark on polynomials by P.L. Chebyshev, deviating least from a given function (296).
50. On the fragmentation of drops in a turbulent flow (302).
51. On dynamical systems with an integral invariant on the torus (307).
52. On the conservation of conditionally periodic motions with a small change in the Hamilton function (311).
53. General theory dynamical systems and classical mechanics (316).
54. Some fundamental questions of approximate and exact representation of functions of one and several variables 333.
55. On the representation of continuous functions of several variables by superpositions of continuous functions of a smaller number of variables (335).
56. On the representation of continuous functions of several variables as superpositions of continuous functions of one variable and addition (340).
57. On the linear dimension of topological vector spaces (344).
58. Refinement of ideas about the local structure of turbulence in an incompressible viscous fluid at high Reynolds numbers (348).
59. P.S. Aleksandrov and the theory of bs-operations (352).
60. Qualitative study mathematical models population dynamics (357).

The Department of Chemistry arose shortly after the transformation of boarding school No. 18 into the Specialized Educational and Scientific Center of Moscow State University (Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1241 of 01.10.88 and the order of the State Education Committee of 11.16.88).

Before that, chemistry at the boarding school was taught by:

Vedeneeva Marina Sergeevna- from 1964 to 1980
- from 1980 to 1991
Tabachenko Natalya Vladimirovna- from 1986 to 1989

On November 13, 1989, the first specialized chemistry class began to study at the SASC. Then 18 students were enrolled in it. Not everyone reached the "finish" - in 1991, in the first chemical issue, there were only 8 people.

The composition of the teachers of the Department of Chemistry since 1989. did not change significantly. At the Department of Chemistry worked and are working:

Galin Alexey Mikhailovich	(Ph.D., Associate Professor) - from 1991 to present time
Zagorsky Vyacheslav Viktorovich	(D.Ped.Sc., professor) - from 1989 to present time
Mendeleeva Ekaterina Alexandrovna	(Ph.D., Associate Professor) - from 1990 to present time
Morozova Natalya Igorevna	(Ph.D., senior lecturer) - from 1990 to present time
Kolyasnikov Oleg Vladimirovich	(assistant) - from 2004 to present time
Kubarev Alexey Vyacheslavovich	(assistant) - from 2005 to present time
Sigeev Alexander Sergeevich	(Ph.D., assistant) - from 2008 to present time
Aleshin Gleb	(laboratory assistant) - from 2009 to present time
Korenev Yury Mikhailovich (10.05.1936 - 09.08.2010)	(Doctor of Chemistry, Professor, Head of Department) - from 1989 to 2010
Bataeva Elena Viktorovna	(PhD, assistant) - from 1990 to 1993
Pirkuliyev Namig Sharafeddin-ogly	(assistant) - from 1997 to 1999
Prisyazhnyuk Valentina Viktorovna
Tatyanina Irina Vasilievna	(assistant) - from 1989 to 1991
Churanov Sergey Sergeevich	(PhD, Associate Professor) - from 1989 to 1997
Bataev Vadim Albertovich	(PhD) - from 1997 to 1998

During the period from 1991 to 2010, 20 graduations of the SUNC chemical class took place - a total of 361 people. Of these, 298 graduates (83%) entered Moscow State University. Most - 214 graduates - entered the Faculty of Chemistry and the Faculty of Materials Sciences. Graduates of the chemical class studied and study at the Faculty of Physics (16), Mechanics and Mathematics (15), Biology (7), Geology (6), Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics (9), Faculty of Fundamental Medicine (6), Soil Science (9 ). The guys also enter other universities - VHC RAS, RCTU, MEPhI, medical academy etc.

Classes in the chemistry class of the SASC MSU are held in the academic building of the SASC (lectures and seminars) and at the Faculty of Chemistry of the Moscow State University (workshops on analytical, organic and inorganic chemistry).

Classes in chemistry and physics and mathematics classes are conducted according to original programs and textbooks, the authors of which are teachers of the department. In addition to the basic course, teachers of the Department of Chemistry conduct electives:

Thermodynamics and kinematics of fast and exothermic reactions (Zagorsky V.V.)
Chemistry in English (Mendeleeva E. A.)
Man and substance (Mendeleeva E. A.)
Methods for solving problems in chemistry (Galin A. M.)
Genomics (O. V. Kolyasnikov)
Protein Chemistry (O. V. Kolyasnikov)
Nanotechnologies - towards the nanoworld (Smirnov E. A.)
Fencing (O. V. Kolyasnikov)
Organic educational program (Morozova N. I.)
Preparation for the Unified State Examination (Galin A.M., Kubarev A.V.)
Evening club (Zagorsky V.V.)

Teachers of the Department of Chemistry have repeatedly received grants "Soros teacher", they participate in the organization and conduct of chemical Olympiads for schoolchildren, summer schools for high school students and seminars for school teachers.

The teachers of the Department of Chemistry published the following study guides:

Organic chemistry. Part I. Theory of structure organic matter.
M.: School them. A.N. Kolmogorova, 1997. - 48 p.
Mendeleeva E. A., Morozova N. I.
Organic chemistry. Part II. Hydrocarbons.
M.: School them. A.N. Kolmogorova, Publishing House of Moscow. un-ta, 1999. - 64 p.
ISBN 5-211-02588-1
Korenev Yu. M., Ovcharenko V. P.
General and inorganic chemistry. Part I
M.: School them. A.N. Kolmogorova, 1998. - 63 p.
Yu.M.Korenev, N.I.Morozova, A.I.Zhirov
Workshop on inorganic chemistry.
M.: School them. A.N. Kolmogorova, Ed. Moscow State University, 1999. - 64 p.
Korenev Yu.M., Ovcharenko V.P., Mendeleeva E.A., Morozova N.I.
Chemistry. Part I
M.: School them. A.N. Kolmogorova, 2000. - 72 p.
Korenev Yu. M., Ovcharenko V. P., Egorov E. N.
General and inorganic chemistry. Part II. Main classes inorganic compounds.
M.: School them. A.N. Kolmogorova, Moscow University Publishing House, 2000. - 36 p.
Pirkuliyev N. Sh.
Olympiad problems in chemistry. Types of problems and methods for their solution.
M .: School named after A. N. Kolmogorov, "Self-education", 2000. - 160 p.
Zagorsky V.V.
The lights are funny. Fireworks: history, theory, practice.
M.: School them. A.N. Kolmogorova, "Self-education", 2000. - 64 p.
Mendeleeva E.A., Morozova N.I.
Organic chemistry. Part III. Oxygen-containing and nitrogen-containing organic compounds.
M.: School them. A.N. Kolmogorova, Moscow University Press, 2001. - 56 p.
Korenev Yu.M., Ovcharenko V.P.
General and inorganic chemistry. Part III. Fundamentals of chemical thermodynamics and kinetics.
M.: School them. A.N. Kolmogorova, Moscow University Publishing House, 2002. - 48 p.
Morozova N.I., Zagorsky V.V.
Useful tips.
M: MAKS Press, 2003. - 31 p.
Korenev Yu.M.

General and inorganic chemistry. Part IV. Physicochemical characteristics solutions.
M.: School them. A.N. Kolmogorova, Moscow University Publishing House, 2004. - 49 p.
Morozova N.I., Zagorsky V.V.
How to win the exam.
M., 2006. - 34 p.
Korenev Yu.M., Ovcharenko V.P., Morozova N.I.

General and inorganic chemistry. Part I. Basic concepts, atomic structure, chemical bond.

Morozova N.I.
Identification of substances.
M.: MAKS Press, 2008. - 35 p.

Methodical experience the work of teachers of the Department of Chemistry is described in the following publications:

A variant of the presentation in the physical and mathematical school of the topic "Structure of the atom and the Periodic Law".
Zagorsky V.V.
Russian Chemical Journal (ZhRHO named after D.I. Mendeleev), 1994, v. 38, No. 4, p. 37 - 42
Non-standard tasks in chemistry
V.V.Zagorsky, A.M.Galin, E.A.Mendeleeva, N.I.Morozova
Russian Chemical Journal (ZhRHO named after D.I. Mendeleev), 1994, vol. 38, No. 4, p. 89 - 90
Teaching chemistry in the classes of physics, mathematics and economics of the Special Educational and Scientific Center of Moscow State University
Galin.A.M., Zagorsky V.V., Mendeleeva E.A.
International Seminar on Teaching Chemistry at School "Pushchinskaya Autumn - 96" (collection of materials), Moscow, 1996. - 29 p.
Zagorsky V.V.
From teacher to teacher. How to become a "star".
M.: Publishing house. Department of the UC DO MSU, 1998 - 96p.
Chemistry in senior classes high school: Feedback through anonymous testing.
A.M. Galin, V.V. Zagorsky, E.A. Mendeleeva
Materials XLV Herzen readings (All-Russian scientific and practical conference) (May 13 - 16, 1998), St. Petersburg,
pp. 48 - 49.
The Truth About Graduation (How School Graduates Know Chemistry)
V.Zagorsky, E.Mendeleeva, A.Galin, N.Morozova
Teacher's newspaper, No. 7, February 23, 1999, p. 8
Preparing for scientific activity gifted high school students: the need for an alternative to the scientific worldview
V.V. Zagorsky
On Sat. abstracts International Congress"Science and education on the threshold of the III millennium", Minsk, 3 - 6.10.2000, book 1, pp. 56-57
Task Education XXI century - the formation of an ecological worldview
E.A. Mendeleeva
On Sat. abstracts of the International Congress "Science and Education on the Threshold of the III Millennium", Minsk, 3 - 6.10.2000, book 2, pp. 91-92

V.V. Zagorsky

General and inorganic chemistry - In three parts - Korenev Yu.M., Ovcharenko V.P. - 2000, 2002.

This methodological manual has been compiled in accordance with the program of the course of inorganic chemistry, and read by the students of the chemical and biological department of the A. N. Kolmogorov School of the Specialized Educational and Scientific Center of Moscow State University.
The book introduces the main classes of inorganic compounds, their properties and methods of obtaining.

CHAPTER 1. Oxides 3
§ 1. Physical properties of oxides 3
§ 2. Classification of oxides and patterns of change in chemical properties .. 4
2.1. Classification of oxides by chemical properties 4
2.2. Patterns of changes in the properties of oxides 5
§ 3. Methods for obtaining oxides 7
§4. Chemical properties of oxides 9
4.1. Basic oxides 9
4.2. Acid oxides 10
4.3. Amphoteric oxides 10
4.4. General chemical properties of oxides 11
CHAPTER 2. Acids and BASES 13
§ 1. Theories of acids and bases 13
1.1. Electrolytic theory 13
1.2. Protolithic theory 13
1.3. Electronic theory 14
§2. Acids 16
2.1. Classification of acids 16
2.2. Methods for obtaining acids 19
2.3. General methods for obtaining any acids 19
2.4. Chemical properties of acids 21
§3. Grounds 24
3.1. Base classification 24
3.2. Methods for obtaining bases 25
3.3. Chemical properties of bases 27
CHAPTER 3. Salts 29
§ 1. Classification of salts 29
§ 2. Methods for obtaining salts 30
§ 3. Chemical properties of salts 33

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General and inorganic chemistry Part 1 - Korenev Yu.M.

General and Inorganic Chemistry Part 1

Author: Korenev Yu.M.
Other authors: Ovcharenko V.P.
Publisher: MSU
Year of publication: 2000
Pages: 64
ISBN 5-211-04200-X
Read:
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Yu.M.Korenev, V.P.Ovcharenko
General and inorganic chemistry
Part I
Basic concepts, the structure of the atom,
CHEMICAL BOND
School named after A.N. Kolmogorov Publishing house of Moscow University 2000
UDC 546 BBK 24.1 K 66
Korenev Yu.M., Ovcharenko V.P.
K 66 General and inorganic chemistry. Lecture course. Part I
Basic concepts, atomic structure, chemical bond. - M.: School named after A.N. Kolmogorov, Moscow University Publishing House, 2000. - 60 p.
ISBN 5-211-04200-X
This methodological manual has been compiled in accordance with the program of the course of inorganic chemistry, and read by the students of the chemical and biological department of the A. N. Kolmogorov School of the Specialized Educational and Scientific Center of Moscow State University.
The book introduces the main classes of inorganic compounds, their properties and methods of obtaining.
ISBN 5-211-04200-X
© Yu.M. Korenev, V.P. Ovcharenko, 1998 © I.N. Korovin - design, 2000
Chapter I
Basic concepts and definitions
1.1. The structure of matter
One of the basic concepts of chemistry and other natural sciences is an atom. This term has a long origin; it has been around for about 2500 years. The concept of the atom was first introduced in Ancient Greece, around the 5th century. BC e. The founders of the atomistic doctrine were the ancient Greek philosophers Leucippus1 and his disciple Democritus. It was they who put forward the idea of a discrete structure of matter and introduced the term "ATOM". Democritus defined the atom as the smallest, further indivisible, particle of matter.
The teachings of Democritus did not become widespread, and for a long time historical period in chemistry (and during the Middle Ages -
alchemy) was dominated by the theory of Aristotle (384 - 322 BC). According to the teachings of Aristotle, the main principles of nature are abstract "principles": cold, heat, dryness and moisture, when combined, four main "elements-elements" are formed: earth, air, fire
and water.
And only at the beginning 19th century English scientist John Dalton returns to atoms as the smallest particles of matter and introduces this term into science. This was preceded by the work of such remarkable scientists as R. Boyle (in the book "The Skeptic Chemist" he dealt a crushing blow to the ideas of alchemists), J. Priestley and K. V. Scheele (discovery of oxygen), G. Cavendish (discovery of hydrogen), A. L. Lavoisier (an attempt to compile the first table of simple substances), M. V. Lomonosov (the main provisions of the atomic and molecular theory, the law of conservation of mass), J. L. Proust (the law of composition constancy) and many others.
Discoveries in the field of physics made in late XIX- the first third of the 20th century, forced scientists to look at the atomic and molecular theory in a completely different way. It turned out that the atom has a complex structure and is not the smallest particle of matter.
Here we will not give an outdated definition of this concept, but will immediately give a formulation based on modern ideas.
"Leucippus (LebkshtoO - ancient Greek philosopher. Almost nothing is known about the life of Leucippus.
Atom (Greek atozo ^ - indivisible) is smallest particle a chemical element capable of independent existence and being the carrier of its properties. An atom is an electrically neutral microsystem consisting of a positively charged nucleus and an appropriate number of electrons.
| Chemical element - a type of atoms with the same nuclear charge.
A chemical element is a concept, not a material particle. This is not an atom, but a collection of atoms characterized by a certain feature - the same nuclear charge.
Electron [dr.gr. pXvkhrou- amber (it is well electrified by friction)] - a stable elementary particle with a rest mass equal to 9.109-10 31 kg = 5.486-10 ^ a.u. m.2, and carrying an elementary negative charge equal to 1.6 10 14 Ut.
In chemistry and physics, when solving many problems, the charge of an electron is taken as - 1 and the charges of all other particles are expressed in these units. Electrons are part of all atoms.
Proton (Greek lrutost - first) - an elementary particle, which is integral part nuclei of atoms of all chemical elements, has
-27
rest mass mr=1.672 10 ~ kg=1.007 a.m.u. and elementary positive electric charge, equal in magnitude to the charge of the electron, i.e. 1.6 10h C.
The number of protons in the nucleus determines the atomic number of the chemical element.
Neutron (Latin neutrum - neither one nor the other) is an electrically neutral elementary particle with a rest mass slightly exceeding the rest mass of the proton sp \u003d 1.675 10 27kg \u003d 1.009a. eat.
Along with the proton, the neutron is part of all atomic nuclei(with the exception of the nucleus of the hydrogen isotope "H", which is one proton).
Table 1
Some characteristics of the elementary particles that make up the atom