Self-development 

Problems of conservation of biological diversity of the earth. Lesson development biodiversity and ways to preserve it

lesson type - combined

Methods: partially exploratory, problem presentation, reproductive, explanatory-illustrative.

Target:

Students' awareness of the importance of all the issues discussed, the ability to build their relationship with nature and society based on respect for life, for all living things as a unique and priceless part of the biosphere;

Tasks:

Educational: to show the multiplicity of factors acting on organisms in nature, the relativity of the concept of "harmful and beneficial factors", the diversity of life on planet Earth and the options for adapting living beings to the whole range of environmental conditions.

Developing: develop communication skills, the ability to independently acquire knowledge and stimulate their cognitive activity; the ability to analyze information, highlight the main thing in the studied material.

Educational:

To cultivate a culture of behavior in nature, the qualities of a tolerant personality, to instill interest and love for wildlife, to form a sustainable positive attitude to every living organism on Earth, to form the ability to see beauty.

Personal: cognitive interest in ecology. Understanding the need to gain knowledge about the diversity of biotic relationships in natural communities in order to preserve natural biocenoses. The ability to choose the target and semantic settings in their actions and deeds in relation to wildlife. The need for fair evaluation of one's own work and the work of classmates

cognitive: the ability to work with various sources of information, convert it from one form to another, compare and analyze information, draw conclusions, prepare messages and presentations.

Regulatory: the ability to organize independently the execution of tasks, evaluate the correctness of the work, reflection of their activities.

Communicative: participate in the dialogue in the classroom; answer questions from a teacher, classmates, speak to an audience using multimedia equipment or other means of demonstration

Planned results

Subject: know - the concepts of "habitat", "ecology", "environmental factors" their influence on living organisms, "connections of living and non-living";. Be able to - define the concept of "biotic factors"; characterize biotic factors, give examples.

Personal: make judgments, search and select information; analyze connections, compare, find an answer to problematic issue

Metasubject: connections with such academic disciplines as biology, chemistry, physics, geography. Plan actions with a set goal; find the necessary information in the textbook and reference literature; to carry out the analysis of objects of nature; draw conclusions; formulate your own opinion.

Form of organization of educational activities - individual, group

Teaching methods: visual and illustrative, explanatory and illustrative, partially exploratory, independent work with additional literature and textbook, with DER.

Receptions: analysis, synthesis, conclusion, transfer of information from one type to another, generalization.

Learning new material

Biodiversity can be divided into three categories: genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity. Genetic diversity refers to the diversity of genes within the same species. Species diversity is the diversity of species within a region. Ecosystem diversity - diversity of habitats, biotic communities and ecological processes in the biosphere. It is necessary to understand that there are various levels biodiversity, and species diversity is perhaps the easiest subject to study.

All three levels of diversity are single system. The decrease in the genetic diversity of the species, which occurs due to the “lack of fresh blood” due, for example, to the division of the once single area into parts, can lead to the death of the species, which means that the biological diversity of the region will decrease. Biodiversity is directly related to the resilience of ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole to changes. environmental factors primarily anthropogenic. The decline in biodiversity leads to the destruction of the existing ecological ties and the degradation of natural communities, to the disruption of their homeostasis, and ultimately to their destruction.

Maintaining biodiversity is necessary for many reasons not to mention that every species and every ecosystem has a right to exist. The vital activity of many species depends on others; the destruction of one species may lead to the extinction of others. Man, as a biological species, depends on other species for food, medicines, industrial products, as well as for such "environmental services" as, for example, the self-purification of water bodies. And finally, every species and every ecosystem contributes to the beauty and richness of the world around us.

According to the most balanced estimates of biologists, there are about 10 million species on Earth. living organisms. Systematists gave the name of only 1.4 million species. There is an unimaginable variety of as yet "unidentified" microorganisms, insects and small inhabitants of the ocean.

Tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia, Central and West Africa, as well as Latin America are characterized by the greatest species diversity. The degree of forest destruction, and hence the loss of habitats, is highest in the same areas. Every year, about 17 million hectares of tropical forests are destroyed (an area four times the size of Switzerland). If this rate of deforestation continues, between 4 and 8% of tropical rainforest species are doomed to extinction by 2015, and between 17 and 35% by 2040. If this continues, then over the next 25 years, another 15% of the species living on Earth will be doomed to destruction. Forests temperate climate are characterized by a smaller variety of species, but they are also being destroyed. Today, only 44% of temperate forests remain, mostly in Siberia and the Pacific coast. North America.

It should be borne in mind that there is a difference between "actual extinction" and "doomed to extinction." Some species can continue to exist for several generations, but in the end they disappear due to the influence of factors that are not dangerous for species with normal numbers, for example, due to crop failure, epizootics, habitat destruction, destruction of clutches eggs, etc. In other words, when the number of species or populations is high, their chances of survival are much greater than those of small species or populations.

Habitat destruction is not the only reason reduction of biodiversity. Other reasons include fragmentation. So, for the survival of some species, for example, lei cranes, one huge swamp has a significant greater value than several smaller ones, although equal in total area. Some predators, such as wolves, need vast territories to hunt.

Under biodiversity decline it is understood not only a decrease in the number of species living in a given territory, but also qualitative changes in ecosystems, when instead of some species there are others that are not characteristic of local natural communities. An important role in this process can be played introduction - the transfer of species of organisms outside their natural habitats and introduction into local natural complexes. In the absence of natural enemies in the new place of residence, the species begins to multiply rapidly, crowding out other species. In such cases, the introduction can lead to a decrease in biodiversity. Most notable examples sad consequences of the introduction - the appearance of the Colorado beetle in Europe and the rabbit in Australia.

The Convention on Biological Diversity, adopted at the Conference in Rio de Janeiro, notes that “the loss of biological diversity on the planet continues mainly due to habitat destruction, overexploitation of agricultural resources, environmental pollution and the introduction of alien plants and animals. Decrease biodiversity occurs primarily due to human activity and is serious threat our development."

The main causes of biodiversity loss identified in the Convention include:

growing population;

increasing consumption of resources;

neglect of biological species and ecosystems;

ill-conceived public policy on the use of natural resources;

Negative influence international trade;

unfair distribution of resources;

misunderstanding or ignoring the importance of biological diversity.

The way of life of the cave hunter led to the destruction of some species of animals, for example, mammoths and woolly rhinos. Agriculture already in the days of ancient civilizations caused environmental disasters - the formation of deserts and the deforestation of vast territories. But in recent decades, human influence on natural communities has increased many times over, significantly exceeding their ability to self-repair.


The qualitative composition of the victims has changed: if in previous centuries, mainly species of interest to hunters were wiped off the face of the Earth, now insects, reptiles, and other living creatures that are not of commercial interest are included in the Red Books . They are no longer shot for tasty meat or beautiful feathers: along with weeds, they are destroyed by pesticides, their habitats are taken away by the introduction of introduced species, deforestation, plowing meadows, draining and irrigating lands, mining, construction plow roads and cities, environmental pollution.

Questions and tasks

1. What is the problem of biological diversity?

3. Give the main provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio de Janeiro, 1992).

4. What are the main causes of biodiversity decline?

biologicaldiversity

Lecture 7 " Preservationbiologicaldiversity"

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY: Preservationbiodiversity (rus.)

International Day for Biological Diversity

Resources:

S. V. Alekseev. Ecology: Textbook for 9th grade students of educational institutions of various types. SMIO Press, 1997. - 320 p.

Presentation Hosting

The problem of preserving the biological diversity of the planet. Many environmentalists believe that despite the widespread use of the term "biological diversity", as a concept, it has not yet been formed. Why is this happening? First of all, because the modern possibilities of the biosphere are not yet known. Consequently, the total number of species in the biosphere is still unknown, and, therefore, its potential is unknown. In this regard, there are currently several points of view on the essence of biological diversity. The most common view of biodiversity is as a set of species richness of living organisms. According to this, biological diversity includes, first of all, all species of plants, animals and microorganisms that exist on Earth. It also covers the entire set of natural ecosystems that are composed of these species. Thus, biodiversity can be understood as the diversity of organisms and their natural combinations. However, many environmentalists believe that overall structure biodiversity should include not only organismal diversity, but also ecological, genetic and, to some extent, cultural diversity. Therefore, biodiversity is often understood as the variability of the ecosystems of all living organisms, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems. In this case, it includes diversity within a species (genetic diversity), between different types(species diversity) and ecosystems (ecosystem diversity).

Slide 14 from the presentation "Conservation of biological diversity" to the lessons of ecology on the topic "Biosphere"

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Biosphere

"Conservation of biological diversity" - There is a threat that in the next 20-30 years we will lose about 1 million species. One of the results of this conflict was the reduction of the biological diversity of natural ecosystems. The problem of preserving the biological diversity of the planet. First of all, because the modern possibilities of the biosphere are not yet known.

"Extinct Animals" - The fur industry is a danger to the environment. Earth's climate change could change our lives forever. For example: - in the European part - 8500 cubic meters. m / year - in the Asian part - 100,000 m3 / year. Nuclear winter. The last passenger pigeon in captivity died in September 1914. Passenger pigeon.

"Forest and Man" - Forest Zone. I'm looking for mushrooms in a clearing, I'm not sparing my feet, And if I get tired - I'll sit on a stump. S. Nikulin "Russian Forest". Forest and man. Heal, warm, Feed the Russian forest. Problem solving. The forest is the "lungs of our planet" The forest is our wealth. Tundra. Zone Arctic deserts. Check the solution. Water flows - it is found, Tasty and cold.

"Protection of the natural environment" - The role of nature in the life of human society. Legal basis nature conservation. The law formulates environmental requirements for all economic structures. Contemporary Issues nature conservation. The law should create a moral basis for the behavior of citizens. Inexhaustible resources include water, climate and space.

"Pollution of the lithosphere" - There is practically no self-purification of the soil. Among the waste - pesticides, fertilizers. Sources of pollution. Thermal power engineering. Solutions. Terrain changes. Lithosphere. Consequences of pollution of the lithosphere. Residential buildings and household enterprises. Among the wastes are lead compounds, hydrocarbons.

Ecology and SD Lecture 12

Biodiversity- this is the whole multitude of different living organisms, the variability among them and the ecological complexes of which they are a part. Biodiversity includes diversity at three levels of organization: genetic diversity (the diversity of genes and their variants - alleles), species diversity in ecosystems, and, finally, the diversity of ecosystems themselves.

Biological diversity at the species level covers the entire range of species on Earth from bacteria and protozoa to the kingdom of multicellular plants, animals and fungi. On a smaller scale, biological diversity includes the genetic diversity of species, both from geographically distant populations and from individuals within the same population. Biological diversity also includes the diversity of biological communities, species, ecosystems formed by communities and the interactions between these levels.

For the continuous survival of species and natural communities, all levels of biological diversity are necessary, all of which are also important for humans. Species diversity demonstrates the richness of evolutionary and ecological adaptations of species to different environments.

Species diversity serves as a source of various natural resources for humans. For example, tropical rainforests, with their richest array of species, produce a remarkable variety of plant and animal products that can be used for food, construction, and medicine.



genetic diversity necessary for any species to maintain reproductive viability, resistance to diseases, and the ability to adapt to changing conditions. The genetic diversity of domestic animals and cultivated plants is especially valuable to those working on breeding programs to maintain and improve modern agricultural species.

Community Diversity represents the collective response of species to different environmental conditions. The biological communities found in deserts, steppes, forests and floodlands maintain the continuity of the normal functioning of the ecosystem by providing “maintenance” for example through flood control, soil erosion protection, air and water filtration.

At every level of biological diversity - species, genetic and community diversity, experts study the mechanisms that change or maintain diversity. Species diversity includes the entire set of species that live on Earth. Certain species within biological communities can play so important role that determine the ability of other species to survive in the community. Such key species influence the organization of the community in much more than would be predicted from their abundance or biomass.

The protection of key species is a priority for conservation efforts, as many other species may disappear from the protected area following their extinction.

The need to preserve biological and landscape diversity is due to environmental rule, consisting in the fact that the more heterogeneous and complex the biogeocenosis, the higher its stability, the ability to withstand various external adverse influences. Important ecological regularity, which determines the stability of natural biogeocenoses, also lies in the fact that the types of organisms that compose them have adapted to each other in the process of evolution so much that they seem to “take care” of the integrity, stability, and optimal structure of their biogeocenosis. Disappearance of the only key type, even one that makes up a small fraction of a community's biomass, can trigger a series of interconnected extinctions of other species, known as an extinction cascade. It results in a degraded ecosystem with much lower biodiversity at all trophic levels. The return of the key species to the community will not necessarily restore the latter to its original state if by this time other members of the community have disappeared and environmental components (for example, soil) have been disturbed.

Species are distributed unevenly over the surface of the planet. Variety of species in natural environments habitation maximum in tropical zone and decreases with increasing latitude. The richest in species diversity ecosystems - tropical rainforests, which occupy about 7% of the planet's surface and contain more than 90% of all species. Coral reefs and Mediterranean ecosystems are also rich in species diversity.

According to scientists, total number species of living beings is from 5 to 30 million. Of these, no more than 2.0 million are currently described. Thus, since the time of Linnaeus, who tried to create a classification of living organisms, the number of species of animals and plants, known to science, increased from 11 thousand to 2 million.

Animals are one of the leading components of the Earth's ecological systems. At present, a little more than 1 million species of animals are known (described) to science, which is about half of all that exist on the planet. The main groups of organisms and their abundance (number of species, thousand) are presented in the following way:

The biological diversity of species is maximum among insects and higher plants. According to experts, the total number of organisms of all life forms ranges between 10 and 100 million. These millions of species of animals and plants support the conditions necessary for the continuation of life on Earth.

There are many reasons for the need to preserve biodiversity: the need for biological resources to meet the needs of mankind (food, materials, medicines, etc.), ethical and aesthetic aspects, etc. However, the main reason is that biodiversity plays a leading role in ensuring the sustainability of ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole (absorption of pollution, stabilization of the climate, provision of conditions suitable for life). Biodiversity performs a regulatory function in the implementation of all biogeochemical, climatic and other processes on Earth. Each species, no matter how insignificant it may seem, makes a certain contribution to ensuring the sustainability of not only its local ecosystem, but also the biosphere as a whole.

Biodiversity is the basis of life on Earth and one of the factors of sustainable development. The biological resources of the Earth are vital for the economic and social development humanity. Therefore, there is increasing recognition that biological diversity is a world asset of great value to present and future generations. At the same time, today, more than ever, the threat to the existence of species and ecosystems is great. Human-induced extinction of species continues at an alarming rate.

Humanity has always had a negative impact on its natural environment, but only at the end of the second millennium it became clear that the interaction between humanity and its surrounding nature takes on the character of a protracted global conflict, whose name is global ecological crisis . Since the middle of the 20th century, mankind has realized that in order to prevent a global ecological disaster all-round cooperation of professional, state and public organizations is required on international level. Almost forty years ago (1972) the first UN conference on human environment natural environment. At this forum, the general principles of international cooperation in the field of nature protection were outlined.

In 1992, in Rio de Janeiro, during the UN Conference on Environment and Development, 145 countries signed Convention on Biological Diversity. The adoption of this document eloquently testifies to the importance of the problem of preserving the entire set of living organisms that inhabit our planet in their native habitat, the understanding of the problem by the majority of countries in the world and the desire to do everything possible to preserve the existing diversity of organisms. It was recognized that the decline in biological diversity is one of the main causes of the progressive degradation of natural ecosystems. There is no doubt that only if the optimal level of diversity is maintained, it is possible to create ecosystems that are resistant to extreme effects of physical and chemical factors, pests and diseases.

On the basis of the decisions of the Stockholm Conference, modern principles preservation of the living environment. The first principle is the principle of universal connection in wildlife: the loss of one link in a complex chain of trophic and other connections in nature can lead to unforeseen results. Hence follows the principle of the potential utility of each component of living nature: it is impossible to foresee what significance this or that species will have for humanity in the future. Based on the principles of universal connection and the potential usefulness of each component of wildlife, the concept of non-interference in the processes occurring in natural ecosystems is being formed: “We do not know why This will, so it's best to leave it as it is." The perfect way to save status quo considered the creation of protected areas with an absolute reserve regime. However, the practice of conservation has shown that modern ecosystems have already lost the ability to naturally restore themselves, and active human intervention is required to preserve them. As a result, the transition from the concept of non-intervention and conservation of the status quo to concept of sustainable development society and the biosphere . The concept of sustainable development implies an increase in the ecological and resource potential of natural ecosystems, the creation of sustainable controlled ecosystems, the satisfaction of society's needs for natural resources based on scientifically based rational and multi-purpose nature management, protection, protection and reproduction of all components of ecosystems.

Further development of the concept of sustainable development inevitably led to the principle of the need to conserve biological diversity: just diversified and varied Live nature is sustainable and highly productive. The principle of the need to preserve biological diversity is fully consistent with the basic principles of bioethics: "every form of life is unique and unrepeatable", "every form of life has the right to exist", "what is not created by us, should not be destroyed by us" . At the same time, the value of a genotype is determined not by its usefulness for a person, but by its uniqueness. Thus, it was recognized that the preservation of the gene pool is a responsibility to further evolution.

Biodiversity conservation is one of the global environmental issues and every year it becomes more and more aggravated as new species disappear. Today, our planet is under the threat of extinction. 11 167 species- 121 more than in 2000.

The climate change that is taking place on the planet by 2050 could lead to the disappearance of up to a million species. The study was conducted in six biodiverse regions of the planet, which occupy about 20% of the total land area. The study used computer models that looked at how 1,103 species of plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs, butterflies and other invertebrates would respond to temperature and other climate changes. Scientists lost three scenarios - minimum, average and maximum climate change. They also studied the possibility of changing the habitat of various organisms. Their conclusion: between 15 and 37% of the species in the study regions could become extinct by 2050. If these projections are extrapolated to the whole world and to other groups of terrestrial animals and plants, then, according to our analysis, more than a million species are threatened with extinction. Many species will lose suitable habitat, and others will not be able to migrate far enough to find new house. At the same time, scientists note that if events follow the scenario of minimal climate change, then the losses will amount to 18% of the species. According to the average scenario, 24% of species will disappear, and according to the maximum - 35%. From the extinction of species, not only the beauty of the planet will suffer, but also its inhabitants. Billions of people, especially in developing countries, too, will be victims of climate change as they depend on nature for food, shelter and medicine.

The inhabitants of the planet and their activities pose the greatest threat to wildlife. This means draining swamps, deforestation, plowing up the remains of virgin lands, flooding vast areas with artificial "seas" and much more. For example, it is the activities of residents who cut down forests to build houses and maintain Agriculture, led to a reduction in the populations of some species of monkeys. In many states of Europe, the stork has disappeared - because the swamps have disappeared. Bustards and little bustards become extremely rare, because they lose their habitats - the unplowed steppe.

A powerful factor in the negative impact on animals has been the widespread use in agriculture and forestry pesticides. Pesticides act on all living things, killing both harmful and beneficial insects. They are also detrimental to aquatic animals - fish, crustaceans and mollusks. Often the use of pesticides leads to the fact that animals lose the ability to reproduce. As a result, a number of bird species, including large predators, have become rare in Western Europe(golden eagle) and USA (bald eagle, condor) Some animals are immune to toxic substances, but are able to accumulate them in their body. So, in the USA, elms were pollinated with DDT for protection against insects. DDT particles hit the ground and were ingested by earthworms. Wandering American blackbirds, eating earthworms and receiving large concentrations of toxic substances with them, died. Pesticides kill many birds, mammals and other beneficial animals.

The pollution of their habitat negatively affects animals. Water pollution is especially dangerous. Synthetic detergents and petroleum products, organic matter, falling into water bodies from livestock farms with manure, cause decay processes, which sharply reduces the oxygen content in the water and causes "freezes" - the mass death of fish and other animals. Harmful rafting of the forest. From rotting sunken wood stand out harmful substances, from which eggs and fry die. As a result of river pollution, other animals also disappear, including valuable ones. fur animals and waterfowl.

As for marine life, there are only 57 sharks on the new list of endangered species. Experts fear that some representatives of the marine fauna will die out even before scientists know about their existence. Big damage fish, invertebrates, birds and sea ​​animal causes oil pollution of the seas.

A significant threat to native animals is the introduction of geographically distant species into established natural communities, which begin to dominate, suppressing local species. There are many examples of this. Rabbits brought to Australia, the Ussuri raccoon recklessly released in the European part of our country, red deer thoughtlessly brought to New Zealand. But fresh water animals turned out to be especially sensitive to strangers.

According to experts, entire ecosystems are under threat on the planet, especially isolated islands, as they form a unique balance that can collapse when species are introduced into the ecosystem from outside. For example, on the Hawaiian Islands, 26 species and subspecies of birds, or 60% of their entire fauna, became extinct. In the Mascarene Islands, out of 28 native bird species, 24, or 86%, became extinct. The main reasons for the extinction of birds on oceanic islands lie, on the one hand, in changes in their nature introduced by man, and on the other hand, in competition from new animals imported there: pigs, rats, rabbits, goats, cats, etc.

To solve a set of tasks related to the problems of biological diversity, it is required to develop criteria for assessing biodiversity, to identify and assess the level of diversity in specific ecosystems (natural-territorial complexes), to develop recommendations for the conservation and enhancement of the identified diversity, to test and implement these recommendations in production.

Under biodiversity conservation understand the system of measures aimed at preserving species composition flora and fauna as carriers of hereditary heritage, maintaining the optimal number of wild useful animals, preserving plants as productive or potentially valuable in scientific and in practical terms representatives of wildlife. These activities include:

Creation of specially protected natural territories;

Establishment of the Red Book within a state or even a planet;

Filling genetic banks and more.

Genetic bank- this is a repository of seeds, frozen tissues, germ cells of plants and animals suitable for the subsequent reproduction of living organisms - their species, varieties and breeds; especially seeds cultivated plants and their wild relatives.

An important role in the conservation of biological diversity is played by the Red Books of animals and plants.

Red Book is a list of rare and endangered species of plants and animals; an annotated list of species indicating the past and present distribution, abundance and reasons for its decline, reproduction features already adopted and necessary measures protection of living organisms.

In 1948 was created international union conservation and (IUCN, IUCN) - international non-governmental organization under UNESCO with consultative status, which in 1984 already united 502 organizations from 130 countries of the world. In 1949 a special public Commission for rare species(Species Survival Commission) / The main goal of the commission was to create a world annotated list of animals that are threatened with extinction. In order to emphasize the special significance of this cadastre, Peter Scott, who headed the commission until 1978, proposed calling it the Red Book, since red is a danger signal. Already in 1949, the IUCN began to collect information on rare animals and plants. It took 14 years for the first IUCN Red Data Book to appear in 1963. The two volumes were a summary of 211 taxa of mammals and 312 taxa of birds. They were pages fastened together like a loose-leaf calendar, each dedicated to a different species. It was assumed that the sheets would be taken out and supplemented with new ones, depending on the situation with the protection of rare animals.
In 1966-71. the second edition was published, which was already much more voluminous, and included information not only about mammals and birds, but also amphibians and reptiles. Like the first, this edition was not intended for wide circulation.
Volumes of the 3rd edition of the IUCN Red Book began to appear in 1972, and have already begun to go on sale, its circulation has been significantly increased.
The latest edition, published in 1978-80, includes 226 species and 70 subspecies of mammals, 181 species and 77 subspecies of birds, 77 species and 21 subspecies of reptiles, 35 species and 5 subspecies of amphibians, 168 species and 25 subspecies of fish. Among them, 7 restored species and subspecies of mammals, 4 - birds, 2 species of reptiles.

AT recent times new trends and approaches have appeared in the preparation of materials and the implementation of the very idea of ​​the Red Book.

Since 1981, with the participation of the World Environmental Monitoring Center (WCMC) in Cambridge (Great Britain), publications began to appear, in the title of which the IUCN Red Book was indicated. Now these were no longer flip pages, but full-fledged books summarizing information about rare species and their protection, and - for the first time - intended for commercial use, and at a very high price! Somewhat later, "Red Lists of Threatened Species" appeared (the last one - in 1996), also published under the auspices of the IUCN with the participation of more than a thousand members of the commission on rare species. The published lists are not variants of the Red Book, although they are close to it.

The Red Book of the Republic of Kazakhstan is established in accordance with the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On the Protection, Reproduction and Use of the Wildlife" and is an illustrated edition of the lists of rare and endangered species of animals and plants, containing a set of information on the state of rare and endangered species of animals and plants on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the necessary measures for their study, protection, reproduction and sustainable use. The Red Book of the Republic of Kazakhstan is at the same time integral part state cadastre of animals and flora.

Establishment of protected areas. Specially protected natural territories - plots of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health-improving values, which are withdrawn by decisions of the authorities state power in whole or in part from economic use and for which a regime of special protection has been established.

Specially Protected Natural Areas (PAs) preserve typical and unique natural landscapes, diversity of flora and fauna, contribute to the protection of natural and cultural heritage. They are under special protection.

Specially protected natural territories are objects of national heritage.

Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime of specially protected natural territories and the status of environmental institutions located on them, the following categories of these territories are distinguished:

a) state natural reserves, including biospheric ones;

b) national parks;

c) natural parks;

d) state nature reserves;

e) monuments of nature;

f) dendrological parks and botanical gardens;

g) health-improving areas and resorts.

First of all, it should be noted that each project was created with the aim of preserving natural areas from the aggressive impact of human economic activity. The differences are only in the measures to limit such interference.

Reserve- the most stringent form of territorial protection. Any human activity. The main tasks of the reserve are the preservation of untouched ecosystems and the study of natural natural processes. A visit to these complexes takes place in agreement with the curators of the zone.

national park combines two functions - environmental and recreational and educational, in connection with which it stands out different zones: from protected (completely closed) to recreational. Any national park economic activity excluded almost completely, but visiting by tourists is not limited.

Reserves are created in order to preserve individual valuable natural complexes and objects, they are limited to only some types of economic activity.

Monuments of nature are created to preserve valuable natural objects of small area (grove, gorge, nesting colony, etc.).

natural parks solve the problems of preserving natural complexes for recreational purposes.

The specially protected natural areas also include dendrological parks and botanical gardens, as well as medical and recreational areas and resorts.

1. Creation and expansion of the system of specially protected natural areas - reserves, national parks, natural reserves, monuments of nature.

2. Reconstruction of lost and deformed landscapes, natural communities, restoration of original species diversity.

3. Environmental optimization various forms nature management. The following principles should be strived for:

– refusal of monocultures or reduction of their areas; maintaining or restoring the ecological mosaic, the alternation of various natural communities;

- involvement in the economic turnover of the most productive (from the point of view of the industry) land and leaving the less productive untransformed;

– implementation of the principles and methods of complex (integrated) use of natural resources;

– preservation of traditional forms of nature management in the interests of the indigenous population.

4. Use of a system of measures to maintain and increase biodiversity and biological productivity of natural and semi-natural ecosystems:

- usage biological methods control of unwanted plant and animal species;

– breeding in captivity and semi-free conditions of wild animals;

– biotechnical (hunting and fisheries) activities;

– rational management of ecosystems and populations of wild animals.

All these measures to preserve, restore and increase biological diversity should be supported by organizational measures, including legal and economic ones:

– increasing the role and effectiveness of monitoring;

- streamlining state system protection and use of natural resources;

- liberation from unprofessionalism and departmentalism;

– gradual change of the economic paradigm of the ecological-economic one;

- the introduction of economic incentives for rational nature management to preserve "biological capital";

– development of a legal framework for the protection of endangered species and the conservation of biological diversity.

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According to this convention, biological diversity includes 3 interrelated concepts: 1) the genetic diversity of individuals of a species, which determines its viability; 2) the number of species and the ratio of the number of their individuals in natural communities, 3) the diversity of ecosystems (ecological systems) - plots of land or water with their living population, constantly exchanging substances and energy with their habitat. Animals are an important component of natural communities of living organisms in ecosystems. In 1992, in the capital of Kenya, Nairobi, was signed international convention on biological diversity, adopted by many countries, including Russia.

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Each ecosystem is characterized by a special ratio of organisms belonging to different biological species. The composition of these species and the ratio of their individuals characterize the biological diversity of the ecosystem. If several species (or even at least one species) are completely excluded from the community (or, conversely, added), this can lead to a significant, and sometimes even catastrophic change in the properties of the entire ecosystem. Rainforests and Coral reefs are classic examples of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems with exceptional high level biological diversity The composition and ratio of species of living organisms in a community (“biological diversity”) largely determine the quality of the environment natural environment. Therefore, the preservation of the composition of animal species and the number of their individuals in ecosystems is the most important environmental task.

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The destructive activity of man has led to the fact that the biodiversity of the Earth, including the diversity of animals, began to decrease rapidly. An important role in this was played by the destruction of their habitats, the predatory exploitation of natural resources, the pollution of water, air and land, the intentional or unintentional resettlement of biological species by humans in unusual places. The decline in biological diversity under human influence continues. This can lead to dangerous irreversible changes in the properties of the entire living community of the Earth and, because of this, to big changes living conditions. Preserving the diversity of life on Earth in general and the diversity of animals in particular is a necessary condition for our survival. The entry of pollutants into the air is called "emission", into the water - "discharge"

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The development of the system of biosphere reserves has three main goals: 1) to preserve natural biodiversity; 2) regularly observe natural changes in undisturbed areas of nature, so that against this background it is possible to identify changes introduced in other places by man; 3) to educate and prepare environmental specialists here in field conditions. Some reserves that preserve in their original form a typical section of a natural zone are included in international system biosphere reserves. Biosphere reserves are the standards of the most diverse natural zones of the Earth in their natural state. They are the property of all mankind. As you know, a reserve is a piece of land or water that is completely and for an unlimited time freed from economic use and from other human influences. Reserve system of Russia

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INTERNATIONAL BIOSPHERE RESERVES In the USSR and Russia, the status of international biosphere reserves was acquired by many reserves that already existed at that time. Indeed, many of the ideas of domestic scientists, which formed the basis for the creation of our nature reserves, were also aimed at creating such a network of undisturbed standards of different natural zones. Now in the world there are already several hundred biosphere reserves. Of these, 28 are located on the territory of the Russian Federation, for example: Name of the reserve Subject of the Russian Federation Natural zone Area, thousand hectares Astrakhan Astrakhan region semi-desert 68 Barguzinsky Republic of Buryatia mountain taiga 374 Voronezh Lipetsk, Voronezh region forest-steppe 31 Caucasian Krasnodar region, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Adygea. highlands, subtropical forests 280 " Kedrovaya Pad» Primorsky Krai coniferous-broadleaved forests 18 Prioksko-Terrasny Moscow region. broad-leaved, coniferous-broad-deciduous forests 5

Main questions. What factors influence the diversity of nature? What is the conservation problem natural diversity on the ground?

The problem of conservation of natural diversity on Earth. In the economic use of the Earth's natural resources, the problem of conservation arises. natural diversity. The natural diversity of planet Earth is understood as a set of representatives of the animal and plant world, natural complexes that have formed in the process of the development of life on Earth and are characteristic of each natural zone. Rice. 6.8 . Main Factors of Change in Biodiversity and Natural Complexes (determine from the diagram, what are the main factors that affect the diversity of nature in the temperate zone?. It is impossible to preserve the species diversity of representatives of plants and animals without protection their habitats. Therefore, in 1995, a special program for the conservation of natural diversity in Europe was adopted. Preservation of natural diversity makes it possible to consider any territory (of one's locality, country, natural zone) as a complex natural formation which includes flora and fauna and their habitat. Natural diversity is variety of natural conditions within a separate area. Each part of the Earth performs its function on the Earth. To assess natural diversity, the types, area and boundaries of lands that differ in conditions for the habitat of animals, plant growth, and human life are taken into account. They may be sufficient or insufficient to preserve natural diversity in a particular area.

Protected areas. In the process of economic activity, a person is not able to isolate natural components from the impact of management. Specially protected areas are organized to preserve nature: nature reserves, protected and recreational and limited protected. In accordance with their status, they are intended to preserve the natural diversity on Earth and conduct scientific research. According to international standards, the total area of ​​protected areas should be at least 8% of the area of ​​the state.

biospheric nature reserves form a global network where integrated environmental monitoring of the state of natural complexes in various natural zones of the Earth is carried out. They are natural laboratories, examples of a given territory for assessing changes in natural complexes mastered by man. The total area of ​​the largest reserves in the world is about 2% of the land area. The largest and most famous reserves are Astrakhansky, Ilmensky (Russia).

Protected and recreational natural areas include areas national parks, widespread in the world . The purpose of their organization is the protection of typical and unique natural areas, the performance of recreational functions (Yellowstone, Mammoth Cave, Sequoia, etc.). When visiting them, tourists are required to comply with the established rules of conduct.

The first national park in Belarus was Bialowieza Forest, biospheric Berezinsky. Limitedly protected areas include landscape, biological, hydrological reserves- areas of nature intended for the protection and restoration of one or more species of plants, animals, components of nature, water bodies (lakes, swamps) with limited use of other natural objects.

1. What are the functions of nature reserves, national parks? *2. Explain the problem of conservation of natural diversity. **3. Describe the natural areas of the area where you live. **4. Formulate the problem of creating protected areas of soils.