Connecting vowels at the root of the word rule. Connecting "o" and "e" in compound words. Compound words in Russian: connecting vowels
"Atbasar audanynyn bilim boliminin Atbasar kalasy
№ 1 orta mektebi "KMM
KSU " high school No. 1 of the Atbasar city of the education department
Atbasar region"
DEVELOPMENT OF A LESSON IN 6 "A" CLASS IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE ON THE TOPIC:
"Connecting O, E in compound words"
(LESSON-RESEARCH)
Prepared by: Shcherbak A.N.
teacher of Russian language
and Literature School No. 1
2016-2017 oku zhyly
Maksaty:
to form in students the skills of finding compound words, the ability to correctly write connecting vowels O and E, the ability to correctly coordinate compound words;
develop spelling vigilance, communication skills, interest in the subject;
foster a sense of friendship, collectivism.
Sabak barys:
Organizing time
Knowledge update
Creative dictation.
Replace phrases with one compound word, which would be a definition for a noun.
1 person, loving life, joy (cheerful).
2) A person who loves work (hardworking).
3) Plantations protecting fields (field protection).
4) A machine that clears roads from snow (snow plow).
5) The river on which ships go (navigable).
6) Paper sensitive to light (photosensitive).
Interview with students.
What do these words have in common?
Name the special ways of word formation known to you.
What is this way of forming words called?
- Guess what these words might be called?
III . Learning new material
1. Teacher's explanation.
Compound words name words that include two roots, for example: electric locomotive, vacuum cleaner, helicopter.
Some compound words have several roots, for example: aircraft construction.
Difficult words formed in two ways:
1) With the help of connecting vowels o or e as a result of adding the bases of the original words (steam, walk the steamer) or whole words (forty, centipede leg).
2) Without connecting vowels, for example: three-meter, five-story.
2. Revealing perception. Solve riddles. Write down the word clues.
Although he looks tempting,
but nevertheless poisonous.
People have known for a long time
Inedible (Amanita)
Boldly floats in the sky,
Overtaking birds in flight.
The man controls it.
What? (AIRPLANE)
We have a robot apartment,
He has a huge trunk
Robot loves cleanliness
And it buzzes like a TU liner.
He willingly swallows dust.
NOT sick, not sneezing. (VACUUM CLEANER)
Every day comes out in the morning
On your daily trip.
Must know all the rules
On the roads ... (PESTRIATOR)
Both on the ground and in the snow
I can track the beast
On the trail of paws and hooves.
That's what I am ... (PATHGER)
Courageously sailing on the waves
Without slowing down.
Only the car is buzzing is important
What? (STEAMBOAT)
Run morphemic parsing words. - How to explain the choice of the connecting vowel "o" in all words? A fairy tale poem will help answer this question.
How did simple words become complex?
It was a long time ago
In the Far Far Away Kingdom,
In the thirtieth state,
Near the Grammar River
Words and phrases lived and lived.
They ate, drank, had fun together,
Never been proud of anything
They did not quarrel and were not arrogant:
They were called simple words.
But one day at the Grammar River
Strange people appeared
Letters O yes E - escaped from the alphabet,
They began to whisper words angrily:
"Oh, you simpletons and simpletons
Open your eyes, clean your ears!
Let's say no offense
You look very simple!
You have a reputation for simpletons.
It's out of fashion now
Indecent, ignoble!"
And by the Grammar River
Simple words rioted.
"We don't want to be mere words,
Let everyone take off their hats in front of us,
We are greeted from afar
All fans of the Russian language!
We want to be complex words!
Is such a transformation possible?
Just one wish is not enough!
How to do it? The letter O suggested:
"Come together, sort out in pairs,
Don't waste your time."
The bird flew to the word to catch,
The moon rolled to the word walk,
Water flowed to the word to fall.
But they need to be connected somehow!
Split into two halves
Without a fastening golden middle.
Troublemakers O and E
Decided to help words in trouble:
"We will be between consonants
Connecting vowels!
True, O was a little lazy,
Didn't take much for myself.
After firm consonants, I decided to become.
And the letter E, loving your girlfriend,
She agreed to take over the rest.
After soft consonants, hissing and C
In complex words, let there always be E!
And after hard let it be O -
No one will confuse them
How to explain the choice of the connecting vowel "o" in all words?
Try to formulate a rule for writing connecting vowels O and E in compound words.
IV. Consolidation of the studied material.
3. Work with the textbook. Reading the rule.
4. Work in groups (rows)
A) Choose compound words denoting:
Group 1 - household items (vacuum cleaner, samovar, fire extinguisher,
mousetrap, vegetable cutter, meat grinder, washstand, fly swatter)
Group 2 - traits that characterize a person (industriousness, good nature, couch potato,
sweet tooth, water drinker, curiosity, love of life, idler,
book lover, arrogance, hypocrisy, conscientiousness)
3rd group - natural phenomena (starfall, leaf fall, waterfall, snowfall, ice,
sun, earthquake, full moon, dry wind, ice drift)
B) Write text. Underline difficult words in the text
At the School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, Harry Potter and his classmates studied herbalism, potions and other subjects. Hermione read in Strong Poisons that for the Polyjuice Potion, algae are harvested on a full moon, lacewings insist for three weeks.
C) Write in two columns, the first - representatives of the fauna, the second -
flora representatives.
Petrel , yarrow,rhinoceros , ant-eater , adonis,platypus , tumbleweed, coltsfoot,shrew , wolfhound , Ivan-tea, tryn-grass,wagtail.
D) Write down the proposal and do the analysis.
Our airplane after many hours 2 flight committed landing in Sydney airport 4 . (Narrative, non-exclamation, simple, two-part, distribution)
D) Independent work (multi-level tasks )
1 level
Remember and write down literary heroes, whose names are formed with
compound nouns.
2nd level.
Compose and write down compound words with the stem: bread, snow, leaf, forest.
3rd level.
Think of 2 words with connecting vowels -o-, -e-. Make up and write sentences with these words.
V . Summary of the lesson.
What was the purpose of the lesson? Have we achieved it? Reproduce the rule according to the algorithm.
What did you like about the lesson? What was difficult?
Reflection. Self-assessment by students of activities in the lesson.
I thank you for your work in class. Have you guessed why I used this word today? To give thanks - to give goodness, kindness. Let's do good and give good to each other!
Homework : write an essay-miniature on the topic "Sport",
using compound words.
Great spelling difficulty is caused by vowels, which are called connecting. "O" and "e" in compound words are often overlooked, as a result of which mistakes are made. It is noteworthy that there are no other letters connecting the two stems.
Definition
If a word consists of two or more bases, it will be called complex. For example, agricultural Agriculture), meat and dairy (meat and milk), scientific and technical (science and technology), chronicler (writing chronicles).
Compound words in Russian appeared on present stage development in a period of abundance of information, because it allows you to fit several concepts in one word.
Phenomena when more than two roots are used in the formation of a compound word are quite rare. For example, cycling.
Education and spellings
Compound words can be formed different ways. This will depend on their spelling. Let's analyze the most popular:
They write complex words in Russian together or with a hyphen: haymaking, railway, evergreen, boarding school, dynamo, cape. The use of one or another method depends on the formation of a particular word.
Words with a connective "o"
Let's analyze when the connecting "o", "e" are used in compound words. Examples of when it is necessary to write "about" are as follows:
- railway;
- factory;
- forest-steppe;
- national liberation;
- reinforced concrete.
In all these words, the first stem ends in a solid consonant, which is why the use of the connective "o" is required.
Words with a connective "e"
Now you should parse compound words with a connecting vowel e. Examples are:
- Old Russian;
- a pedestrian;
- vegetable store;
- birder;
- leatherworker;
- cook;
- hostel;
- traveler;
- windbreak;
- rain gauge.
All these words are united by the fact that the first stem ends in a soft consonant (rain gauge, Old Russian), in a hissing (dormitory, pedestrian, cook) or in "ts" (bird catcher). Therefore, in such words, the connecting "e" should be written.
Base Options
Sometimes the connecting "o" and "e" are not used in compound words: they are replaced by parts of derived stems. Let's take a look at such cases. 
When a connecting vowel is not needed
There are many cases in Russian when the connecting "o" and "e" in compound words are completely unnecessary. This happens in the following cases:
Spelling compound words
The connecting "o" and "e" in compound words can be used both when they are written together, and when they are hyphenated. Consider the use of a hyphen.
Compound words can be formed with the help of subordination. If they are formed by the first case, they will be written with a hyphen. In other words, the union "and" can be easily put between the parts. Let's look at examples, for this you need to compose complex words: sofa and bed - sofa bed; scientific and technical - scientific and technical; Russian and English - Russian-English; factory and plant - factory; meat and milk - meat and milk; military medical - military and medical and others.
Compound words (nouns and adjectives) with the meaning of the cardinal points: Western European, Southeast, Northeast. 
Words that convey shades of colors: raspberry-gold, gray-brown-brown, light green, purple-blue.
If the word is formed from its own name: Leo Tolstoy style, Walter Scott ideas, New York Stock Exchange. The exception is geographical names formed from the phrase noun and adjective: Velikie Luki - Velikie Luki, Sergiev Posad - Segrievo Posad, Staraya Rus - Old Russian.
Words - scientific and technical terms: dynamo, vacuum dryer, diesel electrode, stop valve, filter press.
Words - designations political parties and currents: vice-mayor, liberal democratic, social democrat, national socialist.
A word that has a value judgment in the first part: unfortunate wife, shirt-guy, sweetheart-daughter, good boy-son.
If the first generating basis is the designation of some latin letter: alpha male, beta-carotene, gamma radiation.
It is necessary to write together complex words formed with the help of a subordinate connection: timber processing (processing timber), Staromoskovsky (old Moscow), chronicler (writing a chronicle), dairy processing (processing milk), logging (logging).
At the beginning of foreign words, if pronounced yo , is written yo , For example: yoga, iodine, yogurt, yeoman, yorkshire, not one iota(but: ion, Jordanian- with separate pronunciation of initial vowels).
IX. Spelling compound words
§ 41. Connecting vowels o and e
In compound words, a connecting vowel is written after the stem to a solid consonant. about , after the stem into a soft consonant, into a hissing and c - connecting vowel e . For example: homebody, kozheed, bird-catcher, False Dmitry I.
In some cases, the final soft consonant in, n, r, t the first stem is pronounced firmly and after it a connecting vowel is written about (in parallel with these words, those are also used in which, according to the rule, it is written e ). For example: long-range - long-range, quarry - stone crusher, horse thief - horse breeder, bone carver - bone crusher, bloodthirsty - bloody, chanting - songwriting. Wed different educations after foundation on c : trapezium - trapezoid - trapezoid - trapezohedron(not all of these formations have two stems in Russian).
§ 42. Compound words without a connecting vowel
It is necessary to distinguish between compound words with connecting vowels and compound words without a connecting vowel. Wed: psychotherapy(psycho + therapy) – psychasthenia(psycho + asthenia).
In some compound words, the first part is the word in its initial form, for example: reckoning, pastime; cotyledon, seed stalk, ovule(cf.: seed farming, seed storage- with a connecting vowel).
Without a connecting vowel, terms like nitrogen-fixing, forward looking, oxygenated etc.
The letter is saved a at the end of the element air (short for aviation), which forms the first part of compound words like airbase, airborne, airmail, air unit etc.
With a case ending in the first part, words arising from phrases are formed crazy, insane etc.
In the form of the genitive case without a connecting vowel, numerals are part of compound words, for example: three-meter, five-time, seven-year. Exceptions are numerals one, ninety, one hundred and one thousand, For example: one-year-old, ninety-year-old, hundred-fold, thousand-ton. numeral fourty in compound words it is used in two forms: without a connecting vowel ( forty days) and with a connecting vowel ( magpie, centipede- not in direct meaning accounts).
It is necessary to distinguish between compound words and words in which two stems are not distinguished in Russian. Wed: gas pipeline - gasification, electrician - electrification.
Note 1. On a common basis, foreign prefixes are written together anti-, archi-, hyper-, inter-, infra-, counter-, post-, sub-, super-, trans-, ultra-, extra- and others, for example: anti-people(but: Anti-dühring- in function own name), archiplut, hypersound, international, infrared, counterproposal(but: rear admiral, where the first part has a different meaning), post-impressionism(preserving the initial root and ), post-romanticism(cf. the continuous spelling of the same prefix in words of foreign origin that are indivisible into morphemes: postscript, post factum etc.), dust jacket, subtropics, trans-siberian, ultrasound, trendy, extraordinary(but: extra mail, extra class before the noun).
Note 2. The initial components are written together quasi-, pseudo-, pan- , For example: quasi-scientific, pseudo-classical, pan-German(but: quasi-Pushkin, pan-Europe etc. - before proper names
As auxiliary morphemes, connecting vowels (interfixes) o/e are distinguished only in the derived stems of compound words. This property sharply delimits them from suffixes and prefixes, which can be both in complex and in simple words. Unlike suffixes and prefixes, which can be both derivational and formative affixes, the connecting vowels o/e are specifically derivational morphemes. Unlike suffixes and prefixes, which always (if they are regular) have a certain lexical and grammatical meaning, the connecting vowels o! In their semantics (completely independent, in contrast to the meaning of suffixes and prefixes from forming stems), connecting vowels o / e are similar to connecting unions.
In some cases, the connecting vowels o / e acquire the character of semantically empty sounds that appear in the word only
for phonetic reasons. So, if in the words reinforced concrete, fisherman, dried fruits, the connecting vowel o is a connective morpheme due to certain rules word formation (the addition of full stems and words is carried out, as a rule, with the help of connecting vowels), then in the word technoruk it, from a word-formation point of view, is an illegal phenomenon (because the addition of abbreviated stems is carried out without the help of connecting vowels o / e; cf .: political instructor, military instructor, physical education teacher) and does not matter. The sound o here is only a means of avoiding the unpronounceable confluence of consonants (technologist - technologist).
Connecting vowels o / e most often act as phonetically determined options: if the first basis of addition ends in a paired solid consonant, then o acts as a connecting vowel (mortar mixer, water carrier, etc.); if the first basis of addition ends in a soft consonant, in a hard hissing or c, then the connecting vowel e is used (navigator, pedestrian, sheep breeder, etc.). The appearance of e after the hard sibilants and ts is historically justified: the hissing zh, sh and ts were soft in the Old Russian language and hardened only in the 14th-15th centuries, when the noted word-formation rule for the use of o/e was already a strong tradition.
However, in a number of compound words, the first stem of which ends in a soft consonant n, r, t or v, in place of the expected e there is an “illegal” o: hitching post, trapper, animal-like, stonecutter, quarry, ambition, lust for power, carnivore, carnivorous, blood circulation, bloodsucker, bloodthirsty, chant, fabulist, etc. Next to this kind of words there are also words where, after the same first stem, the connecting vowel e naturally appears: horse breeder, stud farm, stone processing, stone-cutting, bone-crushing, blood, song-making, etc. e. All these words are much later formations than the words related to them in the first stem with the connecting vowel o.
The undivided dominance of the word-formation model with o/e in the production of compound words is evidenced primarily by the multiplicity and variety of types of additions with o/e compared with additions without a connecting vowel. Almost all neoplasms of a complex nature that appeared in recent times(both among nouns and among adjectives; in the sphere of the verb, the method of addition is not observed), are words with connecting vowels o/e.
Connecting vowels o / e must be clearly distinguished from phenomena that outwardly resemble them. So, the words little-used, wild-growing, following, etc., arising with the help of the lexico-syntactic method of word formation (see § 31 about it), do not contain connecting vowels: o / e in them are adverbial suffixes (o - word-forming, e - shaping). In the words car factory, bicycle race, auto-regulator, weather report o is the same integral part of the abbreviated bases (automobile, bicycle, automatic, meteorological) as the consonants f, t, p in the words trade union, party activist, salary. Phonetically, the connecting vowels o/e are characterized by unstressedness. In compound words, stress is always observed on root morphemes (vacuum cleaner, plumbing, frost-resistant, mechanical engineering, etc.).
Connecting vowels o/e as meaningful parts of a word can, of course, be singled out only if the analyzed word is recognized as a complex one. If the word has gone through the process of simplification or re-decomposition, then there are no connective morphemes in it. So, connecting vowels in the words pandemonium are no longer distinguished as significant morphemes (it arose by way of an ellipsis on the basis of phraseological turnover Babel), porcupine (adding wild and image), horizons (adding circle and zor - from seeing), psychologist, library, etc. There is no connecting vowel in some compound words that have experienced the process of dropping one of the syllables, for example: tabakur, standard bearer ( originally tobacco smoker, standard-bearer).