The invasion of German troops into the territory of the USSR. Background and preparation of the attack. Number of troops to implement the plan

After posting information about this topic in some forums, an interesting discussion of the problem under consideration arose on them. In particular, many opinions were expressed at VIF-RJ. This included the following message:

From: Correct VI forum, 17.03 15:35
In response to: Re: So what time did the Germans attack on 06/22/41? - Zakoretsky

Everything has already been discussed in this thread: http://vif2ne.ru:2003/nvk/forum/archive/1135/1135829.htm

K. Zakoretsky. If you decide to post part 3 "What time did the Germans attack" on Z-History using materials from the VIF2NE forum, please make a corresponding link.

First, I do. Secondly, I would like to note that I did not create messages on this topic on the VIF2NE forum. And I was pleased to learn that VIF2NE was also carried away by the problem of time. However, after reading most of the opinions there, I do not agree with what is there" ALREADY EVERYTHING discussed". Such a categorical statement arose due to the fact that one of the participants provided a link to a German site, which contains a list of periods when summer time was introduced in Germany:

a) DST, Universal Time + 2 hours:

Clocks were advanced one hour with respect to CET: (Periods where 1 hour was added)

1919 to 1939: No DST (There was no summer time).

Abbreviations:

UT: Universal Time ("Greenwich-Time")
DST: Daylight Saving Time
CET= UT + 1 h: Central European Time
CEST= UT + 2 h: Central European Summer Time
CEMT = UT + 3 h: Central European Midsummer Time

And this is the explanation:

Madame and Monsieur

>From 2:00 04/01/1940 to 3:00 02/11/1942
That is, 2 am on April 1, 1940 became 3 am (GMT+1 became GMT+2),
On November 2, 1942, everything returned to its place again (GMT + 2 => GMT + 1).
The difference with Moscow during this period was 1 ("maternity leave") hour (GMT + 3),
and during "Uranus" - already 2 hours.

>Thus. during the Battle of Kursk and Operation Typhoon, Berlin time differed from Moscow time by 1 hour. And on June 22, 1941, the difference was also 1 hour. The Germans write that they started the war at 3 o'clock, and according to Soviet data, this happened at 4 o'clock.

If I correctly understood all your data, and if our "maternity leave" time then stood unshakably "like a rock", then it should be so.

Happiness is when you have everything at home (not mine), Andrei.

So, is everything settled?
Was it daylight saving time in Germany in June 1941?
And because the difference with Moscow was 1 hour?
And everything fits? And the topic can be closed?

Perhaps ... But it looks somehow strange that in the winters of 1940-1941 and 1941-1942 the Germans lived according to summer time! And secondly, there is one more remark: it is known that the Germans on the morning of June 22, 1941 started the war at 3-00 "FROM DAWN"! But this event can be checked. And if it turns out that on the western border of the USSR, according to German summer time, sunrise began at about 3-00, and according to Soviet decree time, respectively, around 4-00, then everything really converges and the topic can be closed. You can check this, for example, using the same astronomical shareware program SKYGLOBE 3.6.

Here the green horizontal line is the horizon.
Letter " N" is the direction to the north.
Letters " NE"Northeast.
Letter " E" - East (" East"- 90 degrees from the north direction).
Yellow Circle of the Sun (" SUN") coincides with the direction to the northeast (" NE").
To the left below the horizon is the star "Castor", to the right and above are the positions of the planets of Jupiter ( JUP), Uranus ( URA), Saturn ( SAT), moons ( MO), as well as some stars, for example, Aldebaran.
Although, of course, they were no longer really visible, since they were overshadowed by the light of the Sun rising from behind the horizon.

But what is this time (3-43)?
Belt GMT+1? Or summer for this belt GMT + 1 + 1?

In order to understand, it would first be useful to familiarize yourself with the general theory of sunrise on June 22 within any time zone at different latitudes. The fact is that the Earth is round and has been rotating at almost the same speed for many thousands of years. And the meanings of these movements are not secret. For example, you can make calculations for the Greenwich meridian (0 degrees of longitude), starting from the equator. The results can be summarized in the following table:

Sunrise on June 22 according to the latitudes of the northern hemisphere of the Earth (values ​​+ - a few minutes)

What time are the values? In the waist or summer?

This can be checked against known data for known coordinates.
For example, in Kyiv ( 50 deg. 25 min. north latitude, 30 deg. 32 min. east longitude) June 22, 2006 the Sun should rise in 4-46 summer time (or 3-46 , respectively, standard time).

But how to link its coordinates with the created table?

In terms of latitude, this is simple - we take a line for latitude 50-00.
And it remains to be determined what Kyiv is closer to - to the borders of the belt or to its middle (for GMT + 2).
This can be done according to the rule:

The Greenwich meridian is the middle of the zero time zone (GMT). After 7 deg. 30 min. to the east is its eastern border. Further, after 15 degrees, the boundaries of other belts are located. Well, the middle between the two borders is the middle of the time zone.

So: 0 deg. + 7.5 (Eastern GMT) + 15 (GMT+1) + 7.5 (half GMT+2) = 30 degrees.
Those. meridian 30 degrees east longitude is the middle of the 2nd time zone.
Those. Kyiv is practically located on it.
And we find in the table the value of sunrise for the middle of the belt in the line for 50-00: 3-45 , which practically converged with the time indicated in the tear-off calendar (plus 1 hour for the summer).
CONCLUSION: in the created table, the time of sunrise for different latitudes is indicated WARNING.

And you can see that the time of sunrise at the borders of any time zone differs from the middle by 30 minutes, which agrees with the theory: through each time zone, the time should change by 1 hour (and from the middle - by half an hour, i.e. by 30 minutes).

And another conclusion: the closer to the Equator, the later the Sun rises, and the closer to the North Pole, the earlier. And starting from a certain latitude (66 degrees 33 minutes - "Arctic Circle"), the Sun does not set beyond the horizon at all in summer.

TSB, 3rd ed., Volume 20:

POLAR CIRCLE, the earth's parallel, 66 ° 33 "from the equator" (the angle of inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of the ecliptic). P. k. On the day of the summer solstice (June 21 or 22) to the N. from N. P. k. The sun does not set, and on the day of the winter solstice (December 21 or 22) it does not rise. -ryh the Sun does not fall below the horizon or rise above it, it increases as it approaches the pole, where day and night last for half a year (polar day and polar night).A similar phenomenon is observed in the southern hemisphere of the Earth. Light refraction complicates this somewhat a phenomenon that increases the length of the polar day at the expense of the night and increases the number of days with the sun not setting.

We return to Berlin: its latitude is 52 degrees. 32 min. Longitude - 13 degrees. 25 min.
In longitude, this is approximately the middle of the time zone:
0 deg. + 7.5 (east GMT) + 7.5 (half GMT+1) = 15 degrees.
We find in the table rows of 50 and 55 degrees. and in the cells in the middle of the belt we read: 3-45 and 3-17.
Those. in Berlin, the time of sunrise according to standard time can be estimated as 3-35 (but this is 2 degrees east). The program shows the time - 3-43. error - 8 minutes (quite acceptable). The main thing is that one hour is shown - 3 .

So, in Berlin, standard time on June 22, the sun rises at 3-43,
and if they introduced summer time, then at 4-43.
And on the eastern border of this time zone (near Brest), it should rise 30 minutes earlier
(i.e. at 3-10).

It remains to find out in what latitudes the Germans advanced on 06/22/41.
As the map shows, they advanced in the geographic zone from 49 degrees. up to 55 deg. northern latitude:
(Hereinafter, information from the "ATLAS OF THE WORLD", Moscow, "State Geodesy of the USSR", 1991)

More information from Athalas, from the map of time zones on page 14:

Mid GMT: Paris, London.
Mid GMT+1: Berlin, Rome.
Eastern border GMT+1: Western border of the USSR.
Western border GMT+2: Western border of the USSR.
Mid GMT+2: Leningrad, Kyiv, Ankara, Cairo.
Eastern border of GMT+2: Moscow, Murmansk.
Mid GMT+3: Volgograd, Tbilisi.

Thus, in the German offensive zone on June 22, 1941, the Sun should have risen Berlin standard time at 2-47 - 3-20 . (Or in 3-47 - 4-20 according to summer, if any).

Those. roundly, dawn on the border of the USSR with Germany on June 22, 1941, according to the German clock, should have either 3 hours (zone time) or in 4 (according to summer, if there was one).

Accordingly, from the Soviet side, the clock had to show or 4 waist or 5 according to summer ("maternity").

DAY TIME standard time plus one hour; unlike summer time, this excess is constant throughout the year. Introduced by a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of June 16, 1930 with the aim of more rational use of the daylight hours (cancelled in February 1991). In Russia, standard time was again adopted in October 1991. Thus, the time of this time zone in Russia differs from universal time by the time zone number (in hours) plus one hour (in summer period- additional hour).

Here comes the problem:

If the Germans attacked at 3-00 in the summer, then this is 2-00 in the waist. And there is still 1 hour left before dawn in the Brest region. Those. the Germans would have to use searchlights, car headlights, flashlights, lighting bombs, mines, rocket launchers, tracer bullets. But in this case, in all memoirs, all this light-pandemonium should clearly be.
But she is not. For everyone writes that the war has begun " WITH DAWN".

But according to geo-astronomical data, dawn on June 22 at 2-00 on the eastern border of the belts in standard time (or at 3-00 in summer time) occurs only in latitudes of at least 60-00 degrees north latitude ( Leningrad, Helsinki, Oslo, Magadan, Stockholm a little to the south - 59 degrees).
And at 2-00 in the middle of the time zone, the Sun rises even further north - at 62-00 degrees [this is just the latitude of the upper reaches (from where it flows) of the Kolyma, and the capitals of Karelia (Petrozavodsk) and Komi (Syktyvkar) a little to the south].
Well, almost all of Great Britain to the south is not only 62-00, but also 60-00.

And SKYGLOBE 3.6 persistently shows...

Or maybe this whole program is lying?
Can it be checked?

For example, it is known that on March 22 the day is equal to the night. Those. sunrise in the middle of any time zone should begin at 6-00 standard time (summer time is not yet used at this time!) Or at 7-00 maternity time, if it was used (as it is now in Russia or as in 1941 in the USSR). And, accordingly, on the western border - in 6-30 waist or in 7-30 by summer.

For control in SKYGLOBE 3.6 we take the coordinates of Moscow for 06/22/41 and shift them to Brest, setting the position of the Sun on the horizon. We get 7-28 :

CONVERSING!

Similarly, according to Berlin time for Brest (Berlin is in the middle of GMT + 1, and in Brest the sunrise should be 30 minutes earlier, i.e. somewhere around 5-30):

CONVERSING!

Well, in Berlin itself, the sunrise should be around 6-00:

CONVERSING!

Yes, that means SKYGLOBE 3.6 not lying?

We reveal tear-off calendar for Kyiv for March 22 (also the middle of the time zone and should be approximately 6-00). Reading: "Sunrise - 5:57"

CONVERSING!

We open the memoirs of Marshal G.K. Zhukov, "MEMORY AND REFLECTIONS", 7th edition, 1986, volume 2, p. 8-9:
=====

Sorry, at 3-30 to dry the dew near Rivne on June 22 The sun can only German standard time! And nothing else! No summer time! By daylight saving time, this means 2-30 UTC. And according to the belt at 2-30 on June 22, the Sun can dry the dew only near Leningrad or Helsinki ...

Oh-oh! What a mess though!
By the way, if the Germans attacked at 3-00 summer time, can this be compared with someone else who attacked the USSR with them? (And when did they attack?)
For example, when did the Romanians start the war? Got data?

There is one site CORNER OF THE SKY"(Aviation Encyclopedia), where the article by A. Gulyas is posted -
The first days of the war (June 22, 1941)

And it provides information about the combat work of Soviet pilots on 06/22/41 in the zone of the Odessa Military District. In particular:
======================
Events unfolded in a completely different way in the zone of the Odessa Military District. The enemy attacked 11 airfields; but almost everywhere he received a decisive rebuff and suffered losses. Major Rudakov's 67th IAP achieved the greatest success. ..... At 4am The regiment was put on alert. Soon towards airfield Bulgaria a scout appeared. L-t Yermak took off from the interception and shot him down in two bursts. Some time later, 9 (according to other sources - 10) bombers appeared over the airfield. A group of Lieutenant A. Moklyak rose to meet them on I-16 fighters. ....

Having suffered two failures in a row and making sure that Bulgaria - tough nut to crack, the German command launched a massive raid, which involved about 50 bombers and 30 fighters. The bombers came in waves at intervals of 2-3 minutes. Each nine was covered by six Bf-109s. The entire regiment entered the battle with them - fifty I-16s. Divided into groups, our pilots attacked the bombers and their cover at the same time. The enemy formation was immediately broken. 5 bombers and 2 fighters were shot down. In this fight, Alexander Moklyak showed himself brilliantly. With well-aimed fire, he shot down two He-111s (according to other sources - S.M.81), and the third rammed and died in the process. All this happened between 5 and 6 am. So at the end of the second hour of the war A. Moklyak became the leader among Soviet pilots in terms of the number of victories. ....

Failure befell the enemy and during a raid on Grosulovo airfield. At 5 o'clock 10 minutes three nine Ju-88s under the cover of nine Bf-109s tried to bombard the SB and Pe-2 parking lots. The first group of attackers missed, and the second was prevented by Afanasy Karmanov. In the Grosulovo area, he happened to be driving the MiG-3 from the field camp to main airport in Chisinau. Captain A. Karmanov was not embarrassed by the multiple superiority of the enemy. He immediately shot down one "Junkers" and scattered the rest. However, all nine cover fighters immediately fell on him. ... To survive with the aircraft is a skill. .... A. Karmanov's plane resembled a sieve, but landed at its airfield, but one of the Messerschmitts was burning down in the vicinity of Grosulovo. AT 4th IAP other pilots also distinguished themselves. A.I. Pokryshkin writes that over Grigoriopol, Tiraspol and Chisinau the pilots of the regiment shot down about 20 enemy aircraft.

55th IAP under the command of Mr. V.P. Ivanov was based in Balti. In April, as at many airfields on the western border, they began to build a concrete runway there, and three squadrons of the regiment flew over to Lighthouses. One of the experienced pilots was Art. L-t A.I. Pokryshkin. The war caught his link at the airport in Grigoriopol. He returned to Mayaki after the first enemy raids. Based in Balti The 1st squadron of Mr. F. Atrashkevich turned out to be understaffed - in addition to the Pokryshkin link, there was no Figichev link, which was patrolling at the very border near Ungheni. F.Atrashkevich was also summoned there. In Chisinau the commander of the third link K. Seliverstov was at the headquarters. The remaining 5 ordinary pilots, led by flight commander Mironov and squadron adjutant Ovchinnikov, did everything to repel a raid by a large group of bombers under the cover of Messerschmitts (more than 20 He-111 and 18 Bf-109). But the forces were unequal, and it was not possible to prevent the raid. 2 people died at the airport fuel depot burned down three MiGs damaged. .... F.Atrashkevich especially distinguished himself by shooting down the "Messerschmitt" of the group commander - a major with an Iron Cross. Only the lack of accurate information about the location of the headquarters of the 27th fighter squadron (JG-27) does not allow us to state with full confidence that the downed major was the commander of JG-27 Wolfgang Schelmann ...

Along with the above 4th IAP over Chisinau pilots fought 69th IAP, where the deputy The commander of the regiment was one of the most famous Soviet aces in Spain, Lev Shestakov. The regiment was part of the 21st SAD and based near Odessa. On the first day of the war, he suffered no losses, and Major L. Shestakov and Mr. Astashkin shot down 3 aircraft: 2 Ju-88s were destroyed over Chisinau, and Astashkin shot down a Do-215 on the outskirts of the airfield, scoring his second victory.

Moses Stepanovich Tokarev started the war in the 131st IAP. June 22, patrolling at the head of nine I-16 near Tiraspol, he met a group of 20 Ju-88s, covered by 12 Bf-109s. ....

The combat account of the pilots of the Black Sea Fleet was opened by ml. Lt. M.S. Maksimov. Early in the morning of June 22, the 96th squadron, consisting of 16 I-153 and I-16 under the command of A.I. Korobitsyn on the outskirts of Ishmael met 12 Romanian bombers . Our pilots shot down 5 planes. In addition to M.S. Maksimov, personal victories were won by Senior Lt. A.P. Borisov, Dr. A.I. Korobitsyn. Two planes were shot down by B.V. Maslov and A.A. Malinovsky.
==============

It turns out that SIMULTANEOUSLY (and why delay?) hostilities also began in the south of the Soviet western border, which at that time passed between the USSR and ROMANIA! And it turns out that along with the German planes, the Romanian planes also began to cross the Soviet garrison. More precisely, not only SIMULTANEOUSLY with the German planes in the PribOVO, ZapOVO and KievOVO zones, but German planes also took off from Romanian airfields in the direction of Moldova. AND TOGETHER with them, Romanian planes went into battle. This is evidenced by the remark that a plane was shot down over the Soviet airfield in Bulgaria. S.M.81- Whose production is this? German? Which troops were armed with such aircraft? Romanian? And when describing the battles over Ishmael, this article directly refers to Romanian airplanes.

So, one must assume, SIMULTANEOUSLY with the Germans, Romanian planes also flew into battle.
At what time, you might ask?

It turns out you can...
By the way, if the Germans attacked in 3-00 supposedly summer time, then it must be assumed that in Romania, located in the same time zone, summer time should also show the same 3-00 . Is it logical?
But if the Germans attacked at 3-00 waist, then if summer time was used in Romania, then the Romanians should have started at 4-00. And if they didn’t use it, then like the Germans at 3-00.

All this can be clarified on another site: Kharina V.V. "World War II Aviators", and on it in the article by M. Zhirokhov with the participation of A. Stratulat (Moldova) - Romanian squadrons in the sky of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, June 22, 1941

In the introduction, the authors note that " the actions of the Romanian Air Force during the Second World War represent a little-studied piece of the history of air warfare"and they wanted in this article" analyze the actions of the Romanian aviation on the first day of the war". As for the start time, the information there is as follows:
========
On the night of June 21-22, 1941, in all Romanian aviation formations at the front, the commanders gathered the pilots and read out to them the message of the State Undersecretary of Aviation, Gheorghe Zhienescu. At the end of this message, the following was said: "Young flyers! Buchums are trumpeting and their echo is heard in the forests, the sky rumbles in the song of engines, to arms, to the helm, forward with God!" At dawn on June 22 For the Romanian Royal Air Force, the Second World War began.

Basic strike force Romania had an air combat group, under the command of squadron general Constantin Chelereanu, a large aviation formation that included 2 bomber fleets (11 bomber squadrons - He-111, S.M.-79, Loos, Potez 63, Bloch 210, IAR-37), .....

The Red Army concentrated significant air force forces in Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. In Bessarabia, at the Bolgrad airfield, there were 67 IAPs, and at the airfields Bulgarica-Ialoveni there were 68 and 82 air regiments. In Chisinau there was 20 SAD, which included 55 IAP (Balti airfield), 45 BAP (Tiraspol airfield) and 2 parachute regiments. In Bukovina, at the airfields near the city of Chernivtsi, there were 87, 187 and 149 IAPs. Also in this area were 86 BAP, 224 PBB and 4 parachute regiments. In total, the Red Army had at its disposal in Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and Transnistria 840 bombers and 960 fighters. This can add 240 reconnaissance aircraft and approximately 2,500 paratroopers.

"Ardyalul" at 4.00

The General Staff of the Combat Air Group received from General Ramiro Enescu, Chief of the General Staff of the Air Force, a message with the following content: " fighting our aviation Eastern Front, developed jointly with the German command, will begin at dawn on June 22 1941 Directive no. 34. The operation must be organized in such a way that so that all bombers and scouts at the same time, with the call sign "Ardyalul", crossed the border at 4 o'clock in the morning. Fighter aircraft will be on alert at dawn to provide air cover. I wish you success and it is also necessary to contact the IVth Army regarding the conduct of aerial reconnaissance, which should be carried out, taking into account the border crossing of the Air Combat Group and according to the plan and instructions of the German Army Air Command. I expect an operational report tomorrow, more precisely this morning, after the completion of the first task." General Constantin Chelereanu immediately replied: "The air combat group is ready and able to carry out directive No. 34".

First wave

Airfield Ziliste-Buzau, 0 hours 5 minutes.

“A terrible roar broke the silence of the night, and the walls of the hangars shook so that it seemed they were about to collapse,” recalled Lieutenant Mircea Nicolau. All 200 German bombers He-111 4th German Fleet and 27th Flotilla under the command of General Boelcke took off and headed east. There was an indescribable noise, a fantastic performance that cannot be forgotten. After the German planes took off, at 12.30[those. at 0-30 - zhistory], and we began to prepare ... "

3 hours 50 minutes.

The 5th bomber group, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Paul Landmann, from 17 He-111H3 aircraft of the 78th, 79th and 80th squadrons took off to bombard airfields in the area of ​​Chisinau and Tiraspol, the station and the railway siding. Each aircraft carried 4 250 kg and 16 50 kg bombs. Accompanied by 27 He-112 and Bf-109E fighters of the 5th and 7th Fighter Groups, at 4 o'clock in the morning the Romanian He-111H3 bombers crossed the Prut. The aircraft, tail number 21, with a crew of Lieutenant Mircea Nicolau - crew commander, junior lieutenant Ion Pedureanu and lieutenant Sorin Tulia - gunner (since he was appointed on duty, he could not fly, but volunteered), was the first Romanian aircraft , who dropped bombs on the Tiraspol airfield, where the planes of the 45th BAP were based. “Tiraspol appeared in the distance,” recalled Lieutenant Sorin Tulya. Airfield facilities, warehouses and hangars were visible. We dropped half of the bombs, avoiding hits in the strip, which we planned to use soon. We headed towards Chisinau and, from a height of 500 meters, struck at the railway siding, on which there were trains with ammunition and troops. The blast wave was so powerful that the plane was thrown up. At 5.20 we landed ". Bombs dropped by Romanian aircraft destroyed 12 Soviet aircraft on the ground.

Pogoanele Buzau airfield.

At 2.45 the engines of the S.M.-79 bombers are launched 1st bomber group. The first plane to take off is No. 5 of the 71st Squadron (call sign Mihai), which is controlled by the group commander himself, Lieutenant Commander Komsha Liviu. Due to soft ground, plane no. 13, but the crew was not injured. After a twenty minute delay, planes take off No. 72 Squadron (callsign Romeo). Due to the sudden shutdown of the left engine, aircraft no. 12 forced to return. The frustrated chief adjutant pilot Ioan Kirya could not restrain himself and began to cry. The remaining 9 bombers crossed the Prut at 4.03 , heading for enemy airfields in Bolgrad and Bulgarica. Above the target, they were attacked by Soviet I-16s and a heated battle ensued over the airfield. The crew of Captain Constantin Stoenescu shot down 2 I-16 fighters in this battle ....

Of the four aircraft of the 72nd Squadron (Romeo) that took off, only three bombed the airfield in Bulgarica: at 4.45 , when the planes were heading towards Bolgrad, the formation was attacked by several I-16s. ....

The bombers of the 1st bomber group landed between 0505 and 0530. Of the 9 aircraft participating in this raid, 2 were lost, as well as 10 flight personnel.

Fighter actions

Ramnicu Sarat airfield, 3 hours 35 minutes.

Non-112 fighters of the 51st squadron under the command of the squadron captain Virgil Trandafirescu take off to attack the Izmail Karaklia airfield. Above the target, the leader ordered by radio to attack the airfield from south to north, where you could see the formation of Soviet aircraft . Some I-16s began to fly across the airfield, but were attacked by the trailing pair of Non-112s. Junior Lieutenant Teodor Moscu, diving on the I-16s taking off, shot down one Soviet fighter and announced two more shot down in the ensuing dogfight. His aircraft was seriously damaged and Moscu was forced to withdraw from the battle. He landed at Rimniku Sarat at 4.50 . Led by Moscu, adjutant Pavel Konstantin, confirmed two and one probable victory of his leader ....

18 IAR-80 aircraft of the 8th Fighter Group took off at 3.45 to cover the S.M.-79 bombers of the 72nd squadron. ....

To cover the He-111 group, sent to bomb the airfield near Chisinau, a Bf-109E link was allocated, led by Captain Alexandru Manoliu, commander of the 57th squadron. ....

Second wave

At 1050, 12 Potez 63 aircraft of the 2nd bomber group, escorted by 12 He-112s, attacked the airfield at Bolgrad, the railway and the airfield to the south and, respectively, southeast of Bulgarik. As a result, at least 200 m railway were destroyed by a direct hit from an aerial bomb. The Romanian group met fierce opposition from the Soviet anti-aircraft artillery and fighter aircraft...
===========

Thus, the Romanian planes crossed the border with the USSR at about 4:00 am, and at that time the Sun was already illuminating targets on the ground, since some Romanian planes were landing back already at 4:45 am, having completed the task visually without illumination by searchlights visible Soviet aircraft (and not the former in the dark). Question: what time of sunrise in the region of the Soviet border along the Prut (say, in its northern part) can the program show SKYGLOBE 3.6? Theoretically - approximately 4-00 (Romanian summer time):

or 5-00 Moscow maternity leave:

CONVERSING!

Another question: where did the German He-111 bombers fly, taking off at 0-30 from the airfield Ziliste-Buzau? It can be assumed that to Sevastopol. Then next question: when could they reach it?

performance characteristics Heinkel-111:

Takeoff weight - 14000 kg
Max speed - 400 km/h
Ceiling - 8400 m
Flight range - 2800 km

With a cruising speed of 370 km / h, the Germans could fly to Sevastopol in an hour and a half. Those. by 2-00 Romanian summer time or by 3-00 Moscow maternity time - GOOD! Conclusion: Zhukov, when describing the morning of June 22, 1941, used MOSCOW DECREE TIME! No objections?

Then whose planes bombed Soviet cities at 2:30 Berlin summer time or at 1:30 Berlin standard time? They haven't crossed the border yet! After 30 minutes (or after 1-30) they were only supposed to fly up to the Soviet western border! Who is lying? Whose planes did Zhukov tell Stalin about when he woke him up at 3:45 am Moscow standard time? Or is this whole conversation an invention of the marshal?

And the question remains following words Zhukov:

. . . . . . .
At 04:10, the Western and Baltic special districts reported the start of hostilities German troops in the land areas of the districts.
At 4:30 am Timoshenko and I arrived at the Kremlin. All the summoned members of the Politburo were already assembled. Me and the people's commissar were invited to the office.
JV Stalin was pale and sat at the table, holding a pipe stuffed with tobacco in his hands. He said:
“We need to urgently call the German embassy...

If the Germans attacked in the dark at 3-10 am summer time (and 4-10 am Moscow time) in the light of searchlights, headlights, flashlights, highlighting with light bombs, shells, tracer bullets and launching rocket launchers (did they have night vision devices? ), then we can agree that at 4-30 Moscow time in Moscow a meeting could theoretically begin in Stalin's office (after all, 4-30 is later than 4-10 or 4-20 - not earlier, after all!).

But if you try to time it...
If Zhukov's call to Stalin at 3-45 is a lie, then they could not wake him up until 4-20. Where was Stalin at that time? In the country? How long does it take him to get to the Kremlin? (Wake up the driver, start the car, go to the highway, drive, go up to the office ...) In 10 minutes? INCREDIBLE! It will take 10 minutes just to wake up the driver and start the car...

Thus, even if the Germans started at 4:10 am Moscow time, Zhukov's meeting with Stalin at 4:30 am in the Kremlin is a lie. And all the more a lie, because judging by the Journal of visitors to Stalin's office, this meeting began in... 5-45.("Robin", Volume 2, p. 300):

And by this time, the German ambassador, Count von der Schulenburg, had already read out a statement from the German government (ibid., p. 432):

In view of the further intolerable threat created to the German eastern frontier as a result of the massive concentration and training of all armed forces of the Red Army, the German Government considers itself compelled to immediately take military countermeasures.

The corresponding note will be handed over to Dekanozov at the same time in Berlin.

WUA RF. F.06. Op.Z. P. 1. D.5. Ll. 12-15. \433\
===========

Next CONCLUSIONS:

1) The description of events given in Zhukov's memoirs on the morning of June 22, 1941 to the phrase; " At 7:15 a.m. on June 22, Directive N: 2 People's Commissars for Defense was handed over to the districts" - LIE!

2) The Germans attacked at dawn at 3-00 Berlin summer time (or 4-00 Moscow maternity time).

3) The question (in 2006) remains: What time did the watches of Soviet soldiers on the western border of the USSR show if it was 4-00 at the SAME TIME? (And why?)
(in 2016 - it was shown at 4-00)

And his allies dealt a swift blow at several points at once, thereby catching the Soviet army by surprise. The attack took place at night and was the beginning of a protracted and very difficult Great Patriotic War for the USSR.

Prerequisites for the German attack on the USSR

The German attack on the USSR was an inevitable part of World War II and Hitler's struggle for power. Hitler came to power in Germany during the economic and political crisis caused by the defeat in the First World War, he quickly managed to improve the economy, thanks to which Hitler became the head of state. The main idea of ​​his policy was the destruction of all races and peoples, except for the "correct" (Aryan), as well as the seizure of power in greater territory Europe. Hitler wanted to turn Germany into a leading world power, and for this he needed to take revenge for the defeat in the First World War.

Hitler in as soon as possible created a fascist military state in Germany and soon, in 1939, invaded neighboring Czechoslovakia and Poland in order to seize territories and destroy the Jewish population. The Second World War in which the USSR until a certain time remained neutral. A non-aggression pact was signed with Germany.

However, Hitler needed to capture the USSR if he wanted to continue his victorious march around the world, therefore, despite the agreement, the German command developed a plan for a sudden and swift attack and capture of the USSR. The territories and resources obtained made it possible to continue the war with the United States and Great Britain.

The implementation of the Barbarossa plan began on the night of June 22, 1941.

German goals

• Military and ideological. Germany was a state built on the idea of ​​the superiority of one people over others, so Hitler pursued the goal of establishing his policy in all dissenting territories. In the case of the USSR, Hitler sought to destroy the communist ideology and the Bolsheviks.
• Imperialist. Hitler dreamed of building his own Empire, which would include a huge number of territories.
• Economic. The seizure of economic resources and lands of the USSR made it possible for Hitler to significantly improve the German economy, re-equip the army and continue to wage war, having good financial security.
• Nationalist. Hitler did not recognize other races than the Aryan, and sought to destroy everyone who did not fit the description of the "right" person.

The implementation of the Barbarossa plan and the German attack on the USSR

Despite the fact that Hitler sought to keep secret his intention to attack the USSR, the Soviet command had some information regarding the start of the war, and therefore had the opportunity to prepare. On June 18, part of the army was brought to combat readiness, and the rest are pulled to the front line, allegedly for the purpose of conducting exercises. Unfortunately, the Soviet command did not know when the attack was planned (it was assumed that Germany would attack on the 22nd-23rd), so by the time the German troops approached soviet soldiers were not in full combat readiness.

On 22 June at 4 a.m., the German Foreign Minister addressed to the Soviet ambassador and handed him a note declaring war. A few minutes later, German troops entered the Gulf of Finland and launched an attack on the Baltic Fleet. A little later, the German ambassador arrived in the USSR to meet with People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs Molotov and once again officially announced the declaration of war. The ambassador's address said that Germany opposes the Bolshevik propaganda that the USSR is actively conducting on its territory and intends to defend its state. On the same morning Italy, Romania and Slovakia declared war on the USSR.

At 12 o'clock on June 22, Molotov addressed the citizens of the USSR, in which he said that the USSR had entered the war with Germany.

Consequences of the German attack on the USSR

Despite the fact that the Barbarossa plan failed, and Hitler was unable to conquer the USSR for several months, the first stage of the war was extremely unsuccessful for Soviet Union. Many territories were lost, and the Germans managed to come close to Moscow and blockade Leningrad. Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine were occupied, and the bombing of Moscow began. The reason for the defeat was unpreparedness Soviet army and poor equipment.

The German attack on the USSR ended in a protracted war, which greatly affected the economy of the USSR and claimed a huge number of lives. However, the correct decisions of the country's leadership eventually led to the fact that the Soviet troops launched a counteroffensive and reached Berlin, completely destroying the fascist army and breaking Hitler's plans for world domination.

On June 22, in the early morning, having carefully prepared aviation and artillery forces, German troops crossed the borders of the Soviet Union. After 2 hours, V.M. Molotov had already hosted the German Ambassador W. Schulenberg. This visit took place at exactly 05:30, as evidenced by entries in the visitor's book. The German ambassador provided an official statement containing information about the sabotage actions of the USSR against Germany. The documents also spoke of the political manipulations of the Soviet Union directed against Germany. The essence of this statement was that Germany is taking military action to counter the threat and protect its territory.

Molotov officially declared the beginning of the war. And this fact raises many questions. First, the announcement was made much later. The speech on the radio was heard by the population of the country only at 12:15. More than 9 hours have passed since the start of hostilities, during which the Germans bombed our territory with might and main. With German side the appeal was recorded at 6:30 (Berlin time). It was also a mystery that Molotov, and not Stalin, reported the outbreak of hostilities. Modern historians put forward more than one version. Some argue that the head of the USSR was on vacation at that time. According to the version of foreign historians Brackman and Payne, during this period, Stalin was resting in Sochi. There is also an assumption that he was on the spot and simply refused, shifting all responsibility to Molotov. Such a statement is based on entries in the visitor's log - on this day, Stalin hosted a reception and even received the British ambassador.

There are also disagreements regarding the authorship of the text, which was compiled for an official speech. According to G. N. Peskova, who worked on restoring the chronology of events, the text of the message was handwritten by Molotov. But from the style of presentation and the corrections made later in this text, they came to the conclusion that the content of the text was edited by Stalin. Subsequently, Molotov spoke on the radio mentioning that he was acting on behalf of Joseph Vissarionovich. Later, when comparing the content of the written text and the spoken speech, historians found some differences, which mainly related to the extent of the territories that were attacked. There were other discrepancies, but they were not of great strategic importance. In any case, the fact that the war began earlier than indicated in official sources time, the researchers documented.

On December 18, 1940, Hitler in Directive No. 21 approved the final plan for the war against the USSR under the code name "Barbarossa". To implement it, Germany and its allies in Europe - Finland, Romania and Hungary - created an invasion army unprecedented in history: 182 divisions and 20 brigades (up to 5 million people), 47.2 thousand guns and mortars, about 4.4 thousand combat aircraft, 4.4 thousand tanks and assault guns, and 250 ships. In the grouping of Soviet troops that opposed the aggressors, there were 186 divisions (3 million people), about 39.4 guns and mortars, 11 thousand tanks and more than 9.1 thousand aircraft. These forces were not brought to combat readiness in advance. Directive General Staff The Red Army about a possible German attack on June 22-23 entered the western border districts only on the night of June 22, and already at dawn on June 22, the invasion began. After a long artillery preparation, at 4.00 in the morning, German troops, treacherously violating the non-aggression pact concluded with the USSR, attacked the Soviet-German border along its entire length from the Barents to the Black Seas. Soviet troops were taken by surprise. The organization of powerful counterattacks against the enemy was hampered by the fact that they were relatively evenly distributed along the entire front along the entire border and dispersed over great depth. With such a formation, it was difficult to resist the enemy.

On June 22, People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs V.M. Molotov. In particular, he said: “This unheard-of attack on our country is an unparalleled treachery in the history of civilized peoples. The attack on our country was carried out despite the fact that a non-aggression pact was concluded between the USSR and Germany.

June 23, 1941 in Moscow was created supreme body strategic leadership of the armed forces - Headquarters of the Supreme High Command. All power in the country was concentrated in the hands of the State Defense Committee (GKO), formed on June 30. He was appointed Chairman of the State Defense Committee and Supreme Commander-in-Chief. The country began to implement a program of emergency measures under the motto: “Everything for the front! Everything for the victory! The Red Army, however, continued to retreat. By mid-July 1941, German troops advanced inland Soviet territory 300-600 km, capturing Lithuania, Latvia, almost all of Belarus, a significant part of Estonia, Ukraine and Moldova, created a threat to Leningrad, Smolensk and Kiev. Mortal danger hung over the USSR.

OPERATIONAL REPORT No. 1 OF THE CHIEF OF THE GENERAL STAFF OF THE RKKA ARMY GENERAL G.K. Zhukov. 10.00, June 22, 1941

At 04:00 on June 22, 1941, the Germans, without any reason, raided our airfields and cities and crossed the border with ground troops ...

1. Northern front: the enemy, with a flight of bomber-type aircraft, violated the border and went into district of Leningrad and Kronstadt...

2. Northwestern front. The enemy at 0400 opened artillery fire and at the same time began to bomb airfields and cities: Vindava, Libava, Kovno, Vilna and Shulyai ...

Z. Western Front. At 4.20, up to 60 enemy aircraft bombarded Grodno and Brest. Simultaneously across the border Western Front The enemy opened artillery fire.... With ground forces, the enemy is developing a strike from the Suwalki area in the direction of Golynk, Dombrova and from the Stokolow area along the railway to Volkovysk. The advancing enemy forces are being specified. …

4. Southwestern Front. At 4.20 the enemy began shelling our borders with machine-gun fire. From 04.30 enemy planes have been bombarding the cities of Lyuboml, Kovel, Lutsk, Vladimir-Volynsky ... At 04.35, after artillery fire in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bVladimir-Volynsky, Lyuboml, enemy ground forces crossed the border, developing an attack in the direction of Vladimir-Volynsky, Lyuboml and Krystynopol ...

The front commanders put in place a cover plan and active actions mobile troops seek to destroy the part of the enemy that crossed the border ...

The enemy, having preempted our troops in deployment, forced the Red Army units to take up battle in the process of taking up their starting position according to the cover plan. Using this advantage, the enemy managed to achieve partial success in certain areas.

Signature: Chief of the General Staff of the Red Army G.K. Zhukov

The Great Patriotic War - day after day: based on declassified operational reports of the General Staff of the Red Army. M., 2008 .

RADIO SPEECH BY THE DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE USSR COUNCIL OF PEOPLE'S COMMISSARS AND PEOPLE'S COMMISSAR FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE USSR V.M. MOLOTOV June 22, 1941

Citizens and citizens of the Soviet Union!

The Soviet government and its head, Comrade Stalin, have instructed me to make the following statement:

Today, at 4 o'clock in the morning, without presenting any claims against the Soviet Union, without declaring war, German troops attacked our country, attacked our borders in many places and bombed our cities - Zhitomir, Kyiv, Sevastopol, Kaunas and some others, moreover, more than two hundred people were killed and wounded. Enemy aircraft raids and artillery shelling were also carried out from the Romanian and Finnish territories.

This unheard-of attack on our country is treachery unparalleled in the history of civilized peoples. The attack on our country was carried out despite the fact that a non-aggression pact was concluded between the USSR and Germany, and the Soviet government fulfilled all the conditions of this pact in all good faith. The attack on our country was carried out despite the fact that during the entire period of the validity of this treaty, the German government could never make a single claim against the USSR regarding the implementation of the treaty. All responsibility for this predatory attack on the Soviet Union falls entirely on the German fascist rulers (...)

The government calls on you, citizens of the Soviet Union, to rally your ranks still more closely around our glorious Bolshevik Party, around our Soviet government, around our great leader, Comrade. Stalin.

Our cause is right. The enemy will be defeated. Victory will be ours.

Documentation foreign policy. T.24. M., 2000.

J. STALIN'S RADIO SPEECH, July 3, 1941

Comrades! Citizens!

Brothers and sisters!

Soldiers of our army and navy!

I turn to you, my friends!

Treacherous military attack Nazi Germany to our Motherland, begun on June 22, - continues. Despite the heroic resistance of the Red Army, despite the fact that the best divisions the enemy and the best parts of his aviation have already been defeated and found their grave on the battlefields, the enemy continues to climb forward, throwing new forces to the front (...)

History shows that there are no invincible armies and never have been. Napoleon's army was considered invincible, but it was defeated alternately by Russian, English, German troops. Wilhelm's German army during the first imperialist war was also considered an invincible army, but it was defeated several times by Russian and Anglo-French troops and, finally, was defeated by Anglo-French troops. The same must be said about Hitler's current German fascist army. This army has not yet encountered serious resistance on the European continent. Only on our territory did it meet serious resistance (...)

It may be asked: how could it happen that the Soviet government agreed to conclude a non-aggression pact with such treacherous people and monsters as Hitler and Ribbentrop? Was there a mistake on the part of the Soviet government here? Of course not! A non-aggression pact is a peace pact between two states. It was this pact that Germany proposed to us in 1939. Could the Soviet government refuse such a proposal? I think that not a single peace-loving state can refuse a peace agreement with a neighboring power, if at the head of this power there are even such monsters and cannibals as Hitler and Ribbentrop. And this, of course, on one indispensable condition - if the peace agreement does not affect either directly or indirectly territorial integrity, independence and honor of a peace-loving state. As you know, the non-aggression pact between Germany and the USSR is just such a pact (...)

With the forced withdrawal of the Red Army units, it is necessary to steal the entire rolling stock, not to leave the enemy a single locomotive, not a single wagon, not to leave the enemy a kilogram of bread or a liter of fuel (...) In the areas occupied by the enemy, partisan detachments, horse and foot, create sabotage groups to fight against parts of the enemy army, to incite guerrilla war everywhere and everywhere, to blow up bridges, roads, damage telephone and telegraph communications, set fire to forests, warehouses, carts. In the occupied areas, create unbearable conditions for the enemy and all his accomplices, pursue and destroy them at every step, disrupt all their activities (...)

In this great war we will have true allies in the peoples of Europe and America, including the German people, enslaved by the Hitlerite rulers. Our war for the freedom of our Fatherland will merge with the struggle of the peoples of Europe and America for their independence, for democratic freedoms (…)

In order to quickly mobilize all the forces of the peoples of the USSR, to repulse the enemy who treacherously attacked our Motherland, the State Defense Committee was created, in whose hands all power in the state is now concentrated. The State Defense Committee has begun its work and calls on all the people to rally around the party of Lenin-Stalin, around the Soviet government for the selfless support of the Red Army and the Red Navy, for the defeat of the enemy, for victory.

All our strength is to support our heroic Red Army, our glorious Red Fleet!

All the forces of the people - to defeat the enemy!

Forward to our victory!

Stalin I. About the Great Patriotic War Soviet Union. M., 1947.