Distinguishing marks. Separating and emphasizing punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence

The system of punctuation marks and the branch of linguistics that studies these punctuation marks and writing placement are called punctuation.

Functions of punctuation marks

Punctuation marks serve to highlight semantic parts in a sentence and to separate sentences in the text. The following punctuation marks are distinguished:

highlighting: comma (two commas), dash (two dashes), parentheses, quotes;
separating: period, interrogative and exclamation marks, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, ellipsis.

Table. Punctuation marks (main cases)

(c) Quote from the manual of the publishing house "Drofa"

Highlighting punctuation marks

In a sentence these signs serve to mark boundaries isolated secondary members, addresses, introductory words, phrases and sentences, direct speech.

Comma(two commas) is placed if the sentence contains:

standalone definition: The red bow tied in her hazel iridescent hair made her look especially seductive. (I. Bunin);
isolated circumstance: And under the wall of the forest stand, crimson-gray, three large wolves. (I. Bunin);
separate application: Grigory came to Yagodnoye, the Listnitsky estate, at eight o’clock in the morning. (M. Sholokhov);
separate clarifying members: On Christmas Eve, before Christmas, it happened that they didn’t eat until the star. (I. Shmelev);
interjection: Hey, beauty, your teeth are sharp! (M. Gorky);
introductory words, phrases, sentences: Unfortunately, no one looked into these places except detectives. (K. Paustovsky) Cossack, I think he’s not bad. (M. Sholokhov);
appeal: Pull yourself together, my dear Irinka! (M. Sholokhov);
comparative turnover: Little house stands like the last beacon on the edge of a foggy abyss. (K. Paustovsky)

Dash(two dashes) is put if the sentence contains:

a generalizing word after homogeneous members of the sentence: Shards of broken dishes, torn papers, books, scraps of cloth covered in honey, children's toys, old furniture, scattered flour - all this was lying on the floor in a terrible disorder, screaming about destruction. (M. Sholokhov);
single or widespread application: And on the sides of railway in these parts lay great desert spaces - Sary-Ozeki. (Ch. Aitmatov) Lusha - this angular, frail teenager - is sitting on the end bench, his thin legs spread out in a cheerful manner, smoking. (M. Sholokhov);
introductory sentence: He pressed his head to the keyhole - fortunately, there was no key in it - he saw the light, the edge of the women's dressing table, then something white suddenly stood up and closed everything. (I. Bunin)

Colon put if there is a generalizing word before homogeneous members: All dogs are described by me: Yarik, Kenta, Nerl, Dubets, Nightingale. (M. Prishvin)
Brackets are placed if there are introductory or plug-in structures: At midnight, someone long and persistently made his way to the switchman’s booth, first straight along the sleepers, then, with the appearance of an oncoming train ahead, rolling down the slope, making his way, as if in a blizzard, shielding himself with his hands from dust and wind carried by a squall from under a high-speed freight train (then a letter train followed along the green street - a train special purpose, which then went to a separate branch into the closed area of Sary-Ozek-1, where they have their own, separate track service, went to the cosmodrome, in short, because the train went all covered with tarpaulins and with military guards on the platform). (Ch. Aitmatov)
Colon and dash are placed if there is a generalizing word before homogeneous members: It seemed that everything: the earth, the sky - was blazing with an unbearably hot fire. (K. Simonov)
Quotes are put if there is direct speech: Daria muttered in a sleepy voice: “Tut, you filthy child! No sleep, no peace for you." (M. Sholokhov)
Exclamation mark put if there is:

Appeal: Stop, Praskovya Osipovna! (M. Gorky);
interjection: Hey! You, girl, go! (M. Gorky).

Separating punctuation marks

Separating punctuation marks in a simple sentence they serve to distinguish homogeneous members, and in a complex sentence they separate parts of the simple sentences included in its composition.

Comma:

with homogeneous members: In the floodplain of the river, in the grassland expanses, small but formidable animals have been grazing since time immemorial African buffalos. (N. Gumilev);
in a complex sentence: We knew that a lion runs away only when it is very seriously wounded or not wounded at all. (N. Gumilev);
after a direct speech before the author’s words: “Let’s go have tea with Lenten pies,” says the father. (I. Shmelev)

Semicolon in a non-union complex sentence between simple sentences: There is nothing better than Nevsky Prospekt, at least in St. Petersburg; for him he truly is everything. (M. Gorky)
Colon in a non-union complex sentence: However, there was no doubt: lion tracks mixed with gazelle ones were clearly visible on the trampled area near the uprooted tree. (N. Gumilev)
Dash:

in a non-union complex sentence: The moon rose - a cowardly porcupine appeared, sniffing at something and digging under our tree. (N. Gumilev);
between subject and predicate: Killing a lion is the secret dream of every white man. (N. Gumilev);
in an incomplete sentence: From the southwest people come here to hunt, from the Danakil desert, dotted with dunes, lions. (N. Gumilev)

Ellipsis at the end of the sentence: Natalya lay there, not thinking about anything, crushed by inexplicable melancholy... (M. Sholokhov)

Lesson summary "". Next topic:

Distinguishing punctuation marks are called Such punctuation marks, the purpose of which in a sentence is to highlight particularly significant parts of it. Distinguishing punctuation marks are punctuation marks when isolated minor members sentences with the meaning of an additional predicate, etc.

TO highlighting punctuation marks relate commas, dashes, parentheses, quotation marks, comma and dash , and colon .

Commas most often used for detached members with the meaning of the additional predicate represented by:

1) separate definition(participial phrase, agreed definition, etc.)

Grass, wind-bent, lay down on the ground(M. Gorky);

Rain, boring and endless still pouring and pouring(Yu. Kazakov);

2) standalone application: Eagles, satellites of the troops, rose above the mountain(A. Pushkin);

3) isolated circumstance(gerund, participial turnover, comparative turnover, etc.)

Travelers, slowly, began to eat their modest lunch(E. Novov);

Here's the wind the clouds are catching up, sighed...(A. Pushkin);

Pond in places like steel, sparkled in the sun(I. Turgenev);

4) appeal

Give, Jim, lucky for me paw(S. Yesenin);

Make noise, make noise, obedient sail, worry under me, gloomy ocean (A. Pushkin);

5) an introductory word or combination of words

And there, go figure, it will be five versts...(G. Semenov);

On this day on the street, as the saying goes there was great excitement(N. Nosov);

6) subordinate part of a complex sentence: And that's all what everyone dreamed about with themselves, another guessed with an inspired soul(V. Bryusov).

Dash as an emphatic sign used in introductory sentences and inserted constructions:

My arrival - I could notice it– at first the guests were somewhat confused(I. Turgenev);

Groups – three or four people- scattered across a huge field(V. Soloukhin);

And unusual - vague and ominous- the roar came from this terrible, dense human mass compressed in a narrow space(A. Kuprin).

Note that in rare cases dash we can meet at introductory words and combinations of words, but this happens extremely rarely and is not the rule. The introductory sentence is highlighted with a dash due to the fact that it is an independent construction within the sentence, but it can also - in rare cases - be highlighted and commas.

Brackets, like a dash, accompany introductory or insertive sentences: The Cossack was young ( you could tell he was twenty years old by his appearance), hasty in movement and especially in speech(K. Fedin).

To avoid confusion with punctuation marks, it is useful to know differences between an introductory sentence and an insertion construction.Introductory offer(like introductory words and phrases) carries an “emotional” assessment of what is being communicated: the writer can point to the source of the message, your attitude, the consistency And so on. Plug-in design introduces additional information into the sentence that specifies a more general judgment. In other words, the insert structure is a more independent unit.

Quotes highlight direct speech, as well as quotes: “Kubrak, Dubov, dismount!”– Levinson quietly commanded(A. Fadeev).

Comma and dash used as a single sign to highlight the author’s words within direct speech: "Certainly, - said Arkady,- but what a wonderful day it is today!(I. Turgenev).

Colon And dash how highlighting punctuation marks are used in cases of highlighting a group of homogeneous members with a generalizing word: colon - after a generalizing word before homogeneous members; dash - after homogeneous members, if they do not end the sentence.

All nature: and forest, and water, and sandy hills- burns like a crimson glow(I. Goncharov).

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Emphasis marks include brackets and quotation marks, commas and dashes when used in pairs. In this case, parentheses and quotation marks are invariably used in pairs. The remaining punctuation marks are used on both sides of the highlighted component if it is located in the middle of the sentence.

If it is at the beginning or end of a sentence, then a comma, a dash or (sometimes) a combination of a comma and a dash are used once - after the highlighted phrase or before it. For example, the use of commas that highlight separate phrases at the beginning and end of a sentence: Looking at the clouds, I remembered all the last days,spent on a schooner (Kazakov).

Their purpose is to highlight particularly significant parts of a sentence; Such commas are used for isolation, for highlighting addresses, introductory constructions, and interjections.

The most common punctuation mark is the comma - the most “neutral” Skoblikova E.S. Modern Russian language. Syntax complex sentence (theoretical course). - M., 2006. - P.240. among other signs used in the middle of a sentence. Emphatic commas sharply diverge in function from periods and semicolons; in this case, they are included in a different system of punctuation meanings, those that are characteristic of emphases, in particular the paired dash and parentheses. For example:

- commas when separating: I spent the night somewhere on the outskirts,in a penny hotel, and early in the morning left Sevastopol(I.A. Bunin);
- commas for introductory words and introductory sentences: Yesterday,They say, someone's hunt passed us along the high road into the field we were leaving, along with the hunt of the young Tolstoys(I.A. Bunin);
- commas when referring to: Indeed,Peter, tell the singer, let him serve the samovar(Bitter);
- commas highlighting subordinate clauses: Some,who stood closer reluctantly pulled off their hats(A.N. Tolstoy);

Here a new gradation is observed: commas, dashes, parentheses (commas highlight parts of the sentence that are less significant and complex; dashes - parts that are more significant and common; parentheses - especially sharply exclude parts from the composition of the sentence). For example, the use of emphases and parentheses, commas and dashes, dashes and parentheses:

1) The lower part of his face protruded somewhat forward, revealing the ardor of a passionate nature, but the tramp (based on some characteristic, although difficult to discern, signs, I immediately assumed that my guest was a tramp) I have long been accustomed to restraining this ardor(V.G. Korolenko);
2) Nowhere in all of Russia - and I have traveled quite a bit in all directions - have I not listened to such deep, complete, perfect silence as in Balaklava(K.G. Paustovsky);
3) He became sad, taciturn, and external traces of Baku life - premature old age - remained with Green forever (K.G. Paustovsky).

The distinctive role of such signs is especially clearly revealed when they are interchangeable. For example: Kutuzov listened to the report of the general on duty (the main subject of which was criticism of the position under Tsarev-Zaimishche) just as he listened to Denisov(L.N. Tolstoy). - Kutuzov listened to the report of the general on duty, the main subject of which was criticism of the position under Tsarev-Zaimishche, also...

The fact that parentheses are the most powerful disabling sign in comparison with commas and even dashes is confirmed by the possibility of using them not only inside sentences, but also in paragraphs. They are used as a distinguishing mark in syntactic units, greater than the offer. For example: Eight minutes to five. All the cadets are ready, dressed up for the ball. (“What a stupid word,” thinks Alexandrov, “dressed up.” It’s as if they dressed us up in Spanish costumes.”) The gloves were washed and dried by the fireplace.(A.I. Kuprin).

Quotation marks also serve as emphasis. The quotation marks are:

- quotes;
- direct speech. For example: His[Cherdakova] they asked: “Valka, is it true that they say that in 1916 you shot down a German ace, the next day you flew to Germany and dropped roses on his grave?” He answered in a squeaky voice: “Well, what?”(A.N. Tolstoy). Moreover, if the character’s thoughts are given in the form of direct speech, then quotation marks are the only possible sign. For example, Holding back sighs, I thought: “So, you meet a person and pass by absentmindedly, and he is in front of you, like a whole kingdom in smoking ruins...”(A.N. Tolstoy)
- words used not in their usual meaning; words used ironically; words proposed for the first time or, conversely, outdated and unusual, etc. For example: In our literature, as I have already said, a kind of pitiful, childish reverence for authors still reigns in literature: in literature we highly respect« table of ranks» and we are afraid to speak the truth out loud« dignitaries"(V.G. Belinsky);
- names literary works, newspapers, magazines, enterprises, ships, etc., which are conventional names. For example: As I remember now, the first thing I read was: “Pompadours and pompadours”(A. Karavaeva).

Excretory signs differ not only in the degree of emphasis they convey, but also functionally. IN in the last sense Only parentheses are unambiguous - they highlight only insertions, i.e. additional messages. As for commas and dashes, their functions are broader and more varied: they can convey various semantic, intonation and accent subtleties (especially dashes). For example: Snow has already fallen here, but it has just melted, and in the forest under the Christmas tree - you look - and there is a hare sitting (Paust.); All this summer I learned anew - by touch, taste, smell - many new words that until then, although known to me, were distant and unexperienced (Paust.); Most often, lightning occurs in July, when the grain is ripening. That's why it exists popular belief that lightning “lights up the bread” - illuminates it at night - and this makes the bread pour faster (Paust.); The evening dawn begins when the sun has already set beyond the edge of the earth. Then it takes possession of the fading sky, spills a multitude of colors across it - from red gold to turquoise - and slowly passes into late twilight and night (Paust.).

Quotation marks are also distinguishing marks. The general functional unambiguity of quotation marks (emphasis) does not prevent them from having a variety of particular meanings.

First of all, quotation marks highlight someone else's speech in the text - individual words belonging to another author, quotes, direct speech. For example: The boy said “watch the thunder,” and I remembered the words from Dante’s “Divine Comedy” that “the sun’s ray fell silent” (Paust.); People say about blind rain falling in the sun: “The princess is crying” (Paust.).

Quotation marks serve as a means of emphasis different names- orders and medals, literary works, newspapers, magazines; enterprises, organizations; industrial products, car brands; plant varieties, etc. For example: Everything created by Prishvin: his first works - “In the Land of Unfrightened Birds” and “Kolobok” and the subsequent ones - “Calendar of Nature”, “Pantry of the Sun”, his numerous stories and, finally, the thinnest, as if woven from morning light, spring water and quietly speaking leaves of "Ginseng" - all this is full of the beautiful essence of life (Paust.); He published under the pseudonym "Multatuli". In Latin it means "Long-suffering" (Paust.).

The general functions of punctuation marks, as well as more specific ones, implemented in the semantic and grammatical conditions of specific texts, create the basis for the individual use of punctuation marks. Such signs are associated with the author’s understanding of what is written; they usually convey the emotional structure of speech and are included in the concept of “writer’s style.” The punctuation of outstanding masters of artistic expression is evidence of the richness of its stylistic possibilities.

The main principle of individual understanding of punctuation marks is not to forget their functional significance, but to use signs in new, unusual for them (from the point of view of normative rules) contextual conditions. For example, M. Gorky has a dash in positions where the rules provide for a comma or the absence of a sign (a dash after an address; a dash between the subject and predicate - a personal verb, when highlighting comparative phrases, etc.); A. Blok's dash (after particles, adverbial words with a generalized adverbial meaning) also expands the scope of its application; M. Tsvetaeva achieves special sophistication when using the dash: it helps her to “separate” words with excessive semantic condensation, the compactness of her line - both poetic and prosaic. It is also known that I. Babel is partial to the dot, A. Tolstoy is partial to the dash, etc. That is, the “author’s” signs are favorite signs, reflecting the originality of the rhythm and intonation of the text; the use of such punctuation marks is included in the author’s system of literary and artistic techniques.

The basic rules of punctuation are normative in nature, they are relatively stable in printing practice and are the same for different types writing. However, written speech itself is functionally heterogeneous: it is scientific, official business, journalistic, and artistic speech. Syntactically, each of these types of written speech has specificity, more or less clearly expressed. And since punctuation primarily fixes the syntactic division of speech, it is quite natural that it is different in texts of different nature. The linguistic literature has repeatedly emphasized the idea that punctuation is not the same for different texts.

Yes, the syntax scientific literature quite clear, distinguished by the consistent coherence of individual constructions, their completeness and completeness. Scientific speech is dominated by complex syntactic constructions, with a very detailed and ordered logical connection between components. It is dominated by polynomial complex sentences with cause-and-effect and attributive-explanatory dependence. The scientific style “gravitates towards speech means devoid of emotional load and expressive colors,” therefore, in the syntax of scientific works, which are not designed for emotional perception, there are usually no constructions that convey the expressive qualities of speech. For scientific style Emotionally charged sentences, reticence, reticence, semantic and stylistic subtleties, etc. are not typical. This syntax naturally does not require punctuation complexity. The punctuation of this type of literature is standardized and lacks individual meaning. Signs that have a logical and grammatical basis predominate: these are signs that divide the text into separate sentences and parts of the sentence that make up it structural elements(main and subordinate; homogeneous members; among the isolations - only obligatory ones, i.e. caused by structural indicators).

Example scientific text: Difficult conditions The operation of offset plates during the printing process puts forward various requirements for moisturizing solutions. The moisturizing solution should not have aggressive properties towards the varnish film lying on a zinc or aluminum surface, as well as the copper xanthate film on bimetallic molds. The composition of the moisturizing solution must guarantee maximum preservation of the colloidal film on the metal surface, provide it with an optimal degree of hydration, so as not to violate its structural and mechanical properties and stability during printing.

It is easy to notice that the text does not contain purely intonation and semantic signs, which are usually associated with the individual author’s style of presentation. There are no expressive elements of syntax at all. Cases of using signs are absolutely normative: commas separating subordinate clauses from main clauses; commas between homogeneous members; commas separating postpositive participial phrases; periods at the end of sentences.

A number of works and studies, one way or another touching on the issues of style, and, in particular, scientific, confirm this general conclusion(approximately the same features are given as features of the syntax of the scientific style: saturation of complex sentences with a conjunction; abundance of participial phrases; lack of indicators of expressiveness and emotionality; great average length offers; weakly expressed modal plan, etc.).

In official business documents (reports, orders, reports, programs, protocols, instructions, statements, etc.) the syntactic structure is even more standard (compared to scientific works). In such texts there is no direct speech, no comparative phrases; there are no clarifying and clarifying structures and emotionally charged syntactic structures; there are no different kinds of elliptical sentences. Generally accepted (sometimes the only possible) forms of presentation and arrangement of material lead to the comparative “ease” of using punctuation marks and their uniformity.

However, punctuation and business papers have their own characteristics. These include, for example, highlighting parts of a sentence (each part begins with a paragraph and ends with a semicolon; sometimes, in addition to the paragraph, a dash is also added); numbering or letter designations. This is, for example, the punctuation of government and legal documents, international treaties and agreements, etc.

So, the stylistic and expressive range of modern Russian punctuation is extremely wide. However, in their basic meanings and uses, punctuation marks are the same in different literary texts. This unity gives the rules of punctuation the necessary stability. The basis of this stability is the reliance on syntax.

Lesson notes on the Russian language in 9th grade

Lesson topic : Separating and excretory marks punctuation between parts of a complex sentence.

Lesson type : a lesson in learning new knowledge.

Lesson Objectives :

educational:

systematize students' knowledge of syntax;

introduce students to the concepts of “sign function”, “separation function”, “excretory function”;

contribute to a correct understanding of the topic.

developing:

development of students’ communication abilities, the ability to generalize, compare, and draw conclusions;

continue development creative thinking among schoolchildren;

continue to develop the skill of composing complex and simple sentences to identify the level of proficiency in syntactic knowledge.

educational:

continue to cultivate an attentive attitude to words and interest in the Russian language;

continue to foster student independence;

continue to instill in students a sense of tolerance and respect for each other.

Equipment: projector, presentation, handouts, video tutorial.

Bibliography: textbook N.A. Andromonova, L.D. Umarova “Russian language. 9th grade"

Lesson plan:

1. Organizing time(2 minutes.)

2.Updating the data log. (7 min.)

3. Explanation of new material (17 min.)

4. Independent work(1 min.)

5. Summing up the lesson (7 min.)

6. Explanation homework. Grading. (2 minutes.)

During the classes

Stage

Lesson

Teacher activities

Student activity

Note

Organizing time

– Hello! Sit down! We open the notebooks and write down the date: October eighth.

– Hello!

Students greet teacher

Write the date and topic of the lesson on the board

Updating knowledge

Before moving on to studying a new topic, you need to review previously learned rules. What does syntax study?

– A sentence is the basic unit of syntax that performs a communicative function, i.e. serves as a means of communication. Sentences can be simple or complex. Please make me a simple proposal.

Prove that this sentence is simple.

– Now, make up a complex sentence and prove that it is complex?

– Name coordinating conjunctions? And what coordinating conjunctions do you know?

– List subordinating conjunctions?

– Well done! Today we will go through new topic, which is called"Dividing and special punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence. Intonation of a complex sentence."

– Syntax is a branch of the science of language that studies phrases and sentences.

We walked through the autumn park.

Because there is only one grammatical basis (We were walking).

– The tree crunched and a branch fell at our feet.

(Consists of 2 grammatical bases, and 2 parts).

– Connecting ( AND, NEITHER... NOR, ALSO, ALSO,

NOT ONLY... BUT ALSO, AS... SO AND, YES (=AND)), dividing ( OR, OR... OR,

EITHER, OR... OR,

THAT... THAT, NOT THAT... NOT THAT,

EITHER... EITHER), adversative ( BUT,

HOWEVER, YES (=BUT)).

–To, what, when, if, etc.

Explanation of new material

Watching a video clip . "Dividing and emphasizing punctuation marks."

The proposals are presented on the slide.

– Guys, please read these suggestions, try to answer next question: in which sentences do punctuation marks stand out, and in which do they separate parts of a complex sentence?

– Punctuation marks in a complex sentence are needed in order to convey features in writing semantic relations between parts of a complex sentence, features of its structure and intonation.

In SSP, BSP they share simple sentences, performing a separation function, and in the SPP the dependent part is isolated ( subordinate clause), performing an excretory function.

In order to understand what function a sign performs in a sentence, you need to practice the exercise.

Task in cards.

Determine the type of sentence, the function of the sign.

Well done! The topic turned out to be easy for you. And now some students work on the board, the rest in notebooks.

Listen to the task: I will dictate two sentences to you. You need to put punctuation marks in them, underline the main parts of the sentence and determine the type of sentence, make an outline.

The larks sing in clear silence and trill down to the ground from the sky.

We passed through the forest, and suddenly a river opened up in front of us.

Students watch a video lesson and write down basic information in a notebook.

A gusty wind blew. The trees rustled.

A gusty wind blew and the trees rustled (Separation function).

The brother handed over the letter. He didn't wait for an answer.

The brother, when he handed over the letter, did not wait for an answer (Excretory function).

Grandfather turned out to be right: in the evening a thunderstorm came. (BSP, separation function).

Dersu and I did not wait for the Cossacks to saddle their horses, and went forward. (SPP, excretory function).

The sun burned like yesterday, the air was still and dull. (BSP, separation function).

The forest will be filled with rustling and ringing in the morning, but for now a dark sky with bright, needle-like stars floated over the village. (SSP, separation function).

The rays of the sun brightly bathed the tops of the pines in gold, then faded one after another; the last ray remained for a long time. (BSP, separation function).

Simple sentence.

SSP[ ] , [ ] .

After watching the video lesson, the teacher comments on it in detail.

Independent work

Task: highlight the grammatical basis, draw diagrams, write BSC, SPP, PP.

Sit on the shore with a fishing rod and you will feel a surge of strength. It's autumn and the leaves are falling from the trees. It was quiet in the garden, and only the sound of wheels could be heard from somewhere in the distance. She remembered that on winter evenings grandfather usually played with her. There was a snowstorm outside, the wind was howling, the shutters were shaking and knocking. When the friendly sun came out, Kolya woke up.

She heard barking from the street, and she wanted to answer it.

Under the dictation of the teacher, students write down sentences in notebooks.

Summing up the lesson.

Today we went through another topic from the complex sentence section. In the next lesson we will talk about compound sentences. Please review all the rules you have learned on the topic of syntax.

The students listen carefully to the teacher.

Homework explanation. Grading.

Know about separating and emphasizing punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence.

Students write down their homework.

Card No. 1. Emphasize the grammatical basis of the sentences. Determine the type of sentence, the function of the sign .

1. Grandfather turned out to be right: a thunderstorm came in the evening.

2. Dersu and I did not wait for the Cossacks to saddle their horses, and went forward.

3. The sun burned like yesterday, the air was still and dull.

4. The forest will be filled with rustling and ringing in the morning, but for now a dark sky with bright, needle-like stars floated over the village.

5. The rays of the sun brightly poured gold over the tops of the pine trees, then went out one after another; the last ray remained for a long time.