What words refer to the scientific style of speech. Scientific style of speech, what do you know about it
Sphere of communication- scientific activity.
Speech function- informative (message of objective generalized knowledge).
Specific Features- consistency, evidence, dispassion, semantic accuracy (unambiguity), ugliness, hidden emotionality, objectivity of presentation, some dryness and rigor.
Typical genres:
monograph – a scientific work devoted to a deep and detailed study of one topic;
thesis – a research paper prepared for the public defense of its provisions;
treatise – a scientific genre in which a particular question or problem is considered;
Research Article – an article that is distinguished by a purely scientific presentation of information, lack of emotionality;
dictionary and encyclopedic entries;
review – feedback on scientific work;
annotation – a brief description of the content of the scientific work;
theses – briefly expressed provisions of a scientific work;
thesis – research work of a graduate student;
course work - an educational scientific genre, similar to a thesis, but of a smaller volume and with a smaller coverage of the topic;
lecture (academic, educational, popular science);
scientific report.
Scientific style norms
Vocabulary
The use of vocabulary with a clear meaning (single-valued words) in order to avoid ambiguous interpretation.
The use of abstract and concrete vocabulary to refer to general concepts.
The inadmissibility of the use of non-literary vocabulary.
Widespread use of technical terms.
Limited use of emotionally expressive vocabulary and phraseology.
Minimal use of lexical synonyms.
Intentional repetition of words as a result of the undesirability of using synonyms and pronouns instead of nouns.
Permission to repeat words.
Predominance of nominal vocabulary over verbal.
Syntax
The preferred use of sentences that are complex in structure and semantics.
Activity among all types of complex sentence complex syntactic constructions with cause and effect relationships.
Limited use of incomplete sentences.
The frequency of one-component generalized personal and indefinitely personal sentences, the limited use of impersonal sentences.
Wide use of introductory words, introductory sentences for greater consistency, accuracy, and reliability of speech.
The prevalence of participial and gerund phrases, passive constructions.
Inadmissibility of redundant language tools and conversational structures.
Use of cliched syntactic constructions.
The predominance of a sequential (chain) connection of parts of the text through the use of personal and demonstrative pronouns, adverbs, introductory words, repetition of nouns.
The predominance of narrative sentences for the purpose of utterance.
Monologic submission form scientific text.
The use of "intellectual expressiveness" (accurate and logical use of linguistic means to make the text credible, emotional appraisal) as a means of imagery specific to scientific speech.
Limited use of figurative language means.
Way of presentation
Objectivity of presentation, some dryness and rigor, which does not exclude, however, a kind of expressiveness, which is achieved by the accuracy and conciseness of the presentation, its argumentation.
Dispassionate, persuasive presentation.
The generalized abstract nature of the presentation due to the use of verb forms and personal pronouns with a weakened grammatical meaning of the person.
Sample text scientific style:
INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM- a phenomenon in world politics associated with the spread of violence in the form of terrorist acts that threaten the normal course of international relations. This concept is more publicistic than legal in nature from the point of view of the possibility of developing a universal definition of international terrorism, and, consequently, to determine the political and legal framework of responsibility for committing terrorist acts.
Need for international cooperation arises when: the attempt, organization or participation in the commission of a terrorist act, as well as the form and method of its implementation, is prohibited under international law or persecuted by virtue of a custom which acquired the meaning of "jus obtio" in international relations, or should be prohibited due to their contradiction with the basic norms and principles of international law; the object of violent action is protected under international law; the act of using force or the threat to use it is committed by a subject of international law and, therefore, is subject to consideration within the framework of this system, or committed by a natural or legal person, but the situation in which these actions are carried out predetermines the international consequences due to the danger of such actions for international peace and security or the presence of an international element in the composition of this tort.
(Political science. Encyclopedic Dictionary)
Formal business style
Sphere of communication- official (legislation, office work).
Speech function- informative.
Specific Features- formality, accuracy, unambiguity, impersonality of presentation, standardization.
Typical genres:
constitution;
laws (codes);
message of the President;
charter;
order;
protocol;
subpoena;
appeal;
different kinds business letter(letter of order, cover letter, etc.);
agreement;
invoice;
oral business negotiations;
diplomatic letter;
declaration of intent;
agreement.
Norms of official businessspeech style
Vocabulary
The conditionality of the choice of vocabulary by the need to express imperativeness and regulation (the use of infinitives, verbs with the meaning of duty, adverbs, short adjectives, amplifying particles, specific forms of tense of the verb, etc.).
The use of neutral vocabulary with a clear meaning, devoid of emotionally expressive coloring.
The use of stable turns of business speech with unexpressed emotionality and expressiveness.
Limited use of lexical synonyms.
Intentional repetition of words.
The greatest, in comparison with all other functional styles, the frequency of the use of nominal vocabulary (verbal nouns, denominative prepositions and conjunctions, short adjectives).
Syntax
The greatest activity of complex syntactic constructions and simple complicated sentences.
The use of simple sentences of increased sizes due to the inclusion of means of "detailing", clarifying the informative content of the sentence: homogeneous and isolated members, introductory words, chains of infinitives and nouns in gender. etc.
Wide use of one-part (often infinitive and impersonal) sentences.
The prevalence of sentences with passive constructions.
The use of cliched syntactic constructions.
The use of complex sentences.
Among the subordinate clauses, conditional clauses are the most active, while reasons are the least active.
The predominance of the allied connection over the non-union.
Direct word order in a sentence.
Use of figurative means
Lack of figurative means of language
Way of presentation
A special prescriptive-stating character of speech.
The impersonality of the presentation, excluding the use of the forms of the 1st and 2nd person and the corresponding personal pronouns.
Officiality, dryness and rigor of presentation.
Emotionless.
Construction of the text according to a certain cliché.
Sample text official business style:
SUMMARY
FULL NAME.: Orlov Igor Ivanovich
THE ADDRESS: 127322, Moscow, st. Leskova, d. 7, apt. 11
PHONE: 2103318
CITIZENSHIP: the Russian Federation
MARITAL STATUS: Married
EDUCATION: 1977 - 1982 - Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys, majoring in ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS with the qualification of a SYSTEM ENGINEER. 1967 - 1977 - secondary school No. 27 (Moscow). Upon graduation, he received a certificate of qualification PROGRAMMER.
WORK EXPERIENCE: From 1992 to the present - Head of the Department of Informatics in the financial company "FIN-TRUST" (provided software support for the company's activities and the functioning of computer technology).
From 1982 to 1992 - engineer at the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering, since 1985 - head of the sector (developed computer systems).
From 1980 to 1982, he was a senior technician at the Moscow Statistical Office (he developed AWP algorithms).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: I have experience with spreadsheets, text and graphics editors in DOS and WINDOWS environments, as well as programming systems in PASKAL, C and DBMS, such as DBASE, FOX PRO, etc.
I have a number of publications in the special magazine "Home Computer". I speak English (I read and translate with a dictionary). Upon request, I can provide the necessary recommendations. Signature I.I. Orlov
Journalistic style
Scope of communication: 1) in a broad sense - mass communication: newspaper, radio, television, cinema, etc.;
2) in the narrow sense - diverse genres of newspaper speech.
Speech functions- informative, influencing, popularizing.
Specific Features- information content, evidence, accuracy, open evaluation of speech, standardization, expressiveness.
Typical genres:
feature article - a genre of presentation and analysis of various facts and phenomena social life with their direct interpretation by the author;
article – a short narrative in a newspaper or magazine, revealing a particular topic;
the note – a short report in the newspaper on a current topic;
essay – general or preliminary considerations on any subject, which the author sets out in colloquial style showing your individual position;
pamphlet – a work with a topical socio-political denunciation with elements of satire;
proclamation – a printed appeal of an agitational nature, including in the form of a leaflet;
manifesto – appeal, declaration, appeal of a public organization, political party containing the program and principles of their activities;
program – a statement of the main provisions and goals of the activities of a political party, organization, government;
feuilleton – satirical or humorous depiction of a phenomenon or person;
interview – conversation between a journalist and one or more people hot topics broadcast on television, radio or printed in a newspaper, magazine;
reportage – prompt message about any event;
address (welcome address) – a written congratulation on the occasion of the anniversary, presented at a solemn meeting;
resolution rally (meeting) - summary the final decision of the rally (meeting);
speech on radio, television political scientist.
Norms of journalistic style of speech
Vocabulary
The heterogeneity of the lexical composition, manifested in the combination of book vocabulary with colloquial and colloquial.
Use of special vocabulary and terminology from various fields of knowledge: politics, economics, culture, etc.
The use of common vocabulary with a new expansional meaning.
Widespread use of neologisms, occasionalisms.
The use of foreign language vocabulary, internationalisms. Great activity of evaluative vocabulary.
Use of winged words, proverbs and sayings.
The use of "newspapers" (language means, distributed mainly in the newspaper-journalistic style) and standardized newspaper phraseology, both general language and newspaper proper).
Inadmissibility of unmotivated repetition of words, tautologies.
Wide use of own names, abbreviations. The general nominal character of newspaper vocabulary.
Syntax
The admissibility of simple and complex sentences only with a clear structure.
Syntactic heterogeneity of journalistic speech: a combination of book syntax (use of complex sentences and simple ones, complicated by isolated members, introductory words and sentences, plug-in constructions, etc.) with colloquial (use of incomplete sentences, parceled and connecting constructions, etc.).
Inadmissibility of using monotonous syntactic structures.
Widespread use of incentive and interrogative sentences.
Activity of passive syntactic constructions.
Use of direct speech, dialogue.
The use of a simple verbal predicate, expressed by stable verb combinations, a personal verb to denote a generalized action.
A peculiar use of homogeneous members: pairing, repetition, gradation.
The use of simple sentences specific in form and semantics as newspaper headlines.
The prevalence of nominative sentences (the use of chains of nominative sentences at the beginning and in the middle of the text).
The preferred use of a complex sentence over other types of complex sentences.
The infrequent use of a complex sentence with different types of connection.
Use of figurative means
Widespread use of figurative means with a pronounced emotional appraisal.
Using the means of verbal figurativeness: tropes (metaphors, metonymy, personifications, paraphrases, etc., constant for newspaper speech) and figures (antitheses, parallelism, inversion, anaphora, epiphora, etc.).
Intentional "collision" of book vocabulary with colloquial and vernacular in order to create expressiveness.
Way of presentation
The use of forms of the 1st and 3rd person in a generalized sense;
Generalization and conceptual presentation;
Generalization and open evaluation of the presentation.
Addressing speech to a wide range of readers, which requires simplicity, clarity and accuracy of presentation.
Argumentation of presentation.
Factual presentation.
Sample text journalistic style:
Unity - friendly guys
Young bears wear red and blue ties and don't know yet
who is Shoigu
In the Saratov regional center "Unity" - a big holiday. In the Petrovsky district, the ranks of the "bears" were replenished with three thousand schoolchildren at once. 90 percent of Petrovsk residents aged seven to fourteen swore allegiance to the cause of Shoigu's party.
This significant event was not at all the result of the great propaganda work of local activists-zainists. The Petrovsky party cell came, as they say, to the ready, taking under its wing an existing youth organization for two years, the largest in the region. It was founded by Oleg Tumkin, director of the House of Children's Creativity, who has been nurturing the younger generation for almost four decades. Oleg Nikolaevich says that initially he set not political, but purely educational goals.
- There are 30 schools in the region, each “sculpts” a child in its own way. And in educational work there should be an ideological core, similar to the pioneers, but taking into account modern features. We gathered head teachers and counselors and decided to unite all school organizations.
The schoolchildren themselves came up with the name for their club. It was in December 1999, and informed youth suggested that we call ourselves "Unity". Now it turns out that the guys did very far-sighted. However, it was difficult to expect anything else in the region, where the entire administrative resource worked for "bearish" agitation.
Almost all teenagers under 14 joined the organization, and in general, half of the schoolchildren of the district. Parents are not particularly interested in politics, but they are glad that the children are at least somehow attached<…>
(N. Andreeva Unity - friendly guys // General newspaper. No. 18, 24.10.2001)
Art style
Sphere of communication- aesthetic (fiction).
Speech function- aesthetic (creation of an artistic image).
Specific Features- figurativeness, emotionality, expressiveness, dynamism, inadmissibility of the standard, pronounced author's individuality.
Typical genres- novel, story, short story, poem, lyric poem, etc.
Art style norms
Vocabulary
Heterogeneity of the lexical composition (a combination of book vocabulary with colloquial, vernacular, dialectisms, jargon, etc.).
The use of all layers of Russian vocabulary in order to implement the aesthetic function.
The activity of polysemantic words of all stylistic varieties of speech.
Greater preference for the use of specific vocabulary and lesser - abstract.
Minimal use of generic terms.
Wide use of folk poetic words, emotional and expressive vocabulary, synonyms, antonyms.
The general verbal character of artistic speech and, in connection with this, the widespread use of personal verbs and personal pronouns.
Syntax
Ability to use all types of simple and complex sentences.
Relevance of syntactic constructions with redundant linguistic means, inversion; conversational structures.
The wide use of dialogue, sentences with direct speech, improperly direct and indirect.
Activity of parceled structures.
Unmotivated use of cliched syntactic constructions.
Inadmissibility of syntactically monotonous speech.
Using the means of poetic syntax.
Use of figurative means
The widest, in comparison with other functional styles, the use of verbal figurative means: tropes and figures.
Achievement of figurativeness due to deliberate collision of different language means.
Use of all means of the language, including neutral ones, to create a system of images.
Way of presentation
polysubjectivity artistic speech: a combination of the speech of the author (author-narrator, author-creator) with the speech of the characters.
Sample text art style:
Beautiful - and especially in this winter - was the Baturin estate. Stone pillars at the entrance to the yard, a snow-and-sugar yard, carved into snowdrifts by runners, silence, sunshine, in the sharp frosty air the sweet smell of children from the kitchens, something cozy, homely in the traces made from the cook's room to the house, from the human to the cooker, the stables and other services surrounding the courtyard ... Silence and brilliance, the whiteness of roofs thick with snow, winter-like low, drowned in snow, reddish blackening with bare boughs garden, visible from two sides behind the house, our cherished century-old spruce, raising its sharp black-green top into the blue bright sky from behind the roof of the house, because of its steep slope, like a snowy mountain peak, between two calmly and highly smoking chimneys ... On the pediments of the porches warmed by the sun, nuns-jackdaws sit, pleasantly huddle, usually chatty, but now very quiet; affably, squinting from the blinding, cheerful light, from the icy semi-precious play in the snow, old windows with small squares of frames look ... Creaking with frozen boots on the snow hardened on the steps, you go up to the main, right porch, pass under its canopy, open the heavy and black from time through the oak door, you pass through the dark long vestibule...
(I. Bunin. Life of Arseniev)
Conversational style
Sphere of communication– interpersonal relations (everyday sphere).
Speech function- establishing interpersonal relationships.
Specific Features- ease, unpreparedness, dependence on the situation.
Genres- dialogue when buying, talking on the phone, etc.
Language features of conversational style
Vocabulary
The use of everyday, colloquial vocabulary ( son, window, telly).
Emotional vocabulary ( hands, plank, tiny etc.).
The use of emotionally colored phraseological units ( no skin, no faces, through the stump deck etc.).
Syntax
incomplete sentences ( Are you home? Are you on the tram? I soon).
The predominance of structures with unionless connection.
specific word order ( She was sent to school in English. Raspberries, I know you don't like).
Use of interrogative and imperative sentences.
Interjection predicates ( The blouse is not ah).
Sample text conversational style:
Another impression was that... When I was with a bear for the first time... Once I spent the night in the forest. It’s scary, and it’s cold - the frost is tearing to the bone. That time I met a bear. In the evening he came to the current for overhearing - it means to listen. I hear - like someone sat there. That is, such a feeling - as if there is someone there. Then a shadow covered me - an owl flies three meters above my head, quietly flew up, only slightly turned its head. Well, I think I'll slap him now - I don't need helpers!
(From colloquial speech)
Questions for self-control
What is functional speech style?
Describe the system of functional styles of the modern Russian language.
What is the difference between book style of speech and colloquial style?
The main features of the scientific style of speech
The most common a specific feature of this style of speech is the logical presentation .
Any coherent statement should have this quality. But the scientific text is distinguished by its emphasized, strict logic. All parts in it are rigidly connected in meaning and are arranged strictly sequentially; conclusions follow from the facts stated in the text. This is done by means typical of scientific speech: linking sentences with repeated nouns, often combined with a demonstrative pronoun.
Adverbs also indicate the sequence of development of thought: first, first of all, then, then, next; as well as introductory words: firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, so, therefore, vice versa; unions: because, because, in order to, therefore. The predominance of the allied connection emphasizes great connection between offers.
Another typical feature of the scientific style of speech is accuracy. .
Semantic accuracy (unambiguity) is achieved by careful selection of words, using words in their direct meaning, wide use of terms and special vocabulary. In the scientific style, the repetition of key words is considered the norm.
abstraction And generality certainly permeate every scientific text.
Therefore, abstract concepts are widely used here, which are difficult to imagine, see, feel. In such texts, words with an abstract meaning are often found, for example: emptiness, speed, time, force, quantity, quality, law, number, limit; frequently used formulas, symbols, conventions, graphs, tables, charts, schemes, drawings.
It is characteristic that even specific vocabulary here stands for general concepts .
For example: The philologist must carefully, i.e., a philologist in general; Birch tolerates frost well, i.e., not a single object, but a tree species is a general concept. This is clearly manifested when comparing the features of the use of the same word in scientific and artistic speech. In artistic speech, the word is not a term, it contains not only a concept, but also a verbal artistic image(comparison, personification, etc.).
The word of science is unambiguous and terminological.
Compare:
Birch 1) deciduous tree with white (rarely dark) bark and heart-shaped leaves. ( Dictionary Russian language.) Genus of trees and shrubs of the birch family. About 120 species, in the temperate and cold zones of the North. hemisphere and in the mountains of the subtropics. Forest-forming and decorative breed. The largest farms, B. warty and B. fluffy are of importance. |
White birch under my window (S. Yesenin.) |
The scientific style of speech is characterized by plural from abstract and real nouns: length, magnitude, frequency; frequent use of neuter words: education, property, value.
Not only nouns, but also verbs are usually used in the context of scientific speech not in their basic and specific meanings, but in a generalized abstract meaning.
Words: go, follow, lead, compose, indicate b and others do not denote movement proper, etc., but something else, abstract:
IN scientific literature, especially mathematical, the form of the future tense is often devoid of its grammatical meaning: instead of the word will are used is, is.
Present tense verbs also do not always get the meaning of concreteness: used regularly; always indicate. Imperfect forms are widely used.
Scientific speech is characterized by: the predominance of pronouns of the 1st and 3rd person, while the meaning of the person is weakened; frequent use of short adjectives.
However, the generality and abstractness of the texts of the scientific style of speech do not mean that they lack emotionality and expressiveness. In this case, they would not have achieved their goal.
The expressiveness of scientific speech differs from the expressiveness of artistic speech in that it is associated primarily with the accuracy of the use of words, the logicality of presentation, and its persuasiveness. The most commonly used figurative means in popular science literature.
Do not mix the terms established in science, formed according to the type of metaphor (in biology - tongue, pistil, umbrella; in technology - clutch, paw, shoulder, trunk; in geography - sole (mountains), ridge) using terms for figurative and expressive purposes in journalistic or art style speech, when these words cease to be terms ( pulse of life, political barometer, negotiations stall etc.).
To enhance expressiveness in a scientific style of speech , especially in popular science literature, in works of a polemical nature, in discussion articles, are used :
1) amplifying particles, pronouns, adverbs: only, absolutely, only;
2) adjectives like: colossal, most advantageous, one of the greatest, most difficult;
3) "problem" questions: in fact, what kind of bodies does ... a cell in environment?, what is the reason for this?
Objectivity- Another sign of the scientific style of speech. scientific theories and laws scientific facts, phenomena, experiments and their results - all this is presented in texts related to the scientific style of speech.
And all this requires quantitative and quality characteristics, objective, credible. Therefore, exclamatory sentences are used very rarely. In a scientific text, a personal, subjective opinion is unacceptable; it is not customary to use the pronoun I and verbs in the first person singular. Here, indefinitely personal sentences are used more often ( think that...), impersonal ( it is known that...), definitely-personal ( Let's look at the problem...).
In the scientific style of speech, several substyles, or varieties, can be distinguished:
a) actually scientific (academic) - the most strict, precise; they write dissertations, monographs, articles scientific journals, instructions, GOSTs, encyclopedias;
b) popular science (scientific journalism) he writes scientific articles in newspapers, popular science magazines, popular science books; this includes public performance on radio, television scientific topics, speeches of scientists, specialists in front of a mass audience;
c) scientific and educational (educational literature on different subjects for different types of educational institutions; handbooks, manuals).
| Destination target | Academic |
|
|
| Selection of facts, terms | Academic | Scientific and educational All terms are explained | Popular science Minimum terminology. |
| Leading type of speech Title | Academic reasoning | Scientific and educational reflects type educational material | Popular science Narration Intriguing, interesting |
Lexical features of the scientific style of speech
The main purpose of a scientific text, its vocabulary is to designate phenomena, objects, name them and explain, and for this, first of all, nouns are needed.
Most common features scientific style vocabulary are:
a) the use of words in their direct meaning;
b) lack of figurative means: epithets, metaphors, artistic comparisons, poetic symbols, hyperbole;
c) wide use of abstract vocabulary and terms.
In scientific speech, there are three layers of words:
The words are stylistically neutral, i.e. common, used in different styles.
For example: he, five, ten; in, on, for; black, white, large; going, happening etc.;
General scientific words, i.e. occurring in the language of different sciences, and not of any one science.
For example: center, force, degree, magnitude, speed, detail, energy, analogy etc.
This can be confirmed by examples of phrases taken from texts of different sciences: administrative center, center of the European part of Russia, city center; center of gravity, center of movement; the center of the circle.
The terms of any science, i.e. specialized vocabulary. You already know that the main thing in the term is accuracy and its unambiguity.
Morphological features of the scientific style of speech
In a scientific text, verbs in the 1st and 2nd person singular are practically not used. They are often used in literary texts.
Verbs in the present tense with a "timeless" meaning are very close to verbal nouns: splashed down - splashed down, rewinds - rewind; and vice versa: fill - fills.
Verbal nouns convey objective processes and phenomena well, so they are often used in a scientific text.
There are few adjectives in a scientific text, and many of them are used as part of terms, have an exact, highly specialized meaning. In a literary text there are more adjectives in percentage terms, and epithets and artistic definitions predominate here.
In scientific style, parts of speech and their grammatical forms used differently than in other styles.
To identify these features, let's do a little research.
Syntactic features of the scientific style of speech
Typical for scientific speech are:
a) special turns of the type: according to Mendeleev, according to experience;
c) the use of words: given, known, suitable as a means of communication;
d) chain usage genitive cases:Establishment of the dependence of the wavelength of x-rays of the atom.(Kapitsa.)
In scientific speech, more than in other styles, are used complex sentences, especially complex ones.
Complicated with subordinate explanatory clauses express a generalization, reveal a typical phenomenon, a particular pattern.
Words As you know, scientists believe it is understandable etc. indicate when referring to the source, to any facts, provisions.
Complicated sentences with subordinate causes are widely used in scientific speech, since science reveals the causal relationships of the phenomena of reality. In these sentences, they are used as common conjunctions ( because, since, since, since), and book ( due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, for).
In scientific speech, comparisons help to reveal the essence of the phenomenon more deeply, to discover its connections with other phenomena, while in work of art their main purpose is to vividly and emotionally reveal the images, the picture, the words depicted by the artist.
Often the use of participial and adverbial phrases.
Using expressive means
Generalization and abstractness of scientific speech does not exclude expressiveness. Scientists use figurative means of language to highlight the most important semantic moments, to convince the audience.
Comparison is one of the forms of logical thinking.
Ugly (devoid of imagery), for example: Borofluorides are similar to chlorides.
Extended comparison
…In history new Russia we are met with an "excess" of factual material. It becomes impossible to include it in the entire research system, because then you get what is called “noise” in cybernetics. Imagine the following: several people are sitting in a room, and suddenly everyone starts talking about their family affairs. In the end, we won't know anything. The abundance of facts requires selectivity. And just as acousticians choose the sound they are interested in, we must select the facts that are needed to cover the chosen topic - the ethnic history of our country. (L.N. Gumilyov. From Russia to Russia).
figurative comparison
Human society is like a surging sea, in which individual people, like waves, surrounded by their own kind, constantly collide with each other, arise, grow and disappear, and the sea - society - is forever seething, agitated and does not stop ...
Problematic issues
The first question that confronts us is: What is the science of sociology? What is the subject of its study? Finally, what are the main divisions of this discipline?
(P. Sorokin. General sociology)
Limitations of the use of linguistic means in a scientific style
- Inadmissibility of non-literary vocabulary.
- There are practically no forms of the 2nd person of verbs and pronouns you, you.
– Incomplete sentences are used to a limited extent.
- The use of emotionally expressive vocabulary and phraseology is limited.
All of the above can be presented in the table
Features of the scientific style of speech
| In vocabulary | a) terms; b) the unambiguity of the word; c) frequent repetition of keywords; d) lack of figurative means; |
| As part of a word
| a) international roots, prefixes, suffixes; b) suffixes that give an abstract meaning; |
| In morphology
| a) the predominance of nouns; b) frequent use of abstract verbal nouns; c) unused pronouns I, you and verbs of the 1st and 2nd person singular; d) the uncommonness of exclamatory particles and interjections; |
| In syntax | a) direct word order (preferred); b) widespread use of phrases noun + n. in the genus P.; c) the predominance of indefinitely personal and impersonal sentences; d) rare use of incomplete sentences; e) an abundance of complex sentences; f) frequent use of participial and adverbial phrases; |
| Basic type of speech
| Reasoning and description |
scientific style pattern
1918 spelling reform brought writing closer to living speech (i.e., canceled a number of traditional, rather than phonemic spellings). Approximation of spelling to live speech usually causes a movement in another direction: the desire to bring pronunciation closer to spelling ...
However, the influence of writing was controlled by the development of internal phonetic trends. Only those spelling features rendered strong influence for literary pronunciation. Which helped to develop the Russian phonetic system according to the law of I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay or contributed to the elimination of phraseological units in this system ...
At the same time, it must be emphasized that, firstly, these features were known at the end of the 19th century. and that, secondly, even now they cannot be considered completely victorious in modern Russian literary pronunciation. Old literary norms compete with them.
Subsequently, the terminology was replenished from the resources of Latin, which became the international scientific language of the European Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, scientists strove for conciseness and accuracy. scientific description, free from emotional and artistic elements of presentation as contrary to the abstract and logical reflection of nature. However, the liberation of the scientific style from these elements proceeded gradually. It is known that the too "artistic" nature of Galileo's exposition irritated Kepler, and Descartes found that the style scientific evidence Galileo is overly "fictionalized". In the future, a sample scientific language became Newton's logical exposition.
In Russia, the scientific language and style began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, when the authors of scientific books and translators began to create Russian scientific terminology. In the second half of this century, thanks to the work of M.V. Lomonosov and his students, the formation of the scientific style took a step forward, but it finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century, along with the scientific activities of the greatest scientists of that time.
Example
An example illustrating the scientific style of speech:
Notes
Literature
- Ryzhikov Yu. I. Work on a dissertation in technical sciences. Requirements for a scientist and for a dissertation; Psychology and organization scientific work; Language and style of the dissertation, etc. - St. Petersburg. : BHV-Petersburg, 2005. - 496 p. - ISBN 5-94157-804-0
- Savko I. E. Russian language. From phonetics to text. - Minsk: Harvest LLC, 2005. - 512 p. - ISBN 985-13-4208-4
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What is scientific style?
Scientific style is a system of speech means serving the sphere of science and education.
The main features of the scientific style: abstraction and generalization, emphasized logic, terminology.
Secondary features: semantic accuracy, unambiguity, objectivity, standardity, brevity, clarity, rigor, impersonality, non-categorical, evaluative, imagery, etc.
There are three sub-styles: proper scientific(monographs, articles, dissertations, speeches in scientific debates, scientific reports), scientific and educational(textbooks, lectures), popular science(popular science reports, articles, essays).
Academician D.S. Likhachev wrote about scientific speech:
The requirements for the language of scientific work differ sharply from the requirements for the language of fiction.
Metaphors and various images in the language of scientific work are only allowed in cases where it is necessary to put a logical emphasis on some thought. In scientific work, imagery is only pedagogical reception attracting the reader's attention to the main idea of the work.
Good language of scientific work is not noticed by the reader. The reader should notice only the thought, but not the language in which the thought is expressed.
The main asset of scientific language is clarity.
Another advantage of the scientific language is lightness, brevity, freedom of transition from sentence to sentence, simplicity.
There should be few subordinate clauses. The phrases should be short, the transition from one phrase to another should be logical and natural, “unnoticed”.
Each written phrase should be checked by ear, it is necessary to read the written aloud for yourself.
You should use fewer pronouns that make you think what they refer to, what they replace.
You should not be afraid of repetitions, mechanically get rid of them. This or that concept should be called in one word (a word in a scientific text is always a term). Avoid only those repetitions that come from the poverty of the language.
Pay attention to the "quality" of the words. Say against better than vice versa, difference better than difference. In general, be careful with the words that just crawl under the pen - the words-"remakes".
(D. S. Likhachev. Book of Anxiety. M., 1991.)
Scientific style features
Varieties of scientific style of speech
Scientific style phonetics
Scientific style vocabulary
Morphology of scientific style
Scientific style syntax
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
This functional and stylistic variety of the literary language serves various branches of science (exact, natural, humanitarian, etc.), the field of technology and production and is implemented in monographs, scientific articles, dissertations, abstracts, theses, scientific reports, lectures, educational and scientific and technical literature, reports on scientific topics, etc.
Here it is necessary to note a number of essential functions that this stylistic variety performs: 1) reflection of reality and storage of knowledge (epistemic function); 2) obtaining new knowledge (cognitive functions); 3) transfer of special information (communicative function).
The main form of implementation of the scientific style is written language, although with the increasing role of science in society, the expansion of scientific contacts, the development of mass media, the role of the oral form of communication increases. Realized in various genres and forms of presentation, the scientific style is characterized by a number of common extra- and intralinguistic features that allow us to talk about a single functional style, which is subject to intra-style differentiation.
The main communicative task of communication in the scientific field is the expression scientific concepts and inferences. Thinking in this field of activity is of a generalized, abstracted (distracted from private, non-essential features), logical character. This is the reason for such specific features of the scientific style as abstraction, generalization, emphasized logical presentation.
These extra-linguistic features unite all linguistic means that form the scientific style into a system and determine secondary, more particular, style features: semantic accuracy (unambiguous expression of thought), informative richness, objectivity of presentation, ugliness, hidden emotionality.
The dominant factor in the organization of linguistic means and scientific style is their generalized abstract nature at the lexical and grammatical levels of the language system. Generalization and abstractness give scientific speech a single functional and stylistic coloring.
The scientific style is characterized by the widespread use of abstract vocabulary, clearly prevailing over the concrete: evaporation, freezing, pressure, thinking, reflection, radiation, weightlessness, acidity, changeability, etc.
General characteristics of the scientific style of speech
The scientific style of speech is a means of communication in the field of science and educational and scientific activities, it belongs to the number of book styles of the Russian literary language that have general conditions functioning and similar linguistic features, among which are: preliminary consideration of the statement, the monologue nature of speech, a strict selection of language means, the desire for normalized speech. The emergence and development of the scientific style is associated with the progress of scientific knowledge in various areas of life and activity of nature and man. Initially, scientific presentation was close to the style of artistic narration, but the creation in Greek, which spread its influence over the entire cultural world, stable scientific terminology led to the separation of the scientific style from the artistic one. In Russia, the scientific style of speech began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century in connection with the creation by the authors of scientific books and translators of Russian scientific terminology. A significant role in the formation and improvement of the scientific style belonged to M.V. Lomonosov and his students (second half of the 18th century), the scientific style finally took shape only by the end of the 19th century. A scientific text is a text that is understandable to the scientific community, a text that style features which does not interfere with the perception of scientific information, a text that most accurately conveys the meaning. A scientific text should express the thought of a scientist or a group of scientists in such a way that it is understood, and, moreover, understood correctly, by all workers of science in the corresponding direction. The text encounters many obstacles along the way. The history of science knows many cases of misunderstanding. Let's try to classify the obstacles according to the sections of linguistics. Varieties of scientific style of speech
The scientific style of speech has varieties (substyles):
1. actually scientific,
2. scientific and technical (industrial and technical),
3. scientific and informative,
4. scientific reference,
5. educational and scientific,
6. popular science.
Realized in written and oral form of communication, the modern scientific style has various types of texts: textbook, reference book, scientific article, monograph, dissertation, lecture, report, abstract, abstract, synopsis, theses, summary, review, review. Educational and scientific speech is implemented in the following genres: message, response (oral response, response-analysis, response-generalization, response-grouping), reasoning, language example, explanation (explanation-explanation, explanation-interpretation). The variety of types of scientific style of speech is based on inner unity and the presence of common extralinguistic and linguistic properties of this type of speech activity, which manifest themselves even regardless of the nature of the sciences (natural, exact, humanitarian).
General extralinguistic properties of scientific style
The most important task of the scientific style of speech is to explain the causes of phenomena, to report, to describe the essential features, properties of the subject of scientific knowledge. General extralinguistic properties of the scientific style of speech, its style features, due to abstractness (conceptuality) and strict logic of thinking, are:
1. Scientific topics of texts.
2. Generalization, abstractness, abstract presentation.
Almost every word acts as a designation general concept or abstract subject. The abstract generalized nature of speech is manifested in the fact that in scientific texts nouns prevail over verbs, general scientific terms and words are used, verbs are used in certain temporary and personal forms, indefinite personal sentences are often used.
3. Logic of presentation.
Between the parts of the statement there is an ordered system of connections, the presentation is consistent and consistent. This is achieved by using special syntactic constructions and typical means of interphrase communication.
4. Accuracy of presentation.
It is achieved by using unambiguous expressions, terms, words with clear lexico-semantic compatibility.
5. Evidence of presentation.
Reasoning argues scientific hypotheses and positions.
6. Objectivity of presentation.
Manifested in the presentation, analysis different points view of the problem, in the focus on the subject of the statement and the absence of subjectivity in the transfer of content, in the impersonality of the linguistic expression.
7. Saturation with factual information.
Necessary for evidence and objectivity of presentation.
Scientific style phonetics
Scientific information mainly exists in written form, so the role of phonetic barriers is small. It is beyond the scope of our consideration that modern science international, scientific reports are listened to by people of different nationalities, for many of whom the language of the report is not native. However, scientific texts are usually very complex from a linguistic point of view, highly saturated new information, and new lexical units for listeners. The problem of the correct pronunciation of newly formed words is related to phonetics.
The sphere of scientific communication is distinguished by the fact that it pursues the goal of the most accurate, logical, unambiguous expression of thought. The most important form of thinking in the field of science is the concept, the dynamics of thinking is expressed in judgments and conclusions that follow each other in a strict logical sequence. The idea is strictly argued, the logic of reasoning is emphasized, analysis and synthesis are closely interconnected. Consequently, scientific thinking takes on a generalized and abstracted character. The phonetic-intonational side in the oral form of scientific speech is not of decisive importance, it is intended mainly to support stylistic specificity at other levels. The style of pronunciation should provide a clear perception of words. This is also served by the relatively slow pace of pronunciation. Conceptual phrases are separated by elongated pauses so that the addressee better perceives their meaning. The general evenly slow pace of speech is also designed to create favorable conditions for perception. The phonetic features of the scientific style are as follows: subordination of intonation to the syntactic structure of scientific speech, standard intonation, slowness of tempo, stability of rhythmic intonation pattern. The features of the pronunciation scientific style, as a book style, include: a weakened reduction of vowels, a distinct pronunciation of unstressed syllables (approaching the literal pronunciation), the pronunciation of borrowed and international words approaching the international norm, etc.
Scientific style vocabulary
When exchanging scientific information it is very important to convey one, and only one meaning. Therefore, from the point of view of vocabulary, monosyllabic words are best suited. The same factor explains the love of scientists around the world to create terms - new words that have only one specific meaning, the same for everyone. In the educational literature, in particular, in textbooks, the terms most often receive a direct explanation. The term strives for unambiguity, does not express expression and is stylistically neutral. Example terms: atrophy, range, laser, prism, radar, symptom, sphere, phase. Terms, a significant part of which are international words, are the conventional language of science. The term is the main lexical and conceptual unit of the scientific sphere human activity. In quantitative terms, in scientific style texts, terms prevail over other types of special vocabulary (nomenclature names, professionalisms, professional jargon, etc.), on average, terminological vocabulary usually makes up 15-20 percent of the total vocabulary of this style. The old words of the language in such cases often do not fit well, since during their existence they acquire additional direct and figurative meanings, which in the case of a scientific text make it difficult to understand accurately. The emotional load of a word in a scientific style is perceived as a disadvantage that interferes with understanding, therefore, in this style, the choice is shifted towards more neutral words. Since the leading form scientific thinking is a concept, then almost every lexical unit in the scientific style denotes a concept or an abstract object. Linguists note the monotony, homogeneity of the vocabulary of the scientific style, which leads to an increase in the volume of the scientific text due to the repeated repetition of the same words. The scientific style also has its own phraseology, including compound terms: solar plexus, right angle, inclined plane, deaf consonants, participial turnover, a compound sentence, as well as various kinds of clichés: consists in ..., represents ..., consists of ..., is used for ..., etc.