Man and woman 

The value of normal atmospheric pressure is considered to be. The impact of atmospheric pressure on human health

Sudden changes in temperature and frequent weather changes in a short period of time often have a negative impact on health. It has already been noticed that at frequent shift weather ambulance people call much more often, which means they feel worse.

Despite the fact that there is no such diagnosis as “weather dependence”, doctors do not deny that the weather really affects our well-being. It is generally accepted that the weaker a person's immunity and the more chronic diseases, the more sensitive a person reacts to weather changes. Why?

Where does weather dependency come from?

According to statistics, meteorological dependence is a hereditary trait in about 10% of cases. Most often, it is inherited through the maternal line. 40% of cases of meteorological dependence arise due to serious illnesses vessels. And the remaining 50% is age and sores accumulated throughout life (starting with birth injury and ending with a stomach ulcer or obesity).

The most common diseases leading to meteorological dependence are atherosclerosis, hypertension and hypotension, chronic diseases respiratory tract(angina, tonsillitis, pneumonia), as well as autoimmune diseases (for example, diabetes mellitus).

If meteorological dependence is observed in a child, then most likely it is the result of a difficult mother's pregnancy, difficult childbirth, postmaturity, or, conversely, prematurity.

As practice shows, most of the diseases acquired by a person throughout life remain with him forever. Therefore, people with weather dependence can only follow the weather reports and take appropriate measures to alleviate symptoms.

Cold weather is bad for health

Doctors think that a sharp decline air temperature by 12 degrees or more for a short period of time (12 hours) negative impact on a person's well-being. The temperature range is also important. If, for example, the temperature has decreased from +32 degrees to +20, then this is not scary and no negative consequences not fraught. But if the spread of fluctuations is in the region of 0 degrees or in a sharp minus (for example, from -18 to -24 degrees), then this is fraught with serious health consequences.

Who will be the first to suffer from extreme temperature fluctuations? These will be patients who have been diagnosed with diseases of the vessels of the heart and brain, as well as patients who have recently had a stroke or heart attack. Doctors strongly recommend that these people avoid physical and mental stress in such weather, adhere to a salt-free diet and be sure to visit a doctor so that he prescribes appropriate medications for this case.

High atmospheric pressure

Increased Atmosphere pressure- this is above 755 mmHg. What kind of people feel bad with high atmospheric pressure? First of all, these are asthmatics and people with mental illness who are prone to aggression. Asthmatics with increased pressure feel a lack of oxygen, but people with mental disabilities feel increased anxiety and unreasonable longing.

With increased atmospheric pressure, cores also feel bad, especially those who experience angina attacks.

Hypertensive and hypotensive patients do not particularly suffer from increased atmospheric pressure, but only on condition that the increase occurs gradually, and not abruptly.

During this period, you should try not to burden yourself. exercise. You can thin the blood and dilate blood vessels with the help of medicines, black hot tea. And if there are no contraindications, then you can treat yourself to a glass of cognac or a glass of red wine.

Low atmospheric pressure

Low atmospheric pressure is when the mercury column falls below 748 mm. First of all, you will feel a decrease in hypotension pressure. They will feel sleepy, dizzy and tired. Hypertensive patients will also suffer (joint ache, headache and tinnitus).

Low atmospheric pressure will also be felt by people with heart rhythm disturbances - arrhythmia, bradycardia, tachycardia.

But the most serious problem of low atmospheric pressure is sharp deterioration mental balance in people prone to depression and suicide.

However, according to doctors, to neutralize the symptoms low pressure easier than high. The first thing to do is to provide yourself with fresh air (for example, open a window). It is very important to sleep well not only at night but also during the day. You need to eat something moderately salty, for example, salted tomato or herring.

Snowfall

70% of people in snowy weather do not feel any change in their condition. Many even like this weather, and they feel a surge of positive emotions.

However, people suffering from vegetovascular dystonia do not feel well. The vessels of the brain in this disease do not work properly, so in such weather a person may feel dizzy, nausea and a feeling of stupor. Security measures must be taken. First of all, these are vascular drugs prescribed by the attending physician, as well as drugs that increase tone - eleutherococcus extract, succinic acid or strong ginseng tincture.

Windy weather

It is strange, but adult men practically do not react to windy weather, but women, who are especially prone to migraine attacks, do not feel very well. Also, small children under three years of age do not react well to the wind.

But asthmatics in windy weather feel great, it becomes easier for them to breathe.

If you do not feel very well in windy weather, use a proven folk recipe: mix equal amounts of nut butter, lemon, flower honey. Take this mixture several times on windy days.

Quiet weather

Do you think that in calm calm weather all people should feel good? And here it is not. In such weather, some women, especially over 45 years old, and teenagers begin to feel anxious. It is caused with hormonal fluctuations. People with schizophrenia do not feel well either. Doctors have not fully figured out what it is connected with. The most common opinion is that in the absence of air layers at a height of one to one and a half meters above the ground, the maximum concentration of pollution is reached. If this is true, then near the fan or air conditioner, the condition should improve.

Thunderstorm

A thunderstorm from the point of view of well-being can also be a negative phenomenon. This is due to the strong electromagnetic field that occurs before a thunderstorm. Mentally unstable people are very sensitive to it. Women during menopause can also feel bad in a thunderstorm. The worst thing is that there is no way to alleviate bad health. Well, maybe, hide deep underground. So, as an option, you can go down to the underpass.

Heatwave

Extreme heat affects many people negatively. It becomes the cause of mental depression, the blood supply to many organs worsens, blood pressure drops. Moreover, the higher the humidity and stronger wind the more these symptoms get worse.

How can you help yourself? Drink plenty of water mixed with lemon, apple or pomegranate juice, take a cool shower to activate the skin's nerve receptors. And, of course, take care of yourself.

People of various professions should be aware of the concept of atmospheric pressure: doctors, pilots, scientists, polar explorers and others. It directly affects the specifics of their work. Atmospheric pressure is a quantity that helps predict and forecast the weather. If it rises, then this indicates that the weather will be sunny, and if the pressure drops, then this portends worsening weather conditions: clouds appear and go precipitation in the form of rain, snow, hail.

The concept and essence of atmospheric pressure

Definition 1

Atmospheric pressure is the force that acts on a surface. In other words, at each point in the atmosphere, the pressure is equal to the mass of the overlying column of air with a base that is equal to one.

The unit of atmospheric pressure is the Pascal (Pa), which equates to a force of 1 Newton (N) acting on an area of ​​1 m2 (1 Pa = 1 N/m2). Atmospheric pressure in metrology is expressed in hectopascals (hPa) with an accuracy of 0.1 hPa. And 1 hPa, in turn, is equal to 100 Pa.

Until recently, the millibar (mbar) and millimeter of mercury (mm Hg) were used as a unit of atmospheric pressure. Pressure is measured absolutely at all meteorological stations. In order to produce surface synoptic maps that reflect weather in given period time, the pressure at the station level is brought into line with the sea level values. Thanks to this, it is possible to distinguish areas with high and low atmospheric pressure (anticyclones and cyclones), as well as atmospheric fronts.

Definition 2

The average atmospheric pressure at sea level, which is determined at a latitude of 45 degrees, at an air temperature of 0 degrees, is 1013.2 hPa. This value is taken as standard, it is called "normal pressure".

Atmospheric pressure measurement

We often forget that air has weight. Near the Earth's surface, the air density is 1.29 kg/m3. Galileo also proved that air has weight. And his student, Evangelista Torricelli, was able to prove that air affects all bodies that are located on earth's surface. This pressure became known as atmospheric pressure.

The formula for calculating the pressure of a liquid column cannot calculate atmospheric pressure. After all, for this it is necessary to know the height of the liquid column and the density. However, the atmosphere does not have a clear boundary, and with increasing altitude, the density decreases atmospheric air. Therefore, Evangelista Torricelli proposed a different method for determining and finding atmospheric pressure.

He took a glass tube about a meter long, which was sealed at one end, poured mercury into it and lowered the open part into a bowl with mercury. Some of the mercury spilled into the bowl, but most of it remained in the tube. Every day, the amount of mercury in the pipe fluctuated slightly. Mercury pressure on certain level created by the weight of the mercury column, since there is no air above the mercury at the top of the tube. There is a vacuum, which is called the "Torricellian void."

Remark 1

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that atmospheric pressure is equal to the pressure of the mercury column in the tube. By measuring the height of the mercury column, you can calculate the pressure that mercury produces. It equates to atmospheric. If atmospheric pressure rises, then the mercury column in the Torricelli tube increases, and vice versa.

Figure 1. Atmospheric pressure measurement. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

Atmospheric pressure instruments

To measure atmospheric pressure, the following types of instruments are used:

  • station mercury cup barometer SR-A (for the range of 810-1070 hPa, which is typical for the plains) or SR-B (for the range of 680-1070 hPa, which is observed at high-altitude stations);
  • aneroid barometer BAMM-1;
  • barograph meteorological M-22A.

The most accurate and commonly used are mercury barometers, which are used to measure atmospheric pressure at meteorological stations. They are located indoors in specially equipped cabinets. Access to them is strictly limited for safety reasons: only specially trained specialists and observers can work with them.

More common are aneroid barometers, which are used to measure atmospheric pressure at meteorological stations and at geographical stations for route research. Often they are used for barometric leveling.

The M-22A barograph is most often used to fix and continuously record any changes in atmospheric pressure. They can be of two types:

  • in order to register the daily change in pressure, M-22AC is used;
  • in order to register the change in pressure within 7 days, M-22AH is used.

Device and principle of operation of devices

Let's start with a cup of mercury barometer. This device consists of a calibrated glass tube filled with mercury. Its upper end is sealed, and the lower end is immersed in a bowl of mercury. The cup of a mercury barometer consists of three parts, which are connected by a thread. The middle bowl has a diaphragm with special holes inside. The diaphragm makes it difficult for the mercury to oscillate in the bowl, thus preventing air from entering.

In the upper part of the cup mercury barometer there is a hole through which the cup communicates with air. In some cases, the hole is closed with a screw. There is no air in the upper part of the tube, therefore, under the influence of atmospheric pressure, the column of mercury in the flask rises to a certain height on the surface of the mercury in the bowl.

The mass of the mercury column is equal to the atmospheric pressure.

The next instrument is the barometer. The principle of its device is as follows: the glass tube is protected by a metal frame, on which the measurement scale in pascals or millibars is applied. The upper part of the frame has a longitudinal slot in order to observe the position of the mercury column. For the most accurate report of the meniscus of mercury, there is a ring with a vernier, which moves along the scale with a screw.

Definition 3

A scale that is designed to determine tenths is called a compensated scale.

It is protected from contamination by a protective cover. A thermometer is mounted in the middle part of the barometer in order to take into account the influence of temperature. environment. According to his testimony, a temperature correction is introduced.

In order to eliminate distortions in the readings of the mercury barometer, a number of amendments are introduced:

  • temperature;
  • instrumental;
  • corrections for the acceleration of gravity depending on the height above sea level and the latitude of the place.

Aneroid barometer BAMM-1 is used to measure atmospheric pressure in surface conditions. Its sensing element is a block, which consists of three connected aneroid boxes. The principle of the aneroid barometer is based on the deformation of the membrane boxes under the action of atmospheric pressure and the transformation of the linear displacements of the membranes with the help of a transmission mechanism into the angular displacements of the boom.

The receiver is a metal aneroid box, which is equipped with a corrugated bottom and a lid, the air is completely pumped out of them. The spring pulls back the lid of the box and prevents it from being flattened by air pressure.

Figure 2. Confirmation of the existence of atmospheric pressure. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

In the event that you have chronic headaches, chest pains, a systematic increase in blood pressure, a general deterioration in well-being due to a change in atmospheric pressure, we recommend that you read our article, take care of your health!

In each region of Russia, different atmospheric pressure is considered normal. Therefore, in weather reports, when the number of millimeters of mercury is announced, weather forecasters always say what pressure it is for this area, above or below the norm.

In addition to atmospheric pressure, many factors affect our well-being. About what to do if breathing problems have appeared? Take care of your health, this is the only thing that you can not buy for any money!

You can find out how much air density depends on temperature, it's very interesting!


Moscow is a city located on Central Russian Upland. As we already know, atmospheric pressure depends precisely on the relief and altitude. If people are above sea level, atmospheric column presses less.

Therefore, the normal atmospheric pressure in Moscow on the banks of the Moskva River will be guaranteed to be higher than at the source of the Moskva River in the Moscow Region. On the shore we fix a point 168 meters above sea level. And on a hill near the source of the Moscow River - 310. By the way, the most high point in the city itself is located in the area of ​​​​Teply Stan - it is 255 meters.

Meteorologists name a specific figure normal atmospheric pressure for Moscow - 747-748 mm Hg. pillar. It is, of course, like average temperature by hospital. People who permanently live in Moscow feel normal in the range 745-755 mm rt. pillar. The main thing is that the pressure drops are not serious.

Doctors believe that the danger for the inhabitants of the metropolis is fraught, for example, working for upper floors. If the building's tightness and ventilation system is broken in a high-rise building, then employees of such offices may feel constant headaches and problems with performance. It's all about the abnormal pressure for them.

Normal atmospheric pressure in St. Petersburg ^

For Petersburgers, the situation is different. Due to the fact that St. Petersburg is lower above sea level than Moscow, the norm is more high pressure. Average, normal atmospheric pressure for St. Petersburg is 753-755 mm Hg. pillar. However, in some sources you can see another figure - 760 mm Hg. pillar. However, it is valid only for low-lying districts of St. Petersburg.

Due to its location Leningrad region has unstable climatic indicators, and atmospheric pressure can fluctuate significantly. For example, it is not uncommon for it to rise to 780 mm Hg during an anticyclone. pillar. And in 1907, a record atmospheric pressure was recorded - 798 mm Hg. pillar. This is 30 mm more than normal.

Do I need a Chizhevsky lamp for my home? The answer to this question can be found at the following address . We take care of our health!

What is the value of normal atmospheric pressure in pascals? ^

We are used to measuring atmospheric pressure in millimeters of mercury. However, the international system defines pressure in pascals. So, standard atmospheric pressure, according to IUPAC requirements, is 100 kPa.

Let's translate our measurement of mercury barometers into pascals into pascals. So, 760 mmHg a column is 1013.25 mb. According to the SI system, 1013.25 mb is equal to 101.3 kPa.

But still, measuring pressure in Russia in pascals is a rarity. Like the standard 760 mm Hg. pillar. An ordinary resident of Russia just needs to remember what pressure is the norm for his region.

Let's summarize.

  1. Normal atmospheric pressure - 760 mm Hg. pillar. However, it rarely occurs. It is quite comfortable for a person to live in the range from 750 to 765 mm Hg. pillar.
  2. In each region of the country, different pressure is considered normal for this region. If a person lives in a low pressure zone, he gets used to it and adapts to it.
  3. Normal atmospheric pressure for Moscow is 747-748 mm Hg. pillar, for St. Petersburg - 753-755 mm.
  4. Value normal pressure in pascals it will be 101.3 kPa.

If you want to measure the atmospheric pressure in your region and find out how it corresponds to the norm, we recommend using the most modern device - an electronic barometer. In the event that you are weather dependent and suffer from a sharp change in atmospheric pressure, it is recommended to use a tonometer to check the quality of your own health.

A short video about atmospheric pressure

About what atmospheric pressure is, we are told at school in the lessons of natural history and geography. We get acquainted with this information and safely throw it out of our heads, rightly believing that we will never be able to use it.

But over the years, the stress and environmental conditions of the environment will have enough impact on us. And the concept of “geodependence” will no longer seem like nonsense, because pressure surges and headaches will begin to poison life. At this point, you will have to remember what it is like in Moscow, for example, in order to adapt to new conditions. And live on.

School basics

The atmosphere that surrounds our planet, unfortunately, in literally words presses on everything living and inanimate. To define this phenomenon, there is a term - atmospheric pressure. This is the force of the impact of the air column on the area. In the SI system, we talk about kilograms per 1 square centimeter. Normal atmospheric pressure (for Moscow, optimal indicators have long been known) affects the human body with the same force as a weight weighing 1.033 kg. But most of us don't notice it. Enough gases are dissolved in body fluids to neutralize all unpleasant sensations.

Atmospheric pressure standards in different regions different. But 760 mm Hg is considered ideal. Art. Experiments with mercury were most revealing at a time when scientists were proving that air has weight. Mercury barometers are the most common instruments for measuring pressure. It should also be remembered that ideal conditions, for which the named 760 mm Hg are relevant. Art., is a temperature of 0 ° C and the 45th parallel.

In the international system of units, it is customary to define pressure in Pascals. But for us it is more familiar and understandable to use the fluctuations of the mercury column.

Relief features

Of course, many factors influence the value of atmospheric pressure. The most significant are the relief and proximity to the magnetic poles of the planet. The norm of atmospheric pressure in Moscow is fundamentally different from the indicators of the same St. Petersburg; and for the inhabitants of some remote village in the mountains, this figure may seem completely anomalous. Already at the level of 1 km above sea level It corresponds to 734 mm Hg. Art.

As already noted, in the region of the Earth's poles, the amplitude of pressure changes is much higher than in equatorial zone. Even during the day, atmospheric pressure changes somewhat. Slightly, however, only 1-2 mm. This is due to the difference between day and night temperatures. The nights are usually cooler, which means the pressure is higher.

pressure and man

For a person, in essence, it does not matter what atmospheric pressure is: normal, low and high. These are very arbitrary definitions. People tend to get used to everything and adapt. Much more important is the dynamics and magnitude of changes in atmospheric pressure. On the territory of the CIS countries, in particular in Russia, there are quite a few zones locals and they don't know about it.

The norm of atmospheric pressure in Moscow, for example, may well be considered as a non-constant value. After all, every skyscraper is a kind of mountain, and the higher and faster you go up (go down), the more noticeable the drop will be. Some people may well pass out while riding a high-speed elevator.

Adaptation

Doctors almost unanimously agree that the question "what atmospheric pressure is considered normal" (Moscow or any locality planets - it doesn't matter) is incorrect in itself. Our body adapts perfectly to life above or below sea level. And if the pressure does not have a detrimental effect on a person, it can be considered normal for a given area. Doctors say that the norm of atmospheric pressure in Moscow and other major cities is in the range from 750 to 765 mm Hg. pillar.

A completely different matter is the pressure drop. If within a few hours it rises (falls) by 5-6 mm, people begin to experience discomfort and pain. This is especially dangerous for the heart. Its beat becomes more frequent, and a change in the frequency of breaths leads to a change in the rhythm of oxygen supply to the body. The most common ailments in such a situation are weakness, etc.

Meteorological dependence

Normal atmospheric pressure for Moscow may seem like a nightmare to a visitor from the North or from the Urals. After all, each region has its own norm and, accordingly, its own understanding of the stable state of the body. And since in life we ​​do not concentrate on exact pressure indicators, weather forecasters always focus on what kind of pressure it is for a given region - increased or decreased.

After all, not every person can boast that he does not notice the corresponding changes. Anyone who cannot call himself lucky in this matter must systematize his feelings during pressure drops and find acceptable countermeasures. Often a cup of strong coffee or tea is enough, but sometimes more serious help in the form of medicines is also needed.

pressure in the metropolis

The most meteorologically dependent are residents of megacities. It is here that a person experiences more stress, lives life at a high pace and experiences environmental degradation. Therefore, to know what is the norm of atmospheric pressure for Moscow is vital.

The capital of the Russian Federation is located on the Central Russian Upland, which means that here, a priori, the zone reduced pressure. Why? It's very simple: the higher above sea level, the lower the atmospheric pressure. For example, on the banks of the Moscow River, this figure will be 168 m. And maximum value in the city it was recorded in Teply Stan - 255 m above sea level.

It can be assumed that Muscovites expect abnormally low atmospheric pressure much less frequently than residents of other regions, which, of course, cannot but rejoice them. And yet, what atmospheric pressure is considered the norm in Moscow? Meteorologists say that usually its indicator does not exceed 748 mm Hg. pillar. This means little, because we already know that even a quick rise in an elevator can have a significant effect on a person's heart.

On the other hand, Muscovites do not feel uncomfortable if the pressure fluctuates between 745-755 mm Hg. Art.

Danger

But from the point of view of doctors, not everything is so optimistic for the residents of the metropolis. Many experts rightly believe that working on the upper floors of business centers, people endanger themselves. Indeed, in addition to the fact that they live in a zone of low pressure, they also spend almost a third of the day in places with

If we add to this fact violations of the ventilation system of the building and the constant operation of air conditioners, it becomes obvious that the employees of such offices are the most inefficient, sleepy and sick.

Results

Actually, it is worth remembering a few points. First, there is no single ideal value for normal atmospheric pressure. There are regional regulations that may differ significantly in terms of absolute indicators. Secondly, the characteristics of the human body make it easy to experience pressure drops if this happens rather slowly. Third, the more healthy lifestyle we lead our lives and the more often we manage to observe the daily regimen (rise at the same time, long night sleep, adherence to an elementary diet, etc.), the less we are subject to weather dependence. So, more energetic and cheerful.

Atmospheric pressure is mentioned even in weather forecasts, but what is its nature? What determines low and high atmospheric pressure? How does its change affect human health?

What it is?

Back in 1638, people had little idea that such a phenomenon even existed, until the Duke of Tuscany decided to decorate Florence with fountains on high altitude. His attempt failed miserably, as the water did not rise above ten meters. Then it was time for the first experiments in this area.

With the development of science, it became clear that pressure is a physical quantity that reports the amount of force applied perpendicular to a unit area of ​​any surface. The atmosphere is no exception. It presses on our planet with the help of air, which is present everywhere.

The mass of the air around us is millions of times less than the earth's, but this is quite enough for all objects and beings to experience its influence. About fifteen tons of air presses on us every day, but we cannot feel it, because the internal pressure of the human body is the same as atmospheric pressure.

Low and high atmospheric pressure

Like any physical quantity, the pressure can be measured. IN international system units for this use pascal (Pa), in Russia they also use bars and millimeters of mercury.

The average value is taken at a temperature of zero degrees at sea level at a latitude of 45 degrees. It is designated as normal atmospheric pressure and is 760 millimeters of mercury or 101325 pascals.

What does atmospheric pressure depend on? First of all, on the amount of air per unit area: the less it is, the lower the pressure and vice versa. It directly depends on the height. At higher altitudes, the air is thinner, so its value decreases with elevation. At an altitude of 5 km, its strength is only two times less, at an altitude of 20 km - about 18 times.

The pressure tends to change different time days and seasons. Temperature is an important factor. At night, when the temperature drops, the pressure is slightly lower than during the day. On the continents, high atmospheric pressure is observed in winter period, low - in summer.

Pressure zonation

Areas globe are heated differently, as a result, the distribution of pressure occurs zonal. In some places, the air heats up and reduces its pressure. Rising up and gradually cooling, it moves to neighboring areas, increasing the pressure there.

A similar redistribution of air masses is clearly seen in equatorial belt, where due to high temperatures pressure is always low, and in neighboring tropical zones it is usually elevated. In Antarctica and the North Pole, constant high pressure is a consequence of the influx of air from temperate latitudes.

As mentioned above, pressure is characterized by seasonal fluctuations, but these changes are not very significant. In general, pressure indicators are stable: there are constantly zones of high and low pressure on the planet.

Influence of high atmospheric pressure

A person can feel the power of this phenomenon on himself, climbing the mountains. Many people are familiar with laying their ears when you overcome sometimes minor climbs. You can feel it by diving deep under the water, by the way, maximum depth such a dive without special equipment is no more than 170 meters (although this is quite risky).

IN Everyday life a person also feels changes in pressure, especially if there are sharp drops. High atmospheric pressure is accompanied by clear weather and dryness, harmful substances in the air are felt more sharply. As a result, allergies and respiratory problems are exacerbated.

An increase in pressure is clearly reflected in the well-being of hypertensive patients. By helping to reduce white blood cells in the blood, it can weaken the immune system. Therefore, during periods of high blood pressure, it is more difficult for a person to fight infections and other diseases.