The impact of negative factors on a person. The sense organs can be grouped according to genetic and morphofunctional features. Ways to protect against energy strike

A person can receive negative information while watching TV, listening to the radio, through the Internet, literature, newspapers. Television horror films, thrillers, action films, and sometimes even animated films are a source of negative influence that causes massive mental disorders, especially among children and young people. Widespread evil comes through computer system the Internet. Various kinds of negative information and especially pornography, which has practically free access for any computer user, has a corrupting effect on the psyche of children and young people. The reader receives a stream of black information through all sorts of occult newspapers, which can not only be read, but even taken into hands. Pamphlets in which spells disguise themselves as prayers carry a great danger. Why come up with various kinds of conspiracies if there are healing church prayers.

People themselves can transmit negative information to each other. In the people, this phenomenon is called damage (evil eye, spell, curse). In fact, the types of damage correspond to the degree of contamination of the subtle bodies of a person with negative information. What are these phenomena?

The most common type of negative impact of a person on a person is the evil eye - this is a partial filling of the astral body of a person with negative information with emotional overtones. The main type of imposition of the evil eye is the dumping of information from one person to another, which has a tinge of a destructive nature. For example, a friend came to visit you and begins to share with you her hardships, unresolved problems. At this time, you empathize, sympathize with her, thereby taking on some of her problems, although you yourself also have many of these unresolved tasks, and you seem to not need other people's problems, but you listen carefully to everything, since this is your friend . At the end of the conversation, a friend tells you: "I talked to you, and it became easier," and you suffer after her departure, you are worried about her problems, you can not sleep at night. Thus, she involuntarily confirms aloud that she gave negative information to you, and you took on this terrible burden. As a result, there is a malfunction in the work of the astral body, which, in turn, will block the work of the etheric and physical bodies to some extent. Several such heart-to-heart conversations, plus one's own emotional experiences on various occasions, can seriously affect the astral body.

Why this happens, yes, because you do not know how to defend yourself from the influence of another person. The situation is even more deplorable with young children, because their mother must protect them until a certain age, and she herself does not know how to do this. That is why there are so many sick children, starting from infancy. Not so long ago, newborn children were not shown to anyone for a year, they were protected from the "black eye". And then, inadvertently, a grandmother or a friend may envy that you have a good, healthy child, and as a result, negative energy can be dumped onto the baby. Or a person weighed down with bad thoughts, just standing at the child's bed, can become a source of negative impact on the baby, who during this period, like a sponge, absorbs any energy, including negative, if he is not protected.

The evil eye renders Negative influence on the energy balance of the astral body. The degree of contamination of a given body directly affects its ability to convert energy for the etheric and physical bodies and, in general, the state of human health.

In young children, the evil eye affects primarily internal organ- stomach, about the disease of the child's stomach, parents are signaled by the red painful cheeks of the baby (diathesis). This is how the Lord arranged the child, because he still cannot say that he is in pain, and thus draws the attention of his parents to himself, that he has negative information on him, and that I need to be cleansed of it. In addition, children from this negative phenomenon may develop various skin diseases, because the necessary positive energy for the skin does not come from the astral body. The skin becomes scaly, painful, irritable, up to the formation of ulcers on the child's body. Such signs should immediately alert parents that something is wrong in the child’s body and take all measures to cleanse the child from the evil eye. However, it should be warned that the use of various ointments can help if the child is energetically clean.

One of the signs of the evil eye, which must be immediately responded to, is difficulty breathing through the nose, and when the child is in an active state, his nose breathes normally, but as soon as he goes to bed, his nose is blocked and he cannot breathe with it . This phenomenon just indicates that the child is smoothed. As soon as you cleanse the child, he begins to breathe through his nose and nothing interferes with him.

For an adult, this negative impact is almost imperceptible at first, but after a few months, and sometimes even years, a crisis in the body's work can occur (and, as a rule, it does). It can manifest itself in the form of a stroke, heart attack, acute pain in the lower back, etc.

On a psychological level, the evil eye can also be expressed in the form of fear, lack of confidence in one's abilities, fear of being alone in an apartment, house, terrible dreams, dreams with a vision of deceased relatives. All these phenomena signal to you that you have negative energy on you, from which you need to get rid of it as soon as possible.

Thus, we come to the conclusion that although the evil eye and a slight degree of filling the body with negative energy and information, it still negatively affects the material and subtle bodies of a person.

A more powerful negative information impact of a person on a person can occur with the help of a spell, which in the form of thoughts and mental images is superimposed on the mental body of a person. This method of influencing a person is possessed by people specially trained in various centers and schools of magic. These include all kinds of sorcerers and sorceresses, various kinds of magicians, witches, psychics and clairvoyants educated in these schools. They spread evil deliberately. A spell on a person can be cast in the form of a slander on water, tea, alcoholic beverages; pouring with wax, water, manipulating the contents of a chicken egg; work with a photograph or a "doll image", "prayer" conspiracies (for love, money, good luck, etc.). Any kind of spell brings significant damage to the human body. Sometimes a spell is cast because of a family, even relatives. The exception is close relatives, that is, parents and children who have the same energy, therefore they themselves cannot impose negative energy on each other. So, one of the leaders of the educational institution turned to me for help, to see why he had swollen thumb on the foot. Healing sessions with one of the psychics did not give the desired result and he was advised to contact me. Having made a diagnosis on him, it was said that he had a spell on him.

Usually men don't ask who put it on them, but here the question was asked. After the request, the answer was received that the spell was cast on him by the wife of his wife's brother. The chief was offended and said that this could not be. However, the next day he invited me to his office, and when I arrived, he announced from the threshold that the whole village knew that her mother was a witch, but I did not know. And this happened after she visited them, saw comfortable living conditions and cast a spell out of envy, as evidenced by the lumps of hair with needles found in the bathroom. To my question, how are things with the leg, he replied that in the morning he had forgotten about the leg, because everything was gone. Envy is one of the terrible sins of mankind, it is necessary to get rid of it, and the sooner the better for yourself and for others.

In addition to specialists, there are people, mostly grandmothers, who do evil unconsciously. An instructive example is the incident that happened to one of the soldiers who served in one of the academies of the Moscow garrison. Private A., who suffered from urinary incontinence during sleep, having learned that I heal people from diseases, turned to me with a request to help him. Why he was drafted into the army with such a disease is another question. After looking at it and establishing that it has an evil eye, he was helped, advised to take a teaspoon of honey at night. In the morning, the soldier said that everything had returned to normal, and everything had been fine for four months. After the New Year, when I saw him, I realized from the expression on his face that something had happened to him. He said that his illness had returned. Looking at it, I saw that it has a spell cast by my own grandmother. I had a doubt whether I correctly determined that the spell was cast by my own grandmother, since earlier the warrior spoke about his residence in Penza. Asking him if he was visiting his grandmother, he received an answer - yes, he was with his grandmother, who lives in the Moscow region. Then, developing the idea, I asked what she was doing with him. The soldier told me that she hadn't done anything, but he was very worried. I had to calm him down and restore the picture of his trip to visit. Talking about his stay with his grandmother, he remembered how, after bathing in the bathroom, his grandmother put him on a chair and made some kind of manipulation of a chicken egg over his head, while saying something to himself. Thus, the grandmother, out of "good intentions," did evil to her grandson. And having cleaned the soldier with God's help, he warned him not to let him do experiments on himself anymore. To his surprise, the disease again disappeared immediately, because most children at this age are sinless and suffer because of adults. No wonder the people say: we create, not knowing what.

IN Lately such a negative phenomenon as a love spell of a girl to a guy or a guy to a girl has become widespread. In some ads, they even write about a sinless love spell, in order to attract people to their center or to themselves. more people. But you must clearly understand these concepts, because they are mutually exclusive.

Those who agree to a love spell should also be warned, one cannot expect good things from such relationships, on a subconscious level a person will feel that something is wrong with him, and he will start from the one who bewitched him to himself. Moreover, a love spell can bring serious illnesses not only on the physical plane, but also mental disorders. No wonder there is a popular saying: "You can't create happiness on someone else's misfortune." People should come together for love and nothing else.

It is necessary to draw your attention to the danger of reading literature related to various conspiracies, which can be bought at any stall. The trouble lies in the fact that many authors first make reference to prayers, and then offer specific conspiracies from one or another sore. After reading such a conspiracy for the first time, you may not understand anything, read it again and understand partially, after reading it for the third time, you can understand everything, but it will be too late, after reading the conspiracy three times you yourself impose it on yourself. This is the conspiracy mechanism. For the most part, conspiracies are aimed at a particular organ or disease, but this is a consequence, not a cause of the disease. Without eliminating the causes, it is impossible to cure a person. With a spell, we drive the disease even deeper.

Specialists can also cast spells on people at the request of the offended party. As a rule, these people ask for money to cast a spell on a person that would bring him a lot of trouble, starting with work, family and personal life, up to wishing the offender death.

Sometimes spells are cast by relatives out of urges to do a good deed without thinking about the negative consequences. So, in one of the cases, the mother-in-law bewitched her son-in-law to her daughter so that they could live even better, although they family relationships and so everything was fine. This ultimately affected the son-in-law's health, a few years later his liver became very ill. After removing the spell, which they knew about, a few days later he passed all the tests, which testified to the recovery of the liver.

Some spells can be attributed to the "exotic" series. So, in one of the cases, the mother-in-law, engaged in witchcraft, cast a spell on her daughter-in-law in order to spy on her, whether she was walking from her husband or not. Without thinking about the fact that it blocks the energy channel of a person, and the necessary vital energy from space cannot enter him. All this leads to energy imbalance of subtle bodies, and various kinds of illnesses on the physical plane. Moreover, when a woman was helped, this sorceress tried in every possible way to interfere, because she did not want to get her negative energy back in the form of a blow. No matter how strong a sorceress she was, she forgot the law of karma - retribution for the evil done is always inevitable.

The manifestation of a spell can occur in the form of psychological irritation, aggressiveness, persecution mania, fear, emotional tantrums, soreness of the whole body, weakness, drowsiness, longing and other negative phenomena, up to unwillingness to live.

The most destructive information impact on people is carried out through a curse. The word curse itself has a code meaning and affects the casual body, thereby making a significant change in the karma of a person, aimed at destruction. This is a powerful, malicious, emotionally charged energy impact of one person on another with the aim of destroying him. In a cursed person, the flow of cosmic energy into the causal body is blocked, which leads to irreversible decaying processes in his body. There is a destruction of the energy and physical body. Not only the causal body itself becomes ill, but the energy necessary to nourish the mental body is blocked, thereby affecting the mental body as well, introducing an energy imbalance in other bodies. Not understanding the essence of the destructive nature of this concept, people often use it. This is especially true when young people break up. This happens when a boy or girl breaks off friendly relations with each other and the emotional anger of one splashes out on the other. Moreover, in the heat of hatred they curse not only each other, but also the future wife (husband) and, what is most terrible, innocent children who have not yet been born. I draw your attention to one essential feature, if young people were in very close relationships and exchanged their energies, then the curse, no matter how much they wanted to impose on each other, would not fall on them, because they became husband and wife. No wonder people say that marriages are made in heaven. Ultimately, innocent people will suffer. Breaks in relations between young people are inevitable, but it is necessary to do this as painlessly and without insults as possible, it is better to remain friends. After all, we are responsible for those whom we have tamed, - the writer Saint-Exupery said. Some people under division material assets they also lose their human appearance, scold, quarrel, curse each other. What do they do it openly.

An example of this is the division of property between two families after the death of the father. He bequeathed, in fairness, an apartment and a garage to one daughter, a car to another daughter. But the younger sister wanted to inherit everything, and therefore, in anger, she openly cursed her sister and her entire family for having got the car. As a result, a curse was placed on the sister's husband and innocent child, who ended up becoming very ill. Unfortunately, there are many, many such examples. In this regard, it is necessary to clearly understand for yourself that even in a person’s thoughts this black word should not exist, throw it out of your vocabulary. It carries a sinister dark energy that can kill a person in a short period of time. And with the return, which is sure to happen, the curse will kill you as a source of negative energy. Take this warning very seriously.

Woe to the man whom he curses for deceit most of people. This fully applies to state and party leaders, high-ranking officials, bankers, businessmen and other categories of people who are trying to make their political and material capital on the troubles of their people, but simply to deceive gullible people. Deception will lead to physical and psychological disorders, it can cause fire and death. Such is the law of karma, everything returns, only with even greater force.

What causes the filling of the human body with negative energy. It is negative energy that is the habitat of the essences of evil. They manifest themselves in the form of various negative clots - cysts, tumors, seals, growths, living negative entities (elementals, demons). How does this express itself on the physical plane of man? A person stoops, he has a curvature of the spine, protruding shoulder blades or lower ribs. Subsequently, there is a shackling of various areas of the back and even the formation of a kind of shell on the back, swelling of the legs, arms, etc. several. It is my deep conviction that it is from negative energy that a person can have a stroke, heart attack, various mental illnesses, damage to the brain, spinal and bone marrow of the legs and arms. However, you should be careful not to transfer the listed symptoms to yourself.

People do not realize the destructive power of negative energy because they think that they will not have to bear responsibility for their deeds. But this is not so, everyone will reap the fruits of their sown seeds of good or evil.

Most people do not even realize that all the life troubles that occur in their lives are affected by negative magical influences. One of the most effective measures in opposing black magic is protective prayers and conspiracies.

Far from everything and far from always in our life turns out the way we plan. Sometimes trouble lies in wait for us a step away from our cherished goal. Or, for example, what seemed yesterday is destroyed strong family, the disease that has come from nowhere begins to progress ...

It happens that troubles literally fall on your head from nowhere or, on the contrary, haunt a person or even a whole family for years and generations, not allowing you to get out of material or psychological problems.

Remember how often it happens that children repeat negative events from the life of their parents, such as widowhood, divorces, difficulties with conception, and it’s not even worth talking about diseases.

In such cases, very often people talk about negative magical effects. At these words, we are usually enveloped in superstitious fear, which very often leads to despair, allowing this bad magical effect to take over us.

However, not everything is as bad as it seems. After all, a negative magical effect is not a sentence, but simply a guide to action. Let's figure out how you can protect yourself and your closest people from this magical effect and what rites and rituals to use for this.

Negative magical influences in human life

Negative magical effects on a person are different. As a rule, this is damage and evil eye, witchcraft slander, black magic spells, etc.

Let us briefly consider the nature of damage and the evil eye as the main type of negative magical effect that is most often found in everyday life. Many people think that the evil eye and damage have the same magical nature of occurrence, but this is not so. These are completely different mechanisms of negative magical effects.

Evil eye

The evil eye, as a rule, is a spontaneous, unintentional release of energy, while damage is not so strong, but a deliberate and gradually increasing magical effect on a person's energy field.

The evil eye, in fact, is not an out of the ordinary phenomenon. During his life, a person can experience the consequences of the evil eye hundreds and even thousands of times, and he can also jinx people and himself the same number of times. However, it also happens that the evil eye is aimed at a person purposefully. At the same time, the essence of the impact does not change, only the force changes. energy strike.

Usually, the evil eye does not bring a lasting effect and concerns only one business, less often an entire sphere of human activity. As a rule, the most “demanded” is the area in which a person has achieved the greatest success, or the one in which a person shows the greatest interest. The universal sphere vulnerable to each person is his health.

Corruption

Unlike the evil eye, damage is not such an everyday phenomenon. Indeed, a long and purposeful magical influence, at least for some time, should be accompanied by additional expenditures of the energy of the person who inflicts damage. As a rule, damage is directed at a person purposefully, but there are also unconscious types of damage.

An example of such damage can be damage to oneself. Agree that not a single person wishes trouble for himself, however, damage to himself is the most common type.

Such damage is caused by negative thoughts about oneself. Sometimes these can be your own thoughts, but more often they are imposed by someone, and first of all by the closest people.

Such thoughts give rise to corresponding emotions that have a detrimental effect on the energy field, gradually it acquires more and more negative energy, begins to thin out and, in the end, leads to the appearance of negative consequences in a person’s life.

Our ancestors knew how to neutralize negative magical influences with the help of special protection. Modern people they often neglect, and sometimes do not know, simple preventive measures that can protect them from negative energy impacts.

First of all, you need to get rid of or minimize communication with people who can affect you negatively. Try to take a closer look at your immediate surroundings. Maybe there are very aggressive, obsessive people in it who like to complain about fate and everyone around them easily provokes scandalous situations.

If it still seems to you that you have become the object of someone's negative influence, then show your will and stop any contact with such people. But if it's impossible for you to avoid a relationship with them, don't trust or empathize with them.

Learn to be indifferent to people who can upset your energy balance. The easiest way to protect yourself when talking with potential carriers of a negative impact is to keep a fig (fig) in your pocket. And even better - learn elementary protective techniques, because protection from negative impacts is for the benefit of your life and health.

Protection from negative magical effects

To stop all the negative magical effects that unkind people can have on you, you need to know a number of simple rules that our great-grandmothers observed.

Here are some of them:

• If you start to be praised, bite the tip of your tongue so that the praise does not turn into an evil eye.
• Don't give the clothes you wear to anyone
• Separately store pictures of the dead people (damage by photo is very dangerous)
• Before eating, you need to cross the food and mouth to avoid spoilage for food and drink
• Carry a small mirror in the left pocket of your outerwear, with the surface facing out, or you can place it on your desktop facing visitors.
• Take a shower in the mornings and evenings after visiting places huge cluster people, hospitals, cemeteries, communication with an unpleasant person.
• If you find a cross, in no case do not keep it for yourself.
• Throw all cracked crockery and broken mirrors out of the house.
• Do not keep found things, wallets, jewelry.
• Don't let your imagination run wild. Don't think bad.
• Beware of negative statements and black humor towards yourself. The thought is material.

Envy- this is an unpleasant feeling of a person, caused by irritation, as well as displeasure from the well-being and achievements of other people.

Envy is a constant comparison and desire to possess something intangible or material.

An envious feeling is characteristic of all people, regardless of character, nationality, temperament and gender. Conducted sociological studies have shown that this feeling weakens with age.

So that no one envies you and gossips behind your back, you need to hold a special magical ritual. For this ritual, you will need to go to the church and do the following:

Buy 12 candles and place them in front of 12 icons. The most important six icons are:

1. Trinity
2. Jesus Christ
3. Mother of God
4. John the Baptist
5. Archangel Michael,
6. Nicholas the Wonderworker.

These icons are in any church. Choose the remaining six icons yourself, which ones you like best. Be sure to take the prosphora in the church.

Having defended the liturgy, return home, eat half of the prosphora, drink holy water, read the Our Father three times and a prayer for the acceptance of the prosphora.

Prayer from negative impact

Strong prayer against the negative impact on the acceptance of holy water and prosphora:

“Lord my God, may Your holy gift be Your holy prosphora and Your holy water for the remission of my sins, for the enlightenment of my mind, for the strengthening of my spiritual and bodily strength, for the health of my soul and body, for the subjugation of my passions and infirmities according to the boundless Thy mercy through the prayers of Thy Most Pure Mother and all Thy saints. Amen!".

After that, take your photo, put it in the Bible, in the book of Psalms, on the page with the 90th psalm (“Living Helps”). On the same day, before going to bed, eat the second half of the prosphora and again drink holy water. In the morning, take out your photo and read the 90th psalm.

Conspiracy to protect the family from negative influences

It is read a week in a row from the day of the new moon before open window at midnight.

“I will get up, blessed, go, crossing myself, in an open field, there is a curly birch, under it is a bush of willows, on it are honey leaves, on it are sugar twigs.
I will surround that bush of willows with a copper tie, an iron tie, a mile up, a mile down.
A golden-horned turkey came, gored, butted out my copper tyn, my iron tyn, did not butt out.
You are a golden turkey! You jump to the sea-okian, on it stands a latyr-stone, under that stone is the robe of the Lord, on that stone is a fiery snake.
Defeat the fiery snake, roll off the latyr-stone, get me the robe of God.
The turkish woman galloped to the ocean-sea, the turkish woman beat the fiery snake with a golden horn, the turkish woman rolled off the latyr-stone, took out and brought me the robe of God.
I put on a robe, I put on a robe, I am baptized in the Lord, I am not afraid of anyone! Amen!".

However, as practice shows, very often, a home or place of work is subjected to magical influence.

Protecting a house, apartment or any other dwelling from magical negative influences is not such a difficult task as it might seem at first glance.

To do this, once a week (preferably on Sunday) light a church candle brought from mass, and go around your entire apartment with this burning candle strictly clockwise. Together with this, you need to read the following prayer:

“God our Savior, deigning to enter under the shadow of Zaccheev and salvation to that and to all that house,
Himself and now here to live, desiring, and by us, unworthy of prayer to You and prayer bringing,
from all harm, keep unharmed, blessing those who live here, and keep those belly hated. Amen!".

After this ritual, all rooms of the house or apartment must be sprinkled with holy water.

In the people, aspen is considered a tree that averts death. No wonder in the old days they carried aspen pegs with them, driving away evil spirits and evil spirits from a person.

In some villages, aspen stakes are still driven into the yards, which protect people, property and animals from the evil eye.

To perform this ceremony, pick up aspen branches and steam them in a bucket. When the water boils, read the plot 12 times in a row, looking into the bucket at the branches. Wait for the water to cool to room temperature and wash the windows, doors, floors and, last but not least, the threshold and porch.

Pour the water along with the branches at the crossroads, while your clothes should be modest, without decorations. You can't talk to anyone on the way there and back. And here is the conspiracy itself:

“The Mother of God, the Most Holy Theotokos, the mistress of the world, the Queen of Heaven!
Your house is the Temple of God, you live there, you sleep there, you rest there, you pray to God for the whole wide world.
Pray for me, a servant of God (name), and for my domina, for my temple, for my soul for salvation, for my house for deliverance.
As the temple of God stands, does not move, nothing unclean touches it, so my house would stand, not move, and the unclean one recoiled from it. Amen!".

By the way, pectoral crosses, in the old days, were also cut out of aspen, believing that illnesses and troubles would bypass the person wearing this cross. It has been scientifically proven that aspen absorbs negative energy and cleanses the human aura from harmful magical influences.

Periodically visiting the aspen grove, you can get rid of some diseases and cleanse yourself of the evil eye and damage. Such qualities are possessed not only by a living tree, but also by products made from it.

Since it is not always easy to get into someone else's house, negative magical effects are often directed at the threshold of a house or apartment.

When you step over the threshold - that's it, the job is done. Therefore, it is imperative to know how to protect the threshold of your home from negative influences.

On Friday afternoon, take three pinches of salt from a wooden salt shaker with your left hand and throw them into a basin or bucket of water.

With this water, wash the threshold of the house three times, while saying the following words:

“It is salted with salt, soaked with water, salt does not rot, and damage does not stick to my house.
Turn away, roll back, turn back! Get out, I didn't call you. Amen!".

After that, pour the water at a pedestrian intersection as far from the house as possible.

Here is another protective rite on the threshold of the house. Take a broom and mark the threshold three times, each time saying the following conspiracy:

“I sweep away sorrows, illnesses, ailments, damage, lessons, superficial evil eye, bringing.
Threshold metenny, God blessed. In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Amen!".

The most common type of negative impact that can be brought to the house is lining.

If you find something on the threshold of your apartment, in no case do not bring it into the house and do not even touch this item with your hands or feet. It is best to take paper or a broom with a scoop, collect everything and take it out into the street.

And there everything that was found, burn with prayers to Jesus Christ, "Our Father" and the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord.

If you find something extraneous in the apartment itself, also do not take it into your own hands! Take paper and immediately deal with these things - burn them with the words:

“Fire to the sky, ash to the ground.
I burn bad thoughts, I burn the enemy's misfortune.
In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Amen!".

Protective amulets and amulets from magical negative influences must be handmade. A particle of the energy of the person who made this amulet should remain in them.

The best will be an amulet made by your own hands especially for you by a specialist or just a loved one. You can make an amulet yourself. Now we will consider several options for such amulets.

The simplest protection against negative magical effects is an ordinary safety pin. It must be discreetly attached to clothing so that it touches the body. It is necessary to periodically check the condition of the pin.

As soon as any part has darkened (this means that it has taken on negative energy), the pin must be changed, and the old pin must be buried in the ground.

To make it, you will need the help of a jeweler. It is not recommended to buy a ready-made product, since jewelry casting is currently carried out automatically.

With this method, there is no need to talk about the energy of the manufacturer. In addition, the design of the product should belong to you.

Protective prayers and a prayer for consecration must be read over the received piece of jewelry. Protective prayers must be read for several days in a row.

If you adhere to a religion other than Christianity, choose such rituals from the arsenal of your religion.

In order for the amulet to be charged to protect a particular person, he must wear it without removing it for at least a week.

The protective amulet "God's Eye" among the Slavs has a four-beam square shape.

There are also four rays in Tibetan Namkha, however, the rays are long and not completely braided; several more smaller mandalas can be made at the ends. And among the Huichol Indians, the Mandala, as a rule, consists of eight rays and is woven in a more complex way.

However, the Slavic amulets "God's eye" sometimes consisted of eight rays. Tassels and pompoms were often hung on these amulets.

This amulet against negative impact is found in different cultures. It can be made independently from woolen threads of different colors. It is done like this:

1. We take two wooden sticks, put them in a cross and begin to wrap them with threads, fastening the sticks.
2. First we wind the threads of one color, then another and so on. In this case, the threads can be any color of your choice.
3. As a result, you will get a diamond-shaped amulet with an absolutely unique pattern.

Prayers are also read over such an amulet. This amulet is used to protect the home or individual family members, such as newborn children, for which it is hung directly above the baby's bed.

A pectoral cross is given to a baptized person who becomes a Christian for constant wearing in the most important place (near the heart) as an image of the Cross of the Lord, an outward sign of an Orthodox Christian.

This is also done as a reminder that the Cross of Christ is a weapon against fallen spirits, having the power to heal and give life.

The pectoral cross itself is not a protection against black magic, but with its help you can very clearly feel that there are magical negative effects. As soon as a negative magical effect has been imposed on a person, the pectoral cross begins to signal this.

This may manifest itself as follows:

• The cross may darken
• He may suddenly begin to constantly cling to clothes.
• May suddenly begin to interfere with walking or sleeping
• Might even choke its owner a little

If you feel someone's magical negative impact on you, which clearly affected your life and health, do not neglect the protection methods known to you.

If not protected from the negative impact

In the case when you already feel the negative magical effects on yourself, you need to urgently cleanse. Now we will consider examples of such rituals.

Ritual from negative influence

This ritual is performed in the evening. To carry it out, you will need a glass of water and nine matches. We light the first match and, when it burns out to the end, we throw it into the water. After that, we do the same with the rest of the matches. While the matches are burning, it is necessary to sentence, looking at the fire:

“In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Amen!
Pure blood and Heavenly,
Save and save the servant of God (name)
From every evil eye, from a bad hour,
From the female, from the male
From childish, from joyful,
From the hated, from the slanderous, from the negotiation.

After all the matches are in the glass, shake the water a little and wait about a minute. If none of the matches sank at all, there is no negative effect on you. If at least one match dropped a little or stood up vertically, then there is a negative.

Now you need to take three small sips from a glass and wash your face with this water. After that, the remaining water should be poured as far as possible from your home.

Protective slander for water

In the morning, immediately after waking up, pour water from the tap into a cup and softly whisper these words into this water:

“The Lord came from heaven, carrying the Life-Creating Cross. The cross broke, rolled into crosses.
Where the crosses fell, there unclean spirits fell, fell into the ground, rolled into hell.
I raise a cross, I am baptized with a cross, I gird myself with a cross, I put a cross in front, I throw a cross behind me, I protect my sides with crosses.
Get out, demon, the life-giving cross is on me! Amen!".

Then wash your face with this water. If the above rituals seem not enough to you or for some reason you do not want to use them, prayers and conspiracies from the evil eye and corruption will help you. The official position of the Russian Orthodox Church on this issue is somewhat ambiguous.

On the one hand, it is argued that negative magical effects are just superstitions that should not have a place in the soul of believers. However, on the other hand, at the same time, priests advise prayers that help people get rid of problems caused by negative influences.

After the treatment of corruption with prayers is completed, you need to go to church.

This is necessary in order to confess and take communion both to the former patient and to the one who removed this effect.

If for some reason you cannot go to church, read a cleansing prayer to Jesus Christ before starting to remove the magical effect.

Also, after carrying out all the manipulations, it is necessary to read another prayer to Jesus Christ, which will not allow dark forces take over your mind again:

“Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the One Trisagion Deity, the Lady Virgin Mother of God, the Holy Thrones, angels, archangels, cherubim, seraphim with beginnings, I bow to you, I repent to you. Deliver me, Lord, from the seduction of the godly and wicked Antichrist, who is coming, and hide me from his nets in the secret wilderness of Your salvation. Give me, Lord, the strength and courage of a firm confession of Your holy name, may I not retreat fear for the sake of the devil, may I not renounce You, my Savior and Redeemer, from Your Holy Church. But give me, Lord, day and night weeping and tears for my sins, and have mercy on me, Lord, at the hour Doomsday yours. Amen!".

Now protection from negative magical influences for the future has been set. These are just some of the tips that can help you in your daily life.

Page 1

Noise and vibrations have an adverse effect on a person.

Not only high, but also low air temperature has an adverse effect on the human body. Prolonged and intense exposure to cold can cause a number of changes in the most important physiological processes that affect the working capacity and morbidity of workers. When this happens and supercooled ie the whole organism.

A person has an adverse effect on nature in order to develop its wealth when he penetrates not only into the jungle, but also into the taiga. Mining worsens nature: it disrupts the vegetation layer over large areas, leads to the appearance of waste heaps that create dust in the air, to the appearance of subsiding soils. Particularly large disturbances are created by the extraction of coal and ores. open way, since the opening of the soil occupies large areas and still more gets dusty atmospheric air. We are very vulnerable to human intervention, including the extraction of minerals and the construction of roads, the vegetative layer on permafrost soils.

The adverse effect on the embryo increases with increasing solubility of phthalates. DEP and DOP can reach the embryo through the placenta of female rats. Unlike the other six phthalates, DOP and linear chain di-n-octyl phthalate do not cause skeletal abnormalities in rat offspring.

Adverse developmental effects can be detected at any time in an organism's life.

The adverse effect on the body of replacing natural light with artificial light is also confirmed by the data of biological experiments on the study of the immunological reactivity of animals and their resistance to chemical stress.

Deforestation, intensive livestock grazing, acid rains, violation of the hydrological regime, and development of erosion have an adverse effect on the state of soils in this zone.

Not only high, but also low air temperature has an adverse effect on the human body. Prolonged and intense exposure to cold can cause a number of changes in the most important physiological processes that affect the performance and health of workers. At the same time, hypothermia of the whole organism occurs.

The drive is adversely affected by cavitation. When moving in an alternating pressure field, the bubbles burst and high-frequency impacts of liquid particles occur on the metal surface, which cause softening, accompanied by the appearance of fracture centers in the form of cavities, cracks and chipping.

Not only high, but also low air temperature has an adverse effect on the human body. Prolonged and intense exposure to cold can cause a number of changes in the most important physiological processes that affect the performance and morbidity of workers. At the same time, hypothermia of the whole organism occurs.

The noise from air transport has an adverse effect on the population of cities and suburban areas, especially with the advent of new, powerful air liners, an increase in the intensity and expansion of the geography of air transport.

The adverse effect of uneven settlement on ground structures is usually aggravated by an important factor - the pace of construction. In conditions of high-speed construction, the impact of uneven settlement, leading to unforeseen stresses in load-bearing structures and due to the heterogeneity of the properties of the soil base and design features structures, is enhanced, since the ground part of the structure acquires final rigidity in a short period of time, while the subsidence of the base under the action of the own mass of the structures is still far from attenuating.

Hydrogen sulfide and sulfides contained in discharged sewage, primarily worsening the organoleptic properties of water. In addition, hydrogen sulfide and sulfides are extremely toxic to fish. Hydrogen sulfide is especially toxic, sulfides are less toxic. Hydrogen sulfide acts on fish, firstly, as a poison; secondly, as an oxygen scavenger (its oxidation to elemental sulfur proceeds under the action of sun rays very quickly and requires about 47% oxygen by weight) and, thirdly, as a source of sulfur formation, which, sticking to the gills of fish, causes them to suffocate.

Hydrogen sulfide and sulfides contained in discharged wastewater also have an adverse effect on the reservoir, primarily worsening the organoleptic properties of water. In addition, hydrogen sulfide and sulfides are extremely toxic to fish. Hydrogen sulfide is especially toxic, sulfides are less toxic. Hydrogen sulfide acts on fish, firstly, as a poison; secondly, as an oxygen absorber (its oxidation to elemental sulfur occurs very quickly under the action of sunlight and requires about 47% oxygen by weight) and, thirdly, as a source of sulfur formation, which, sticking to the gills of fish, causes them to suffocate .

Lecture 1. “Introduction. The impact on a person of negative factors production environment»

1. Basic concepts and terminology of labor safety

Life experience shows that any created type of human activity should be useful for its existence, but at the same time, activity can be a source of negative impacts or harm, leads to injuries, diseases, and sometimes ends with complete disability or death.

Labor activity at work and at home accounts for at least 50% of a person's life. And it is in the process labor activity a person is exposed to the greatest danger, since modern production is saturated with a wide variety of energy-intensive technical means.

Labor safety is an integral part of the program of economic and social development of our society. In our country, much attention is paid to creating the necessary conditions for the protection of the health of workers and the safety of their work.

The common causes of industrial injuries and occupational diseases, according to the Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia, are:

1. physical wear and tear of technological equipment;

2. non-compliance by employers with the necessary organizational and technical measures to ensure safe working conditions;

3. lack of necessary supervision and control over the safe conduct of work by their leaders;

4. absence of officials responsible for the state of labor protection;

5. conducting work without the necessary technological documentation providing for labor protection measures;

6. unsatisfactory organization of training and testing of employees' knowledge of labor protection rules; violation of the procedure for instructing employees;

7. low technological and labor discipline.

The concept of labor protection is contained in Article 1 of the Federal Law “On the basics of labor protection in Russian Federation» dated July 17, 1999 No. 181-FZ and is formulated as follows: Occupational safety is a system for preserving the life and health of workers in the course of their labor activity, including legal, socio-economic, organizational, technical, sanitary and hygienic, medical and preventive, rehabilitation and other measures that form a mechanism for the implementation of the constitutional right of citizens to work in conditions that meet the requirements of safety and hygiene.

Other activities should be understood as activities aimed at fulfilling the requirements fire safety, industrial safety etc. during the course of work of employees.

It should be noted that OT cannot be identified with safety, industrial sanitation, occupational health, because they are elements of OT, its constituent parts.

Labor protection solves 4 main tasks:

¾ Identification of hazardous and harmful production factors;

¾ Development of appropriate technical measures and means of protection against hazardous and harmful production factors;

¾ Development of organizational measures to ensure labor safety and labor protection management at the enterprise;

¾ Preparation for actions in conditions of manifestation of dangers.

One of the key concepts in the labor protection system is the concept of negative factors of the working environment.

Negative production factors that occur in the work area are factors that adversely affect a person, causing deterioration in health, disease or injury.

The occurrence of negative factors is determined by such a property of the habitat (production environment) as danger.

Danger- this is a property of the human environment, which causes a negative effect on human life, leading to negative changes in the state of his health. The degree of changes in health status may vary depending on the level of danger. The ultimate manifestation of danger may be the loss of life. Danger is the main concept in life safety, in particular in labor safety.

Human practice convinces that any activity is potentially dangerous and it is impossible to achieve absolute safety. This allows us to formulate the central axiom of security - the axiom of the potential danger of life, according to which human life is potentially dangerous. This axiom predetermines that all human actions and the surrounding environment, and above all technical means and technologies, in addition to positive properties and results, have the property of danger and are capable of generating negative factors. Production activity has a special danger, because in its process the highest levels of negative factors arise.

2. Classification of negative factors

Negative production factors are also commonly called hazardous and harmful production factors (OHPF), which are qualitatively divided into hazardous factors and harmful factors.

Hazardous production factor(OPF) is such a production factor, the impact of which on a person leads to injury or death. In this regard, OPF is also called a traumatic (traumatic) factor. The OPF can include driving machines and mechanisms, various lifting and transport devices and transported goods, electric current, flying particles of the processed material and tools, etc.

Harmful production factor(HPF) is such a production factor, the impact of which on a person leads to a deterioration in well-being or, with prolonged exposure, to a disease. High or low air temperature in the working area, increased levels of noise, vibration, electromagnetic radiation, radiation, air pollution in the working area with dust, harmful gases, harmful microorganisms, bacteria, viruses, etc. can be attributed to HMF.

There is a certain relationship between dangerous (traumatic) and harmful production factors. At high levels of HMF, they can become dangerous. Thus, excessively high concentrations of harmful substances in the air of the working area can lead to severe poisoning or even to death.

Important at the first stage of hazard identification is the classification of hazardous and harmful production factors. According to the impact on humans, hazardous and harmful production factors are divided into 4 groups:

¾ Physical;

¾ Chemical;

¾ Biological;

¾ Psychophysiological.

Physical factors include electric current, kinetic energy of moving machines and equipment or their parts, increased pressure of vapors or gases in vessels, unacceptable levels of noise, vibration, infrared and ultrasound, insufficient illumination, electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation, etc.

Chemical factors are substances harmful to the human body in various states.

Biological factors are the effects of various microorganisms, as well as plants and animals.

Psychophysiological factors are physical and emotional overload, mental strain, monotony of work.

Rice. OVPF classification.

Specific working conditions, as a rule, are characterized by a combination of negative factors and differ in the level of harmful factors and the risk of dangerous ones.

To the most dangerous jobs industrial enterprises can be attributed:

¾ installation and dismantling of heavy equipment;

¾ transportation of cylinders with compressed gases, containers with acids, alkalis, alkali metals and others hazardous substances;

¾ repair, construction and installation work at height, as well as on the roof;

¾ repair and preventive work on electrical installations and electrical networks under voltage;

¾ earthworks in the area of ​​energy networks;

¾ work in wells, tunnels, trenches, chimneys, melting and heating furnaces, bunkers, mines, chambers;

¾ installation, dismantling and repair of cranes;

¾ pneumatic testing of vessels and containers under pressure, as well as a number of other works.

The most harmful include work related to the use of harmful substances, with the release of such substances in the technological process, with the use of various kinds from-

rays. For example, such works include:

¾ work, in the technological process of which vibration is used (work with jackhammers, perforators, work on knockout grates, etc.);

¾ work in electroplating and pickling shops and departments;

¾ work at metallurgical and chemical enterprises, coal and uranium mines;

¾ work using sources of ionizing radiation, etc.

Hazardous production factors can lead to injury, accident, and prolonged exposure to a harmful production factor can lead to occupational disease.

Injury- this is damage in the human body caused by the action of environmental factors. Depending on the type of traumatic factor, mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, mental, combined, etc. injuries are distinguished. As well as injuries can be industrial and domestic.

Accident- an unexpected and unplanned event, accompanied by trauma.

Occupational Illness- a disease caused by the impact on a person of harmful production factors in the process of labor activity. For example, prolonged exposure to vibration can cause vibration sickness, noise can cause hearing loss, radiation can cause radiation sickness, etc.

Safety- this is the state of labor activity, providing an acceptable level of its risk. For production activities, the concept of industrial safety is applicable.

Industrial safety is a system of organizational measures and technical means that prevent the likelihood of exposure to hazardous production factors that arise in the working area in the course of activities.

In the working area, it is necessary to ensure such levels of negative factors that do not cause a deterioration in human health, diseases. To exclude irreversible changes in the human body, hygienists limit the impact of negative factors by safety standards.

Existing safety standards are divided into two large groups: maximum allowable concentrations (MPC), characterizing the safe content of harmful substances of a chemical and biological nature in the air of a working area, as well as maximum allowable levels (MPL) of exposure to various hazardous and harmful factors of a physical nature (noise, vibration , ultra - and infrasound, electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation, etc.)

Maximum allowable level(MPL) is the maximum value of a negative (physical) factor that, acting on a person (in isolation or in combination with other factors) during a work shift, daily, throughout the entire period of work experience, does not cause biological changes in him and his offspring , including diseases, as well as mental disorders (decrease in intellectual and emotional abilities, mental performance).

Maximum Permissible Concentration(MPC) is the maximum concentration of a chemical or biological factor that, acting on a person (in isolation or in combination with other factors) during a work shift, daily, throughout the entire period of work experience, does not cause biological changes in him and his offspring, including diseases, as well as mental disorders (decrease in intellectual and emotional abilities, mental performance).

Test questions:

1. What are the main causes of industrial injuries and occupational diseases. Define an accident and an occupational disease.

2. Formulate an axiom about the potential danger to life. How is the issue of production safety in the gas industry solved?

3. What is meant by labor protection? Formulate the main tasks of labor protection.

4. Give a classification of harmful and dangerous production factors. Make a nomenclature of dangers for a gas fitter.

5. Name the most dangerous work in industrial enterprises. Define hazard, injury and occupational safety.

Lecture 2. "Types and conditions of work"

1. Classification of working conditions according to the severity and intensity of the labor process

If the labor activity of a person is carried out in production, it is called production activity.

Production activity- this is a set of actions of workers using the means of labor necessary to turn resources into finished products, including the production and processing of various types of raw materials, construction, and the provision of various types of services.

Labor activity can be divided into physical and mental labor.

Physical work characterized primarily by increased muscle load on the musculoskeletal system and its functional systems - the cardiovascular, neuromuscular system, stimulates metabolic processes in the body, but at the same time can have negative consequences, such as diseases of the musculoskeletal system, especially if it is not properly organized or is excessively intense for the body.

Brainwork associated with the reception and processing of information and requires tension of attention, memory, activation of thinking processes, is associated with increased emotional stress. Mental labor is characterized by a decrease in motor activity - hypokinesia. Hypokinesia may be a condition for the formation of cardiovascular disorders in humans. Prolonged mental stress has a negative impact on mental activity - attention, memory, and perception functions deteriorate environment.

Rice. 1. Types of labor activity.

Human life is associated with energy costs: the more intense the activity, the greater the energy costs. So, when performing work that requires significant muscle activity, energy costs are 20...25 MJ per day or more.

mechanized labor requires less energy and muscle loads. However, mechanized labor is characterized by greater speed and monotony of human movements. Monotonous work leads to rapid fatigue and reduced attention.

Work on the assembly line characterized by even greater speed and uniformity of movement. A person working on a conveyor performs one or more operations; since he works in a chain of people performing other operations, the time for performing operations is strictly regulated. This requires a lot of nervous tension and, combined with the high speed of work and its monotony, leads to rapid nervous exhaustion and fatigue.

On the semi-automatic and automatic production, energy costs and labor intensity are less than on a conveyor belt. The work consists in periodic maintenance of the mechanisms or performing simple operations - supplying the material being processed, turning the mechanisms on or off.

Forms intellectual (mental) labor diverse - operator, managerial, creative, work of teachers, doctors, students. The work of the operator is characterized by great responsibility and high neuro-emotional stress. The work of students is characterized by the tension of the main mental functions- memory, attention, the presence of stressful situations associated with tests, exams, tests.

The most difficult form mental activity - creative work(work of scientists, designers, writers, composers, artists). Creative work requires significant neuro-emotional stress, which leads to an increase in blood pressure, a change in the electrocardiogram, an increase in oxygen consumption, an increase in body temperature and other changes in the body's work caused by an increased neuro-emotional load.

Production activities are carried out in the working area.

Working area called the space (up to 2 m) above the floor or platform, on which there are places of permanent or temporary stay of workers.

Work zone is defined by arcs that can be described by a hand turning at the shoulder or elbow at the level of the working surface. In addition, the working area must necessarily be combined with an area convenient for the human eye. The optimal work area follows the worker and exists wherever he works. The highest height available for men and women should be taken equal to 1800 ... 2000 mm. And a comfortable height is within 900 ... 1500 mm.

Rice. 2 Classification of working conditions by severity

Factors of the labor process that characterize the severity of physical labor are mainly muscle efforts and energy costs: physical dynamic load, weight of the load being lifted and moved, stereotyped work movements, static load, working postures, body inclinations, movement in space.

Factors of the labor process that characterize the intensity of labor are the emotional and intellectual load on human analyzers (auditory, visual, etc.), the monotony of loads, and the mode of work.

Labor according to the severity of the labor process is divided into the following classes: light (optimal in terms of physical activity working conditions), moderate (permissible working conditions) and severe three degrees (harmful working conditions).

The criteria for assigning labor to a particular class are: the amount of external mechanical work (in kgm) performed per shift; the mass of the load lifted and moved manually; the number of stereotyped work movements per shift the value of the total effort (in kgf) applied per shift to hold the load; comfortable working posture; the number of forced bends per shift and the kilometers that a person is forced to walk when doing work. The values ​​of these criteria for women are 40...60% less than for men.

For example, for men, if the mass of weights lifted and moved (no more than twice per hour) is up to 15 kg - light work, up to 30 kg - moderate, more than 30 kg - heavy. For women, respectively - 5 and 10 kg.

The assessment of the severity class of physical labor is carried out on the basis of taking into account all the criteria, while the class is evaluated for each criterion, and the final assessment of the severity of labor is determined by the most sensitive criterion

Labor according to the degree of intensity of the labor process is divided into the following classes: optimal - tension easy labor degree, permissible - the intensity of labor of an average degree, hard work of three degrees.

The criteria for assigning labor to a particular class are the degree of intellectual load, depending on the content and nature of the work performed, the degree of its complexity; the duration of concentrated attention, the number of signals per hour of work, the number of objects of simultaneous observation; load on vision, determined mainly by the size of the minimum objects of distinction, the duration of work behind monitor screens; emotional burden, depending on the degree of responsibility and significance of the error, the degree of risk for own life and the safety of others; the monotony of labor, determined by the duration of simple or repetitive operations; work schedule, characterized by the length of the working day and shift work.

Thus, physical labor is classified according to the severity of labor, mental - according to tension.

2. Classification of working conditions according to the factors of the working environment

Human health largely depends not only on the characteristics of the labor process - severity and tension, but also on environmental factors in which the labor process is carried out.

To date, the list of really existing negative factors, both in the production environment, as well as domestic and natural, has more than 100 types.

The parameters of the working environment that affect the state of human health are physical, chemical and biological factors.

According to the factors of the working environment, working conditions are divided into four classes (Fig. 3):

1 class- optimal working conditions - conditions under which not only the health of workers is preserved, but also conditions are created for high efficiency. Optimal standards are set only for climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, air mobility);

Grade 2- permissible working conditions - are characterized by such levels of environmental factors that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, while possible changes in the functional state of the body pass during breaks for rest or by the beginning of the next shift and do not adversely affect the health of workers and their offspring;

3rd grade- harmful working conditions - characterized by the presence of factors that exceed hygienic standards and affect the body of the worker and (or) his offspring;

Fig.3 Classification of working conditions by production factors

Harmful working conditions according to the degree of exceeding the standards are divided into 4 degrees of harmfulness:

1st degree - characterized by such deviations from acceptable norms, in which reversible functional changes occur and there is a risk of developing the disease;

Grade 2 - characterized by levels of harmful factors that can cause persistent functional disorders, an increase in morbidity with temporary disability, the appearance of initial signs of occupational diseases .;

3 degree - is characterized by such levels of harmful factors, in which, as a rule, occupational diseases develop in mild forms during the period of employment;

Grade 4 - conditions of the working environment under which pronounced forms of occupational diseases can occur, high levels of morbidity with temporary disability are noted.

Harmful working conditions include the conditions in which metallurgists and miners work, working in conditions of increased air pollution, noise, vibration, unsatisfactory microclimate parameters, thermal radiation; traffic controllers on highways with heavy traffic, who are during the entire shift in conditions of high gas pollution and increased noise.

4th grade- dangerous (extreme) working conditions - are characterized by such levels of harmful production factors, the impact of which during the work shift or even part of it creates a threat to life, a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational diseases. Dangerous (extreme) working conditions include the work of firefighters, mine rescuers, liquidators of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.

Depending on the severity and intensity of labor, the degree of harmfulness or danger of working conditions, the amount of wages, the duration of vacation, the amount of additional payments and a number of other established benefits are determined, designed to compensate for the negative consequences of labor activity for a person.

When choosing a profession, a person must take into account all the circumstances related to future work activity, be able to correctly correlate the state of his health and the negative factors of the profession. This will allow him to keep his vitality and ultimately achieve great success in life and career.

3. Ergonomic bases of labor safety

Ergonomics is a science that deals with the problems of adapting the working environment to the capabilities of the human body.

Ergonomics studies the system "man - tool - production environment" and develops recommendations that help put a person in the most favorable conditions for performing functional tasks.

Since modern production is becoming more automated, the functions of management and operator are increasingly assigned to a person.

The correct location and layout of the workplace, ensuring a comfortable posture and freedom of labor movements, the use of equipment that meets the requirements of ergonomics and engineering psychology ensure the most efficient work process, reduce fatigue and prevent the risk of occupational diseases.

The following ergonomic indicators are used to assess the quality of the working environment:

Hygienic - light level, temperature, humidity, pressure, dustiness, noise, radiation, vibration, etc.;

Anthropometric - conformity of products to the anthropometric properties of a person (size, shape). This group of indicators should provide a rational and comfortable posture, correct posture, optimal hand grip, etc., protect a person from rapid fatigue;

Physiological - determine the compliance of the product with the features of the functioning of the human senses. They affect the volume and speed of a person's working movements, the volume of visual, auditory, tactile (tactile), gustatory and olfactory information coming through the senses;

Psychological - conformity of the product to the psychological characteristics of a person. Psychological indicators characterize the compliance of the product with fixed and newly formed human skills, the possibilities of perception and processing of information by a person.

The range of equipment where it is necessary to take into account ergonomic requirements is very wide: from means of transport and complex systems control to consumer products.

Test questions:

1. Name the main types of labor activity. Highlight the features of each type. (Define production activity).

2. How are working conditions classified according to the severity and intensity of the labor process? Why is this classification necessary?

3. How are working conditions classified according to the factors of the working environment? How is this classification taken into account in the production process?

4. What is ergonomics and what characteristics of a person should be considered when organizing a workplace?

Lecture 3. "Ensuring comfortable working conditions"

1. Meteorological conditions of the working environment

Providing comfortable working conditions improves the quality and productivity of labor, ensures good health and the best environmental parameters and characteristics of the labor process for maintaining health. Creating comfortable conditions involves ensuring many parameters of the environment and characteristics of the labor process at the optimal level: not exceeding the permissible levels of negative factors, a rational mode of work and rest, the convenience of the workplace, a good psychological climate in the work team, etc. , however, the most significant are climatic (meteorological) conditions, illumination and light environment.

The production microclimate - the climate of the internal environment of industrial premises - is determined by the combination of temperature, humidity and air velocity acting on the human body, as well as the temperature of the surrounding surfaces.

The production microclimate depends on the climatic zone and season of the year, the nature of the technological process and the type of equipment used, the size of the premises and the number of workers, the conditions of heating and ventilation. Therefore, the production microclimate is different at different facilities. However, with all the variety of microclimatic conditions, they can be divided into four groups.

The microclimate of industrial premises in which the production technology is not associated with significant heat release. It mainly depends on the local climate, heating and ventilation. Here, only a slight overheating in summer on hot days and cooling in winter with insufficient heating is possible.

The microclimate of industrial premises with significant heat emissions. Such production facilities, called hot shops, are widespread. These include boiler houses, forges, open-hearth and blast furnaces, bakeries, sugar factories, etc. In hot shops, the thermal radiation of heated and hot surfaces has a great influence on the microclimate.

The microclimate of industrial premises with artificial air cooling. These include various refrigerators.

Microclimate when working in an open area, depending on climatic conditions (for example, agricultural, road and construction work).

Mechanisms of heat exchange between man and the environment.

Man is constantly in a state of exchange of heat with the environment. The best thermal well-being of a person will be when the heat release of the human body is completely given to the environment, i.e. there is a heat balance. The excess of body heat release over heat transfer to the environment leads to heating of the body and to an increase in its temperature - a person becomes hot. On the contrary, the excess of heat transfer over heat release leads to cooling of the body and to a decrease in its temperature - a person becomes cold. The human body temperature is 36.6 ° C. Even slight deviations from this temperature in one direction or another lead to a deterioration in a person's well-being. The heat release of the body is determined primarily by the severity and intensity of the work performed, mainly by the magnitude of the muscle load.

thermoregulation- the ability of the human body to maintain a constant temperature.

Thermoregulation is achieved by the removal of heat released by the body in the process of life into the surrounding space. The amount of heat released by the human body depends on the degree of its physical stress and the parameters of the microclimate in the production room. Long-term human exposure to adverse meteorological conditions sharply worsens his health, reduces labor productivity and leads to diseases.

High air temperature contributes to rapid fatigue of the worker, can lead to overheating of the body, heat stroke or occupational disease. Low air temperature can cause local or general cooling of the body, cause colds or frostbite.

Air humidity has a significant impact on the thermoregulation of the human body. High relative humidity (relative humidity - the ratio of water vapor content in 1 m3 of air to their maximum content in the same volume) at high air temperature contributes to overheating of the body, at low temperatures it increases heat transfer from the skin surface, which leads to hypothermia of the body. Low humidity causes the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract to dry out.

Air mobility effectively contributes to the heat transfer of the human body and is positively manifested at high temperatures, but negatively at low temperatures.

To create normal working conditions in industrial premises provide normative values ​​of microclimate parameters - air temperature, its relative humidity and speed of movement, as well as the intensity of thermal radiation.

GOST 12.1.005-88 specifies the optimal and permissible microclimate indicators in industrial premises. The optimal indicators apply to the entire working area, and the permissible ones are set separately for permanent and non-permanent jobs in cases where, for technological, technical or economic reasons, it is impossible to provide optimal standards.

When normalizing meteorological conditions in industrial premises, the time of year and the physical severity of the work performed are taken into account. The time of year means two periods: cold ( average daily temperature outdoor air is 10°C and below) and warm (the corresponding value exceeds + 10°C).

To maintain normal microclimate parameters in the working area, the following main measures are used: mechanization and automation technological processes, protection from sources of thermal radiation, installation of ventilation, air conditioning and heating systems.

Besides, importance has the correct organization of work and rest of workers performing labor-intensive work or work in hot shops. For these categories of workers, special places of rest are arranged in rooms with normal temperature equipped with a ventilation system and drinking water supply.

The main method of ensuring the required parameters of the microclimate and the composition of the air environment is the use of a ventilation, heating and air conditioning system.

The most widely used to ensure optimal microclimate parameters is general exchange supply and exhaust ventilation. Both mechanical and natural ventilation are used.

Air showers are used to protect workers from exposure to thermal radiation.

An example of a mobile air shower device is a household fan. In air oases, which are part of a production facility, limited on all sides by portable partitions, the required microclimate parameters are created. These sources are used in hot shops.

Air and air-thermal curtains are arranged to protect people from cooling by cold air penetrating through gates or doors.

Air conditioning is used to create optimal meteorological conditions in the premises. Air conditioning is the automatic maintenance of the specified optimal parameters of the microclimate and air purity in the premises, regardless of changes in external conditions and modes inside the premises. In the cold season to keep indoors optimal temperature air heating is applied. Heating can be water, steam and electric.

Microclimate parameters in industrial premises are controlled by various instrumentation. To measure the air temperature in industrial premises, mercury (to measure temperatures above 0 ° C) and alcohol (to measure temperatures below 0 ° C) thermometers are used. If constant recording of temperature changes over time is required, devices called thermographs are used. To measure the relative humidity of the air, devices called psychrometers and hygrometers are used, and a hygrograph is used to record the change in this parameter over time. The speed of air movement in the production room is measured by instruments - anemometers. The operation of a vane anemometer is based on changing the speed of rotation of a special wheel equipped with aluminum wings located at an angle of 45° to a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the wheel. The wheel axle is connected to the rev counter. When changing speed air flow the speed of rotation of the wheel also changes, i.e., the number of revolutions increases (decreases) over a certain period of time. From this information, the airflow rate can be determined.

2. Industrial lighting

Lighting is extremely important for human health. With the help of vision, a person receives the vast majority of information (about 90%) coming from the outside world. Light is a key element in our ability to see, appreciate the shape, color and perspective of the objects around us. Too many accidents occur, among other things, due to poor lighting or mistakes made by the worker, due to the difficulty of recognizing this or that object or understanding the degree of risk associated with the maintenance of machines, vehicles, containers, etc. .Light creates normal working conditions.

The human eye is best adapted to natural light. In case of insufficient natural light or in its absence, lighting installations are used that ensure the possibility of a normal life and activity of people.

Industrial lighting- this is such a system of natural and artificial lighting, which allows workers to normally carry out a certain technological process.

Lighting that meets technical and sanitary and hygienic standards is called rational. Studies show that with the right lighting, productivity increases by about 15%.

Rational lighting provides psychological comfort, helps to reduce visual and general fatigue, reduces the risk of industrial injuries.

Industrial lighting is characterized by quantitative and qualitative indicators.

Quantitative indicators include the main lighting quantities: luminous flux, luminous intensity, illumination and brightness. A qualitative indicator that determines the conditions of visual work is the background, the contrast of the object of distinction with the background, the indicator of blindness, the indicator of discomfort.

Factors that determine visual comfort.

In order to provide the conditions necessary for visual comfort, the following prerequisites must be implemented in the lighting system:

homogeneous lighting;

optimal brightness;

no glare;

appropriate contrast;

correct color scheme;

no flickering light.

Types of lighting and its regulation.

When lighting industrial premises, natural light is used - due to solar radiation(direct and diffuse diffused light of the sky), artificial - due to sources of artificial light, and combined lighting.

Natural lighting is divided into lateral, through light openings in the outer walls; upper - through skylights, openings in the roof and ceilings; combined - a combination of top and side lighting.

Natural lighting depends on the time of year and day, as well as atmospheric phenomena. Lighting is affected by the location and arrangement of buildings, the size of the glazed surface, the shape and location of windows, vegetation, the distance between buildings, etc.

To assess the use of natural light, the concept of the coefficient of natural light (KEO) was introduced and the minimum allowable values ​​of KEO were established - this is the ratio of indoor illumination due to natural light to outdoor illumination from the entire hemisphere of the sky, expressed in%:

KEO \u003d (Ev / En) * 100%.

With a lack of illumination from natural light, artificial lighting is used, created by electric light sources. According to its design, artificial lighting can be general (uniform, localized), combined.

With general lighting, all places in the room receive light from a common lighting installation. In this system, the light sources are evenly distributed without taking into account the location of the workplaces. This system is used in areas where jobs are not permanent.

The overall localized lighting system is designed to increase illumination by placing lamps closer to work surfaces. Combined lighting, along with general lighting, includes local lighting (lamp, lamp).

According to the functional purpose, artificial lighting is divided into working, emergency and special, which can be security, duty, evacuation, erythema, bactericidal, etc.

Work lighting is designed to provide normal operation and is mandatory for all premises.

Emergency lighting - to continue working in case of emergency shutdown of working lighting. For emergency lighting, incandescent lamps are used, for which autonomous power is used.

Escape lighting is designed to evacuate people from industrial premises in case of accidents or switching off the working lighting. It is organized in places dangerous for the passage of people: in stairwells, along the main aisles of industrial premises, in which more than 50 people work.

Security lighting is arranged along the borders of territories protected by special personnel.

Signal lighting is used to fix the boundaries of hazardous areas; it indicates the presence of a hazard.

Bactericidal lighting is created for the disinfection of air, drinking water, food.

In addition to the minimum allowable KEO value and the share of general lighting in combined lighting (at least 10%), in accordance with the standards, the value of the minimum allowable illumination is set (this is the main normalized parameter). Its value depends on the category of work. Regulatory requirements for lighting residential and public buildings are defined in the Sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations SanPiN 2.2.1 / 1278-03 "Hygienic requirements for natural, artificial and combined lighting of residential and public buildings", which were introduced from 15.06.2003.

Artificial light sources and fixtures.

Two types of electric lamps are used for artificial lighting - incandescent lamps and gas discharge lamps. Incandescent lamps are thermal light sources. Visible radiation (light) in them is obtained as a result of heating a tungsten filament with an electric current. In gas-discharge lamps, visible radiation results from electrical discharge in an atmosphere of inert gases or metal vapors, which fill the lamp bulb.

Incandescent lamps in production are used much less frequently, as they have a number of disadvantages: low light output, short service life, predominance of yellow and red rays in the spectrum. Fluorescent lamps provide high quality and mimic natural light. They are economical in terms of energy consumption, light output and service life. But they also have a number of disadvantages - this is a pulsation of the light flux, which distorts visual perception and negatively affects vision, causing visual fatigue and headache, low power, which is not enough to illuminate high rooms, big sizes tubes, unreliable operation at low temperatures, throttle noise. The armature together with the lamp is called a lamp.

According to the nature of the distribution of the luminous flux, the lamps are divided into three groups: direct, reflected and diffused light.

Rice. lighting methods.

Direct light fixtures direct more than 80% of the light flux into the lower hemisphere due to the internal reflective enamel or polished surface.

Diffused light luminaires emit a luminous flux into both hemispheres.

Reflected light luminaires direct more than 80% of the light flux upwards to the ceiling, and the light reflected from it downwards into the working area.

In recent years, built-in lighting fixtures have become widespread for indoor lighting: luminous panels and ceilings, as well as suspended ceilings. They allow you to create a uniform illumination of the premises and favorably affect the working capacity of a person.

The main requirement for luminaires of any purpose and design is that luminaires must be designed so that during normal operation they do not pose a threat to property, health and life of people.

Organization of operation of lighting devices

It is important to properly organize the operation of lighting devices, which provides for the systematic cleaning of windows, skylights and lamps from pollution, the timely replacement of burned-out lamps in lamps, preventive and current repairs of equipment, compliance with general sanitary rules in the premises and on the territory adjacent to buildings, regular painting of ceilings, walls of premises in light colors.

During the operation of lighting installations, it is necessary to monitor the maintenance of a constant voltage and eliminate the causes that cause voltage losses or fluctuations. Control measurements of illumination should be carried out at least once every three months.

Illumination and operation of lighting systems is controlled at enterprises by departmental supervisory authorities.

To measure the illumination in industrial premises, devices called luxmeters (Yu-116, Yu-117) are used, based on the phenomenon of the photoelectric effect. The instrument is calibrated in lux.

A person lives by continuously exchanging energy with the environment, participating in the transformation of substances in the biosphere. In the process of evolution, the human body adapts to natural climatic conditions. Under natural conditions, a person deals with solar radiation, wind movement, earth's crust. Energy level of technogenic negative effects of plants Uncontrolled energy output in the technogenic environment is the cause of an increase in the number of injuries, injuries, occupational diseases and deaths.

A person violates safety requirements for the following reasons:

1. due to ignorance of these requirements

2. due to unwillingness to comply with the safety requirements known to him

3. due to the inability to fulfill the requirements

4. due to the inability to fulfill the requirements (for reasons beyond the control of the person)

Violations can be:

Relatively constant (a person underestimates the danger, is prone to risk, safe work is not stimulated)

Temporary (person in a state of depression, alcohol intoxication)

Negative factors affecting people are divided into:

1. natural (natural)

2. anthropogenic (caused by human activities)

Dangerous and harmful factors by the nature of action are divided into:

Physical

Chemical

Biological

Psychophysical

Physical hazards and hazards include:

1. moving machines and mechanisms, moving parts, about equipment, not

2. sustainable structures and natural formations

3. sharp and falling objects

4. Increasing and decreasing the temperature of the air and the surrounding surface

5. increased dust and gas content

6. elevated level noise, acoustic vibrations, vibrations, increase or decrease barometric pressure

7. Increasing the level of ionizing radiation

8. electrical voltage

9. Increasing the level of electromagnetic radiation, ultraviolet and infrared radiation

10. insufficient lighting and reduced concentration of lighting

11. increased brightness, pulsation of the light flux

12. workplace on high

Chemically dangerous and harmful factors include:

industrial poisons

Pesticide

Medicines used inappropriately

Warfare agents

Chemically dangerous and harmful factors are divided into:

The nature of the impact on the human body

Routes of entry into the body

Biologically dangerous and harmful factors are:

Pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, special types microorganisms (fungi) and their metabolic products

Plants and animals (bird flu).

Biological pollution of the environment occurs as a result of accidents at biotechnological enterprises, treatment facilities, and insufficient wastewater treatment.

Psychophysiological production factors due to the characteristics of the nature and organization of labor, parameters of the workplace and equipment. They can have an adverse effect on the functional state of the human body, his well-being, emotional and intellectual spheres and lead to a persistent decrease in performance and health problems.

According to the nature of the action, psychophysical dangerous and harmful production factors are divided into physical (static and dynamic) and neuropsychic overloads: mental overstrain, overstrain of analyzers, monotony of work, emotional overloads.

Dangerous and harmful factors, by the nature of their action, can simultaneously belong to different groups.

Rationing– this is the definition of quantitative indicators of environmental factors that characterize the safe levels of their impact on the health status and living conditions of the population.

H normatives cannot be set arbitrarily, they are developed on the basis of studying the relationship of the organism with various environmental factors.

Distinguish:

Maximum Permissible Concentration (MAC)

Permissible Residual Quantities (PKR)

Estimated Safe Exposure Levels (SELs)

Maximum Permissible Emissions (MAE)

Maximum Permissible Discharge (MPD)

The standards are an integral part of the sanitary legislation and the basis of sanitary supervision, they are a criterion for the effectiveness of the developed and ongoing measures to create safe living conditions.