What are compound prepositions in linguistics

The preposition is rather curious. They express the relationship between object and subject, and these relationships can be arbitrarily complex. Prepositions are not only “small words” like “to”, “by”, “for”, “through”, etc., but also whole phrases - “due to the fact that”, “due to the fact that”, “ on the occasion of the fact that "and others. Such prepositions, consisting of several words, are called compound. Naturally, they did not form immediately in the Russian language: they began their development in the 19th-20th centuries, when scientific and literature and means of mass media. The relations between the members of a sentence (statement) in such literature are quite complex and subtle and far from those used in the speech of "naive" native speakers.

Various types of "new" specific prepositions - compound, complex (written with a hyphen: "because", "above", "from under", etc.), derivatives (formed from other parts of speech: "by", “due to”, “in continuation”, etc.) at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries were associated with clerical and other types of “non-artistic” speech (for example, journalistic). Korney Chukovsky in his book "Alive as Life" gives an interesting example. One old retired official decided to get busy and tried to translate the romantic tale "Red Rose". The translation as a whole turned out to be quite good, but the language in which it was written was more like a clerical one. Here is one of the fragments: "For lack of a red rose, my life is broken." At the publishing house, the official was told that such pretexts were unacceptable in a romantic one. The old man seemed to understand everything and redid the text: “Due to the absence of a red rose, my life is broken,” making the speech of the desperate hero even more clerical.

A new round of popularity of compound prepositions came in the first decades Soviet power when all sides were politicized human life. Documentation, reports, decrees, resolutions, propaganda newspapers - all this forced ordinary people use "clerical" prepositions even in everyday conversations.

In modern times, such components as “in part”, “in deed” have become in demand; they are typical for business speech.

By the way, the sizes of these "difficult" prepositions are sometimes amazing: some of them are much longer than nouns, adjectives and verbs. The longest preposition (and conjunction at the same time) is “respectively”, it consists of 14 letters. This preposition is often used by teachers as well as employers.

How to remember the spelling of compound prepositions

Often writing compound prepositions is difficult. For example, the ending of such prepositions as “in continuation”, “during”, as well as the one written together “due to”. These prepositions were formed from stable phrases in which the noun is in the accusative case. All such nouns (cf. “I will come at an hour”, “minute to minute”) have the meaning of time, some kind of lasting period. Simple preposition "at" in this case synonymous with "during": "During the continuation of the conversation (that is, during the continuation of the conversation), he did not mention the matter again."

At the same time, in the combinations “in continuation”, “during” it is in the prepositional case and answers the question “where?”, “In what?”: “In the continuation of the story (that is, in the text), the hero does something and so-and-so."

The preposition "despite" is also very often misspelled. Once, at the time of its inception, it really was a combination of a gerund with the particle “not” and a simple preposition “on”, therefore it was written separately. But those times are long gone, and the preposition "despite" is spelled together.

Some of the mistakes are startling. “In conclusion, I’ll tell you about ...” - it seems that the speaker is sitting in or about to sit down. I wonder if those who make such mistakes understand the meaning of what they write?

Writing derived prepositions

Derivative prepositions formed from phrases are adjacent to compound prepositions in origin and complexity of spelling. How to write "object (on) the likeness of a cube"? in this case, you should choose a synonym for the proposed preposition: "an object like a cube." The meaning remains the same - which means that we have a derivative preposition that is written together. But the “problem (for) the similarity of triangles” does not withstand such a test: “a problem like triangles” is nonsense; which means that here the preposition and the noun are written separately (and the noun is also part of stable phrase- the term "similarity of triangles"). By the way, “like” is also a compound preposition. Their simple synonym is the colloquial "type", as well as the union "as": "an object as a cube." This preposition has its “double”: “There are four species in the genus Panthera of the Feline family - a lion, a tiger, a jaguar and a leopard.”

The preposition “instead of” is synonymous with the preposition “for”, “about” - “about”, “in view of” - “because of”. The preposition "following" roughly corresponds to the simple preposition "on": "We were looking after the departing train" - "we were looking at the departing train." These prepositions should be distinguished from phrases with nouns and simple prepositions: “Put me money in a bank account”, “we arrived at the place he indicated”, “the hunter looked at the trail and determined what kind of animal ran here”, “to have in mind."

Prepositions	Difference from combining a noun with a preposition
In view of(=for a reason, because of)	have in mind, in mind (=near, within sight)
Like, like(=similar to)	Notice the likeness of mother and daughter.in the genus Ivanovs are all blondes
About(=o)	put the money down to the account in the bank
Instead of(=for)	We went into the forest instead of where the sun's rays can hardly penetrate.
Due to(=for a reason, because of)	As a consequence new documents have been added to this criminal case
Following:With a slight sadness we looked after the sailing ship	Grandpa looked closely in the wake a beast that recently ran through the snow
Formed from adverbs: to be inside at home,go towards wind, grow along roads and etc.	For a meeting classmates we gather every ten years

Prepositions such as “inside” and “along” are written together: “what lies inside the box”, “trees grow along the road”. It is not difficult to remember this, because there are no words “inside” and “dol”, although they may have been in the Old Russian language. These prepositions were formed from adverbs with the meaning of space, and adverbs are always written together. The preposition “towards” also belongs to the same group, also formed from the adverb: “To go towards the wind” (preposition), “it goes towards” (adverb); however, it must be distinguished from a prepositional noun: "we're going to a reunion."

Why do so many people make mistakes in writing prepositions? Most likely, the point is simple inattention - the writers do not realize the meaning of the text or understand it approximately. Each element of the language has its own meaning, and if you rely on it, you can easily determine the correct spelling.

They are divided according to structure, meaning, composition, according to the method of formation: derivative and non-derivative prepositions, single-valued and multi-valued, simple, complex and compound prepositions, by category, depending on the part of speech from which the preposition is formed.

Under meaning of prepositions, since they have no independent meaning, understand grammatical relations, which they express in combination with oblique cases of nouns. Prepositions serve as indicators of the syntactic relations of words with each other (for example, think about the future). They are directly related to case forms and are used with a certain case (or cases), being in connection with one or another case form. Together with the case endings of nouns, prepositions express different semantic meanings. In other words, lexical meaning preposition depends on the lexical meaning of significant words (main and dependent) that it connects. Moreover, connecting with the same case form of a noun, prepositions convey different shades of adverbial meanings. By value prepositions are divided into categories:

• spatial(point to place): in, from, to, at, by, because of, above, under, about, around, in front of, near and etc.:

  lives in village, working on the factory, vacation under Moscow and others.

• temporary(indicate the time): before, in, through, by, from, to, before, during, on the eve of, in the course of:

  charger on morning, rest on the holidays, work per month

• causal(point to the reason): from, from evil, for, due to, due to, due to, due to, due to, due to and etc.:

  error on inattention, trembling from fear

• targeted(point to target) in, by, to, for, for, for the sake of, etc.:

  to tell in joke, speech to occasion, go on the relaxation

• course of action(indicate the course of action): with, without, in, from and etc.:

  work With passion, laugh from souls

• object(indicates the object to which the action is directed): oh, about, about, from, to, about, relatively and etc.:

  miss your son, find out about money (cf .: transfer money to the customer’s account)

Depending on whether with how many case forms prepositions are related, they are divided into:

1. unambiguous - prepositions that are used with one case:

   at at home (P.p.), to home (D.p.), from forests (R.p.);

2. polysemantic- prepositions that can be expressed different meanings, used with several cases:

   forgot on the table (spatial meaning), absent on the minute (temporary value), believe on the word (meaning of the manner of action).

That. in different case constructions and with different cases, prepositions can have different meanings. For example, the proposition on "Dictionary of the Russian language" S.I. Ozhegova identifies 15 meanings; The Big Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language gives more than 30 meanings of the preposition on the .

According to its structure Suggestions are divided into:

1. Non-derivatives (or primitives) is a small and non-replenishing group of the simplest words that have always belonged to this part of speech (they were not formed from other words):

   without, in (in), before, for, for, from (iso), to (ko), except for, between, on, over (necessary), o (about, both), from (oto), by, under ( under), before (before), with, about, for the sake of, with (with), through, at, through; from behind, from under; over, over, under.

   Almost all such prepositions are polysemantic. Many can connect with more than one case form of the name. The meanings of prepositions depend on the meanings of the cases with which they are combined, and on the meanings of controlled nouns. A non-derivative preposition can be combined with three cases ( by, from), with two cases ( in, for, between, between. on, oh, under) or with one case ( without, for, before, from, because of, from under, to, over, from, in front of, with, about, for the sake of, at, through, because of, over).

2. Derivatives (or non-primitive) are prepositions formed from independent parts of speech by losing their meaning and morphological features. Derived prepositions include words that are formed from adverbs, nouns and participles. The meanings of derivative prepositions are determined by the meanings of adverbs, nouns and participles from which they were formed. There are much more derivative prepositions than non-derivative ones. All of them are usually unambiguous, and each such preposition is connected with only one of some cases. Derivative prepositions are divided into simple and compound. Simple coincide with adverbs, nouns and participles ( along, near, thanks), compounds were formed from adverbs, nouns and participles with non-derivative prepositions ( close to, due to, in spite of).

Derived prepositions subdivided into ranks depending on those parts of speech from which they were formed:

1. adverbial , formed from adverbs, mainly express spatial and temporal relations:
   • simple:

     near, near, deep into, along, instead of, instead of, outside, inside, near, around, in front, like, contrary to, following, past, above, towards, on the eve of, except for, on the contrary, about, on top, like, behind, in addition to, across, after, in the middle, in the middle, before, against, behind, above, above, through, among, according to, respectively, etc.;

   • components:

     near, (not) far from, far from, up to, henceforth, regardless of, in relation to, along with, after, next to, together with, along with, next to, according to, compared with.

2. denominative formed from various case forms of nouns and express object and some adverbial relations:
   • simple:

     by, through, type (people like Ivanov), order (temperature of the order of one hundred degrees);

   • components:

     in view of, due to, during, in continuation, due to, as, about, as far as, during, on the occasion, in business, in connection with, due to, due to, on the part of, etc.

3. verbal formed from verbal forms (germs) and express various adverbial relations:
   • simple:

     thanks to, excluding, including, later, counting, ending, starting;

   • components:

     starting from, proceeding from, judging by, in spite of, in spite of, etc.

By structure Suggestions are divided into:

1. simple - prepositions - both non-derivative and derivative, which consist of one word, mostly one- and two-syllable. These are primarily non-derivative and some derivative prepositions, for example,

   by, past, among, in, for, etc.

§one. general characteristics pretexts

A preposition is a functional part of speech. Prepositions are used to connect words in a phrase. Prepositions express the dependence of one word on another. Prepositions can be with nouns, pronouns and numerals.
Prepositions are an invariable part of speech. The preposition is not a member of the sentence, but since the meaning is expressed by a prepositional case combination, when parsing, the prepositions can be underlined along with the words to which they refer. Prepositions express various semantic relationships:

• temporary: come under evening, submit a report to Thursday, call in Wednesday,
• spatial: put in table, put on the table, put under table,
• causal: skip classes due to disease,
• target: come for participation in the competition and others.
  But the proper meaning of the preposition does not appear outside prepositional combination preposition with a noun, pronoun or numeral.

Prepositions can be used with only one case or with different cases. Examples:

to to whom? to what?: to friend, to school - D.p.;
thanks to to whom? what? thanks to help thanks to father - D.p.;
in what? in five hours - V.p.;
in how? in forest - P.p.

It can be seen from the examples that the to and thanks to are used only with nouns in D.p., and the preposition in- with nouns in different cases: V.p. and P.p.

§2. Formation of prepositions

In terms of education, prepositions are divided into non-derivative and derivatives.

• Non-derivative prepositions: without, in, before, for, per, from, to, on the, above, about, about, from, on, under, before, at, about, With, at, through.
• Derivative prepositions are formed by the transition of independent parts of speech into a service one. In this case, the lexical meaning and morphological features of words are lost. Examples:
  Around park - a preposition formed from the adverb around.
  During hour - a preposition formed from a noun with a preposition.
  Thanks to help - a preposition formed from the participle.

Accordingly, adverbial, denominative, verbal prepositions are distinguished.

Non-derivative prepositions are more often used with different cases.

Derived prepositions are usually used with one case.

§3. Structure of prepositions

In terms of structure, prepositions are divided into simple and composite.

• Simple - these are prepositions consisting of one word: in, on, to, under, over, contrary to, etc.
• Compound - these are prepositions consisting of two, less often three words: in continuation, during, in connection with, depending on, towards, etc.

§four. Ranks by value

By meaning, prepositions are divided into:

1. Places (spatial): on the window, in the window, near the window, under the window, above the window, outside the window, in front of the window, etc.
2. Time (temporary): at eight, around eight, at eight, before eight, after eight, etc.
3. Object (objective): about the book, about the book, with the book, etc.
4. Reasons (causal): due to rain, due to rain, due to rain, due to illness.
5. Goals (target): for children, for the sake of children, money for children.
6. mode of action: work without inspiration, work with inspiration.
7. Comparisons: character in the father, growth with the father.
8. Definitions: striped fabric, motor bike, coffee with milk.

Suggestions can be unambiguous and ambiguous.

• Unambiguous: due to, in view of, because of, etc.
• Polysemantic: in (in Wednesday - time in closet - space, in father - comparisons, in strip - definitions)

test of strength

Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. What are suggestions for?

   • To connect words in a sentence
   • Contact simple sentences in complex
   • To express emotions

2. Can we assume that each case corresponds to one specific preposition?

3. Are there unambiguous prepositions in Russian?

4. Pretext- this is a service part of speech that expresses the dependence of nouns, numerals and pronouns on other words in phrases and sentences: want to mom, I'm going per bread, go on three, come back per her.

   Morphological features of prepositions

   • Prepositions, like the endings of independent words, serve to connect words in phrases and sentences:go in forest, get out from woods, go per house.
   • Prepositions, like other auxiliary parts of speech, do not change.
   • Prepositions are not part of the proposal, but are part of the members of the sentence (should be underlined together with independent words): Near noon the cart turned With roads right.

   Types of prepositions

   1. By composition prepositions are divided into three groups:

   • Simple prepositions (consist of one word with one root): at, about, over, thanks to.
   • Composite prepositions (consisting of two or more words): in spite of, in spite of, in spite of, in spite of.
   • Complex prepositions (they have two roots, are written with a hyphen): from behind, from under, over.

   2. By origin prepositions are divided into two groups:

   • Non-derivatives, the so-called primitive, prepositions cannot be correlated by education with any part of speech: in, from, to, o, y, on, for, from etc. A variety of these prepositions are complex prepositions: from behind, from under, over.
   • Derivatives prepositions are related by origin to other parts of speech: towards, in spite of, like, about.

   More about prepositions formed from other parts of speech:

   • Adverbial are prepositions genetically related to adverbs: near, inside, in front, behind and others. Invariable words such as near, around, about, and the like can be used independently (out of connection with the name), i.e. act as adverbs, but in combination with nouns such words get the meaning of prepositions: Walk around Yes near (adverbs) - It was late, near midnight(pretext). Some of these words in modern Russian are no longer used as adverbs: in spite of, except for, among, near.
   • denominative prepositions are the result of the transition of nouns into prepositions (directly or through adverbs). Most often this former names nouns with prepositions: because of, as a result of, like, in the course of, in continuation, in relation to, in fact, in force, in contrast to and etc. By many Russian rivers, like Volga, one coast is mountainous, the other is meadow. Due to some delay in the way the horses fell behind. In continuation all summer he came to us two or three times a week. Cm.
   • verbal prepositions are genetically related to gerunds: thanks to, despite (in spite of), despite (on), including, excluding, later, starting (from), ending and etc.: On the shore, in spite of twilight, you could see the red shirts. Cm.

   Preposition ranks by meaning
   

   Prepositions can express:

   • spatial relationships: rest in Crimea and on the Caucasus;
   • temporary relationship: work With morning before nights;
   • accompanying relationship: walk With son;
   • match and compare relationships: boy With finger; like meteor;
   • causal relationship: blush from shame;
   • target relationships: stay for recreation;
   • object relations: talk about work, forget about dream
   • etc.

   Note: prepositions can be used with only one or several case forms. For example, a suggestion according to used only with dative case (according to the order, according to the order); pretext due to - only with genitive case (from around the corner, from illness); pretext in can be used with the prepositional case and accusative (at school - to school).

   Morphological analysis of the preposition

   Suggestion parsing plan:

   • Part of speech, its purpose.
   • Simple, complex or compound.
   • Derivative or non-derivative.
   • Which noun (pronoun, numeral) refers to.
   • With what case it is used.
   • Rank by value.

   Sample morphological analysis excuse

   At many Russian rivers, like Volga, one coast is mountainous, the other is meadow (I.S. Turgenev).

   U (rivers) - suggestion; serves to connect words in phrases and sentences; simple; non-derivative; refers to a noun rivers); used with the genitive case; has an object value.

   Like (Volga) - suggestion; serves to connect words in phrases and sentences; simple; derivative; refers to a noun Volga); used with the genitive case; the mode of action matters.

   Additionally:

   Source:

   • Section "Prepositions" in N.S. Valgina, D.E. Rosenthal, M.I. Fomina "Modern Russian language"

   Additionally on Guenon:

   Prepositions and conjunctions are official parts of speech which many people have difficulty writing. They are used to establish relationships between words in a sentence and to build certain grammatical constructions: near the fence, past the bus stop, in front of the building. And if the spelling of non-derivative service parts of speech ( at a neighbor, on the table, in the refrigerator) most often do not cause difficulties, then when writing derivatives, you have to remember various rules.

   In addition, it can be difficult to immediately determine whether the selected part of speech is a noun or a preposition. Examples of such structures are the following: during year, go towards each other yes(where the highlighted words are derived prepositions), along the river, late for a meeting with a friend(here the highlighted words are nouns with non-derivative parts of speech).

   Classification by origin and structure

   As mentioned earlier, prepositions are usually divided into derivatives and non-derivatives. Non-derivatives include simple prepositions that have long existed in the Russian language: under the ceiling, above the water, to the ingredients.

   What prepositions are called derivatives? These include those that were originally other parts of speech. There are 3 types:

   

   In the Russian language exercises for the 7th grade, there are often tasks in which you need to distinguish the official part of speech from independent. It should be remembered that a derivative preposition can often be replaced with a non-derivative one:

   • due to strong wind- due to strong wind;
   • find out about the application - find out about the application;
   • after five minutes - after five minutes.

   In addition, to independent parts of speech, unlike service ones, you can ask a question. In the case of service units speech, the question is asked to nouns or pronouns related to them:

   • looked around (where?) around - went around (where?) around the house;
   • costs (where?) ahead - ran (where?) ahead of me.

   

   Many derivative prepositions lose their former lexical meaning:

   • within five minutes (time value);
   • in connection with illness and adversity (in the sense due to);
   • came up with a congratulation like last year (meaning like).

   Constructions derived from gerunds can be distinguished in the following way: for this you need to remember that verb form can be replaced with a verb by rearranging the sentence a little. In the case of a preposition, this is not possible. For example:

   • We left the room, thanking the hosts for their hospitality. You can replace the gerund with a verb: We left the room and thanked the hosts for their hospitality.. Here thanks to is a participle.
   • Thanks to the teachers, we were able to enter the institute. In this case, replacing the highlighted word with a verb will change the meaning of the phrase and will be incorrect. Hence, here thanks to- suggestion.

   In addition, it is customary to subdivide prepositions and conjunctions into simple (consisting of one word: inside, about, before), complex (2 simple ones are included: because of, from under) and compound (consisting of 2 or more words: regardless to, to the extent, for purposes).

   Rules for writing compound prepositions

   All prepositions and conjunctions, regardless of their origin and structure, are written separately from independent parts of speech. However, the spelling of structures such as despite difficult circumstances - played, despite the strings, often causes problems.

   So, compound derivative service parts of speech are most often written together, especially when it comes to adverbial or verbal. Here are examples of phrases with them: sit in front of the boss, walk around the site, walk with friends. However, among the denominated prepositions, a number of derivative prepositions should be distinguished (the list of which is given below), which always have a separate spelling:

   

   Other structures can also be added to this list: in the form, in execution, in measure, in continuation and similar ones.

   Consolidated spelling observed in combinations:

   • took a loaf instead of bread;
   • inquired about a new position;
   • the event was canceled due to bad weather;
   • continued to work beyond the plan;
   • bought a car like the previous one.

   Complex prepositions from under, because of and others are always written with a hyphen.

   Denominative prepositions: E or And at the end

   Often doubts are caused by the spelling of combinations during, in conclusion, in accordance. Should be remembered special cases spelling of derivative prepositions. The table shows the most commonly used combinations.

   Special use cases

   Prepositions are service parts of speech that are not used separately, but only with nouns or pronouns that replace them, which are in a certain indirect (any, except for the nominative) case. In most cases, it is not difficult to determine the case necessary for agreement:

   • on the (on what? on whom?) outskirts - prepositional case;
   • for (who? what?) friends - genitive;
   • in spite of (who? what?) strange circumstances- accusative.

   However, you should remember the exceptions when the noun should not be in the genitive, but in the dative case:

   • thanks to (to whom; to what?) unexpected return;
   • according to (to whom; to what?) drawn up schedule.

   Another common mistake is the presence or absence of soft sign at the end of words near and through. Their correct spelling should also be remembered.

   Usage examples in Russian

   To begin with, here are examples of texts from fiction:

   I took her with me on a trip, despite the fragile age of my child, I took her to my friend who lived in Siberia. (L. Charskaya, "Sibirochka")

   ... Open eyes closed by bliss

   Towards the northern Aurora,

   Be the star of the north! (A. Pushkin, "Winter Morning")

   ... The moon is like a pale spot,

   Turned yellow through the gloomy clouds ... (A. Pushkin, "Winter Morning")

   Now let's look at several sentences where prepositions are used, and in some - nouns, adverbs or participles homonymous with them.

   He went to (...) meeting a new day, not at all (...) looking at those around him .

   It is necessary to determine whether words or phrases will be written together or separately from each other. Let's try to figure it out, for this we will determine, with what part of speech we're dealing. It should be remembered that another word can always be inserted before a noun, and a derivative denominative preposition can be replaced with another one that is similar in meaning. In the case of a (...) meeting, you can make a replacement: he went to a new day . Therefore, this word is a preposition. Since it was not in the list of exceptions that are written separately, the correct spelling is merged.

   Let's deal with the second spelling. Let's try to replace not (...) looking at a preposition with a similar meaning contrary to: completely contrary to the . The result was a phrase with a completely different meaning. We conclude that we have a gerund with a particle NOT, which, of course, is written separately from the word.

   The man quickly walked to (...) along a long alley, not (...) despite the fact that a piercing wind was blowing .

   Let's look at the first word. If this is an adverb, then a question can be asked to it from the verb; but when along is a derivative or non-derivative preposition, then it will refer to the noun, and the question is not asked about it. In our case, along refers to a noun. alleys, therefore, is a preposition (derived from the adverb along). The spelling of adverbial and verbal prepositions is always continuous.

   We proceed with the second word in the same way as in the first sentence: we will try to replace it with another word. In this example, we get a completely similar meaning, although a piercing wind was blowing, from which we conclude that we are dealing with a verbal preposition, which was formed from a gerund and is written together.

   During (…) The store was closed the next day.

   To determine which letter to write at the end of a word, it is necessary to determine what the combination within (...) is. If it is a noun (you can insert an adjective referring to the word current: strong current), then its ending is determined in accordance with the rules of its declension. If we are talking about a preposition (having a temporary meaning), you need to write the letter E at the end.

   In the selected sentence, the combination is used in the meaning of time: the store was not working (when?) during the next day, therefore, the letter E was omitted.