Namibia form of government. Supreme legislative body. Media

The Republic of Namibia (eng. Republic of Namibia; until 1968 - South-West Africa) - a state in South Africa. In the north it borders on Angola and Zambia, in the east - on Botswana, in the southeast and south - on South Africa. Washed by water from the west Atlantic Ocean. The area is 824.3 thousand km2. Population - 2.1 million people. (2009 estimate). The capital is the city of Windhoek. The country is governed by a president elected for 5 years and a bicameral parliament.

The main part of Namibia is made up of highlands that occupy the center of the country. There is the highest point (Mount Königstein (Brandberg), 2606 m). From the west, the central plateau is bounded by the Namib Desert, overlooking the Atlantic Ocean, from the south by the Orange River, from the east by 20 m and 21 m degrees east longitude and the Kalahari Desert. The Caprivi strip and the extreme north of the country are occupied by the jungle. Coastline: 1.572 km.

There are few rivers in Namibia, and most of them are filled only in certain periods. Dry channels in the Ndonga language (spoken by the Ovambo people who inhabit the north of the country) are called osana: during the rainy season, they can fill up and flood up to 60% of the territory. The largest rivers in Namibia are the Orange, Fish River (its canyon is the second largest in the world after the Grand Canyon in the USA), Okavango (flows into a huge swamp in Botswana, called the Okavango Delta). In Namibia, it is quite hot, and there is little precipitation (this is partly due to the influence of the cold Benguela Current).

The largest city in the country is the capital Windhoek. Other major cities are Walvis Bay, Swakopmund, Oshakati, Grootfontein, Keetmanshoop, Tsumeb, Gobabis.

Relief of Namibia

Most of the territory of Namibia is a plateau with average heights of 900 - 1500 m. To the east, it drops to the Kalahari Desert, and in the west it breaks off to the coastal Namib Desert with a steep ledge. Internal hilly plateaus and plateaus occupy about 1/2 of the entire area of ​​the country - it is here that the main economic activity is concentrated. In the western part of the plateau is the highest peak - the city of Königstein (2606 m). The relatively low lands of the Kalahari and Namib are practically unusable. Most of the sandy Namib desert is occupied by a landscape with the highest dunes in the world, often painted in bright red. The dunes are in constant motion, and therefore the terrain in the Namibe is extremely variable. In the central part of the Namib Desert, the territory is rocky, or covered with pebbles.

Along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, the Namib Desert stretches with white-yellow dunes to a width of 50 to 130 km. In some parts of the desert, sand dunes reach 300 m in height and are considered among the highest sand formations of their kind in the world. Scientists have found that the age of the Namib Desert, this unique natural education, exceeds 60 million years.

In the east, the Namib Desert is bounded by a mountain range, to which it rises by the stone steps of the so-called Great Ledge. It is here that the highest point of the country, Mount Brandberg, is located. The mountains surrounding Brandberg are called the "Twelve Apostles" and are famous for the rock paintings left on their slopes by primitive people.

Climate of Namibia

Most of the territory of Namibia is dominated by a tropical desert type of climate. The northeast of the country is dominated by a subtropical type of climate. Namibia is located in the southern hemisphere, so winter here falls on April-August, and summer - on September-March.

In winter, daytime air temperatures in the central and southern parts of the country reach +20..+22 degrees, in the north +23..+25 degrees, and on the Atlantic coast +17..+19 degrees, night temperatures in these regions are respectively : +6..+8 degrees, +8..+10 degrees and +10..+12 degrees. In summer, during the daytime in the central and southern parts of the country, the air warms up to +28..+30 degrees, in the north to +32..+34 degrees, on the coast to +22..+24 degrees, at night in the above regions the air cools down to +18..+20 degrees, +19..+21 degrees and +15..+17 degrees respectively. The climate of the inner part of the Namib Desert differs sharply from the climate of other regions of Namibia, it is the coldest desert in the world, frosts can occur here even in summer at night.

The "rainy season" lasts from September to March and is most pronounced in the northeast of the country. The amount of precipitation on the coast of Namibia does not exceed 25 mm per year, and most often they fall here only in the form of fogs. In the central and southern parts of the country, about 400 mm of precipitation falls annually, and in the extreme northeast - up to 700 mm.

Rivers and lakes of Namibia

Permanent (transit) rivers form, as it were, the natural borders of Namibia: in the north - Kunene, in the south - Orange. Of great importance are northern rivers the Kunene and Zambezi basins (the Chobe River), the Ovamboland canal system, and the Okavango River. Of the seasonal (drying) rivers, the most significant are the Great Fish (Orange tributary), which forms one of the largest canyons in the world, as well as Svakop and Koyseb, constantly covered by dunes. The waters of the Orange River are difficult to use as it flows in a 120 m deep canyon. Navigation on the constantly flowing rivers is hindered by rapids, sediment at estuaries and floating accumulations of plant debris. The Kunene River is famous for the waterfalls of Ruacana, where water falls from a height of 70 m, shimmering with all the colors of the rainbow. A large hydroelectric power station with a capacity of 320 MW has been built here, but it operates no more than six months a year due to the strong shallowing of the river in summer.

In the north of Namibia, in a drainless basin, there is the Etosha salt marsh with an area of ​​​​approx. 5 thousand sq. km, the largest in Africa. When its flat bottom, covered with a lime-clay crust, is flooded every few years, a temporary lake up to 1.5 m deep is formed. Salt has been mined here for a long time.

Flora of Namibia

Vegetation cover, although extremely scarce, is very peculiar, which is associated with the adaptability of many plants to the absorption of fog moisture. The coastal strip of the Namib Desert is devoid of vegetation. Only in the valleys of temporary streams do xerophytes and succulents grow (acacia, aloes, spurges and velvichia, typical for these places, living for more than 100 years). In the interior of the Namib Desert, only succulent shrubs and semi-shrubs grow, but after the rains, a carpet of flowering plants appears for a short time.

A peculiar plant of this zone are lithops, in the dry season they are practically indistinguishable from pebbles, and in the period of short rains they bloom with large beautiful flowers. The vegetation of the southern regions of Namaqualand is close to the flora of the Cape Floristic Region (Cape Kingdom) and also has a large set of endemic plant species. To the east, the succulent desert is replaced by a grass-shrub desert, which is typical for the Great Ledge and part of the plateau. In the most humid places of Damara and Kaoko, patches of park savanna with white locust appear. Park savannas are also characteristic of the eastern part of Ovambo and the Caprivi strip. Here, the species composition of trees is more diverse (acacia, palm trees, baobabs, etc.), and grasses up to 5 m high prevail in the herbage. A significant part of the territory of Namibia is occupied by semi-desert and deserted Kalahari savannahs.

Animal world of Namibia

Almost the entire diversity of African fauna is represented on the territory of Namibia. In connection with the passage of the cold Benguela Current near the coast of the country, representatives of the fauna of temperate and polar latitudes are found in coastal waters: on the islands and in bays along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, there are many birds and seals, and coastal waters are rich in fish. In the dunes on the coast there are lizards, snakes, small rodents and insects. Of the large animals, there are hyenas and jackals.

On the plateau of Namibia, some species of antelopes (kudu, springbok, duikers) and zebras have been preserved. Predators (hyenas, jackals), rodents (tree and mountain dormouse), as well as some exotic insectivorous animals (aardvark, golden mole) lead a nocturnal lifestyle.

The richest fauna of the Etosha National Park in the north of the country, where the largest population of lions in Africa, as well as very rare species of mammals - black rhinoceros and earthen wolf, has been preserved. Nature conservation in Namibia is given great attention, as evidenced by an extensive network of national parks and reserves.

National parks of Namibia

Nature conservation in Namibia is given great attention, as evidenced by an extensive network of national parks and reserves. The largest national park is Etosha, in the north of the country. Africa's largest population of lions, black hornbills and antelope has been preserved here. During the flood of the lake, a large colony of flamingos and other waterfowl forms here.

The Namib Naukluft National Park protects the unique ecosystem of the Namib Desert. Here you can see the world's largest sand dunes up to 300 meters high, painted in various shades of red and orange. National Park "Skeleton Coast": on a large expanse of the coast, the remains of the lost ships of different historical eras are scattered (to the north of the resort city of Swakopmund). Cape Cross is the closest seal rookery to the equator. Western Caprivi Reserve in the Okavango Marshes. Waterberg Plateau. Resort area Hardap. Fish River Canyon is the second largest in the world after the Grand Canyon in the USA. Ruacana waterfall on the Kunene river.

Brandberg caves with ancient Bushmen rock paintings. The most famous rock painting is the "White Lady of Brandberg", which depicts a woman with a fair skin color, accompanied by Africans. Bizarre mountain-outlier Mukorob ("Finger of God"). Notable for the diversity of flora and fauna are private reserves - Garganus and Tsoabis.

Population of Namibia

About 2.1 million people live in Namibia (1,820,916 according to the 2002 census, but estimates are quite difficult to make due to the very high incidence of AIDS, which leads to a distortion of the age and sex pyramid). According to the UN, the immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 2007 was infected with 15.3% of adults in Namibia (5th place in the world). According to 2010 estimates, the annual population growth of Namibia is 0.9%. The birth rate is 21.8 per 1000 people, the death rate is 13 per 1000 people. The average life expectancy is 52 years.

Ethno-racial composition: The majority of the population (80%) are peoples of the Bantu family - mainly Ovambo (more than 50%), as well as Herero (7%) and other tribes. The Khoisan peoples are the Nama (5%) and the Bushmen (3%). 6.5% are mestizos - the so-called "colored" (they are the majority) and "basters" (they live mainly in a community centered around the city of Rehoboth south of Windhoek).

6% of the population are whites - the descendants of Dutch, English, Portuguese, French and German colonists (some of the latter retain German culture and language). Most whites and almost all non-whites in Namibia speak Afrikaans and are no different in culture and customs from whites and non-whites in South Africa.

The official language is English, but it is only spoken mainly as a second language among young people (although there are also native speakers - 7%). The most widely spoken native language is Oshiwambo, or Ndonga, and Afrikaans is the second language (60% of the population). German is spoken by 32% of the population. Until 1990, German and Afrikaans were the official languages.

The most important languages ​​in Namibia are: Afrikaans (spoken by the majority of the population), German (known by 32% of the population), English (official language, spoken by 7% of the population), Ndonga or Oshiwambo, Herero, Nama, or Damara. The literacy rate among people over 15 is 85%.

Most Namibians (up to 80%) are Christians (mostly Lutherans), the rest adhere to traditional beliefs.

Source - http://ru.wikipedia.org/
http://www.turlocman.ru/

Massmo Relsig/flickr.com

about the country

Bright, wild, juicy Namibia! If you want to see the real Africa, you definitely need to visit this country. Here, hot desert expanses, the cool coast of the Atlantic Ocean, the richest fauna and flora, rare lunar landscapes and the famous Skeleton Coast merge into a single picture of distant African exoticism, which simply has no equal.

Geography of Namibia

Namibia is located in South Africa and shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east, and South Africa to the southeast and south. The western part of Namibia is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. The main part of the country, with a total area of ​​824.3 thousand km², is occupied by highlands. The highest point is Mount Königstein-Brandberg with a height of 2606 meters above sea level. The central plateau is surrounded by the Namib Desert in the west of Namibia, the Orange River in the east and the Kalahari Desert in the east. The northern part of the country is rich in jungle.

The area of ​​Namibia is 824,300 km. sq., occupies the 33rd place in the world by area.

Population

The national currency is the Namibian dollar.

The official language is English (German, Afrikaans, Herero and Oshiwambo are adopted as national languages)

Visa to Namibia

Citizens of the Russian Federation and the CIS countries do not need a visa to visit Namibia for tourism purposes. The maximum allowed visa-free stay in Namibia is 90 days. To obtain an entry permit, you only need a “reserve” of a passport validity of six months, as well as two free pages in it, although one is often enough.

Weather in Namibia

Namibia is actually a semi-desert; it is characterized by a dry, hot climate with sharp temperature changes during the day. Due to the strong influence of the Bengal current, precipitation in Namibia is critically low. Formally, the climatic seasons are divided here into two: dry hot summers from October to April and mild winters from May to September. Daytime summer temperatures can impress a Russian tourist, in the shade a thermometer can rise to 40-45°C, and at night it can drop to 20°C and even -1°C in deserts. In winter, weather conditions in Namibia are more forgiving, with temperatures of 25°C during the day and 5°C at night. In the period from January to April, rare precipitation falls on the coast; in winter they never happen. Due to the peculiarities of the local climate, you can visit Namibia at any time of the year, depending on your personal preferences.

Sights of Namibia

Who hasn't heard about the mysterious Skeleton Coast from movies and books? Yes, yes, it is located in Namibia and is perhaps the most popular attraction in the country. According to ancient legends, numerous chests of gold and diamonds are buried under the colored sands of the Skeleton Coast, in search of which dozens of ships crashed here. Surrounded by multiple canyons, painted in all sorts of colors due to the abundance of volcanic rocks, the remains of ancient sailboats look especially impressive. While visiting the Skeleton Coast, do not miss the opportunity to see the legendary desert elephants, as well as dwarf trees with a trunk thickness of 150 centimeters and a height of only 20-30 centimeters. “The land created by God in anger” is how the locals call the Skeleton Coast. The Namib Desert is another no less interesting place in Namibia. It is one of the oldest on Earth, according to some estimates, the age of the desert is from 60 to 80 million years. Namib impresses not only with a variety of landscapes from moving dunes and dry rivers to precipitous canyons, but also with a wealth of flora and fauna. Numerous elephants, lions, giraffes and rhinos live here, as well as the rarest plant, the symbol of the country - the desert rose, some of which are over 2000 years old! In the middle of the desert is the world's largest national park Namib-Naukluft, other attractions are the Naukluft Mountains, Sesrif Canyon, the Welwitschia Plains, and the Sandwich Harbor lagoon, called a bird's paradise. You can fully feel the explosive mixture of German and African culture in the capital, the city of Winduh, which is inevitably visited by any foreigner who comes to Namibia. The African flavor is combined with the austere Alte Feste fort, the National Museum and other reminders that in the old days Namibia was a German colony. The second largest, but not for its impressive beauty, is the Etosha National Park. This is both a spectacularly bleak and fantastical place, comprising a lifeless expanse of salt lake, white clay deposits, sands and thickets of bizarre moringa trees growing uproots. Periodically, the silent silence of the park is broken by motley herds of animals, miraculously surviving in these inhospitable and completely unearthly conditions. Etosha National Park has the largest diversity of fauna in Namibia, with 114 mammal species, 340 bird species and 110 reptile species. If you are lucky, you will be able to meet here the rarest animals on the planet: black rhinos or black-faced impala antelopes. The Waterberg Plateau is another place in Namibia that should not be overlooked. Since 1972, here, on a plateau remote from civilization, rare species of animals have been collected to grow and increase their population away from predators. The Vterberg Plateau, over 200 km in area and over 850 million years old, now hosts the largest number of rare animals in all of Africa.

National cuisine of Namibia

Special attention in the cuisine of Namibia is given to meat, most often antelope, ostrich, crocodile and zebra are cooked here, which are also familiar to the locals, as pork and beef are to us. In poor areas of the country, eggs of all kinds of birds and even insects can often be found on the table. Most of all dishes in Namibia are fried, ignoring stews or boiled dishes. Among locals and foreign tourists, local beer is famous, which is prepared in the breweries of the capital, the city of Winduh. Especially popular are beers such as Windhoek Lager, Das (Pilsner), Tafel Lager, as well as Windhoek Export, Windhoek Special and Windhoek Light. Most restaurants in major cities in Namibia offer a choice of both local African and European cuisine. The country also has many specialized restaurants of various cuisines of the world, including Indian, Arabic and many others. Namibia has strict anti-alcohol laws, with rare exceptions, alcohol is sold only in specialized stores until 17:00 on weekdays and until 13:00 on Saturday. Sunday in Namibia is sobriety day, and the sale of alcohol is completely prohibited.

Transport

There are no direct flights to Namibia from Russia, it is possible to get here only by a flight with a transfer. For example, you can fly via Frankfurt with Lufthansa or via South Africa, such flights are operated by Emirates, British Airways, Qatar Airways. Intercity communication in Namibia is represented by rail and buses, which connect all the main settlements of the country. A popular tourist transport and entertainment at the same time is the tourist Express of the Desert (“The Desert Express”), which runs between Swakopmund and Windhoek and makes several stops along the way so that foreign guests can admire the sights and take memorable photos. The local air carrier is Air Namibia, but there are only two airports in the country, both of them are located in the capital city of Winduh. The main Windhoek Hosea Kutako International Airport and a separate airport for local airlines Windhoek Eros Airport. The main public transport in Namibia are taxis, the prices for trips are not high, but they are quite common. Occasionally, city buses can be seen on the streets, which run on only a small number of routes.

Currency exchange in Namibia

In Namibia, only the local currency, the South African rand (ZAR), is accepted; it is hardly possible to pay here in dollars or euros. You can exchange foreign currency for local currency at airport exchange offices, banks and hotels throughout the country. Most bank branches operate from Friday to Saturday, on Monday-Friday they are open from 10:00 to 16:00, and on Saturday from 8:30 to 11:00. In Namibia, you can easily cash a bank card belonging to the world's major payment systems, and you can also cash traveler's checks. Cards are accepted in large hotels, shops and restaurants.

Electricity

Voltage 220-240V, 50Hz. Type D sockets (two thin and one thick round pin) and M (three thick round pins). Adapters can be provided by most major hotels.

Religion

During the European expansion, 90% of the local residents of Namibia became believing Christians. Most of them consider themselves to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Namibia, the smaller part - to Catholic Church. 3% of the inhabitants of Namibia profess Islam, less often all religions such as Judaism, Hinduism and Buddhism are found.

Security

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Capital

Time

Behind Moscow for 2 hours. From April to October, the clock hands are switched to daylight saving time (+1 hour to standard).

Geographic location of Namibia

Namibia is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean in southwestern Africa. It borders on Angola, Zambia, Botswana and South Africa. From the west, the country is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, in the south it is bounded by the Orange River, in the north by the lower reaches of the Kunene River.

Climate of Namibia

Tropical, very dry, influenced by the cold Benguela Current of the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeast of the country it is subtropical, with strong continental features. The average temperature in summer (December-April) is +28-32 C (up to +38 C in the north), +15-20 C at night (in desert areas the temperature can drop sharply to 0 C at night). In winter, respectively, +15-20 C and around 0 C at night. The "rainy season" lasts from November to March-April. The amount of precipitation ranges from 10-50 mm. per year on the coast (often they fall here only in the form of fogs) up to 400-600 mm. in the extreme northeast. Cold winds constantly blow on the coast.

The best time to visit the country is during the dry winter season between May and October.

National parks and reserves in Namibia

One of the "pearls" of Namibia is the Etosha National Park ("Big White Place"), covering an area of ​​more than 22 thousand square meters. km. in the northern part of the country, around the huge tectonic depression Etosha Pan (millions of years ago it was a vast lake), which during the rainy season accumulates water, much needed by local living creatures. The park is famous for its flora and fauna (114 species of mammals, 50 species of snakes and 340 species of birds). This is the habitat of many thousands of representatives of South African flora and fauna, a major tourist center with many natural and artificial reservoirs, some of which are even lit at night for the convenience of photography, a developed recreation infrastructure and even its own Ecological Institute in Okakeho and Fort Namutoni (early XX century). .).

In the city of Otchiwarongo, there is a Cheetah Conservation Center with a herding dog kennel and the only Crocodile Farm in the country that breeds Nile alligators (up to 30,000 individuals).

The Waterberg Plateau National Park was founded in 1970 on the territory of the rock mass of the same name east of Otchiwarongo. Waterberg is smaller than Etosha Park, but subtropical vegetation predominates and the climate is more humid. Here in the natural environment you can see about 25 species of mammals and more than 200 varieties of birds, including white and black rhinos listed in the Red Book, many antelope, buffalo, kudu, gemsbok gazelles, giraffes and leopards. There are many excellent hiking and trekking routes along the territory of the reserve.

In the north-eastern part of the country, on the territory of the Caprivi district, which goes deep between Angola, Zambia and Botswana, there are two more excellent natural reserves - Kudom and Caprivi, protecting the natural environment between the Okavango and Chobe rivers.

Along the entire northern part of the coast of the country stretches another exotic area - the Skeleton Coast. To the north of Torra Bay, the Skeleton Coast is considered a West Coast National Park and is allowed to visit only as part of organized tours, the southern part is more accessible, but a special permit is required to visit it. North of Movie Bay, access to the park is closed.

In the very center of the Namib Desert, since 1979, the Namib-Naukluft National Park has been operating - one of the largest reserves in the world (23 thousand square kilometers). Here, oddly enough to see it in such a hot and dry climate, you can find elephants, lions, rhinos and giraffes, as well as the national symbol of Namibia - unique plant"Velvichia Mirabilis" or "Desert Rose", some specimens of which are up to 2 thousand years old. Within the park there are many unique landscape monuments - the Welwitschia Plains, the Naukluft mountains, the "bird paradise" of the Sandwich Harbor lagoon, the Sesrim canyon up to 30 m deep and the colossal dune area around the Sossuflei oasis. During the rainy season, Sossuflei attracts amateur ornithologists, as many birds flock to the Chauchab Delta, including the famous flamingos.

People's lives in Namibia

Population

About 1.95 million people. The population of the country is divided into 9 ethnic groups, 6 of which belong to the Bantu family (Ovambo, Herero, etc.), 3 - to the Khoisan language family (Hottentot-Nama, Bushmen, etc.). Also, about 75 thousand immigrants from Europe (Afrikaners, Germans, British, Italians, Portuguese, Russians, etc.) live in the country.

Political state

According to the Constitution adopted on February 9, 1990, Namibia is a republic of a mixed parliamentary-presidential type. The head of state is the president (elected for a five-year term). The legislature is a bicameral parliament (the National Assembly - 72 seats, and the advisory National Council - 26 seats). Administratively, the country is divided into 13 regions ("district").

Language in Namibia

The official languages ​​are Afrikaans and English, German, Oshivango, Herero, Kavango, Nama, Damara and Ovambo are widely spoken.

Religion in Namibia

Christians - up to 90% (mostly Protestants and Catholics), the rest are adherents of traditional local beliefs.

Cuisine of Namibia

The culinary traditions of the country are quite interesting and varied. For centuries, the local cuisine has developed in conditions of a rather severe shortage of food - the arid climate did not allow growing crops in sufficient quantities on local lands. With the advent of the colonialists, European methods of cooking were introduced into Namibian cuisine, which, coupled with local traditions, gave a variety of recipes. And at the same time, the influence of the cuisine of South Africa is great, where strong national elements, brought by people from the countries of Southeast Asia and Central Africa, were added to the above factors.

Meat dishes are prepared here using beef and lamb, antelope, crocodile, ostrich, zebra and other game meat, as well as poultry meat. In the interior of the country, the eggs of almost all bird species and some arthropod species (ants, termites, etc.) are eaten. Traditional "braiflays" (barbecue), hard sausages with spices "druevors" and "landjager", stew with spices "poikikos", chicken on a grill or fish cooked over an open fire in a cast iron, a kind of lamb pilaf "boboti", dried meat with spices "biltong", smoked meat "rauschflaich", chicken stew with peanut butter, Cameroon curry with couscous, char-grilled game and other exotic dishes traditionally attract the attention of gourmets. Constantly on the table fresh bread, a variety of pies and quite European-looking sandwiches. And at the same time, national restaurants specializing in German, Arabic, Indian and other cuisines are widely represented.

Fresh seafood abounds in this region all year round - lobster, squid, mussels, oysters from Swakopmund and Lüderitz, which are considered among the best in the world both in size and taste, as well as all kinds of fish. For lovers of the exotic, traditional local products will be offered - mopane or omaungu worms, omayova mushrooms, fried locusts and termite eggs, spicy "chakalaka", ostrich eggs baked on coals or a huge omelet from them, traditional millet porridge " mahango" with butter and herbs or oatmeal "mieli", which are often used as a side dish, melons "tsamma" and "nara" (the latter is rather a large cucumber), snails fried with garlic, ostrich steak "wienerschnitzel", shish kebab from game "sasati", lion tenderloin or crocodile tail.

Vegetables are usually quite rare and expensive, they are served only in large restaurants and cafes, with the exception of asparagus and numerous local root vegetables and gourds, which are quite unusual in taste. But more and more local cheeses from goat and cow's milk are used.

Springer chocolate, produced in Windhoek, enjoys well-deserved fame.

The country produces first-class beers, the best varieties of which are considered Windhoek Lager and Tafel Lager, although there are many home-made beers on the market that also have a good reputation. Omaruru grows grapes and produces Colambert and Cabernet wines, as well as Namibian grappa under the brand name Crystal Kellerai. Also interesting are the local watermelon wine "mataku" and strong palm moonshine "walende".

Things to Do in Namibia

Official holidays and weekends in Namibia

January 1 - New Year.
March 21 - Independence Day.
April - Easter and Good Friday.
May 1 - Workers' Day (Labor Day).
May 4 - Kassing Feast.
May - Ascension.
May 25 - Africa Day.
August 26 - Heroes Day.
December 10 - International Human Rights Day.
December 25-26 - Christmas (December 26 - Family Day).
Many private companies close for the Christmas holidays from mid-December to mid-January, while official institutions are open during this time.

Festivals and holidays in Namibia

Every year Namibia hosts Windhoek Carnival (April), Maherero Day in memory of the leaders of the popular movement killed by the colonialists (held on the last Sunday of August in Okahandya, and in October in Omaruru). Independence Day (March 21) is celebrated on a large scale throughout Namibia. The Keste Carnival takes place in Swakopmund in August, while the huge Windhoek Show, Oktoberfest and Vika Autumn Carnival take place in October.

The shops

Open from Monday to Friday from 8.00 to 17.00 or 17.30, on Saturday from 8.00 to 13.00, most shops are closed on Sunday. Grocery stores are open all week from 8.00 to 19.30 or 20.00. Shops selling alcoholic beverages are open Monday to Friday from 8.00 to 18.30, Saturday from 8.00 to 13.00 and closed on Sunday.

Money in Namibia

Namibian dollar (international designation - NAD, within the country - N $), equal to 100 cents. The Namibian dollar is pegged to the South African rand, which circulates on a par with the local currency. There are banknotes in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 N$, coins in denominations of 1 (out of circulation), 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents, as well as 1, 2 and 5 N$.

Contrary to existing opinion that in a number of countries in southern Africa it is quite possible to get by with dollars and euros, in Namibia this is not the case. Tourists will be able to pay with US dollars in some hotels and lodges, but not in supermarkets and gas stations. You can not pay in US dollars and entrance tickets to national parks. Thus, it is necessary to carry cash Namibian dollars with you.

Banks and currency exchange

Banks are open from 9.00-10.00 to 15.30-16.00 from Monday to Friday, on Saturday - from 8.30 to 11.00.

Currency exchange can be done at the exchange offices of the international airport, as well as in banks and their branches almost throughout the country. It is impossible to pay with foreign currency (except, of course, the rand) here. The reverse exchange of Namibian dollars for hard currency, as a rule, is not carried out.

Credit Visa cards, Mastercard, Access, American Express and Diners Club, as well as travelers checks, are accepted for payment at most major hotels, shops, restaurants and gas stations. They can also withdraw cash through the ATM system owned by First National Bank ("BOB"), however, one-time withdrawals are limited to N$1000, so to exchange a larger amount, you will have to make several transactions with a corresponding loss of commissions.

Traveler's checks can be cashed at bank offices (the commission is about 7%), but there may not be cash US dollars in the bank, so such operations should be carried out by calling the bank in advance. Preference is given to checks in US dollars and South African rands.

Exchange rate

Namibian dollar (NAD) / Ruble (RUB)

10 USD = 2.22 USD
1 NAD = 4.51 USD

Namibian dollar (NAD) / United States dollar (USD)

1 USD = 6.87 USD
10 NAD = 1.46 USD

Namibian dollar (NAD) / Euro (EUR)

1 EUR = 9.09 USD
10 NAD = 1.10 EUR

Communications and communications in Namibia

Internet

Russian operators do not have GPRS roaming. There are Internet cafes in Walvis Bay and Windhoek that provide Internet access.

cellular

Communication standard GSM 900. Roaming is available to subscribers of major Russian operators.

There are several mobile communication companies operating in the country, providing fairly complete coverage of the country's territory. MTC has the widest network, operating in the GSM-900 standard. To access a mobile phone, the codes 8110, 8111, 8112, 812, 813 and 8150 are used.

Telephone communications

The country has a modern telephone network connected in single system with telecommunications networks "Africa ONE" and "South African Far East" (SAFE). To talk on a pay phone, you need a card (sold at the post office, gas stations and tobacco kiosks) or coins in denominations of 10 and 50 cents. Recently, credit card phones have begun to appear. The cost of a minute of conversation within the country is about 10 cents.

The international dialing code for Namibia is +264. The outgoing international code is 00. You can call abroad from a "card" phone booth, call center (usually located at post offices) or from a hotel (the most expensive option - the cost of a minute of conversation with Moscow from a call center is about 11 Namibian dollars, from a hotel - up to 20).

Telephone codes of the main cities: Windhoek - 61; Gobabis, Leonardville, Okahandya, Ochiva, Rehoboth - 62; Aranos, Bethany, Keetmanshoop, Marienthal, Luderitz - 63; Swakopmund, Walvis Bay - 64; Ogongo, Odibo, Okalongo, Ondangwa, Opuwo, Oshakati - 65; Nakayala, Nyangana - 66; Waterberg, Kalkfeld, Otchiwarongo, Ritfontein, Grootfontein, Tsumeb, Etosha National Park - 67. For calls within the country, zero is added to the area code.

Formalities and rules for entering Namibia

Visas to Namibia

Citizens of Russia do not need a visa to visit Namibia for up to three months for tourism or business purposes.

When crossing the border, you must present the following documents:

a passport with a validity period of at least six months from the end of the trip; migration card filled out in English.

The passport is stamped (Visitors Entry Permit), which includes the purpose of the visit and the length of stay in the country.
Officially, the passport is subject to the following requirement: the presence of at least two blank pages for stamping. However, in practice, the border guards do not make claims to the passports of tourists that do not meet this requirement.

Medical certificates

Namibia is not included in the list of countries that require a yellow fever vaccination certificate when visiting. However, it is important to remember that border guards have the right to require this certificate if the tourist arrives from countries endemic for yellow fever (Benin, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Ghana, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mauritania, Mali , Niger, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Togo, Central African Republic).

Customs regulations in Namibia

There are no restrictions on the import and export of national and foreign currencies. The export of the national currency is nominally limited to 50 thousand Namibian dollars, but since the Namibian dollar does not circulate outside the country, it simply makes no sense to export it.

Duty-free imported up to 2 liters of wine, up to 1 liter of spirits, up to 400 pcs. cigarettes, or 50 pcs. cigars, or 350 grams of tobacco; up to 50 ml of perfume and up to 250 ml of eau de toilette. Duty-free importation of gifts is limited to N$50,000 (including the value of imported duty-free goods).

It is forbidden to import canned meat products, narcotic and explosive substances, weapons and ammunition without proper clearance (subject to declaration). It is strictly forbidden to engage in independent mining and export of diamonds and minerals, as well as unlicensed hunting and export of hunting trophies without the appropriate permission of the Department of Wildlife Conservation.

How to get to Namibia

By plane

The easiest way is to fly by any flight to Frankfurt or Athens, from where Lufthansa and Air Namibia fly to Windhoek 2-3 times a week.

By train

At present, railway communication with South Africa has been suspended due to the unprofitability of passenger traffic. At the same time, it makes sense to clarify the available information immediately before departure - the resumption of train traffic is not ruled out.

By bus

The bus company Intercape operates regular services between Cape Town and Windhoek. In addition, regular service is available from Windhoek to Johannesburg and Pretoria. The fare is relatively high, for example a ticket from Johannesburg to Windhoek will cost $70-75 one way. Keep in mind that the distances are quite long and the journey can be very tiring. Often the cost of air travel is only slightly more expensive than a bus.

By car

By road, you can enter through the territory of Angola (Oshikango and Ruachana checkpoints), Zambia (Katima-Mulio checkpoints), Botswana (Buitepos-Mamuno, Bagani-Shakawe and Ngoma checkpoints) and South Africa (there are several checkpoints, and Nordover and Nakop checkpoints work around the clock).

By sea

It is possible to enter Namibia by sea, through the port of Walvis Bay, which stops many ships from all over the world.

Security

Namibia is considered the safest country in South Africa. The criminal situation in the country is very calm, you can almost fearlessly walk along the streets of cities at any time of the day. Some signs of racial segregation in the country are quite tangible - many establishments are still divided into "white", "colored" and "black", in some places there is a clear hostility of representatives of different races to each other, but this is rather just a trace of past conflicts . The attitude towards foreigners is very good, and towards Russians it is frankly positive (many of our sailors work in the local waters, and the contribution of the countries of the former USSR to the formation of Namibia's independence is also not forgotten).

Currency exchange and settlements

When making payments in local currency, one should be especially attentive to the banknotes being handed over - the parallel circulation of the Namibian dollar and the Rand of South Africa creates a lot of difficulties - there are three series of banknotes and metal coins of different colors and patterns at once, and coins of the same denomination differ in size appearance.

You should not change many local dollars at once - it is almost impossible to convert cash back, and, despite the officially identical exchange rate, in South Africa they will give only 0.7 rand per Namibian dollar (therefore, it is advantageous to purchase Namibian currency in South Africa). If the money is withdrawn from a BOB (First National Bank) ATM, then you should keep the ATM receipt - using it at the exit point, although with a large commission, it is theoretically possible to make a reverse exchange. For the reverse exchange of cash Namibian dollars, you can privately contact the crews of merchant and fishing vessels based in Walvis Bay.

Prices

Prices for all goods and services are frankly low. Sales tax (15.5%) applies to most items and is usually not included in the price. Persons from seventy years and above, including foreigners, in large stores are given a discount of 20 to 70% depending on the season.

Prohibitions

Movement around the country is free, with the exception of private properties, two diamond mining areas owned by the De Beers company (it is generally strictly forbidden to pick up anything from the ground here), as well as some nature reserves. Visiting diamond-bearing areas is possible only with a special permit obtained through the Namibian police (can also be obtained in advance, at least a month before the trip, from the offices of local officially licensed tour operators).

The Skeleton Coast is declared a national park, where you can enter only with a special pass (about $ 40 per person). Some areas adjacent to the territory of Angola are recommended to be visited only as part of large groups, which are necessarily accompanied by an armed escort of local security forces.

Rest at nature

Entrance to the country's national parks is limited. Entrance is paid (from 5 to 30N$, tickets must be kept). The gates open at sunrise and close at sunset, and visitors to the park must leave the park, and only officially registered groups are allowed to stay in the park, but only within the camp. Tourists who do not have time to leave the park or return to the camp are subject to heavy fines. Such requirements are very reasonable, given the predominantly nocturnal lifestyle of most local predators. Reservations are recommended for camps and lodges within the parks, especially between June and August.

Trip features

Local residents are rather slow - to determine how soon the event promised by the Namibian will come, you should add three hours to the most pessimistic estimate of the expectation. A 24-hour service sign doesn't mean 24/7, and "now" doesn't mean "immediately." National holidays often do not depend on the calendar and there is a high risk of seeing closed establishments on the most, at first glance, weekday. The word "safe" also has the meaning of "safe for the local resident". Many Europeans in those conditions that are so harmless to the Namibian simply will not survive.

Toponymy

The system of designation of streets and houses in the country is close to the American one, roughly going from north to south, the streets are called "street" and are indicated by numbers, from west to east - "road", having their own name or similar numerical designation. Addresses are often written as a alphanumeric abbreviation. After independence, many streets in the city center were renamed in honor of the leaders of the national liberation movement, which often confuses the designation system - local residents use both new and old names alternately.

Water and food

Tap water is usually chlorinated but can still cause stomach upset. It is recommended to use bottled water. Pasteurized milk, dairy products, meat products, poultry, seafood, fruits and vegetables are considered safe for consumption, but heat treatment is recommended for all foods.

Tips

Tipping is different in different areas. Employees of hotels and lodges are entitled to about $ 1 per day, in restaurants - up to 5% of the bill, if tips are not included in the cost of service. Tipping is officially prohibited in national parks and reserves. Bargaining, especially in rural areas, is accepted always and everywhere, in large stores prices are fixed, but often there are significant discounts at the end of the day or week.

Electricity

Mains voltage 220 V., 50 Hz. Three-pin sockets.

Medicine and treatment in Namibia

Medical care is paid, on an insurance basis. International insurance recommended.

Fever vaccination and malaria prophylaxis recommended. The danger of malaria infection, mainly in severe form (P. falciparum), exists in the northern regions and in the regions of Otjozondjupa and Omaheke from November to June.

There is a danger of contracting schistosomiasis in the country (should avoid swimming in local freshwater bodies), and there is also some danger of being attacked by a crocodile. There are also natural foci of hepatitis. When traveling to inland areas, it is recommended to have serums against snake and scorpion bites with you (usually they are included in the first-aid kit, which is part of the guides' mandatory equipment). The level of HIV-infected people is high.

Sights of Namibia

Namibia is a unique country with the richest flora and fauna, a rare combination of landscapes and geological structures. There are almost 365 here sunny days per year, an extended ocean coastline, endless desert sands and green foothills rich in hunting grounds, original population and many natural monuments.

The Namib Desert is the main attraction of the country and the oldest desert in the world, its age is estimated by scientists at 60-80 million years. Stretching for 1600 km. along the coast of the country, the desert strikes with the variety of its landscapes - brown weathered rocks, numerous canyons of dry rivers, constantly moving huge dunes and vast gravelly wastelands interspersed with tiny oases. A completely dry area where not a drop of rain falls for years, the desert is nevertheless saturated with life and attracts thousands of tourists here. In winter, thirsty animals gather around tiny pools where you can see and photograph almost all representatives of the Namibian fauna.

Northern Namibia is the main "breadbasket" and the most densely populated region of the country. There are few large cities here - the majority of the population (mainly belonging to the Ovambo tribe) lives on large farms and in small villages.

The city of Otchiwarongo ("beautiful") was founded in 1892. Despite the fact that the city is most often used as a transit point when traveling to national parks, it deserves some attention - here is the Cheetah Conservation Center with a herding dog kennel and the country's only Farm crocodiles, where Nile alligators are bred (up to 30 thousand individuals). The vast expanses of "bushveld" that stretches around the city are replete with many farms, the owners of which (mostly whites) gladly host tourists.

Damaraland is a desolate and mysteriously beautiful wilderness lying southwest of Otjiwarongo. The country's highest mountains (the Brandberg massif, the Königstein, Spitzkopp and Pondox mountains) coexist here with vast plains, dry riverbeds, framed by surprisingly lush vegetation, stretch through the waterless sands of the desert, and the laccoliths of Barn Mountain and Organ Pipes, formed by volcanic activity, are cut waterfalls of rivers coming from nowhere. Of interest here are rock paintings in Twyfilfontein (dated to the period of 4-2 millennium BC), colorful erosional forms of Wingerklip, "Stone Forest" (a national reserve in which you can see trees petrified 250-300 million years ago), dotted with petroglyphs (age from 7 to 20 thousand years ago) the White Lady rocks, as well as the Spitzkopp Mountains (1728 m) and the Pondox Peak (1692), excellent for mountaineering and trekking.

The cities of Ondangwa and Oshakati, which lie north of Etosha Park, are large shopping malls and an excellent place to experience the culture of the Ovambo people. The sights of the area, in addition to traditional markets, include the National Monument of Olukonda and the Nakambale Museum - a monument and museum in the building of the first Finnish (!!) Christian mission in Ovamboland. The museum, along with the home of the missionary Martti Rautenen, who earned the nickname "Nakambale" from the locals, showcases the culture of northern Namibia and the chronology of Ovamboland. Also of interest are the "ndonga" farms, where you can taste the traditional dishes of the locals and get to know in practice the unique culture that has been developing for many hundreds of years in these harsh conditions. Also of interest is the Kunene Craft Center and the Kaoko Info Center in the capital of the Kaokoveld region - Opuwo.

Along the entire northern part of the coast of the country stretches another exotic area - the Skeleton Coast. This stretch of coastline, starting north of Swakopmund, is a long strip of coastal plains occupied by dunes, rock masses and sites of ancient volcanic activity. The wild and harsh land is considered one of the most untouched by civilization places on the planet. At 700 km. Numerous areas of shipwrecks stretched here - corroded sea ​​water"ribs" of dead ships (dense fogs, frequent in these places, "brought" hundreds of ships stranded). You can see a colony of fur seals at Cape Cross (the second largest in the southern hemisphere), find old coins thrown out by a storm or other evidence of the past on the sand, admire the unreal landscape of a lifeless desert on the ocean, and also ride a jeep through the dunes or take a hike along the most picturesque places of the park (medical certificate required). Wind, ocean currents and "floating" sands constantly change the landscape of the Skeleton Coast - harbors become lagoons, coastal islands either hide in the abyss, or reappear. And thanks to the cool current, coastal waters are one of the richest areas of the world's oceans with fish; for anglers, this is a real paradise.

Grootfontein ("big fountain") is a small town in the north of the country, founded by German settlers at the end of the 19th century. The quiet town, surrounded by bush and farms, is known throughout the world for the fact that not far from it is the site of the fall of the world's largest meteorite, Hoba, which is excellently preserved, by the way. A meteorite weighing about 50 tons fell in these parts about 80 thousand years ago and today is a real place of pilgrimage for tourists. And the "German Fort" built in 1896 now contains an exposition of the Grootfontein Museum of Local Lore.

Tsumeb is one of the most colorful cities in the northern part of the country. You feel the difference between it and other Namibian cities almost immediately after entering the city - the streets are straight and well-groomed, there are many trees and parks, and children play football in the parks and ride bicycles. This German "ordnung" in its purest form. Despite the fact that Tsumeb is one of the centers of the mining industry in Namibia, the dust common in other northern cities is practically absent here, which is why expeditions to national parks like to stop here. In addition, the Tsumeb Museum on Main Street is of interest with an extensive collection on the history of the region, as well as the Arts and Crafts Center with a large exhibition and sale of products of local craftsmen.

The central part of the country lies on a vast plateau of the same name, which slightly softens the heat and allows the development of industry, agriculture and tourism.

The capital of Namibia - Windhoek ("windy corner", more often its name is pronounced as "Winduk"), founded in 1840, is located at an altitude of 1650 m above sea level between the mountains of Auas ​​and Eros. Being the largest city in the country, Windhoek has a population of only 300 thousand people), but it stretches for 15 km. from north to south and 10 km. - from west to east. It has a relatively mild climate and a fairly large amount of precipitation by local standards, so Windhoek is also considered the "greenest" city in the country.

The sights of the city include the Old Fort (Alte Feste, 1880), numerous colorful mansions, almost castles, in the German style - Heinzburg (now a hotel), Sanderburg (private property) and Schwerinsburg (the residence of the Italian ambassador), the building of the Supreme Court, Parliament in the Tintenpalas Palace, the presidential palace and the National Theater on Robert Mugabe Avenue, the exhibition of meteorites on Post Street, the neo-Gothic Christukirche and the colorful Lutheran church.

It is worth visiting the National Museum of Namibia (several rooms are scattered throughout the city, including in the Old Fort), which has an exposition telling about the nature, history and culture of the country, the National Art Gallery with an extensive collection of African art, the non-profit Folklore Center "Penduka" ( "Awakening"), the Warehouse "Arts District" and the Namibian Crafts Center in Katatura, as well as the Omatako Curios Gallery.

In addition, there are many modern hotels and restaurants, a wide variety of shops and markets, including such exotic ones as markets on the north and south exits from the city, as well as a lively nightlife - Chez Ntemba clubs, Thriller Club, Tower Bar and the Lee-Dee-Da dance floor are well known far beyond the capital.

The reputation of the "green capital" is supported by a large water sports complex on Jean-Jonquer Road, Vernhill Park, Park Mall, Pioneer Park and many small landscape gardening areas (almost every yard has a small lawn or park, often with a pool), as well as the Zoo and the extensive area of ​​the National Botanical Institute and its Gardens.

Around Windhoek there are several so-called "German farms" and numerous parks - Okapuka, Melrose, Dan-Vilhun and others, on the territory of which safaris, wildlife observations are held, and hunting for animals allowed for shooting is also organized.

The small resort town of Rehoboth, located south of the capital, was founded in 1844. The resort was formed around hot mineral springs and is proud of the excellent Rehoboth Museum, located in the residence of the first postmaster of the city (1903). Another interesting place is the crater of the ancient extinct volcano Boukkaros with a diameter of more than 2 thousand meters right next to the main road leading from Windhoek to the "capital of the south" Keetmanshoop.

In Keetmanshoop itself, founded in 1866, the Church of the Rhine Mission (XIX century) is of interest, in which the Keetmanshoop Museum is located, the Quiver Tree Forest National Monument (17 km northeast of the city) and a geological phenomenon in the form of pyramidally folded natural image of the giant boulders Giants Playground.

Walvis Bay is the main port and the largest industrial center of Namibia, located 30 km. south of Swakopmund. The sights of the city are Dune Seven (the highest dune in the region), the Walvis Bay lagoon ("Whale Bay"), in which large herds of whales are often observed, the "bird sanctuary" of the Ramsair Site lagoon, where more than 50 species of birds nest (here 70% of all flamingos in South Africa live), Esplanade around the lagoons, from where even without binoculars you can watch the life of animals and birds, salt-mining areas of Salt Works with huge white towers of salt evaporated from sea water, numerous oyster farms, as well as the resort of Dale- Devil Adventure, specializing in outdoor activities, including various extreme sports.

The southern part of the country is dry and harsh, most of it (Sperrgebiet - "forbidden territories") is inaccessible to tourists due to the diamond mines located here, access to which is prohibited. But nevertheless, there are many places worthy of attention.

Lüderitz is a small port on the ocean. Founded by the Bremen tobacco merchant Adolf Lüderitz in 1884, this town was the first German settlement in what was then "Südwestafrika". And today it has become the largest center of lobster fishing and oyster farming in Africa. Worth seeing is the Felsenkirche Church (gg.), the Görke House on Diamond Hill (a telling name, isn't it?), the small private Lüderitz Museum and quarters of colonial-style houses preserved from the times of the "gold rush". On both sides of the city limits, the coast is a closed zone, but extremely picturesque - rocks, caves, reefs, lagoons and many kilometers of wild coasts, against which the mighty waves of the Atlantic Ocean constantly break. A great variety of marine animals live here - sea lions at Diaz Point, flamingos at Gross Bay, penguins on Halifax Island and numerous seabird colonies along the coast.

And, of course, it is worth visiting the abandoned cities and diamond mines south of Lüderitz - Elizabeth Bay, Pomona, Bogenfels and the famous "ghost town" Kolmanskop. All these cities have a common romantic and sad history. At the beginning of the 20th century, diamonds lying practically on the surface were discovered in these places, and streams of those thirsty for profit poured into the "Diamond Coast". Cities were founded in the area of ​​mines, a railway was built, infrastructure was deployed and began to build houses, schools, hospitals, etc. But the diamonds quickly ran out, and sandstorms, lack of drinking water and heat drove the locals out of their homes in search of richer deposits. . Since then, amazing abandoned cities have been standing in the middle of the desert.

The town of Ai-Ais deserves special attention, famous for its hot springs and the fact that it is here that the Fish River Canyon originates, which is considered the second largest in Africa after the Blue Nile Gorge in Ethiopia. And not far from the Fish River itself, in the Apollo 11 cave discovered in 1969, there are the oldest rock paintings in Africa - their age is estimated at 27 thousand years.

Namibia Book of Records

Namibia is the most sparsely populated country in the world. It is also an African country that was the last to gain independence (1989).
The largest underground lake in the world is located in the Drachenhauhloch cave at a depth of 66 m (the lake area is 2.61 ha).
In the Grootfontein area there is one of the largest meteorite craters of the Earth - Hoba, with the largest known whole meteorites (2.7x2.4 m and weighing about 59 tons).

Resorts in Namibia

The small resort town of Swakopmund is 360 km away. west of Windhoek, and for a long time was the largest port in the country. The city, founded by German colonists in 1892, is still an oasis of German culture, sandwiched between the Atlantic Ocean and the sea of ​​sand in the Namib Desert. With the gradual transfer of port functions to Walvis Bay, Swakopmund began to gain fame as a beautiful resort, turning into a "city of vacations and sedate rest" with first-class infrastructure. It has a mild temperate climate (average annual temperature + 15-25 C) with negligible rainfall, huge sand dunes stretch along the coast and many excellent places for sea fishing. In December-April, the water here warms up to 25-26 C, which makes the area so popular (the rest of the country's coast, which is under the influence of the cold Benguela Current, has quite cold waters).

The Swakopmund Museum is one of the best in Namibia and is famous for its excellent displays on local chronology, geology, ecology, ethnology and wildlife, as well as its original educational collections on dentistry and pharmaceuticals. Active recreational activities are extremely widely developed here - coastal dunes have long been chosen by lovers of skiing and surfing on the sand, balloons and paragliders constantly "hang" in the sky, jeep safaris and sea cruises are organized, as well as fishing and water sports.

Transport in Namibia

Roads and driving rules

Car traffic is on the left. Most of the main roads are in excellent condition. When entering Namibia in a car with foreign license plates, you must pay a toll in the amount of $24. The receipt of payment of the fee should be kept until leaving the country and handed over to customs.

Air Freight in Namibia

Internal communication is well established. The national airline Air Namibia (www. . na) flies throughout the country. The base airport is Windhoek, and when flying between secondary points, a transfer is required in the capital. Regular flights are operated from Windhoek to the following cities: Luderitz (Luderitz), Maun (Maun), Mpacha (Mpacha), Ondangwa (Ondangwa), Oranjemund (Orange Mouth), Walvis Bay (Walvis Bay). However, air travel in Namibia is quite expensive due to the lack of competition. It is extremely unlikely to find even the shortest flight (Windhoek - Walvis Bay) for less than $150. Longer flights, say Windhoek - Katima Mulilo, will cost $220-240 one way.

In addition, a number of small charter airlines organize seasonal and tourist flights to other cities and national parks, including on individual orders.

Air Namibia operates flights between Cape Town, Johannesburg, Windhoek, Walvis Bay, Orange Mouth, Rundu, Katima Mulilo, Luderitz, Swakopmund, Oshakati and Tsumeb.

There are two airports in the capital - Kutako International Airport (40 km east of Windhoek), where planes arrive from Johannesburg and Frankfurt, and Eros Airport, serving regional and international flights.

Bus service in Namibia

The vast majority of passenger transportation in the country is carried out by road transport. Namibia has a developed network of high-quality roads with a total length of more than 64.8 thousand km. The most common mode of transportation is Intercape and Ekonolux (cheaper but less regular) buses between Windhoek and other cities in Namibia, as well as Cape Town, Upington, Pretoria and Victoria Falls. Some flights offer a light breakfast.

Urban transport

Urban transport is rather poorly developed. In addition to a few bus routes (for example, there is only one bus line in the capital), most of which serve only certain areas, there are also a few fixed-route taxis that serve mainly the area between airports and the city center.

Taxi

The main means of transportation in cities is taxis. Taxis are quite numerous and cheap - the average fee does not exceed 1.5 Namibian dollars per kilometer plus N$ 5 per landing (after 22.00 the fare increases by 15%).

Railways and trains in Namibia

Namibia also has a railway. This is a very slow (average train speed is about 30 km/h), but a very cheap mode of transport (commodity-passenger trains, and therefore quite "noisy"). TransNamib Starline trains run between most of the country's main cities, and have first class (a ticket costs about N$70 across the country) and second class (about N$50). Senior citizens are entitled to a 33% discount on all types of tickets. On night flights, first class seats are converted to four berths, in second class to six. Children under the age of 2 travel free of charge, those aged 2 to 11 travel for half the fare.

The luxury tourist train The Desert Express runs regularly between Swakopmund and Windhoek, making several stops for sightseeing along the way.

Car rental in Namibia

You can rent a car in all major cities at the offices of international rental companies (prices are high, almost like in Europe, you must have international rights), or in local companies (prices are very moderate). In addition to traditional fees, when renting a car, you must pay a road tax (N $ 80).

Reference phones

Tourist Information Office (Windhoek
Office of the Namibian Wildlife Authority (NWR) - 236-975...8 or 223-903.
Tourist Information Office 404-827 (Swakopmund), 209-170 (Walvis Bay), 202-719 and 202-622 (Luderitz).
Telephone inquiry service - 1188/1199.
Eros Airport (Windhoek2, 239-850.
Kutako Airport - (0, (0
Air Namibia - (0Eros), (Kutako).
South Africa Airways (in Namibia0.
Railway company TransNamib's Starline -,.
Intercape Bus Company - (0
Bus company Ekonolux - (0

The Republic of Namibia is a state in southern Africa. The capital is Windhoek (210 thousand people with suburbs - 2002, estimate). Territory - 825.42 thousand square meters. km. Administrative-territorial division - 13 districts. Population - 2.03 million people (2005, estimate).

The official language is English. Religion - Christianity and traditional African beliefs. The monetary unit is the Namibian dollar. National holiday - March 21 - Independence Day (1990). Namibia is a member of the UN since 1990, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) since 1990, and since 2002 its successor - the African Union (AU), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) since 1994, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) since 1992, a member of the Commonwealth (an association of countries that were part of the British Empire) and
other international organizations.

Geographic location and boundaries.

Namibia is located in the southwestern part African continent. It borders South Africa in the southeast and south, Angola in the north, Zambia in the northeast, and Botswana in the east. In the west it is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. The length of the coastline is 1572 km.

NATURE

Coastline with a total length of approx. 1500 km aligned. There are only two convenient bays - Walvis Bay and Luderitz, although the approaches to them are complicated due to strong winds, sea swell, surf and constant fogs. In the northern and southern regions, the coast is composed of rubble-pebble material, and in the central regions - sandy. In the Walvis Bay area, sometimes there is a dull rumble, the water boils and becomes almost red, while a mass of dead fish is thrown ashore. A column of fetid smoke with an admixture of hydrogen sulfide rises above the waves, and islands of sulfur form in shallow areas, which exist for only a few days, and then disappear.

There were often shipwrecks off the coast of Namibia, which was reflected in the local toponymy. Particularly notorious is the area north of Cape Cross, called the Skeleton Coast. Here, on the reefs, fragments of sunken ships and bleached human skeletons have been preserved.

The Namib Desert stretches along the coast, reaching a width of 50 to 130 km and occupying approx. 20% of the country. The wind moves the coastal sands from south to north and forms white-yellow dunes up to 40 m high. A chain of long narrow lagoons stretches behind the coastal dunes. There are also saline depressions of round or oval shape.

With distance from the coast, the color of the dunes gradually turns into red due to an increase in the content of iron oxides. This feature is a good guide for pilots. The dunes in the hinterland of the Namib desert rise up to 300 m and are the highest in the world.

To the east, the surface of the Namib rises in steps to the Great Ledge. Numerous remnant plateaus and mountains rise here in places. One of them is Mount Brandberg (2579 m), composed of granites, the highest point in the country. It is surrounded by lower mountains, which are called the "Twelve Apostles". In the caves and on the slopes of Brandberg, rock paintings of primitive people have been preserved.

The Great Ledge serves as the western boundary of a plateau composed of crystalline rocks, mainly granites and gneisses, which are overlapped in places by quartzites, sandstones and limestones. The plateau gently descends into the depths of the mainland and is divided into separate massifs (Kaoko, Ovambo, Damara, Nama, etc.) by tectonic depressions. The largest of them - Kalahari - is located at an altitude of approx. 900 m above sea level It is made of red and white sands covering the crystalline rocks of the foundation. Sands form dunes up to 100 m high.

Namibia is rich in minerals. The most important of them are diamonds, uranium, copper, lead, zinc, tin, silver, gold, pyrites, manganese, etc. Diamond placers are concentrated on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, especially in the area from Luderitz to the mouth of the Orange River, as well as in the adjacent zone shelf. The diamond mines of Orange Mouth (to the north of the mouth of the Orange River) are the largest in the world. The total reserves of diamonds exceed 35 million carats, of which 98% are high-quality jewelry. In a number of areas (Karibiba, Omaruru, Swakopmund) there are deposits of precious and semi-precious stones - tourmaline, aquamarine, agate, topaz. Gold has been discovered in the Rehoboth and Swakopmund regions.

In terms of uranium reserves, Namibia is one of the first places in the world. They are estimated at 136 thousand tons. To the north of Swakopmund is the largest uranium mine, Rossing.

Almost 90% of the explored reserves of non-ferrous metals are concentrated in the north-east of the country (Tsumei, Grootfontein, Otavi). Local ores are characterized by high content of lead, zinc, copper, cadmium and germanium. Here, rheinerite, zumebit and schtottite, which have semiconducting properties, were found for the first time as accompanying minerals.

In the Abenaba region, north of Grootfontein, there is one of the world's largest deposits of vanadium ores with reserves of 16 thousand tons. In the Karibiba region and at the southern border of the country there are deposits of beryllium and lithium ores, in Kaoko - iron ores (total reserves of 400 million tons ), and in Otchiwarongo - manganese (5 million tons).

The climate of Namibia is very dry, tropical. There are wet summers (September - March) and dry winters. Their alternation is most pronounced in the north-east of the country and least of all in the coastal strip, where the entire annual precipitation (from 25 to 100 mm) falls within a month, and 50-70% of the moisture immediately evaporates or seeps into the sand mass. Thick cold fogs constantly hang here.

Average temperatures of the warmest month (January) are 18°C ​​on the ocean coast and 27°C inland, the coldest month (July) 12°C in the south and 16°C in the north. Precipitation falls mainly in summer, reaching a maximum in the extreme northeast (500-700 mm). The further south you go, the hotter and drier the summers and the colder the winters.

Agriculture is heavily dependent on irrigation. Of great importance are the northern rivers of the Kunene and Zambezi basins, the Ovamboland canal system and individual wells, reservoirs in the channels of temporarily flowing rivers and reservoirs. The waters of the Orange River are difficult to use because it flows in a canyon 120 m deep. Navigation on the constantly flowing rivers is hindered by rapids, sediment at the mouths and floating accumulations of plant debris.

The Kunene River is famous for the waterfalls of Ruacana, where water falls from a height of 70 m, shimmering with all the colors of the rainbow. A large hydroelectric power station with a capacity of 320 MW has been built here, but it operates no more than six months a year due to the strong shallowing of the river in summer.
In the north of Namibia, in a drainless basin, there is the Etosha salt marsh with an area of ​​​​approx. 5 thousand sq. km, the largest in Africa. When its flat bottom, covered with a lime-clay crust, is flooded every few years, a temporary lake up to 1.5 m deep is formed. Salt has been mined here for a long time.

The coastal strip of the Namib Desert is devoid of vegetation. Only in the valleys of temporary streams do xerophytes and succulents grow (acacia, aloes, spurges and velvichia, typical for these places, living for more than 100 years). In the interior of the Namib Desert, only succulent shrubs and semi-shrubs grow, but after the rains, a carpet of flowering plants appears for a short time. To the east, the succulent desert is replaced by a grass-shrub desert, which is typical for the Great Ledge and part of the plateau. In the most humid places of Damara and Kaoko, patches of park savanna with white locust appear. Park savannas are also characteristic of the eastern part of Ovambo and the Caprivi strip. Here, the species composition of trees is more diverse (acacia, palm trees, baobabs, etc.), and grasses up to 5 m high prevail in the herbage. A significant part of the territory of Namibia is occupied by semi-desert and deserted Kalahari savannahs.

The islands and bays along the Atlantic coast are home to many birds and seals, and the coastal waters are rich in fish. Lizards, snakes, small rodents and insects are found in the dunes along the coast. Of the large animals, there are hyenas and jackals.

On the plateau of Namibia, some species of antelopes (kudu, springbok, duikers) and zebras have been preserved. Predators (hyenas, jackals), rodents (tree and mountain dormouse), as well as some exotic insectivorous animals (aardvark, golden mole) lead a nocturnal lifestyle. The richest fauna of the Etosha National Park in the north of the country, where the largest population of lions in Africa, as well as very rare species of mammals - the black rhinoceros and the earthen wolf, has been preserved. Nature conservation in Namibia is given great attention, as evidenced by an extensive network of national parks and reserves.

One of the most sparsely populated countries in the world: the average population density is 2.2 people. per 1 sq. km (2002). More than 50% of the population is concentrated in the northern and central regions of the country, vast areas of the Kalahari and Namib deserts are practically uninhabited. In the north, in the mining and industrial areas of the Ovambo plateau, the population density reaches 26 people. per 1 sq. km. The average annual population growth is 0.73% (in 2002 - 1.19%, the growth rate has decreased due to the high incidence of AIDS). Birth rate - 25.16 per 1000 people, mortality - 18.36 per 1000 people. Child mortality - 48.98 per 1000 newborns. 38.7% of the population are children under 14 years of age. Residents who have reached the age of 65 - 3.6%. Life expectancy - 43.93 years (men - 44.71, women - 43.13 years). (All figures are as of early 2005).

Namibia is a multi-racial and multi-ethnic state. The African population is 87.5%, "colored" (mulattos - descendants of mixed marriages of white men with African women, Chinese, etc.) - 6.5% and European (mainly Afrikaners, British and Germans) - 6% ( 2002). The German community (the largest in Africa) has over 30 thousand people. The most numerous peoples are Ovambo (Kuambu, Ndonga, Nzhera, etc. - approx. 50% of the population), Kavango (Kuangali, Mbukushi, Mbunza, etc. - 9%), Herero (Western Herero, Kaoko and Mbanderu - 7%) and Damara (7%), Nama (Witboy, Kaua, Orlam, etc. - 5%), Caprivi (Mafue, Subia, etc. - 4%). Bushmen (Koi-Sans) live in the Kalahari Desert, making up approx. 3% of the country's population. 80% of Namibian-Africans speak Bantu languages. Of these, the most common languages ​​are Ovambo (spoken by 70% of the total Bantu-speaking population), Herero (9%) and Lozi (6%). In the southern regions, Afrikaans is spoken among the Rehobothers (descendants from mixed marriages of Afrikaner men with Nama women) and emigrants from South Africa.

The rural population is 67% (2002). Large cities - Luderitz, Rehoboth, Walvis Bay, Tsumeb.

Angolan refugees remain on the territory of Namibia, who found refuge here during the almost 30-year civil war in Angola (5 thousand people moved in 1999-2001 alone). In con. 2002 signed an intergovernmental agreement on the return of Angolan refugees to their homeland.

Religions.

Christians make up approx. 90% of the population (most Protestants (mostly Lutherans), Catholics - 14% of the population), 10% adhere to traditional African beliefs (animalism, fetishism, the cult of ancestors, homemakers, forces of nature, etc.) - 2003. Namibia is one of African states in which Christianity was most widespread. His penetration began at the beginning. 19th century and associated with the activities of Protestant missions. The Roman Catholic Church began its activities in the country in the 1880s. Namibia also has a small number of adherents of Judaism and Bahaism.

GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

State device.

Republic. The constitution adopted by the Constituent Assembly on February 9, 1990 (entered into force on March 21 of the same year), with subsequent changes, is in force. The head of state and government, as well as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, is the president, who is elected by direct universal suffrage for a 5-year term. The President (a native Namibian who has reached the age of 35) can be elected to this post no more than twice. Legislative power is exercised by a bicameral parliament, which consists of the National Assembly and the National Council. The National Assembly (72 seats) is elected by universal direct and secret suffrage for a term of 5 years. The President has the right to increase the number of Assembly deputies by 6 people. The National Council consists of 26 representatives elected for a 6-year term from the regional councils (2 from each of the 13 districts).

The national flag is a rectangular panel, which is divided diagonally (from the lower left to the upper right corner) by a red stripe, bordered on both sides by thin white lines. The upper left part of the cloth (near the pole) is painted blue, with an image of a yellow sun on it. The lower right part of the flag is colored green.

administrative device.

The country is divided into 13 regions.

Judicial system.

It is based on the norms of Roman-Dutch law, inherited from the time of the rule of Namibia by South Africa. There are Supreme and High Courts, courts of first instance, regional courts and magistrates' courts.

Armed Forces and Defense.

The national defense forces (army, air and sea forces, police) number 9 thousand people. There is also a detachment of the coast guard (200 people). (All data for 2002). Defense spending in 2004 was $168.4 million. (3.1% of GDP).

Foreign policy.

It is based on the policy of non-alignment. Namibia is an active member of the AU and SADC and strives to develop friendly relations with African states. Relations with South Africa deteriorated after the government of Namibia provided military assistance to the DRC (1998), and also in 1999 due to border disputes in the Orange River area. In the 1990s, conflicts arose with neighboring Botswana due to border disputes, disagreements in the field of migration policy, and also in the use of the water resources of the Okavango River. Namibia resolved the emerging problems of interstate relations through diplomacy or by appealing to the International Court of Justice in The Hague. Friendly relations have developed with Zambia: during the visit of President H. Pohamba to Lusaka (August 2, 2005), the intention to continue further bilateral cooperation was confirmed. Relations with China are actively developing, primarily in the field of construction, military cooperation and education. In June 2005, during a visit by a Chinese government delegation, Namibian Prime Minister Nahas Angula announced his support for the "One China" policy.

Diplomatic relations between the USSR and Namibia were established on March 21, 1990. In December 1991, the Russian Federation was recognized as the legal successor of the USSR. In 1997, members of the government and parliament of Namibia visited Moscow, and in the same year a delegation of the State Duma of the Russian Federation paid a return visit to Windhoek. In March 1998, during the visit of President S. Nujoma, a joint Declaration on the principles of relations between the Russian Federation and Namibia was signed. An agreement on trade and economic cooperation has been in force since 1997, including in the field of geological exploration, mining, evaluation and processing of rough diamonds (in 2000 Zarubezhgeologia received a license for exploration and production of oil and gas on the Namibian shelf, in 2002 the Russian company Mars Investment Holdings opened a diamond cutting factory in Walvis Bay). There are several joint ventures in the country for the exploration and production of diamonds with the participation of Russian private capital. On July 18, 2005, an agreement was signed in Windhoek on the establishment of an intergovernmental Russian-Namibian commission for trade and economic cooperation. Agreements on mutual recognition and equivalence of documents on education and academic degrees (1998), as well as cooperation in the field of healthcare (2000) were signed. In 1999, an agreement was signed between the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (PFUR) and the University of Namibia. The Government of the Russian Federation annually allocates 25 scholarships for students from Namibia. In 2004, 84 Namibians studied at Russian universities.

political organizations.

A multi-party system has developed (12 political parties are registered). The most influential of them:
- South West Africa People's Organization of Namibia, SWAPO (South West Africa People's Organization of Namibia, SWAPO), President - Sam Nujoma, General Sec. - Chiriange Ngarikutuke Tjiriange. Ruling Party, created in 1957 as the "People's Congress of Ovamboland", renamed "People's Organization of South West Africa" ​​in 1960, current name since 1968;

- "Democratic Organization of National Unity", NUDO (National Unity Democratic Organization, NUDO), leader - Riruako Kuaima (Kuaima Riruako). The Herero People's Party, until December 2003, was part of the Turnhalle Democratic Alliance;

- Democratic Turnhalle Alliance of Namibia, DTA (Democratic Turnhalle Alliance of Namibia, DTA), President - Katuutire Kaura, Chairman. - Johan Waal. Party of the main in 1977 as the "Democratic Alliance Turnhalle", the current name has been since December 1991;

- Congress of Democrats, CD (Congress of Democrats, CoD), chairman. - Ulenga Ben (Ben Ulenga), gene. sec. - Shikswameni Ignatius (Ignatius Shixwameni). Base Party. in 1999, composed mainly of former SWAPO members;

- "United Democratic Front", UDF (United Democratic Front, UDF), President - Garoib Justus (Justus Garoeb), national. chairman - Eric Biva, Gen. sec. - Hans Peters. Created in 1989, received party status in October 1993;

- "Republican Party", RP (Republican Party, RP), leader - Mudge Henry (Henk) (Henry (Henk) Mydge). Until 2003, she was a member of the Turnhalle Democratic Alliance.

Trade union associations

There are 7 trade union associations. The largest of them is the National Union of Namibian Workers, NSWP (National Union of Namibian Workers, NUNW) - created in 1971, unites 87 thousand members. Chairman - Risto Kapenda, gene. sec. - Naholo Peter (Peter Naholo).

ECONOMY

Namibia is a developing state with stable economic growth (approx. 3.7% per year). The economy is largely oriented towards foreign trade. The purchasing power of the population in 2004 amounted to 7.3 thousand US dollars (there is a significant gap between the incomes of white citizens and the incomes of Africans). 50% of the population lives below the poverty line (2002).

Labor resources.

The economically active population is 840 thousand people. (2004).

Industry.

The share in GDP is 30.8% (2004), more than 20% of the population is employed in industry. The backbone of the sector is the mining industry. The main industry is diamond mining, which provides 30% of budget revenues. Namibia is one of the four largest (along with Botswana, Russia and Angola) global suppliers of gem-quality diamonds. The volumes of offshore diamond mining on special vessels are increasing in a 17-mile zone from seabed deposits (at a depth of 125 m). The main diamond mining company, called Namdeb, is a joint venture between the Namibian government and the South African corporation De Beers. In 2004, Namdeb mined 1.86 million carats of diamonds. There is also industrial production of zinc (2nd place in Africa), lead (3rd place in Africa), copper (4th place in Africa), uranium (Namibia has 6% of the world's uranium reserves, the Rossing mine is one of largest in the world), tungsten, gold, cadmium, tin, silver and salt. Mining natural gas in 2002 it was 31.15 billion cubic meters.

The main branch of the manufacturing industry is metallurgy (smelters and refineries, concentrators). There are also fish and seafood processing enterprises (factories in the cities of Walvis Bay and Luderitz), meat processing plants, sugar and breweries, as well as enterprises for the production of Pepsi-Cola. The construction industry is developing at a slow pace, almost all building materials are imported from South Africa. There are factories for assembling cars, manufacturing components for the electronics industry, and factories for tailoring clothes. In 1998, the first diamond processing factory (Namjem) was opened in Namibia. The development of the manufacturing industry is hampered by competition from cheap consumer goods imported from South Africa.

Agriculture.

The share of the agricultural sector in GDP is 11.3% (2004), it employs approx. 50% of the population. The agricultural sector provides 50% of the required food. There is not enough agricultural land, 0.99% of the territory is cultivated (2001). Marketable products (mainly beef) are produced on 4,045 farms (4,000 of which are owned by white citizens); most of the rural population is engaged in subsistence farming. Beans, potatoes, root crops, corn, vegetables, millet, wheat, sorghum and fruits are grown. Since the 1990s, viticulture has been developing on the coast of the Orange River, products are exported to the EU countries (in 2003, grape exports ranked second in value after meat exports). Animal husbandry (breeding of goats, cattle, horses, mules, sheep, donkeys, pigs and ostriches) gives approx. 90% of marketable agricultural products.
Fishing is intensively developing (one of the most promising sectors of the agricultural sector). Namibia is one of the largest producers and exporters of fish in Africa. With a total allowable catch of 1.5 million tons (in South Africa - 1 million tons, Angola - 0.6 million tons), the annual catch of marine and ocean fish(anchovies, flounder, sardines, mackerel, horse mackerel, tuna and hake), as well as shrimp, crab and lobster lobsters in Namibia's 200-mile marine economic zone is approx. 500 thousand tons. More than 90% of the catch is exported. Work is systematically carried out to restore and maintain fish resources. There are 3 factories for breeding oysters and one for breeding seaweed. Namibia, within the framework of SADC, is coordinating work to accelerate the integration processes in the region in the field of marine fisheries and marine resources.

International trade.

The main foreign trade partner is South Africa. The volume of imports exceeds the volume of exports: in 2004, imports (in US dollars) amounted to 1.47 billion, exports - 1.36 billion. The basis of imports is fuel and oil products, medicines, machinery and equipment, food, and chemical products. The main import partners are South Africa (80%), the USA and Germany. The main export commodities are minerals (diamonds, gold, copper, lead, uranium, zinc), livestock, astrakhan fur (Namibia is one of its main suppliers on the world market), meat and meat products, fish and seafood, and grapes. The main export partners are the UK, South Africa, Japan and Spain. Namibia is a member of the South African Customs Union (SACU), established in 1969 (in addition to it, it also includes Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa).

In con. In the 1990s, Namibia, together with Angola, Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique and South Africa, inhabited by approx. 220 thousand elephants, took part in the organization of a center for the trade in ivory products.
Energy.

The basis of the fuel and energy balance is imported oil and oil products, as well as hydropower (the largest power plant is the Ruakan hydroelectric power station). Most of the electricity needed since 1996 has been imported from South Africa (900 million kilowatt-hours - 2002). Since 2001, a power plant has been under construction near Lüderitz, which will use wind energy. The unified power grid of the country is connected with the power systems of Zambia and South Africa.

Transport and communication.

The length of railways is 2382 km (2003). A connection between the Namibian and Zambian railways is planned. A network of roads is developed (some of them have a high-quality surface), which connects the capital with the coast and with densely populated northern regions. The total length of roads is 64.8 thousand km (with a hard surface - 5.38 thousand km) - 2001. The international highways built in the 1990s connect the country with Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa. Seaports: Walvis Bay (deepwater, through which approx. 50% of foreign trade is carried out) and Luderitz. The merchant fleet has 126 ships (2002). There are 136 airports and runways (21 of them are paved - 2004). International airports are located in Windhoek and Walvis Bay. In 1996, according to air passengers, the airport in Windhoek was recognized as the best in Africa. In 2002, a representative office of Air Namibia was opened in Moscow. The country has one of the most modern digital telephone networks on the continent.

Finance and credit.

The monetary unit is the Namibian dollar (NAD), consisting of 100 cents; released into circulation in 1992. Exchange rate The Namibian dollar is pegged and maintained at a 1:1 ratio to the South African rand (ZAR). In accordance with the agreement on the common currency area, the South African rand in the territory of Namibia is legal tender on a par with the Namibian dollar. In con. In 2004, the national currency rate was: 1 USD = 6.755 NAD (ZAR). The stock exchange is successfully functioning in Namibia.

Tourism.

One of the most dynamically developing sectors of the economy. Foreign tourists are attracted here by the diversity of natural landscapes, the richness of flora and fauna (here is the largest population of cheetahs in the world), opportunities for safari, as well as the originality of the culture of local peoples. In 2001, more than 600 thousand tourists from Angola, Botswana, Germany, Great Britain, Russia, South Africa and other countries visited the country. Tourism revenues increase annually by an average of 4%. In 2001 they amounted to approx. 400 million US dollars (in 1999 - 350 million US dollars).

A visa-free regime has been established, but not giving the right to work, for citizens of Angola, Cuba, Russia and the CIS countries, as well as some European states that contributed to the liberation of Namibia. The opportunity to visit Namibia is provided by many travel agencies Russia.
Attractions: national parks (including Namib-Naukluft and Etosha), Fish River Canyon (the second largest (after the Grand Canyon in the USA) in the world), Skeleton Coast (remains of dead ships near the resort city of Swakopmund), Ruacana waterfall, caves of Mount Brandberg with ancient paintings.

SOCIETY AND CULTURE

Education.

The first schools in Namibia were opened under missionary societies in the beginning. 19th century Officially, a 10-year education is mandatory. Children receive primary education (7 years) from the age of 6. Primary education covered approx. 90% of children of the appropriate age. Secondary education (5 years) begins at the age of 13 and takes place in two stages - 3 and 2 years. The higher education system includes the University of Namibia (opened in the capital in 1992), technical and 4 teacher training colleges. In 2002, 317 teachers worked at 7 faculties of the university and 8532 students studied (of which 3658 people - according to the distance learning system using the Internet). Teaching is conducted on English language. Students from Namibia also receive higher education abroad, including in Russia and China.

There are courses to eliminate illiteracy among the adult population. The development of the education and science system (the Namibian Scientific Society (Windhoek, founded in 1925), the Department of Environmental Research (Walvis Bay, founded in 1963), as well as the Institute of Architecture and Urban Planning (Windhoek, founded in 1952)), consumed up to 25% state budget. In the beginning. 2000, 100 km from the capital, the world's largest telescope was built, designed to study cosmic gamma radiation. 70 scientists from 8 countries participated in the development of the telescope.

In 2002, 20% of the budget funds were allocated for the needs of education. Institutions of preschool education since 1995 passed into private hands. In 2003, 84% of the population were literate (84.4% of men and 83.7% of women).

Healthcare.

Architecture.

Traditional dwellings among different peoples of Namibia differ in architectural forms and building materials used. Among the Herero, they are huts made of woven tree branches, plastered on the outside with clay and dung. A hole is made in the domed roof for smoke to escape. The clay floor and the entrance are covered with tanned skins. The Ovambo build huts under thatched roofs supported by a frame of dug-in wooden poles, and the walls are whitewashed. Nama are covered with reed mats, beehive-shaped huts made of connected flexible branches. The dwellings of the Damar and Bushmen are cone-shaped huts made of branches stuck into the ground.

In modern cities, houses are built of brick and reinforced concrete structures. The architecture of some buildings uses the characteristic features of traditional African house building.

Fine Arts and Crafts.

The origin of fine arts in Namibia began long before our era. e. Hundreds of rock paintings of the Bushmen and the well-known so-called. The “White Lady” (an ancient rock painting found in 1907 in a cave in Brandberg Mountain and dated to the middle of the 2nd millennium BC) is of cultural significance on a global scale. The paintings are made with mineral and earth paints, lime and soot, diluted in water and animal fat, images of humans, animals (most often antelopes) and fantastic creatures.

Crafts and arts and crafts are widespread: pottery (especially among Damar), the manufacture of wooden vessels and calabash (vessels from dried pumpkins), the manufacture of leather products (headwear, scabbards for cold weapons, shoes, belts, etc.), metalworking (production of agricultural equipment and jewelry made of copper and iron), weaving products (fans, baskets, trays, awnings, hats and mats) from palm leaves and sorghum stalks, as well as sewing national clothes. Woodcarving is widespread, it is often used to decorate houses and public spaces. The Caprivis make wooden masks.

Contemporary fine arts began to develop intensively after the country gained independence. The influence of European art is most noticeable in sculpture. The most famous artist is J. Muafangecho.

Literature.

It is in its infancy, based on the traditions of oral folk art. The first literary works - diaries, correspondence, as well as texts of religious content by Hendrik Witboy (paramount leader of the Nama, one of the leaders of the anti-colonial struggle), were published in Afrikaans in 1929 in Cape Town (South Africa). The birth of literature in African languages ​​is associated with the name of the missionary M. Rautanen. He invented the Ndonga script and translated the Bible. Modern writers and poets - N.Vakolele, S.Goagoseb, J.Ya-Otto, S.Mwala, A.Toivo Ya-Toivo, Tongeni, K.Shondela and others.

Music.

National music has a long tradition. game on musical instruments, songs and dances are closely connected with the daily life of local peoples. Musical instruments - accordion, drums (including tom-toms), gazinga and gouache (reminiscent of a harp), guitar, horns, saxophone and pipes. Choral singing for four voices is widespread. National music is influenced by modern musical trends, the namastap performing style has appeared, reminiscent of the Argentinean tango. The musical and dance ensemble "Ndilimani" performed in Moscow during the XII Festival of Youth and Students (1985).

Press, radio broadcasting, television and the Internet.

Published: in English, the government newspaper "New Era" (New Era - "New Era", published 2 times a week) and the daily newspaper "Namibian" (The Namibian - "Namibian"), in English and Afrikaans - "Namibia Today" "(Namibia Today - "Namibia Today" - the press organ of SWAPO, published 2 times a week), in English, German, Afrikaans and Portuguese - "Namib Times" (Namib Times - "Namib Time", published 2 times a week) , in Afrikaans, English and German - "Republikane" (Die Republikein - "Republican" - the press organ of the party "Democratic Alliance Turnhalle Namibia", published daily) and in German - the daily newspaper "Allgemeine Zeitung" (Allgemeine Zeitung - "Universal newspaper"). The Namibia Press Agency (Nampa) has been operating since 1987. National radio broadcasting services (broadcast in 11 languages) and television (programs in English) were created in 1990. The Namibian Journalists Association operates. In 2003 there were 65 thousand Internet users.

HISTORY

Probably the first to come to the territory of South West Africa were the Khoisan-speaking peoples, the ancestors of the modern San (Bushmen) living in the northeast of Namibia and northwest Botswana. They were organized into small kinship groups and hunted and gathered, with each group having its own vast territory.

The meager and fragmentary data of archeology, linguistics, and oral tradition make it possible to compile only an approximate picture of the migrations of tribes before the 19th century. Probably the most important migrations stretched over several centuries. Separate tribal groups of the Nama, moving northward to the southern regions of the plateau, numbered from several tens to several thousand people. They combined hunting with primitive pastoralism, as did the Namaz-speaking mountain damaras in the north of the plateau and within the central part of the Great Ledge. Herero-speaking pastoralists migrated south to the area of ​​the Kaoko Plateau (Himba, Tjimba tribes) and to the central regions of the plateau (Herero, Mbanderu). All of them were pastoralists and did not create a centralized socio-political organization. Groups of hunters and pastoralists constantly moved in search of pastures and water, overcoming great distances.

The situation was different in the north. The Ovambo who migrated here settled settled along the Kunene and Okavango rivers and on the inland flood plains located between them. So there were areas of permanent settlements, separated by forests. Depending on the natural conditions, these regions could be inhabited by from a few hundred people (in the arid west) to several tens of thousands (in the more humid northeastern regions), where “kingdoms” arose that developed over matrilineal clans and formed the basis of the traditional social economic organization of the population. Further east, the Okavango and Zambezi rivers served as the main trade and migration routes. The Ovambo tribes were engaged in the extraction of copper on the Otavi plateau, iron ore in Kassing and salt in a vast drainless depression - the Etosha salt marsh.

Beginning at the end of the 18th century the advance of Europeans from the Cape Colony forced some partially Europeanized groups of the local population to cross to the right bank of the Orange River. The Orlam people settled among the Nama up to the northwestern part of the Kaoko Plateau. Their invasion disrupted the traditional way of life of the local population and the fragile socio-political balance in these parts. The Eagles needed goods they could trade for European industrial products. They used their technical superiority over the local population (ox teams and firearms) to seize the only commodity that was in demand among Europeans - Herero cattle. In the 1830s and 1850s, the Orlam leader Jonker Afrikaaner subjugated many of the Nama and Herero tribes and created a military-territorial entity whose authority extended to most of the central regions of modern Namibia. The Jonker Afrikaaner ran this formation from his headquarters in Windhoek and Okahandia. At the same time, European traders and missionaries penetrated into the hinterland of southern Namibia; after 1840, the Rhine Missionary Society was most active here. After the death of Jonker Afrikaaner in 1861, his state collapsed, but the general interest in normal trade held back internecine clashes and cattle rustling.

The deterioration of the situation in the north, associated with two raids by the people of Yonker and the first attempt by the Portuguese to capture the hinterland of southern Angola, worried the Ovambo leaders, who began to arm themselves. In the 1860s and 1870s, ivory was the main subject of barter, but when the elephants were exterminated, the local nobility began to raid their northern neighbors and steal their cattle, and also established a special tax on cattle. There was even a special stratum of military leaders, the Lenga, who concentrated significant power in their hands.

In 1878 Great Britain captured the area of ​​Walvis Bay, annexing it six years later to the Cape Colony. But the first decisive step towards the colonization of the hinterland of Namibia was made in 1884 by Germany, declaring a protectorate over the territorial acquisitions of the Bremen merchant Lüderitz, who bought the bay of Angra-Peken and the area adjacent to it from the leader of one of the Nama tribes. Then the Germans managed to impose the so-called local leaders. “protection treaty”, i.e. about the protectorate, and soon a significant part of the territory was under the control of Germany. To manage the new possessions, the "German Colonial Society of South West Africa" ​​was created, which lasted approx. 10 years. When the Society was unable to cope with the armed resistance of the Namibians, official Berlin sent a governor there, Theodor Leitwein, after which the first white settlers arrived in Namibia. In 1897-1898, an epidemic of rinderpest broke out in Namibia, bringing great disaster to the local rural population. As a result of the predatory actions of white traders and further seizures of land, the policy pursued by the governor of gradual selective seizures and the displacement of Africans into economically unpromising areas failed. In January 1904, the Herero rose to fight the German colonialists. After the decisive victory at Waterberg, the commander of the German units, Lothar von Trotha, ordered the physical extermination of all Herero. At the end of the same year, under the leadership of the leader Hendrik Witboi, the peoples of southern Namibia came out against the Germans. By the time of the cessation of hostilities in 1907, the losses of the Namibians amounted to approx. 100 thousand people, or 60% of the population living within the plateau.

The German colonial administration established a strict regime of forced labor in the so-called. police zone, confiscating land and livestock from the local population. The placement of white settlers on the "liberated" lands was encouraged in every possible way, and in 1913 their number exceeded 1,300 people. The colonial authorities did not seek to establish a regime of direct control over the well-armed Ovambo, which was partly due to the lack of labor for the construction of the railway, as well as for work in new mines in Tsumeb (copper mining from 1906) and for diamond mining in the south of the Namib Desert (from 1908 ). In such a situation, only the involvement of migrant workers from the northern regions could solve the problem. By 1910, 10,000 Ovambo workers were embarking each year on the long and dangerous journey south.

In 1914, the Union of South Africa (SA) entered the First World War on the side of Great Britain and the following year defeated the German colonial troops in Namibia. In 1920, Namibia was transferred to the control of the SA as a mandated territory of the League of Nations, which received the right to perform legislative, executive and judicial functions here (a full category "C" mandate).
The transition of Namibia under the control of South Africa and the attack of the Portuguese on it from the territory of Angola predetermined the establishment of colonial rule in Ovamboland. This coincided with the famine of 1915-1916, which, together with the influenza epidemic that broke out two years later, killed about a quarter of the population of Ovamboland to the grave. In 1917, during the South African punitive expedition, the leader N. Mandume was killed, who, in Last year his reign sought to unite all the Ovambo. Twice more SAAS used military force(now including air bombardments) to pacify the local population - in 1922 to suppress the uprising of the Bondelswarts (one of the Nama ethnic groups) in the south and in 1932 against one of the Ovambo leaders Ipumbu.

In the 1920s, South African politics began to spread to Namibia. racial discrimination, which consisted in creating reserves to provide white settlers with cheap labor, controlling the influx of the rural population into cities, aimed at limiting the settlement of cities by Africans, reserving jobs for whites in certain areas, introducing passes to control the movement of the black population, establishing curfew in cities at night. The northern regions of the country, where approx. 70% of the total population were isolated from the police zone. There, a small colonial administration controlled the leaders appointed by the colonial authorities, who carried out direct administrative functions. Only northerners who had a work contract for a period of 12 to 18 months were allowed into the police zone.

In 1945, the United Nations was created instead of the League of Nations. The following year, the UN rejected the request of the SA to include the territory of South West Africa. In response, the South African Union refused to transfer the territory to the trusteeship of the UN, thus starting a protracted trial in the International Court of Justice. In 1966, the International Court of Justice, by 13 votes to 12, denied the application of two former members League of Nations, Ethiopia and Liberia, to remove the mandate of the Republic of South Africa (SAR) to govern Namibia, deciding that these two countries do not have the right to initiate legal proceedings on this issue. The UN General Assembly annulled the mandate of South Africa and transferred Namibia under the auspices of the UN. In 1971, the International Court of Justice upheld the legality of this move.

During the interwar period, the anti-colonial protest movement was led by the leaders of the Nama and Herero tribes. In the 1950s, the first student associations and other modern political organizations were formed. Following a clash in Windhoek on December 10, 1959, when police killed 13 demonstrators protesting the forced relocation of Africans to the new township of Katutura, the anti-colonial leaders of the Ovamboland Peoples Organization decided to transform this organization into the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO). Appeals to the UN for independence came from the leaders of the tribes, representatives of the clergy and leaders of the national liberation movement that was gaining strength. After the refusal of the International Court of Justice in 1966 to deprive South Africa of the mandate to govern Namibia, SWAPO began a guerrilla war that lasted 23 years. After the collapse of the colonial regime in neighboring Angola in 1974, hostilities became more severe.

The decision of the International Court of Justice in 1971 to transfer Namibia under the trusteeship of the UN, the strike of contract workers and the more active participation of churches in political life marked the beginning of a period of mass resistance to colonial rule. By the mid-1970s, South Africa was forced to recognize Namibia's right to independence. In 1975-1977, at the initiative of the Republic of South Africa, the so-called. "constitutional conference" with the participation of political groups obedient to the South African authorities. A constitution was drafted based on the administrative division of the country along ethnic lines. The transitional government established at this conference began to carry out scant reforms, but failed to take the advantageous position of the "golden mean" between the South African colonialists and the radical SWAPO. Under pressure from their Western allies, members of the UN Security Council - the United States, Great Britain, France, West Germany and Canada, which later formed the so-called. "Contact Group", in April 1978, South Africa agreed to a ceasefire and the holding of elections in Namibia under UN supervision. However, a little later, she rejected the UN plan, based on proposals from Western countries. Subsequently, the position of South Africa became even tougher after the US administration put forward a demand in the 1980s to link the withdrawal of South African troops from Namibia with the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola, which delayed the solution of the Namibian problem for another 10 years.
South Africa, having suffered a military defeat in southern Angola, in 1988, through the mediation of the United States and the USSR, entered into negotiations with Angola and Cuba on the issue of resolving the situation in southern Africa. On April 1, 1989, in accordance with Security Council resolution No. 435, Namibia's one-year transition to independence, carried out under the control of the UN, began.

The United Nations Transitional Assistance Team (UNTAG) consisted of 8,000 people from 26 countries and included military, police and civilian contingents. During the transition period, SWAPO leaders and more than 40,000 of their supporters returned from exile to their homeland, political parties and 95% of potential voters were registered; finally, 97% of the voters took part in the elections to the Constituent Assembly, held under the supervision of the UN, in which 57% of voters voted for SWAPO. The Constituent Assembly drafted and adopted the constitution of Namibia. March 21, 1990 Namibia was proclaimed an independent republic, and its first president was SWAPO leader Sam Nujoma, who was in exile in the 1970s and 1980s.

Namibia demanded the return of the Walvis Bay zone, which, as part of Namibia, was controlled by South Africa from 1922 to 1977 (then it was included in the Cape Province of South Africa). In 1992, South Africa agreed to the joint administration of this enclave, and on March 1, 1994 transferred the entire territory of Walvis Bay to Namibia.

Since independence, the situation in Namibia has generally been peaceful and calm. Main directions public policy were the achievement of national reconciliation, social equality and economic development. In the 1994 elections, SWAPO further strengthened its political position. There has been moderate economic growth in the field of foreign tourism, fishing and manufacturing, achieved primarily through public investment. By the end of the first decade of independence, the most difficult problems of Namibia remained the strike movement, the dissatisfaction of the peasants with the progress of land reform, and unemployment.

Period of independent development.

In 1997, Namibia's external debt, inherited from the colonial period, was written off. Financial assistance was provided by Germany, China and Spain.

In November 1998, an amendment to the constitution was adopted, according to which the first president of the republic, Sam Nujoma, received the right to be re-elected for a third term. In the 1999 presidential election, having received 76.8% of the vote, he was again elected head of state. In 1998-1999, a separatist armed uprising organized by the "Movement for the Liberation of the Caprivi" was suppressed in the Caprivi strip (northeast of the country).

In the parliamentary elections held on November 15-16, 2004, SWAPO won a landslide victory (55 out of 72 seats). The Congress of Democrats won 5 seats, the Turnhalle Namibia Democratic Alliance 4 seats, and the National Unity Democratic Organization and the United Democratic Front 3 seats each. Mozes Tjitendero was elected Speaker of the National Assembly. March 20, 2005 Gurirab Theo-Ben (Theo-Ben Gurirab) was elected to this post. In the National Council of the Parliament, elected on November 29-30, 2004, SWAPO also received 24 seats (out of 26), the remaining 2 seats were taken by the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance of Namibia and the United Democratic Front. Asser Kapere became the chairman of the National Council.

After President S. Nujoma signed an agreement with the Russian company ALROSA on joint exploration and production of diamonds (April 1998), De Beers lost its monopoly on the production of Namibian diamonds. In 1999-2000, the Parliament adopted the "Law on Diamonds" and amendments to the "Law on Exploration and Mining of Minerals", which facilitated the access of foreign investment in the diamond mining industry and strengthened state control over diamond mining.

In 2004, GDP amounted to 14.76 billion US dollars, its growth was 4.8%. In the same year, investments amounted to 19.6% of GDP, and inflation was 4.2%. According to forecasts, in 2005 inflation should reach 3.9%. In 2005, the external debt is N$12 billion (US$2 billion). External assistance comes from Belgium, Germany, Iceland (fisheries training and research), France and Sweden.

The government's economic policy is aimed at further development mining and manufacturing industries by attracting foreign investment. One of the most acute problems of domestic policy remains the redistribution of land. The implementation of the land reform, which began in the second half of the 1990s, led to an aggravation of social tension in the country. Events in neighboring Zimbabwe (the seizure of farms owned by white citizens) forced the Namibian government to look for compromise solutions to the land issue.
Serious problems are also the increase in the incidence of AIDS and unemployment (approx. 40%). The government pays great attention to the problem of gender equality in all spheres of the country's life and the fight against corruption. In May 2005, a bill for the allocation of 65 million Namibian dollars for the implementation of the state pension program was submitted for discussion.

NAMIBIA - Republic of Namibia.

General information

Namibia - go-su-dar-st-in on the south-pas-de Af-ri-ki. On the za-pa-de omy-va-et-sya vo-da-mi At-lan-ti-che-sko-ocean, on the se-ve-re gra-ni-chit with An-go-loy and Zam -bi-she, on the east-ke - with Bot-sva-noy (on the se-ve-ro-vos-to-ke ter-ri-to-riya of Namibia incl-no-va-et-sya me- railway An-go-loy, Zam-bi-ey and Bot-sva-noy in the form of narrow-ko-go-ri-dora 483 km long - so-called in-lo-sa Ka -pri-vi), in the south-east-ke and south - from South Africa. The area is 825.0 thousand km2 (according to other sources, 824.3 thousand km2). Population about 2.2 million (2012). Sto-li-tsa - Wind-hook. De-nezh-naya edi-ni-tsa - na-mi-biy-sky dollar-lar (tied to ran-du of South Africa, also have-mu-ho-zh-de-nie in the country -not). The official language is English-English (shi-ro-ko ras-pro-stra-ne-na af-ri-ka-ans, non-Metz-kiy, as well as the languages ​​​​of ko-ren-nyh on -ro-dov - ovam-bo, ka-van-go, ge-re-ro, etc.). In the administrative division of the ter-ri-to-ria of Namibia, it is divided into 13 districts.

Namibia is a member of the UN (1990), IMF (1990), IBRD (1990), AU (1990, until 2002 OAU), WTO (1995).

Political system

Namibia is a unitary state. Con-sti-tu-tion received on February 9, 1990. The form of rights-le-niya is the pre-zi-dent res-public.

The head of state and pr-vi-tel-st-va is the president, from-bi-rae-my on-se-le-ni-em for 5 years (with the right of one-no-no- re-branding). Can-di-dat in pre-zi-den-you must be a citizen of Namibia by ro-zh-de-ny or pro-is-ho-zh-de-ny, dos- age 35 years old and answer qua-li-fi-ka-qi-on-nym tre-bo-va-ni-yam, us-ta-nov-len-nym Kon-sti- tu-qi-ey of Namibia for members of the National Assembly (for example, not to be in the state or mu-ni-qi-pal-no service). The pre-zi-dent on-knows all the highest should-st-persons, is-la-is-the main-but-commander-blowing forces of the defense of Namibia , osu-sche-st-in-la-et external-not-po-ly-tic pre-sta-vi-tel-st-vo, etc.

The highest for-co-but-dative organ is a two-pa-lat par-la-ment. Lower pa-la-ta - National as-samb-lea, co-one of 72 de-pu-ta-tov, from bi-rai-my on-se-le-ni-em for 5 years , and 6 members without the right to go-lo-sa, on-knowing-my pre-zi-den-tom; upper pa-la-ta - National council, includes 26 members, some of them from bi-ra-yut-xia re-gio-nal-ny-mi co-ve -ta-mi for 6 years.

The executive power of the os-sche-st-in-la-et-sya right-vi-tel-st-vom (ka-bi-not-that), in the composition of someone-ro-go input -dyat pre-zi-dent, pre-mier-mi-nistr and mi-ni-st-ry, on-the-tea-we-pre-zi-den-tom from among the members of the National as-samb- lei. On for-se-yes-ni-yah ka-bi-ne-ta pre-se-da-tel-st-vu-et pre-zi-dent, and in his from-sut-st-vie - pre-mier -mi-nistr. If otherwise, pre-du-look-re-but Kon-sti-tu-qi-ei or for-ko-nom, the pre-zi-dent is obliged to act “in con-sul- ta-tion with ka-bi-not-that. The members of the ka-bi-ne-ta are not responsible for the pre-zi-den-tom and par-la-men-tom. The pre-zi-dent must fire any member of the ka-bi-ne-ta, if the National as-samb-lea is more-shin-st-go-lo-owls you- no-set re-she-nie about not-before-ve-ri mi-ni-st-ru. The national as-samb-lea can be ras-pus-shche-on pre-zi-den-tom after pro-ve-de-niya con-sul-ta-tion with ka-bi-no-tom, under the condition that the right-vi-tel-st-vo "does not have the ability to be effective, but you-full-take your duties" .

In Namibia, there are so-sche-st-wu-et-m-th-par-ty-ny system-te-ma. Leading political parties: People's Organization of South-West Africa (SWAPO), De-mo-cratic al-yans Turn-hal-le, United-nyon- ny de-mo-kra-tic front, Congress de-mo-kra-tov, etc.

Nature.

In-be-re-zhe At-lan-ti-che-sko-go ocean under the same-but the influence of the strong-no-go-battle. The be-re-go-way line of Namibia is flattened, the most large for-li-you are the bays of Wal-fish Bay and Lu-de-ritz.

Relief. Most of the ter-ri-to-rii of the country is behind-nya-that flat-to-mountain-eat with a height of 900-1500 m, dis-membered to-li-on-my rivers and tek-to- nical vpa-di-na-mi into separate ucha-st-ki: on the se-ve-re - so-kol-noe de-well-da-qi-on-noe flat-to-mountain Kao-ko, in the center there is a platform Da-ma-ra with islands-ditch-mi mountains-ra-mi and os-tan-tso-you-mi mas-si-va-mi (up to 2573 m high, go -ra Brand-berg - the highest point of Namibia), in the south - a smoothed structure-tur-no-stu-pen-cha-toe flat-to-mountain Na-ma-k-va -land. To the east and south of the flat-to-the-mountain-lo-go-re-ho-dit into the vast vpa-di-nu Ka-la-ha-ri; on the za-pa-de it turns around to a-be-re-zhu (Big Us-tup), especially ben-but clearly re-re-move you-ra -women between 24 and 27 ° south latitude. Along the be-re-zhya pro-tya-gi-va-et-sya desert-you-nya Na-mib. In the northern and eastern parts of Namibia, there are ancient lake boilers-lo-win-ny, some of them are for-nya-ta so-lon-cha-ka-mi - pe-na mi.

Geo-lo-gi-che-structure and useful is-ko-pae-mye. Namibia is located in the southwestern part of the pre-Cambrian Af-ri-Kan-platform-we, fund-da-ment-to-swarm you-stu -pa-et on the surface along the Atlantic coast and in the central part of the country, forming a warehouse-cha-thuyu system-te-mu Da-ma- ra late-not-pro-te-ro-zoi-s-th-age-ra-ta. Warehouse-cha-taya system-the-ma pro-sti-ra-et-sya in the north-east on the right-le-ni and has from-branch-le-tion to the north and south; slo-same-on ob-lo-moch-ny-mi from-lo-zhe-niya-mi, vul-ka-ni-ta-mi, car-bo-nat-ny-mi and so-la-ny- mi po-ro-da-mi top-not-go ree-fairy. In the central part of the oro-gen-on, there is a thickness of deep-bo-ko-water-nyh ter-ri-gen-nyh from-lo-zh-zheny, including gabb -ro, ba-sal-you (pre-lo-zhi-tel-but frag-men-you of the ancient ocean-nothing. Ko-ry). Warehouse-cha-tye about-ra-zo-va-niya pe-re-roof-you of the Vendian mo-las-soy (on the se-ve-re), me-ta-mor-fi-zo-va- us and pro-ditch-ny krup-ny-mi in-tru-zia-mi gra-ni-toi-dov of the late pre-cambrian - early pa-leo-zoic. Platform-for-men-ny che-hol develops on the se-ve-ro-east-to-ke and east-ke of the country (marginal parts of the blue-nek-liz Oka-van- go and Ka-la-ha-ri). In co-hundred-ve cheh-la - ter-ri-gen-no-kar-bo-nat-nye from-lo-zhe-niya upper-not-to-cam-brium, ice-none-to-vye about-ra-zo-va-niya, coal-le-nas-thal-scha, red-color-nye-ro-dy top-not-pa-leo-zoy-sko-me-zo-zoy -sky sis-te-we Ka-ru; shi-ro-ko ras-pro-countries-not-us con-ti-nen-tal-nye from-lo-zhe-niya me-la and kai-no-zoi-sky dogs of the Ka-la group ha-ri.

Ne-dra Namibia bo-ga-you-lez-ny-mi is-ko-pae-we-mi; important-ne-shi-mi yav-la-yut-xia ru-dy ura-na, copper, lead, zinc-ka; al-ma-zy. All cheers-no-new places-sto-ro-zh-de-niya on-ho-dyat-sya on the pas-de Namibia - 2 times-ra-ba-you-vae-myh-sto-ro- railway station (Ros-sing, to the north-east from the city of Sva-kop-mund; Lan-ger-Hein-rich, to the east from the city of Wal-fish- Bay) and a few not-times-ra-ba-you-vae-mykh (Va-len-sia, to the se-ve-ro-east-to-ku from the city of Wal-fish Bay; Trek-ko-pie, to the se-ve-ro-east-to-ku from the city of Swa-kop-mund; Etan-go, to the east-ku from the city of Swa-kop-mund). Me-sto-ro-zh-de-niya ores of me-di have in the northern part of the country - a large copper-but-on-whether-metal-licheskoe-sto-ro -zh-de-nie Tsu-meb, Tshu-di, Kom-bat; in the central part of the country - Ochi-ha-se, Match-less. Ru-dy me-sto-ro-zh-de-niya Tsu-meb in industrial co-li-che-st-wah so-der-zhat va-na-diy, cad-miy, ger-many, gal -ly, and also means. for-pa-sy flu-ori-ta. In the area of ​​Tsu-me-ba, they have lead-tso-vo-tsin-ko-vo-va-na-die places-sto-ro-zh-de-niya Abe-nab, Berg- Aucas. In the south-west of the pas de Namibia, near the village of Rosh-Pi-na, there are important lead-tso-vo-tsin-ko-ve-sto-ro-zh -de-nia - Skor-pi-on and Rosh-Pi-na; ru-dy in the next-not-go-se-reb-ro-so-der-zha-shchi. From gold-to-ore places-sto-ro-zh-de-ny sign-chi-my yav-la-et-sya Na-va-chab (170 km to se-ve-ro-for- pa-doo from Wind-hoo-ka). In the south-west of the pas de Namibia, along the coast of the At-lan-ti-ches-ko-th ocean and in the pre-de-lah of the upper part of the shelf, lo-ka -li-zo-van uni-kal-ny complex on-terrestrial and underwater dew-filled places-sto-rozh-de-niy yuve-lir-nyh al-ma-zov you -so-ko-go-chest-wa (marine coastal province of South-West Africa). Ros-sy-pi al-ma-zov pro-follow-wa-yut-sya also along the on-mi-biy-sko-go be-re-ha of the Oran-zhe-vaya river, mainly in the lower -nem te-che-nii and at the mouth of the howling part. In Namibia, there are prospective deposits of complex ores of tin, wolf-ra-ma, lithium, beryl-lium , tan-ta-la (Brand-berg, Uys; connected with the peg-ma-ti-to-y belt on the za-pa-de of the country), as well as the place-sto- ro-zh-de-niya iron-nyh, mar-gan-tse-vy ores, ka-men-no-go coal-la, pi-ri-ta, fluo-ri-ta, vol-la-hundred -ni-ta, ka-men-noy so-li, mra-mo-ra, do-lo-mi-tov, gra-ni-tov, stone-ne-sa-mo-color-no-raw material (yeah-you, amethyst, gra-on-you, go-lu-boy hal-ce-don, rose quartz, so-da-lit, tour-ma-lin, etc.). On the shelf, you-yav-le-we are places-of-ro-zh-de-niya of nature-no-go-ryu-che-go gas.

Climate. On the territory of Namibia, the climate is tropical. On the coast, the average temperatures are 17-19 ° C, sa-mo-ho-lo-ho-lo-go (July) 12-13 ° C, precipitation up to 100 mm per year - in summer); relative humidity of air-du-ha on average up to 80%, number of days with fog up to 27 per month. In the interior regions, the average temperatures in January are 22-27 °C, and in July 16-22 °C. In the most elevated places in the winter, my case is for-mo-roses. At the end of winter, we are not red-ki dusty storms. In summer, relative humidity is 20%. Mak-si-small amount of precipitation (500-700 mm per year) you-pa-da-et on the extreme se-ve-ro-vos-to-ke ( in-lo-sa Ka-pri-vi), in the central part of the flat-to-mountain - 300-400 mm, in the south (in Ka-la-ha-ri) - up to 250 mm. In the southern part of the country, precipitation is raining in a non-violent ha-rak-ter, contributing to intense erosion.

Inland waters. For-pas-sy fresh waters are extremely scarce. In the northern part of Namibia, pro-te-ka-yut on-border rivers Ku-ne-ne, Zam-bezi, Oka-van-go (Ku-ban-go) with the right -to-com Oma-ta-ko. The southern border of the country is formed by the Oran-zhe-vaya river with a large tributary Fish (Fis). In the western part of the pro-te-ka-yut rivers Ugab, Oma-ru-ru, Kui-seb, etc., filled with water for several days in the season before -f-dey. On the se-ve-re, in a wide, imp-drainage vpa-di-not ras-po-lo-same-but lake-ro-so-lon-chak This is Sha.

Every year, but in-goiter-new-laya-my water resources are 45 km3 (of which only 6 km3 are on the territory of the country ny), water-to-obes-pe-chen-ness 175 m3 per person per year. Main if-whether-honor-of-water is used-zu-et-sya for ir-ri-ga-tion (45%) and live-no-water-st-va (26%), on live -lisch-but-com-mu-nal-noe ho-zyay-st-in races-ho-du-et-xia 24% of water, industry - 5%.

Soil-you, ra-ti-tel-ny and living world. Most of the territory of Namibia (over 60%) is for-ni-ma-yut sa-van-ny and su-hie red-ko-le-sya on se-ve-re and se-ve-ro -east of the country, in the be-re-zhe - efe-mer-but-lu-ko-vich-no-suk-ku-tape-tape-you-ni, to the south-east -to-ke - opus-you-nen-nye sa-van-ny Ka-la-ha-ri. Soils are mostly weak-powerful and little-pro-duc-tive, the most suitable for agriculture are red-but-brown soils-you-sa- baths in the eastern part of the plateau Da-ma-ra. In the south-east-to-ke (in Ka-la-ha-ri) once you are a dog-cha-soils. Ancient lake cat-lo-vin-na for-nya-you ha-lo-morph-us-mi soil-va-mi, some-rye gods-you-do-ra-two -ri-we-mi so-la-mi, but is-py-you-va-yut not-dos-ta-current in phosphorus-fo-re and azo-those.

Namibia - one of the few over-dry-li-vy ter-ri-to-riy mi-ra, bio-different-but-ob-ra-zie-to-swarm dos-ta-toch -but ve-li-ko also has an inter-f-du-folk sign. The southern part of the desert-you-ni Na-mib - the world-ro-howl center of bio-different-but-ob-ra-zia souk-ku-len-tov, rep-ti-liy and na-se-ko-myh, most of the en-de-mich-nyh species are so-medium-to-the-che-on along the western slope of the Bol-sho-go Us-tu-pa, in the re-walking in the lo -se me-zh-du pus-you-her and sa-van-noy. The flora of Namibia counts about 4,000 species, of which 585 are en-de-mi-ki. The largest-neck bio-different-but-ob-raz-zie from-me-cha-et-sya in the leaf-fallen sa-van-nah and red-forest-yah, where pre- becoming-le-ny types of mo-pa-ne, pte-ro-car-pu-sov, ter-mi-na-liy, etc. On the se-ve-ro-vos-to-ke red-kol- sya usually li-she-ny tra-vya-ni-stay ras-ti-tel-no-sti, the lower tier is about-ra-zu-yut kus-tar-ni-ki. On the se-ve-re, where de-re-vya is an hour-a-time-w-de-we slo-na-mi, red-ko-le-sya for-me-not-ny kus-tar-ni -ko-you-mi sa-van-na-mi. In the opus-nen-nyh sa-van-nah, shi-ro-ko represented-le-na-dy of aca-tion, ba-la-ni-te-sa and com-mi-for-ry. In the central part of the desert-you-ni-Na-mib, where the ras-pro-countries-not-we are sand dunes, - meager evil-ko-vo-kus-tar-ni-ko -vaya ra-ti-tel-ness (so-lyan-ki, sti-pag-ro-stis, ek-ta-di-um), to the east-ku replacing evil-to- you-mi form-ma-tion-mi. In the coastal po-lo-se pus-you-no pro-from-ra-sta-et vel-vi-chiya udi-vi-tel-naya. South of the bay of Lu-de-ritz and on the adjacent part of Na-ma-k-wa-len-da shi-ro-ko represented-le-we-form tsii buk-ku-len-tov.

Fau-on from-but-si-tel-but poor-on. On-count-you-va-et-sya 229 species of mammals-to-pi-melting (7% en-de-mi-ki). The most-bo-more different-but-ob-ra-zen living here is the world of red-ko-le-siy in the se-ve-re of the country, where af-ri-kan meet -sky elephant, zhi-ra-fa, an-ti-lo-py oryx, spring-gbok and ku-du, as well as zeb-ra Hart-man-na and im-pa-la (na-ho- dyat-Xia under the threat of disappearance-chez-no-ve-niya), from predator-ni-kov - lion, le-o-pard, hye-na. In Namibia - the most-may-big-shay in the world-re-po-la-tion black-no-so-ro-ha (the number of its stability is). In the mountainous regions and in the east of the country, obi-ta-yut en-de-mich-ny gr-zu-ny (long-legged, Cape sle-pysh), on -se-ko-mo-poisonous (evil-that-mole), pipe-to-tooth. Of the 676 species of birds, 60 are on the run under the threat of extinction, including the Af-ri-Kan-pin-guin and yellow-to- no-syy al-bat-ros. On the coast (in river deltas) and on the adjacent islands - water-but-bog-lot-lands (3 of them include us to the Ramsar convention). On Lake Eto-sha, there is a nest of fla-min-go. Our-about-time-on the fau-on-the-se-to-my and rep-ti-liy, where the most-bo-lea-juice is the percentage of en-de-miz-ma (more than 1/4 all types). Coastal waters are bo-ga-you plank-to-nome and pro-we-word-fish-fight, some-swarm pi-ta-et-sya big hundred-up to cap- sky ty-le-ney and many birds (bak-la-ny, pe-li-ka-ny, tea-ki).

Oh-ra-nya-my natural ter-ri-to-rii with national status oh-ra-ny for-ni-ma-yut 17% of the country's ter-ri-to-rii (National parks Na-mib-Na-uk-luft, Bereg Ske-le-tov, Eto-sha, etc.), at the same time, various ter-ri-to-ri-al-ny -mi for-ma-mi oh-ra-ny nature oh-va-che-but more than 40% of the area of ​​​​Na-mi-bii.

Population.

Most of the Namibian population (62.6%) is composed of ban-tu ro-dy, living mainly in the se-ve-re, of these, the largest are ovam-bo (48% - 2001, re-writing) and ge-re-ro (8%); koi-san-sky na-ro-dy - 14.1%, among them - na-ma and da-ma-ra. 11% are af-ri-ka-ne-ry and “colored” (including bass-te-ry - in that way mixed marriages of the first Dutch villagers of the Cape colony with a local on-se-le-ni-em, living mainly in the area of ​​​​the city of Re-ho- bot, south of Wind-hoo-ka). White-on-se-le-nie lives-va-et mainly in South and Central Na-mi-bia.

You have a high level of death and not a large average life expectancy before-op-re-de-la-ut from-no-si-tel -but low growth rates on-se-le-niya (1.4 million people in 1991; 1.8 million people in 2001). The average growth rate for the population is 1.93% (2005-2010; population growth 0.8% in 2012). The level of births is 21.11, deaths are 13.09 per 1000 inhabitants (2012). For-ka-for-tel fer-til-no-sti 2.41 re-byon-ka for 1 female-schi-nu. The young death rate is still you-with-coy - 45.6 per 1000 live-in-ro-well-days. In the age structure of the na-se-le-niya to-la de-tey (under 15 years old) 34.2%, people race (15-64 years old) - 61.7%, persons 65 years and older - 4.1% (2011). On average, for every 100 women, there are 103 men. The average life expectancy in May is 52.17 years (2012; males - 52.47, females - 51.86 years) . The main reason for the decrease in the length of life is the epi-de-mia of AIDS (number of for-ra-wives 13 1% of the adult population of the country, the death rate from AIDS is about 5 thousand people, 2009). Sal-to external mi-gra-tsy in lo-zhi-tel-noe - 1.5 mi-gran-ta per 10 thousand inhabitants (2012).

The population density is low, on average about 2.6 people / km2 (2012). Significant in terms of area-di ter-ri-to-rii in pus-you-not Na-mib and lu-pus-you-not Ka-la-ha-ri do not have in a hundred-yan-no-go on-se-le-niya. The share of the urban population is 38% (2010; the average growth rate of the urban population is 3.3% in 2005-2010). The largest cities (2012, thousand people): Windhook (334.6), Run-du (96.9), Wal-fish Bay (74.1). In total, there are 803.7 thousand people in eco-no-mi-ke for-nya (2011). Among those with jobs, 61.3% for-nya-you in the field of services, 22.4% - in industry, 16.3% - in agriculture and fishing -st-ve (2008). Very high level without-ra-bo-ti-tsy (51.2% of eco-no-mi-che-ski active population in 2008). Beyond the line of poverty, more than 1/2 of the population of the country lives.

Religion.

Over 80% on-se-le-niya - christian-ne (2010, estimate), including about 60% pro-tes-tan-you (mainly lu-te-ra-ne, also ang-li-ka-ne, re-for-ma-you, bap-ti-sta, me-to-di-sta, etc.), about 20% ka-to-li-ki; about 10% are attached to traditional ve-ro-va-nies. They also have mu-sul-ma-ne (mainly sun-ni-you), adepts of af-roh-ri-sti-an-sin-kre-ti-che-cul- tov and others.

Dei-st-vu-yut 1 mi-tro-po-liya and 1 dio-tsez of the Roman-sko-ka-to-personal church. The right-of-glorious parishes are on-ho-dyat-sya in the juris-dictation of Alek-san-d-ry-sky great-in-glorious-church-vi. The largest pro-tes-tant religious organizations: Evan-ge-liu-te-ran-church in Namibia (os-no-va- on in 1954, modern name since 1984), Evan-ge-lichesko-lu-te-ran-sky church in the Republic of Namibia (os-no-va-na in 1957, modern name since 1990).

Is-to-ri-che-sky essay.

The oldest culture-tu-ry on the ter-ri-to-rii of Na-mi-bii. To the wi-de-tel-st-you of the ancient-ne-she-th-os-voi-niya man-lo-ve-com ter-ri-to-rii of Namibia from-no-sit-sya femur early archaic sapiens (see Heidelberg man) (middle Plei-hundred) from the Berg-Au-kas cave (se-ve-ro-east of Namibia), nei-den- naya together with bones but-so-ro-ga, zhi-ra-fa, over 10 species of gr-zu-nov. The most-earliest ar-heo-logic pa-myat-ni-ki co-from-not-se-na with the late Ashe-lem and the tra-di-related with him qi-ey Fa-ur-smith (South Africa-ri-ka; about 60-40 thousand years ago, so-che-ta-la tech-ni-ki Ashe-la and Le-val-lua).

The Af-ri-Kan-sky "Middle Stone Age" is represented by numerous memories of the circle of culture Steel Bay, Peters -burg and close to them, ha-rak-ter-ny for South Africa. On the basis of the community of ti-pa Steel Bay in the south and east of Af-ri-ki in the go-lo-tse-not for-mi-ru-yut-sya kul-tu -ry hunters “late-no-go-men-no-go-ka” - Wil-ton and Smith-field, the development of someone-ry continued-for-elk to ru-be-zha old-swarm and new-how er. Ve-ro-yat-no, their-to-kami are living-woo-shchie on the territory of Namibia hunting-ni-ki and so-bi-ra-te-li san. By the late Stone Age, the pain-shine-st-in-pe-tro-glyphs and samples on the rocky life-in-pee-si-si-are from-but-syat.

Na-cha-lo pro-from-in-dya-shche-ho-zyay-st-va and metal-lur-gyi on the ter-ri-to-rii of Namibia are connected with the race se-le-ni-em sko-to-vo-dov and tor-gov-tsev - ancestors of common-no-sti yes-ma-ra, with someone-ry-mi co-from-no-syat pa-myat-ni-ki in the basin-this-not of the Kui-seb river, etc. -nyu da-ma-ra near-ki na-ma; this is about-follow-zhy-va-et-sya and according to ma-te-ria-lam mo-gil-ni-kov of the VIII-XIII centuries A.D. e., ties-y-vae-my with these ethnic groups-pa-mi (descent-in-gre-bal-no-go about-ya-da, an-tro-po-lo -gic ha-rak-te-ri-stick in gre-byon-nyh, etc.). A number of ce-ra-mic co-vessels of the early-not-th-iron-no-go-ve-ka have a mesh-to-vid-shaped form (it’s considered that they in the second-rya-yut form of ko-zh-nyh bur-du-kov and used-zo-wa-li for storing mo-lo-ka). Not-someone-rye-study-to-va-te-whether in-la-ha-yut, that the development of gon-char-no-go de-la, metal-lur-gyi and pro-from-in-dya-sche-ho-zyay-st-va on the ter-ri-to-rii of Namibia went from-no-si-tel-but not-for-vi-si-mo from the price- trov, from the news to the se-ve-ru and a hundred from it.

Na-mi-biya from the 16th century to ob-re-te-niya not-for-vi-si-mo-sti.

Approximately from the 16th century to Namibia from se-ve-ra and se-ve-ro-vos-to-ka na-cha-whether pro-no-kat ban-tu (ovam-bo, tswana-na, ge-re-ro, etc.), the main for-nya-ti-em is something-rykh, on-a-row with from-gon-no-pa-st-bishch-nym-something-water-st -vom, became land-le-de-lie (except for ge-re-ro). At the end of the 18th century, there were ge-re-ro from-tes-not-us to the south of ovam-bo; in the south of Namibia, ose-whether na-ma. IN early XIX century pe-re-se-liv-shie-sya to the ter-ri-to-riyu of Namibia from the Cape co-lo-ni na-ma (et-nok-la-no-way group-pa or-lam) led by the leader Yon-ke-rum Af-ri-ka-ne-rum, many tribes-me-on he-re-ro are under-chi-ni-whether. As a result of the conquest wars, it would have been created-yes-but in-en-no-ter-ri-to-ri-al-noe about-ra-zo-va-nie from prices -trom on the site of the modern city of Windhook.

In 1876, the British ko-lo-no-for-that-ry built-whether a fort in Oka-han-dye and na-vya-za-whether ge-re-ro do-go-thief about pro-tech- then-ra-te. In 1883, the Bremen merchant F.A. Lu-de-ritz for 200 ru-zhey and 100 pounds sterling (to-va-ra-mi) ku-drank from the leader of one of the tribes na-ma bukh-tu An-gra -Pe-ke-na and the district adjacent to it, someone in 1884 would have declared a German pro-tek-to-ra-tom. In the 1890s, the entire territory of Namibia became pro-tek-to-ra-tom of Germany (with the exception of the city of Wal-fish Bay, en -nek-si-ro-van-no-go in 1878 Ve-li-ko-bri-ta-ni-ey). The borders of the German South-West Africa (GUZA) would have been op-re-de-le-ny by the Anglo-Germanic pre-go-vo-rum of 1890 (see Ang-lo-ger -man-sky to-go-in-ry).

Approval of the German co-lo-ni-al-no-go-government of the meeting-ti-lo with-against-le-le-ko-ren-no-go on-se-le of Namibia. In 1888, at a co-b-ra-nii in Oka-khan-dye, in-zh-di ge-re-ro about-vi-no-whether German co-lo-ni-sts in raz-zhi-ga-nii inter-tribal wars. Arriving at the GYUZA in 1889, the German armed detachments asked-in-qi-ro-wa-li and zhes-to-to-yes-wee-whether the wave-not-niya ge- re-ro. In 1892, fearing the b-e-di-non-niya of the forces of the af-ri-kan-tsev (at the beginning of 1892, the leader of one of the tribes-myon-na-ma - H. Wit-boy concluded a co-yuz with ge-re-ro), German ko-lo-ni-al-naya ad-mi-ni-st-ra-tion on-pra-vi-la against them ka- ra-tel-nye from-row-dy. In 1894, the ko-lo-ni-al-nye authorities is-tre-bi-li part of the tribe-me-ni kha-wa, in 1896, the becoming-shi-mi mban-de-ru and kha-wa, in 1897 - with the tribe of svar-tboi and western ge-re-ro. Sa-my mas-so-vym you-stu-p-le-ni-em af-ri-kan-tsev became-lo Na-ma and ge-re-ro resurrection of 1904-1907, after after the pressure of someone-ro-go, most of the na-ma would-la pe-re-se-le-na in the over-dry and not-livable -no districts.

In 1915, in the period of the 1st world war, the Union of South Africa (South Africa, since 1961 South Africa) ok-ku-pi-ro-val ter-ri-to -ryu GYUZA, in 1920 he received the man-dat of Li-gi Na-tsiy for its management. In 1949, in the pre-re-she-ni-pits of the UN, Namibia was fak-ti-che-ski-la-la pre-v-a-sche-na in one of the provinces of the SA. South African authorities pro-vo-di-li dis-cree-mi-na-qi-on-nu-li-ti-ku apart-hey-da in from-no-she-ni-na-mi- bi-sko-go on-se-le-niya. On 39.6% of the territory of the country, according to the ethnic principle, qi-pu, 10 ban-tu-sta-nov were created, the management of someone ry-mi con-tro-li-ro-val gen-ne-ral-ny ad-mi-ni-st-ra-tor South Africa: Ovam-bo-land (1968), Ka-van-go-land (1970 ), Da-ma-ra-land (1971), Eastern Ka-pri-vi (1972), etc.

In the 1950s, for-ro-di-moose or-ga-ni-zo-van-noe political movement of Af-ri-kan-tsev. In 1957-1959, the dei-st-vo-val Congress on-ro-dov Ovam-bo-len-da, created by An-dim-boy Toi-vo Ya Toy-vo from ra-bo- Chih-mi-gran-tov ovam-bo, labor-div-shih-sya in South Africa. In 1958, on its basis, the Organization on-ro-da Ovam-bo-len-da, which in 1960, in turn, became the basis for formalizing the -sche-na-tsio-nal-noy party of ko-ren-no-go on-se-le-niya of Namibia - Na-rod-noy or-ga-ni-za-tion South-Western-noy Af-ri-ki (SWAPO) led by S. Nui-oh-my.

In 1966, the General Assembly of the UN from-me-ni-la man-dat of South Africa to govern Namibia. In 1967, there was an uch-re-zh-day of the UN Council for the South-West-pa-du of Af-ri-ki - a trans-go-ing organ-gan to pre-dos-tav-le-niya str -not not-for-vi-si-mo-sti; in 1968, according to the decision of the UN South-West Africa, re-re-name-no-wa-na to Namibia. Is-ho-dya from the principle-qi-pa sa-mo-op-re-de-le-niya on-ro-dov-ko-lo-no-al-ny and for-vi-si-my countries, the UN under -tver-di-la for-the-con-ness of the armed struggle-on-mi-biy-go-on-ro-yes for not-for-vi-si-bridge. In 1973, SWAPO was recognized by the UN as the only-st-ven-ny under-lin-ny pre-sta-vi-te-lem on-ro-yes Na-mi-bii.

In 1978, the UN Security Council adopted resolution No. 435 on the pre-delivery of non-for-we-si-mo-sti of Namibia. In 1977, in 1977, the par-la-ment of South Africa ut-ver-dil for-co-but-dative act, according to some-ro-mu, the main seaport of the country is Wal-fish Bay in - went to the Cape Province of South Africa. In the following years, the right-wi-tel-st-in of South Africa py-ta-moose kept control over Namibia by way of re-re-da-chi power in country-not his-becoming-len-no-kam. In 1977, under the support of South Africa, a political party of De-mo-cratic al-yans Turn-hal-le was created. In December 1978, the South African authorities pro-ve-you-bo-ry in the so-called. The educational as-samb-lea (since 1979 the National as-samb-lea), someone went through the ob-sta-nov-ke of the military ter-ro-ra and through you -tea-no-go-lo-same-niya. SWAPO, the UN and the OAU did not recognize their results. In January 1983, due to internal differences, the National As-Samb-Lea was-la-dis-push-on, for-co-dative and executive power again re-re -went to the general-no-ral-no-mu ad-mi-ni-st-ra-to-ru of South Africa. In 1983, there was a so-called so-called. Many-party-conference (without the participation of SWAPO), in 1985, the authorities of South Africa sfor-mi-ro-wa-li in Namibia ma-rio-not-exact- a new temporary transition to the right of the national unity.

12/22/1988 in New York, with the participation of An-go-ly, Ku-ba, South Africa and with the average of the USA and the USSR, were they under-pi-sa- we are co-gla-she-tion on the South-Za-pa-du of Af-ri-ki. In co-ot-vet-st-wii with them, the temporary trans-re-move-noe pra-vi-tel-st-in of Namibia was-lo-ra-p-s-che-but, the power of re-re-yes- va-las-gen-ne-ral-no-mu ad-mi-ni-st-ra-to-ru South Africa (de-st-vo-shaft under the control of pre-sta-vi-te-la ge -not-ral-but-go UN sec-re-ta-rya M. Ah-ti-saa-ri). During the next year, with the co-operation of the UN Group for the provision of assistance to Namibia, in the transition ri-od from the country would be hour-tych-but you-ve-de-na how-ska and ad-mi-ni-st-ra-tion of South Africa, co-building conditions for pro-ve-de-niya of all-general-you-bo-ditch and for-mi-ro-va-niya of national authorities. On November 7-11, 1989, in Namibia, you were standing in the Educational As-Samb-lei, in a be-du oder-zha-la SWAPO. 9.2.1990 of the Year volume of the country. 21.3.1990 pro-voz-gla-she-on-not-for-vi-si-bridge Na-mi-bii.

Na-mi-biya after dos-ti-same-niya not-for-vi-si-mo-sti. In-ri-po-li-tic-like in Namibia, despite the high level without-ra-bo-ti-tsy and hundred-yan-nye not -uro-zhai, you-zy-vae-mye for-su-hoy, from-whether-cha-et-sya sta-bil-no-stu. The power is held by SWAPO; in 1994 and 1999, the pre-zi-den-tom of the country from-bi-ral-xia, its leader S. Nui-o-ma, in 2004 and 2009 - H. Po-ham-ba (Chairman of SWAPO since 2007).

In the eco-no-mi-chesky sphere, the government of Namibia pays special attention to the development of the mountains industry, pro-dit measures for the re-for-mi-ro-va-niyu on-land-from-no-she-niy (Law “On land re-for -me", 1995). Osu-shche-st-in-la-et-sya shi-ro-kai program-ma do-rozh-no-go build-tel-st-va [from-roof-you: av-to- ro-ha on On-gu-lum-ba-shi, 1996; Trans-ka-la-har-sky av-to-ma-gi-st-ral Wal-fish Bay - Jo-han-nes-burg, 1998; Trans-Capri-Vian av-to-ma-gi-st-ral Run-du - Ngo-ma, 2001; line-up on the northwestern railway Tsu-meb - Osha-ka-ti (approx. 250 km) from 58-ki-lo-met-ro-howl to the city of Oshi-kan-go, near the city -ni-tsy with An-go-loy] and re-con-st-management of sea ports and air-ro-ports.

When-ori-tet-nym on-right-le-ni-em external-it-is-ti-ki os-ta-et-sya ure-gu-li-ro-va-nie from-no-she- relations with South Africa and other neighboring countries. In accordance with the re-zo-lu-qi-ee No. 432 of the UN Security Council dated 27.7.1978, the port of Wal-fish Bay, pre-zh -de pri-nad-le-zhav-shy South Africa, was stage-by-stage, but included in the composition of Namibia. In 1996, there was an uch-re-zh-de-on-ex-port-but-pro-from-production free eco-no-mic zone. In 1999, the border dispute between Namibia and Bot-swana was resolved about the ownership of the islands on the Cho-be River (pe-re-da-ny Bot -sva-not). In 1993-1999, the Namibian authorities used-me-ni-li weapons against na-ru-shi-te-lei gra-ni-tsy - combat-vi-kov an-gol-sky an-ti -government group-peer-ki UNITA, in 1999, yes-wee-whether the rebellion of the ka-pri-viy se-pa-ra-ti-stov.

Diplomatic relations between the USSR and Namibia us-ta-nov-le-ny on March 21, 1990. In 1998 and 2010, there were official visas from the pre-zi-den-ta of Namibia to Russia. In 2007, in Windhoek, with an official visa, he was the chairman of the Pra-vi-tel-st-va of the Russian Federation. In 2009, the first in the history of two-sided-ron-them from-no-she-ny visit of the pre-zi-den-ta of the Russian Federation to Namibia. In 2005, the creation of the Inter-Governmental Russian-on-Mi-Biy-Commission on Trade-In-Eco-No-Mimic Cooperation -st-woo. Me-zh-du two-country-on-mi su-shche-st-vu-et without-vi-zo-vy mode.

Ho-zyay-st-vo.

Namibia is from-no-sit-Xia to a group of developing countries. The volume of GDP is 15.5 billion dollars (according to pa-ri-te-tu in-ku-pa-tel-noy ability; 2011), se-le-nia about 7.3 thousand dollars. Human development index 0.625 (2011; 120th place among 187 countries of the world). Growth in real GDP 3.6% in 2011 (6.3% on average per year in 2004-2008; -0.7% in 2009; 4.8% in 2010 ). In the structure of GDP, the share of the sphere of services is 58.5%, industry and construction - 34.4%, agriculture and fishing -va - 7.1% (2011).

Pro-from-water-st-ven-naya ba-for eco-no-mi-ki - mountain-but-to-by-vayu industry, providing about 16% of the volume -ma of GDP and up to 70% of the cost of ex-port (2009). An important place for-ni-ma-yut ag-ro-pro-mice-len-ny sector and in-du-striya tu-riz-ma. The eco-no-mi-ka of Namibia is closely connected with South Africa. Namibia is a member of the South African ta-mo-wife-no-go union (SACU), the South African South African Development Co. (SADC), has a single with South Africa, the exchange rate of the national currency (1 na-mi-bian dollar is equal to 1 South African ran-du), through South Africa, up to 70% on-tra-bi-tel -skih to-va-ditch (at cost-mo-sti), real-li-zue-my in the country. In 2009, the total volume of direct foreign investment was 3.98 billion dollars. Foreign ka-pi-ta-lo-investment ($516 million in 2009) goes to the mining industry, for development tie of touristic business, communication systems, te-le-com-mu-ni-ka-tsy, etc. In eco-no-mi-ke, active tet to-la cha-st-no-go ka-pi-ta-la, in some-some-from-races, leading in-zi-tion preserve state and mixed (with the participation of the state) companies, for example, TransNamib (railway transport), Air Namibia (air-transport), Namport "("Namibian ports Authority"; sea port-thing economy), "NamPower" (electric-tro-energy-ge-ti-ka), etc. The main factors, sder -living eco-no-michkoe esraz-vi-tie of Namibia, - for-ve-si-bridge from con-yunk-tu-ry of world prices for mineral raw materials, and so -there is a de-fi-cit of electricity, a low level of ob-ra-zo-va-niya and labor-skills in a significant part of se-le-nia.

The industry is one of the most important sectors of eco-no-mi-ki. Electricity production 1490 million kWh (2009). The operation of the Ruacana HPP on the Ku-ne-ne River in the Omu-sa-ti area in the north of the country (240 MW), the Van Eck coal-fired thermal power plant in the city of Windhook (120 MW), the Paratus diesel power plant in the city of Walfish Bay (24 MW). The production and dis-pre-de-le-ni-em of electricity for-ni-ma-et-sya company "Nam-Power". Electricity consumption 3548 million kWh (2009). Defi-cit in-ro-va-et-sya due to imports from South Africa (1501 million kWh), Zim-bab-we (648 million kWh), Zambia ( 29 million kWh) and Mo-zam-bi-ka (24 million kWh). Per-spec-ty-you-development of electric-tro-energy-ge-ti-ki are connected with os-sche-st-in-le-ni-em project builder - stations of thermal power plants on natural gas with a capacity of 800 MW Ku-du), the Bay-nes hydroelectric power station on the Ku-ne-not river on the border with An-go-loy and Divundu on the Oka-van-go river in the Ka-pri- vi, cas-ka-da small hydroelectric power stations on the Oran-zhe-vaya river, as well as wind and solar power stations.

Demand in oil products (24 thousand barrels / day in terms of oil, 2010) at the expense of them. Solving pro-ble-we de-fi-qi-ta coal-le-vo-to-genus-but-th raw materials connected with os-voi-ni-em gas-zo- out places of the At-lan-ti-che-th ocean. Most of the for-pas-owls of nature-no-go-for come-ho-dit-sya at the place-ro-zh-de-tion Ku-du, in the pro-ek-those os-voo- niya-ko-go teaching-st-vu-yut Russian company "Gaz-prom", as well as on-mi-biy-sky national oil-te-ga-zo-vaya kom- pa-tion "Namcor", the British "Tullow Oil" and the Japanese corporation "Itochu". Raz-ved-koy dru-go-go-go-spec-tiv-no-go me-hundred-ro-g-de-niya natural gas on the sea shelf, block No. 1711, for-no-ma-et-sya Russian company Sin-tez-neft-te-gas.

Namibia is the largest in Africa and the 4th in the world (after Kazah-sta-na, Ka-na-da and Av-st-ra-lii) pro-from -in-di-tel cheers-on. Do-by-cha ores cheers for 5279 tons (in re-account for U3O8). The volume-yo-we-do-by-chi would-str-ro increase-li-chi-va-yut-sya (2 times in 2003-2009). Raz-ra-bot-ka me-sto-ro-zh-de-niya Ros-sing (in the Eron-go area, to the se-ve-ro-east-to-ku from the city of Swa-kop-mund) ve- is going on in an open way (since 1976) of the Rössing Uranium company, among its main shares is the British-Australian "Rio Tinto Group" (68.6% of the companies) and the government of Iran (15%). The capacity of the Rossing Mine enterprise is 4.8 thousand tons of U3O8 per year; Ru-dy cheers-on do-be-wa-yut also on the me-sto-ro-zh-de-nii Lan-ger-Hein-rich (since 2007), races-lo-women-nom 80 km east of the city of Wal Fish Bay (Vla de Lez - Australian company Paladin Energy); in 2009, up to 1.17 thousand tons of ore (in re-account for U3O8). Since 2009, the largest in-ve-sti-qi-on-ny project in the history of the country has been carried out - the in the th place-ro-zh-de-niya Trek-ko-pie in the desert-you-not Na-mib, to the se-ve-ro-east-to-ku from the city of Sva-kop-mund; you run the AREVA Resources Na-mibia and AREVA Processing Namibia companies (subsidiaries of the French-Chinese holding AREVA Resources Southern Afri -ca"). In 2011, in a lu-che-at the first par-tia, cheers-but-in-go-con-centr-tra-ta. With the use of-zo-va-ni-em bo-ga-tei-shih for-pa-owls of ores cheers-on-ties-va-yut-sya long-term-per-spec-ti- you are resolving pro-ble-we de-fi-qi-ta energy-go-no-si-te-lei in the country. A national body has been created for the development of a hurrah-but-to-be-fore-industry - Namibia Atomic Energy Board (2009).

Extraction of copper ores 38.0 thousand tons in 2008 (58.8 thousand tons in 2004) with the content of metal in ru-de 26-30% , in re-account for copper 7.5 thousand tons (11.2 thousand tons). Enterprises for the extraction of ores me-di dey-st-vu-yut in the districts: Kho-mas - Ochihase (including the capacity for the enrichment of ores ; in-put-but also in-lu-cha-yut zo-lo-that and con-centr-spending pi-ri-ta) and Match-less; Oshi-ko-to - Tshu-di (on the way-but from-vle-ka-yut se-reb-ro) and Tsu-meb-West (on the way from-vle-che-ne va-on -diya), as well as an enriching factory near the city of Tsu-meb. The owner of the enterprises is Weatherly Mining Namibia, a subsidiary of the British company Weatherly International plc (50.1% of its ti-vov since 2009 has been owned by the Chinese company East China Mineral Exploration & Development Bureau, ECE). You are floating black-no-how me-di at the factory in the city of Tsu-meb (since 2010, it has been attached to the Canadian company Dundee Precious Metals Inc. ) 16.3 thousand tons in 2008 (24.7 thousand tons in 2004), including over 1/2 - from imported raw materials (according to tol-lin-go-vym scheme-mum).

The largest enterprise for mining and re-ra-bot-ke of zinc and lead ores is the Skorpion combi-nat (since 2010, - lies the Indian company "Vedanta Resources" with headquarters in Lon-do-ne), located in the south-west of the country , 25 km to the north from the village of Rosh-Pi-na (Karas district). About 4% of the country's GDP and up to 1/5 of the total demand for electricity are used for the share of com-bi-na-ta. It includes a quarry for mining ores with a capacity of over 1.5 million tons per year (contains up to 11.6% Zn), capacity for the enrichment of ores, the plant for the production of zinc-ka you-with-what-you-the-house of electro-li-za (150.4 thousand tons in 2009 year). The total volume of production of zinc in concentrates is 38.3 thousand tons, lead is 14.1 thousand tons (in terms of metal, 2008) . A large deposit of lead-in-zin-co-ores (with-holding also se-reb-ro) times-ra-ba-you -va-et-sya near the village of Rosh-Pi-on the company "Rosh Pinah Zinc Corporation" (93.9% of its assets are attached to the South African company "Ex-xaro Resources"). Do-be-chu-po-li-metal-lich ores of the me-hundred-ro-zh-de-niya Berg-Au-kas (Ocho-zon-d-yu-pa district) ve-det co-together old enterprise of the ECE and Weatherly Mi-ning Namibia companies.

Do-by-cha gold-lo-ta 2126 kg (2008), its main volume comes from-ho-dit-sya to the do-lu one-st-ven-no-go in Namibia gold-lo-to-ore -no-go me-sto-ro-zh-de-nia Na-va-chab, ras-po-lo-zhen-no-go in the Eron-go area (170 km to se-ve-ro-za- pa-doo from the city of Windhook), its development in an open way is conducted by the South African company Anglo-Gold Ashanti. Zo-lo-the same way from-vle-ka-yut in-put-but from con-cen-tra-tov me-di on me-de-pla-vil-nom for-vo-de in the city of Tsu- furniture With the enrichment of poly-metal ores, as well as from the con-centrs of copper, in a way, but out of the reb-ro (about 30 tons per year). In small volumes, they do-wa-yut ru-dy of mar-gan-tsa, olo-va, tan-ta-la.

Namibia is one of the world's leading pro-out-of-di-te-lei al-ma-zov. The volume of do-by-chi 2.22 million carats in 2008 (due to the world eco-no-mic crisis, it decreased to 0.93 million carats in 2009 year; 1.48 million carats in 2010). About 98% of the volume-yo-ma do-by-chi (at cost) are jewelry al-ma-zy you-so-go-ka-che-st-va. In al-ma-zo-do-by-vayu-schey from-races-whether 7.6% of the country's GDP is produced (2008). Putting al-ma-cals on the world-ro-howl market is one of the most important sources of the va-lute in-stu-p-le-niy of Namibia. For the op-ti-mi-for-tion of trading-whether al-ma-za-mi in 2007, the state-owned Namibia Diamond Trading Company was created. Coastal-but-oceanic dew-filled places-sto-ro-zh-de-niya al-ma-zov in the south-pas-de-country (Ka-ras region) are counted -yut-sya one of the gods-ga-tei-shih in the world. The main areas of do-by-chi: teaching the flow of the sea along the sea to the se-ve-ro-behind-pa-du from the city of Oran-e-mund to the bay of Ha-mais (pro- cha-zhen-no-stu about 100 km and shi-ri-noy from 3 km in the southeast to 200 m on se-ve-ro-for-pa-de; 0.5 million carats per year); Northern ter-ri-to-rii, including al-maz-nye co-pi in the Eli-za-bet bay area (40 km south of the city of Lu-de-ritz; up to 180 thousand car per year); the district of the Oran-zhe-vaya river on the border with South Africa (pro-tya-null-sya along the right-of-the-mi-biy-sko-go be-re-ha of the river, with -measured 50 km up from its mouth), including ko-pi Au-chas and Da-be-ras (65 km to se-ve-ro-east-to-ku from the city of Oran- e-mund; up to 120 thousand carats per year). The main al-ma-zo-do-by-vayu-shchaya company is Namdeb Diamond Corporation (50% of its assets are attached to the right-vi-tel-st- Wu Namibia and the South African cor-po-ra-tion "De Beers Group"). Raz-ra-bot-ku placer places-one hundred-ro-zh-de-niy al-ma-zov along the rus-la of the Oran-same-vaya river lead the same so-s-st-ven-no-ki -large-shih teaching-st-kov (each pro-tya-zhen-no-stu for 10 km). At the sea shores in the south-west of the pas de Namibia, one of the largest underwater ones in the world (shel-fo- out) dew-syp-nyh me-hundred-ro-zh-de-niy al-ma-zov. The main areas of do-by-chi are Marshall-Forks-East, At-lan-tik 1 (ucha-drain, pro-tya-nuv-shi-sya up to 60 km from be-re-ha) and boo -ta Douglas. Under-water-do-by-whose al-ma-call for-no-ma-et-sya company "De Beers Marine Namibia" (70% of its assets at-above-le- zhit "De Beers Group", 30% - "Namdeb Diamond Corporation"); the volume of do-by-chi is about 600 thousand carats (2009). Do-by-cha is conducted at depths from 90 to 140 m with the help of special ships. Under-water-to-be-chu al-ma-call with the help of vo-to-la-call with all-sy-vayu-schi-mi grave hose-ga-mi ve-det so - a number of smaller firms (“Sakawe Mining Corporation” with an Israeli ka-pi-tal-lom, Canadian company “Diamond Fields Internatio-nal”, av- St. Ralian "Bonaparte Diamond Mi-nes", South African "Trans Hex Group", etc. ). Raz-ved-ku ko-ren-nyh-s-ro-zh-deny al-ma-zov in kim-ber-li-to-out pipes (ob-on-ru-same-us on se- ve-ro-east-to-ke of Namibia, near the village of Tsum-kwe, near the border with Bot-swana, Ocho-zon-d-yu-pa area) osu-sche-st-in-la -Australian company "Mo-unt Burgess Mining NL". In the country, there are several enterprises for og-ran-ke and grind-ke al-ma-zov, including in the city of Windhook fab-ri-ka Lev Leviev Diamond Polishing Co. me-zh-du-folk hol-din-ha "Lev Leviev Group".

In Namibia, they also do-would-wa-yut in-lu-dra-go-valuable and in-de-loch-nye stones: yeah-you (141 tons in 2008; mainly in the district onakh Eron-go and Kho-mas), including blue-nie, so-called. lace (meet only in the southern part of Namibia); ame-ti-sty (about 7 tons; near the city of Ka-ri-bib, Eron-go region); co-da-lit (1.4 thousand tons; in the district of the city of Windhook); tour-ma-li-ny (in the ok-re-st-no-ties of the cities of Ka-ri-bib and Wind-hook); hal-tse-do-ny (near the city of Oka-khan-dya, Ocho-zon-d-yu-pa district), etc. Do-by-cha gra-ni-ta (22.6 thousand tons in 2008) , mra-mo-ra (about 9.4 thousand tons) and do-lo-mi-ta (27 thousand tons) - mainly in the central part of the country, in the regions of Kho-mas and Eron-go (in the ok-re-st-no-ties of the cities of Ka-ri-bib, Oma-ru-ru, Usa-kos, Sva-kop-mund, Wind-hook, etc.), ro-zo- vo-go quartz (19.9 thousand tons; near the city of Sva-kop-mund), vol-la-sto-ni-ta (near the city of Usa-kos, Eron-go district), fluo-ri-ta ( Ochi-wa-ron-go district), ara-go-ni-ta (near the town of Ka-ri-bib), se-pyo-li-ta (near the town of Go-ba-bis, Oma-he-ke district) et al. from no-go, at Cape Cross Cape, Eron-go area), three-oc-seed mouse-ya-ka (763 tons, with a content of 99% As2O3 in ru-de ; near the city of Tsu-meb, Oshi-ko-to district), etc.

About 1/2 of the cost of production of the ra-ba-you-vayu industry comes to the primary re-re-ra-bot-ku of agricultural cheese -rya and fish, production of products of pi-ta-niya and na-pit-kov (2008). Production of salted oil 23 tons, butter 504 tons, cheese 262 tons (2009), cotton oil 1149 t (2008). Enterprises for re-ra-bot-ke fish and mo-re-pro-duk-tov - in the cities of Wal-fish Bay and Lu-de-ritz. In the country, there are old traditions of pi-vo-va-re-nia. Pi-va production - about 130 million liters (2009), about 15% of pi-va ex-por-ti-ru-et-sya. The largest pi-va-ren-ny plant is in the city of Windhook (Nami-bia Breweries company). In the south of Namibia, in the valley of Au-sen-kir (Oran-zhe-vaya river), small enterprises for packing vi-no-gra-da hundred-lo -high grades (ex-port to the countries of Europe, including to Russia). The light industry is represented by the production of sewing from de li (the largest factory of the Fla-mingo Garments company, race-by-lo- wife in the city of Windhook, over 3 thousand for-nya, 2010), clothing and carpet from ka-ra-ku-la (city of Swa-kop-mund), pro-ti-vo -mos-kit-noy set-ki (city of Otavi, Ocho-zon-d-yu-pa district), etc. In the cities, there are a number of small pre-pri- yatiy chemical, furniture, metal-lo-ob-ra-ba-you-vayu-schey industry. On the territory of the free eco-no-mic zone (1996), near the seaport of the city of Wal-fish Bay, companies from more than 20 countries of the world, including those involved in the field industrial production(collection of auto-to-mo-bi-lei of Chinese mar-rock, you-launch of auto-to-complete-tuyu-schi, from-to-to-le-ni from-de-ly from plast- masses, clothes-w-dy, ve-ryo-wok and sea can-na-tov, ob-ra-bot-ka gra-ni-ta, etc.).

Agriculture. The agrarian sector serves as the main source of funds for the su-sche-st-in-va-nia of 35-40% of the country's se-le-tion. Since 2005, the volume of production of agricultural products has been co-beautiful. Among the main problems of races is the periodic emergence of foci of epizooties of domestic animals and frequent -su-hee. In the central and southern regions of Namibia, there are pre-ob-la-da-yut large farms, ori-en-ti-ro-van-nye for the production of ducts for export (mostly livestock-water-che-sky, their owners are mainly white farmers), in the northern regions of the country - on- tre-bi-tel-small communal land-le-vla-de-nie. Gra-ni-tsei me-zh-du-northern and os-tal-ny-mi district of Namibia serves the so-called. red line, stretching through the whole territory of the country from the west to the east, - a fence from the prov-in- lo-ki, de-la-shchy Namibia into 2 zones of ve-te-ri-nar-no-go control-la (through the “red line” you can’t re-re- place live cattle, meat from animals, races and fruits). The government of Namibia declares about not-about-ho-di-mo-sti whether-to-wee-di-ro-vat the “red line” as a sim -apar-tei-wax-yes, but-on-to-mu-pre-five-st-vu-ut-not-from-beige-n-ga-tiv-nye eco-no-micic after-st- viya (zhi-te-li of the northern regions graze cattle on both sides of the border with An-go-loy, and os-sche-st-v-lyat here ve-te-ri -nar-ny control is not im-becoming-la-et-xia possible).

Quantity of at-mo-spheral precipitation up to a hundred-accurate but for the air-de-ly-va-niya of some agricultural crops only in a few districts of the northern part of the country (in the valleys of the Ovam-bo and Oka-van-go rivers, as well as in the so-called Ka-pri-vi). The area of ​​ar-ra-ba-ty-vae-my lands is 0.8 million hectares (2007), irrigated lands - more than 8 thousand hectares. Ir-ri-gation facilities pi-ta-yut-sya in the rivers Ku-ne-ne and Oka-van-go in the se-ve-re, the river Oran-zhe-vaya, as well as in-do-hra-ni-lisch Khar-dap (1963) on the Fish River, near the cities of Ma-ri-en-tal and Na-ut (1972), in ok-re-st -no-stay of the city of Kit-mans-hoop (Ka-ras district) in the south; ground-to-you-mi in-da-mi oro-sha-yut-sya agricultural land around the city of Tsu-meb in the Oshi-ko-to region. About 1/2 of the required-no-stays in the grain is satisfying-le-your-re-et-xia due to im-port-ta. On the extreme se-ve-re of the country, the main grain of the cul-tu-swarm of local tri-bi-tel farms is-la-yut-sya for-su -ho-us-toy-chi-vye sort-that pro-sa, voz-de-ly-va-yut is also so-called. pearl-foreign pro-co, sor-go, bo-bo-vye and vegetables. On the Ota-vi flatland (Ocho-zon-d-yu-pa area), where you-pa-yes-there is more precipitation, you-ra-shi-va-yut ku- ku-ru-zu. In-se-you wheat-ni-tsy are mainly located in the se-ve-re of the country. In the se-ve-ro-east-to-ke of Namibia, the v-de-ly-va-yut clap-chat-nik and ta-bak, in the extreme south, in the valley of the Oran-zhe-way river , - hundred-lo-vye varieties of vi-no-gra-da. Gathering (thousand tons, 2008/2010): pro-so 40 (58 in 1990), ku-ku-ru-za 58 (28.5), wheat 13 (4.4), sort- th 10 (about 7). Total collection (thousand tons, 2009/2010): fodder crops 130 (93.5 in 1990), bo-bo-vye 17 (8), root-not-flat dy 330 (212), fruits 40.5 (10), vegetables 46.3 (9.0). Ex-port vi-no-gra-da (18 thousand tons in 2009), cotton (16.9 thousand tons) and ta-ba-ka (476 tons); import of ku-ku-ru-za (90 thousand tons), wheat-ni-tsy (13.6 thousand tons) and co-lo-da (32.3 thousand tons).

At the share of living-here-but-water-st-va, 58.35% of the cost of agricultural production is received (2008; 49.4% in 2000). In the central regions and in the north of the country, large horned cattle are bred, in the more dry southern regions and along Bol-sho th Us-tu-pa on the za-pa-de - sheep and goats (including an-mountain). In the central regions of pre-ob-la-da-et ori-en-ti-ro-van-noe for the export of meat-to-water-st-in (na-mi-biy-sky go -vya-di-na tse-nit-sya on the world market on-a-row with the Av-st-ra-liy-skay and ar-gen-tin-skay). In the 20th century, the most important thing was from-ras-liu zhi-here-but-water-st-wa-lo-ka-ra-ku-le-water-st-vo (in the early 1970s, the ex-port ka-ra-ku-le-vy shku-rock was from 2.5 to 3.5 million pieces per year). Pa-de-nie mi-ro-vo-go demand for ka-ra-kul in the late 1980s led to deep-bo-ko-mu kri-zi-su from-ras-li (production volume - 99.3 thousand skins in 2007). Part of the farms (including in the center of ka-ra-ku-le-vod-st-va - Ma-ri-en-tal district, Khar-dap district) in the 1990s re-ori -en-ti-ro-wa-losed at once-ve-de-ny ostrich-owls (in-go-lo-vie do-machine ostrich-owls decreased from 47 thousand in 2000 to 10 thousand in 2007). General po-lo-vie (million heads, 2009): large horned cattle 2.5 (about 2 in 1990); sheep 2.7 (3.3), including ka-ra-kul-skie less than 200 thousand; ko-zy 2.1 (1.8), ku-ry 4.9 (1.7); 35 thousand pigs (18 thousand in 1990). Production of certain types of livestock production (thousand tons, 2010): go-vya-di-by 57.6 (70.4 in 1990) , bar-ra-ni-na 14.9 (23.8), goats-la-ti-na 6.1 (4.4), swine-ni-na 4.4 (1.4), meat-so birds 5.3 (2.04), whole co-ro-vie mo-lo-co 114.6 (76.0). Export port (thousand tons, 2009): bar-ra-ni-by 5.0, poultry meat 4.2, go-vya-di-by 1.8; import of poultry meat (26.9 thousand tons in 2009). In the central and northern regions of Namibia, dei-st-vu-yut farms are owned by wild African animals, mainly for hunting you (zeb-ry, an-ti-lo-py oryx, ku-du, eland, etc.), cro-co-di-lo-we farms (near the city of Ochi-wa-ron-go, Ocho district -zon-d-yu-pa, etc.).

In connection with the is-it-s-no-eat of fish-pas-owls in the coastal waters of Namibia, the catch of fish (sar-di-ny, cape an- cho-moustache, hake, stav-ri-da) were reduced from 790.6 thousand tons in 1993 to 372.8 thousand tons in 2008. About 90% of fish and fish products are exported (mainly to the EU and South Africa). The main centers of fish-bo-lov-st-va, ex-port-ta fish and fish-bo-pro-duk-tov are Wal-fish Bay and Lu-de-ritz.

Services sector. One of the most-bo-lea would-be-ro times-we-vayu-shchih-s-so-ditch eco-no-mi-ki. Os-no-woo fi-nan-so-in-credit-system-te-we-become-la-yut 4 largest commercial banks - First National Bank of Namibia (FNB ), Standart Bank of Namibia, Ned-bank, Bank Windhoek. Emis-si-on-ny center is the Bank of Namibia (the central bank of the country). In Namibia, there are about 30 insurance companies, over 500 pen-si-on funds, a significant number of firms managing assets, and in-sti-tu-tov mik-ro-fi-nan-si-ro-va-nia. In Wind-hoo-ke dey-st-woo-et Na-mi-biy-sky background-do-wai exchange (1992).

One of the most important from-races of eco-no-mi-ki is in-du-striya tu-riz-ma. Every year, about 1 million people visit the country, including 74% from neighboring countries (South Africa and An-go-la), 21% from Ev -ro-py (mainly from Germany and Ve-li-ko-bri-ta-nii). In the sphere of tu-riz-ma, there is a large number of enterprises of small and medium-sized businesses. The main types of thu-riz-ma are eco-lo-gi-che-sky, including ex-curs-sii teas in for-special places with fo-to-gra-fi-ro- va-ni-em wild animals (sa-fa-ri), and sports-tiv-but-oz-to-ro-vi-tel-ny, including hunting (hunting -no one's sa-fa-ri) and fish-ball-ka. Among the most popular touristic objects is the Bereg Ske-le-tov National Park (about 1/3 of the at-lan-tic in a be-re-zhya country, to se-ve-ro-for-pa-du from the city of Sva-kop-mund to the mouth of the gra-nich-noy with An-go-loy river Ku-ne-ne; includes-cha-et for-by-the-nick of Cape Cross with co-lo-niya-mi sea ko-ti-kov), Na-mib-Na-uk-luft National Park ( south of the city of Sva-kop-mund; includes the natural za-po-ved-nick Sos-sus-flay - the sand dunes of the desert-you-ni Na-mib) , National sa-fa-ri-park Eto-sha in the north of Namibia, can-on of the Fish River in the south of the country (the largest in Africa). A beach vacation on the Atlantic coast of Namibia is not possible due to the low tem-pe-ra-tour of sea water and frequent fog ma-nov. The seaside resort of Sva-kop-mund is the center of ex-chur-si-on-docks and ex-tre-small views from-dy-ha - underwater sea fish ball-ka (including hunting for sharks) -ram (pa-ra-sei-ling), ka-ta-niya on the sand dunes on boards and skis (san-dbor-ding), etc.

Transport. Namibia ob-la-yes-et to-free-but-gus-that se-tyu av-to-do-horn (one of the best in Africa) 64.2 thousand km, including with solid smoke on the roof - 5.5 thousand km (2008). Do-ro-gi with ka-che-st-ven-nym as-fal-to-ym in-ro-ti-em co-ed-nya-yut Wind-hook with atlantic-be-cut -em (go-ro-da Swa-cop-mund and Wal-fish Bay), the northern districts of the country, as well as with the city of Keith-mans-hoop (yes, further south to gra -ni-tsy from South Africa). In the order of av-to-ma-gi-st-ra-li: trans-ka-pri-viy-sky (connects Namibia with Bot-sva-noy, Zam-bi-ey and Zim-bab-ve through the so-called in-lo-su Ka-pri-vi) and trans-ka-la-ha-ri-sky [yav-la-et-sya part of auto-to- do-ro-gi Wal-fish Bay - Wind-hook - ter-ri-to-riya Bot-swa-ny - Jo-han-nes-burg (South Africa) - Ma-pu-tu (Mo-zam-bik )]. Pain-tire-st-in-roads without hard-up-to-go-covering (gray-viy-nye and grundy-thing) under-der-zhi-va-ut-sya in ho-ro our state of standing, which is also capable of low intensity of movement. The main reason for-chi-on the road-but-trans-port pro-is-she-st-viy is a collision with di-ki-mi animals-here-us-mi (re- ko-men-du-et-sya voz-der-zhi-vat-sya from po-dock in the dark time of day-to-day). The total length of the railways is 2.6 thousand km (2008; width on the track 1067 mm). Railway lines connect Windhook with the port of Wal-fish Bay, go-ro-da-mi Go-ba-bis (at east-ke) and Tsu-meb (at northern part of the country), as well as with the network of railways of South Africa (in the south). Railway transport is on-go-dit-sya in the ve-de-nii of the Trans-Namib company, mainly used for cargo-zo-pe-re-vo- zok (cargo turnover 1.1 billion t km, 2007). With the participation of Chinese companies, real-li-zu-yut-sya pro-ek-you re-con-st-management of the railway in-fra-structure-tu-ry (including Restoration of the railway line See-heim - Lu-de-ritz). Seaports: Wal-fish Bay (single deep-bo-to-water; cargo turnover 4.7 million tons, 2008), Lu-de-ritz (so-so-ben with no-mother not-big-fish-bo-lo-vets-kie su-da). Aviation trans-port-vol-re-ve-ze-but 452 thousand pas-sa-zhi-ditch (2009). It has 129 airports, including 21 with solid smoke on the roof, takeoff-but-on-sa-daughter-of-los (2010), croup -ney-shie - me-zh-du-folk air-ro-por-you Ho-sia Ku-ta-ko (near the city of Wind-hook) and the city of Wal-fish Bay. The national air-pe-re-carrier is the Air Namibia company. Of particular combat significance is light aviation of general significance (top-me-weeks-same-ry mountains-but-to-be-vau-ing companies and large farmers have personal sa-mo-le-you for a quick connection with a hundred faces - air-ro-port-tom Windhoek Eros Airport).

International trade. The total volume of external-not-trade-go-go-to-va-ro-ob-ro-ta is 9.92 billion dollars (2011), including export of 4.57 billion. dollars, imports 5.35 billion dollars - on (21.9%), valuable and semi-dra-go-valuable stones (14.1%), zinc (7.1%), copper (6, 2%), as well as fish and sea-re-products (8.5%), tabak (3.6%). Main ku-pa-te-li (2009): EU countries (total 31.7%), including Great Britain (10.2%), Ger -mania (9.9%), France (4.5%), Italy (2.8%), and Southeast Asia (total 29.8%), including Malaysia (4.7%), as well as the USA (19.0%), China (18.0%), Ka-na-da (12.6%), South Africa (2 .7%), India (2.6%). The main articles of to-var-no-go im-port-ta (2009): go-to-th industrial goods (only 81.5%), including ma-shi- ny and ob-ru-do-va-nie (43.0%), hi-mi-ka-you (17.9%), as well as products of pi-ta-nia (11.6 %) and that-p-li-in (2.6%). Major sellers (2008): South Africa (67.8%) and Great Britain (7.9%).

Armed forces.

The Armed Forces (AF) of Namibia - the National Forces of Defense - on-count-you-va-yut 9.2 thousand people (2010) and consist of Su-ho-put troops (SV) and the Navy, besides that, they have military for-mi-ro-va-nia (po-li-tion, in-border-no-oh -ra-na, etc.) - 6 thousand people. Military year-to-howl budget of 320 million dollars (2010, estimate).

The supreme chief-but-co-man-blowing aircraft is the pre-zi-dent of the country. The non-mediocre leadership of the Armed Forces is in the-lo-same-but on the mi-ni-stra defense. Management of the howl-ska-mi osu-sche-st-in-la-et co-man-blowing SW.

SW (9 thousand people) . ), sub-raz-de-le-ne communication. The structure of the SV also includes an aviation wing. On the military-ru-zhe-nii of the SV, there are about 20 tanks of us-ta-roar-shih con-st-hand-tsy (technical condition of not-from-west- but), 12 armored personnel carriers, 60 armored personnel carriers, 5 MLRS, about 25 beech-si-rue-my artillery pieces, 40 mi-no-me-tov, pro-ti-vo-tan-ko-vy guns, 65 anti-aircraft guns-ta-no-woks, about 50 MANPADS; apart from that, 24 combat, 11 transport, 14 training aircraft and 6 helicopters (including 2 combat and 2 supports). On the military-ru-zhe-nii of the Navy (be-re-go-oh-ra-na, 200 people) there are 5 pat-rudder ships, 4 pat-rudder boats -te-ra, 4 auxiliary vessels, 1 sa-mo-fly and 1 helicopter-fly. They also have not-large sub-raz-de-le-nia for the protection of fish-bo-fish-st-va, some-rye or-ga-ni-za -qi-on-but are part of the Ministry of Fisheries-no-ho-zyay-st-va. Ba-zi-ro-va-nie flot - in Wal-fish Bay.

A set of re-gu-lar-ny aircraft - according to the prize, the service life is 24 months. Under-go-to-ka officer-cer-dov and sergeant-so-hundred-va in the military school in the city of Oka-khan-dya (near Wind-hu-ka), row-to-out - in parts and training centers. Mo-bilization resources are about 380.5 thousand people, including about 228.2 thousand people who are fit for military service.

Health-in-security.

In Namibia, for every 100,000 inhabitants, there are 30 doctors, 306 paramedics per-so-na-la and aku-she-rock (2007). The total cost of health care is 6.7% of GDP (budget fi-nan-si-ro-va-nie 55.4 %, private sector 45.6%; 2008). The right-to-vo-re-gu-li-ro-va-nie of health-in-protection of the os-s-st-v-la-yut: Charter of the rights of patients with HIV / AIDS (2000) , for-ko-na about control over le-kar-st-va-mi (2003), about labor-de (2004). Sys-te-ma health-in-protection of go-su-dar-st-ven-naya, there is a sector of private medical practice; dei-st-vu-et is also a system of medical insurance. Department of osu-sche-st-v-la-yut nye organizations. Basic medical care is provided by 248 clinics, 37 health centers and 47 hospitals (2006). The main part of the medical uch-re-zh-de-ny so-medium-to-the-che-on in the se-ve-re of the country. The most racially pro-country infections are di-zen-te-ria, he-pa-tit A, typhoid, ma-la-ria, shis-to-so-ma -toz, to-ber-ku-lez (2008). Seaside climatic resort Sva-kop-mund.

Sport.

The National Olympic Committee of Namibia was created in 1990, recognized by the IOC in 1991; since 1992, the sports teams of Namibia have taken part in the Olympic Games; for-how-va-but 4 se-reb-rya-ny me-da-li. The greatest-big-us-pe-hov did-be-be-gun F. Frederiks (born in 1967), for-vo-vav-shi all 4 Olym-pic-sky on-grads: for- took 2nd place in the 100m and 200m at the Olympic Games in Bar-se-lo-ne (1992) and At-lan-te (1996); you-stepping in a 200 m run on something-pio-na-tah mi-ra in an easy at-le-ti-ke, once in a be-dil (1993) and 3 times for- took 2nd place (1991, 1995, 1997). Football team of Namibia 2 times you-stu-pa-la in the final part of the African Nations Cup (1998, 2008). In 1994, the Namibian team in chess-ma-tam de-by-ti-ro-wa-la in the World-wide shah-mat-noy olym-pia-de (Mo-sk-wa). Among other types of sports, the most popular are boxing, wrestling, cycling, shooting, swimming.

Education. Uch-re-zh-de-niya of science and culture-tu-ry.

Management of education-re-g-de-niya-mi osu-sche-st-in-la-ut Ministry of ba-zo-vo-go about-ra-zo-va- niya, dispute and culture (1990), Ministry of higher education, professional training, science and tech-no-ki ( 1995) and the Ministry for the Affairs of Women and Children (2000; pre-school education). The main reg-la-men-ti-ruyu-shchi do-ku-ment - the Law on the formation of a call (2001). System-te-ma about-ra-zo-va-niya includes (2011): 2-year-old pre-school education and about-ra-zo-va -nie (osu-sche-st-in-la-et-sya in primary school), 7-year-old-primary (4 years-yes - younger neck, 3rd- yes - older neck) education, 5-year-old average (3 years - not full, 2 years - full) about-ra-zo-va-nie , higher education. Pre-school-l-ym about-ra-zo-va-ni-em oh-va-che-but 48% of children (2002), at the beginning - 89%, middle - over 50% (2008). The literacy rate at the age of over 15 is 88.2% (2008). The system of the highest education includes the University of Namibia (1992; 10 camp-pus-sovs, over 13 thousand students), Po-li-tech Institute of State Ad-mi-ni-st-ra-tion and management (opened in 2011) - all in the city of Wind Hook, Na-mi-bii Institute mountain-no-go de-la and tech-no-logia in the city of Aran-dis (1990), Na-mi-biy Institute of mo-re-hod-st-va and fish-bo-lov-st -va in the city of Wal-fish Bay (1996). In Wind-hoo-ke na-ho-dyat-sya bib-lio-te-ki - public (1924), national (1984); National Archi-You (1939), National Museum (1907), National Art Gallery (1947).

Among the scientific uch-re-g-de-ny - Na-mi-biy-scientific society (1925), Institute of ar-hi-tech-tu-ry and urban planning-ni-ro-va -nation (1952), National Institute of Botanical Research (1953), National Institute for the Development of Education (1990), Institute de-mo -kra-ties (1991), Institute of Socio-Political Research (2001), Institute of Theological Research (2003) - all in the City of Windhook, Wal Fish Bay Department of Environmental Logistics Research (1963), Eto-sha Ecological Institute in Okau-ku-eyo (1974 ), National Maritime In-For-Ma-Tsi-On-But-Is-Sle-Do-Wa-Tel Center at Swa-kop-mun-de (2003).

Media

Leading Publishers: New Era government newspaper (published since 1992; daily, in English and local languages, ty - Rage 10 thousand copies); newspapers "The Namibian" [since 1985; daily, in English and Oshi-Wambo (Ovam-bo), 11 thousand copies], "Namibia Today" (since 1977; 2 times in non-de-lu, in English and local languages, Af-ri-ka-ans, 5 thousand copies; print organ of SWAPO), "Die Repub-li-kein" (since 1977; daily, in English , German and Af-ri-ka-ans, 13.5 thousand copies; organ De-mo-kra-tic al-yan-sa Turn-hal-le Na-mi-bii); "Allgemeine Zeitung" (since 1916; daily, in German, 5 thousand copies) (all - the city of Windhook); newspaper "Namib Times" (since 1958; 2 times in non-de-lu, in English, German, Portuguese and Af-ri-ka-ans, 4.3 thousand copies, the city of Wal-fish Bay ). The national service for television and radio broadcasting is Na-mi-bi-an Broadcasting Corporation (os-no-va-na in 1990). National information agency - Namibia Press Agency (os-no-va-no in 1987).

Ar-hi-tech-tu-ra and iso-bra-zi-tel-noe art-kus-st-vo.

To the ancient-shim pa-myat-ni-kam of art on the ter-ri-to-rii of Namibia from-no-syat-sya numerous pet-horn-li-fs and samples of on- rocky life-in-pee-si, some-rye yes-ti-ro-va-ny from 30 thousand years ago to the present time. Drawings are more often mo-but-chrome, a lot of two-colors, not a lot of many-colors. At one pa-myat-ni-ke, you can meet strokes of various types. One of the tech-nick ha-rak-te-ri-zu-et is that the fi-gu-ry, as it were, “under-no-ma-liss” above the rocky top-no-stu due to not-deep-bo-ko-go you-dalb-li-va-niya “fon-na”, but more clear con-tu-ry in-lu-cha-lis with the help of the deep -bo-kih you-bo-in. In this tech-no-ke image of people red-ki and you-half-not-us, they are all scheme-ma-tich-but. There are about 20 groups on the rocky life-in-pee-si (Twy-fel-fon-tein, where there are also pe-tro-gly-phs , etc.) in the south of Namibia (they are yes-ti-ru-yut about 4 thousand years BC), on-tu-ra-li-stich-but depicting dance-lyu -day, fi-gu-ry of people and animals.

In the Etem-ba cave (Oma-ru-ru district, Eron-go district), in the main hall, fi-gu-ra is depicted with 28 people with bows, str-la-mi, spear-i-mi, on separate fi-gu-rah you can see uk-ra-she-nia; in small caves there are two groups of images of brothers: in one case, a group of 4 hunters, in the other - animals (zhi-ra-fa, but-so-ro-gi, zeb-ry, etc.). In the cave of Bush-man-Pa-ra-days (to the north-east of Mt. Pon-dok) there were many images of niya people, as well as zhi-ra-fa, hip-po-po-ta-mov, sha-ka-la, ku-du, but-so-ro-ha, mythical su-sche-st- va (“sphin-x”) with a thin body and shi-ro-ki-mi hips-ra-mi (we-not almost half-no-stu unich-the-same-us).

FROM late XIX centuries in Namibia, buildings of the European type are being built: ok-ru-wife-we-ran-da-mi residential and administrative buildings in Russian si-ki (the building of the par-la-men-ta of Namibia in Wind-hu-ke, 1910-1913, architect G. Re-de-ker, etc.), co-rigging in ro -man-ti-zi-ro-van-nom "non-mets-com" style under the influence of the movement "Is-kus-st-va and re-myos-la" (he -niye "Vo-er-man" in Swa-kop-mun-de, 1900-1905, the house of Ga-te-ma-na in Wind-hu-ke, 1913, architect V. Zan-der, and others. ); architect Re-de-Ker; neo-Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Mary, 1906-1908, both in Windhoek, etc.). By the middle of the 20th century, buildings appeared in the style of modernism (in the style of the architect H. Shtau-ha), by the end of the 20th century in Russian in stmo -der-niz-ma, including im-ti-ruyu-schie "non-metz-cue" style of the early 20th century (the "Mutual Platz" complex in Wind-hoo-ke, 1991, architectural bureau "Stauch + Partners Architects", etc.).

In the life-in-pee-si of Namibia of the 20th century, there was a tradition of pei-za-zhe and an ani-ma-listic genre in the spirit of ex-press-sio-niz-ma (ra-bo-you A. En-cha, F. Kram-pe). In the 2nd half of the 20th century in Namibia, ra-bo-ta-li gra-ve-ry J. Mua-fan-ged-jo (li-no-gra-vu-ry-to-go-gen-ra ) and H. Pullon, zhi-vo-pi-sets and graphic artist J. Ma-di-sia, sculptor D. Ber-ner. Ras-pro-countries-not-us many types of artistic re-myo-villages (gon-char-st-vo, plait-te-nie, from-go-tov-le-nie so-su-dov from you-to-you, de-re-va, ob-ra-bot-ka metal-la). From de-liya uk-ra-sha-yut-xia with the traditional geo-metric or-on-men-tom. On farms in ok-re-st-no-sty Wind-hoo-ka from-go-to-la-yut wool carpets and go-be-le-ny with geometric and or-ga-nichesky or-na-men-tom, as well as with zhan-ro-you-mi scene-on-mi.

Music.

Musical cul-tu-ra representing-le-na tra-di-tion-mi ban-tu, koi-san-sky peoples and numerous pe-re-se-len-tsev - other peoples of Af-ri-ki, as well as Amer-ri-ki, Asia, Europe. In the modern culture of Namibia, old and new types of mu-zy-ki are co-su-sche-st-vu-yut. So-storage-nya-yut-sya ar-ha-ic in-ve-st-in-va-niya with songs-nya-mi, mu-zy-kal-no-tan-tse-val-nye tra-di -tions (ob-rya-do-vye, tse-re-mo-ni-al-nye and raz-vle-ka-tel-nye); deep-bo-kie roots-ni has a ho-ro-wai mu-zy-ka (for example, in ge-re-ro - uni-sleep singing in bright dek-la-ma-qi -on-noy ma-ne-re, relying on pen-ta-to-no-ku). Dancing according to tradition is-half-nya-yut-sya in co-pro-in-g-de-nii mem-bra-no-fon-nov and various idio-fon-nov (in Greek -mush-ki, pal-ki), one-on-ko ba-ra-ba-na in a degree-pen-but ear-dyat from practice-ti-ki (in connection with the mass-so-howl you -cutting forest-owls is-che-for-et ma-te-ri-al for them from-go-to-le-niya, only in some-some-ry-ro-dov so-shr - there were no separate types of old ba-ra-ba-nov). In-st-ru-men-tal-naya mu-zy-ka once-wi-ta among the Khoi-san peoples and ban-tu, shi-ro-ko ras-pro-country-not-us times -ny types of mu-zy-kal-no-go lu-ka, la-mel-la-fon-ny.

The influence of Western musical culture on-cha-moose in the 2nd half of the 19th century societies, races-pro-countries of genres and forms of church music. Gradually, but you-ra-bo-ta-lis mixed mu-zy-kal-no-tan-tse-val-forms-we in co-pro-in-zh-de- nii gi-ta-ry or ak-kor-de-o-na, for example, na-ma-step (at na-ma). With-wow-va-ni-em not-for-vi-si-mo-sti (1990) with-ob-re-whether popular-mas-so-holidays with mu -zy-koy, dance-tsa-mi and pa-ni-em patriotic songs, for example Ge-re-ro Day in Oka-van-go; entertaining music sounds not only in nightclubs and bars, but also during community gatherings ny. Since the end of the 20th century, the Ministry of Culture of Namibia has been supporting the development of national musical traditions, in the district of -ro-va-ny big-ho-ro-kol-lek-ti-you (os-no-va-te-li - Efaf-na-zi Bar-na-bas Ka-si-ta and Uni- as Shig-ved-ha). In schools, all-me-st-but os-sche-st-v-la-et-sya teaching traditional music and dance, but use -yut-sya and western me-to-di-ki (for example, sis-te-ma K. Or-fa).

Oral creative work of the peoples of Namibia was researched by D.F. Bleek (1920s), I. Gri-mo and H.Kh. Weng-ler (1950s), N. Ing-land, J. Nös, D. Ho-ne-mann, H.J. Heinz, D. Rye-croft, E.O.J. Westphal, E. Muggleston (1960s-1980s). Since 1965, under the leadership of H. Trey-si na-cha-ta sys-te-ma-tic recording of the traditional music of Namibia, in the 1980-1990s, made-la-we for-pi -si games on the mu-zy-kal-nom bow under the guidance of A. Trey-si, S. Zin-ke. In 1991-1994, for-pi-sa-ny samples of mu-zy-ki within the framework of the project on the study of mu-zy-ki, dance and oral literature of the peoples of Namibia under the leadership of G. Ku-bi-ka and M.M. Ma-la-mu-si.

In Wind-hu-ke, ra-bo-ta-yut National theater, Sym-phonic orchestra, college of arts and from-de-le-nie is-pol-ni-tel-sky Arts University of Namibia. Mu-zy-kal-no-tan-tse-val-ny en-ensemble "Ndi-li-ma-ni" stepped on the World-wide fes-ti-va-le mo-lo-de -zhi and stu-den-tov in Mo-sk-ve (1985).

Te-atr and ki-no.

Theatre. During the time of the apart-hey-yes, the professional te-atr is re-emerging-at-no-small just for the white elite. At the end of XX - early XXI centuries of the National Theater (opened in 1960 as the Wind Hoek National Theater, since 1989 the National Theater of Namibia) in a sacred way, mainly acute-eye-on-the-tsio-nal-nym in-pro-itself - the fight against AIDS, il-literacy-no-stu, etc. Ak-tu-al-problems -we are the country for-ni-ma-yut the central place and in the creative-che-st-ve one of the most notable theater troupes - "Bricks", os- no-van-noy in 1984 at Wind-hoo-ke. In the same place, in 1986, the Te-at-ral-ny department at the University of Namibia arose. Stu-den-you sta-vi-whether spec-so-whether and gas-st-ro-li-ro-wa-li with them around the country. Also, since 1993, in Wind-hoo-ke, the ex-perimental theater “Pak-ga-uz” has been functioning. All the theaters of Namibia, except for Na-tsio-nal-no-go, are ra-la-ga-yut-sya in non-specialized in a different way yakh - rural clubs, places of public gatherings, sometimes on them-pro-vision-scenes. Among the largest drama-tur-govs: F. Fi-lan-der, D. Ha-ar-hoff, L. Jacobs. In general, the development of the te-at-ral-no-go art of Namibia follows the path of combining traditional practices (for some characters -ny im-pro-vi-za-tion, live dialogue with the spectator) with the principles of classical and avant-garde-no-go western theater .

Cinema. On the pro-tya-zhe-nii of the 20th century, ki-no-pro-kat (mainly films of Western countries and South Africa) on the territory of Namibia, osu-sche-st-v-la-li is mainly South African companies. During the time of the armed struggle and for the dos-ti-the-same-nii-not-for-vi-si-mo-sti in Namibia, a number of pre-ku-men-tal-ny tapes were filmed. Among the most significant ones: “Na-mi-biya: not an easy way to freedom” (1988) and “Na-mi-biya: nation of ro- zh-yes-et-sya again ”(1990) K. Har-ri-sa,“ Na-mi-biya: I saw-del ”R. Pak-lep-py (1999). The most influential ki-no-pro-du-ser of Namibia is B. Pi-ke-ring, taking part in the production of many-series -no-go film “Af-ri-ka sword-ta-et” (2007) and a number of major works (including games) in South Africa.