Research and elimination of bovine leukemia. Plan for the improvement of FSUE eh "Klenovo-Chegodaevo" for bovine leukemia

Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan

West Kazakhstan Agrarian - Technical University

them. Zhangir Khana

Course work

By discipline: "Epizootology and infectious diseases"

On the topic: "Improvement of the economy of cattle disadvantaged by leukemia"

Completed: Art. group VM-42 Dyusengalieva Zh.E

Checked: Ph.D., Art. teacher Esengaliyev G.G.

Uralsk-2013

Introduction

Literature review

Act on the epizootological state of a dysfunctional economy

A calendar plan of measures to eliminate an infectious disease (in the absence of a disease, a plan for preventive and anti-epizootic measures)

Explanatory note to the plan

Conclusion

Bibliography

Appendix

Introduction

The main task facing the veterinary service and veterinary specialists is the organization and implementation of preventive and therapeutic measures aimed at preventing the disease and mortality of farm animals. Increasing the number of clinically healthy livestock, increasing their productivity, supplying the population with high-calorie and high-quality livestock products at the lowest labor and cost, as well as protecting the population from diseases caused by common pathogens are also the most important tasks of the veterinary service.

The organization and implementation of activities aimed at preventing infectious and parasitic animal diseases have been and remain one of the main tasks of the veterinary service. Infectious diseases by their nature differ significantly from non-infectious diseases and occupy a special place in the pathology of animals. A distinctive feature of these diseases is the ability to be transmitted from a sick animal to a healthy one.

This determines the possibility of mass destruction and leads to a wide spread of diseases that can cause great economic damage. Reducing the infectious disease incidence of animals is not only economic, but also of great social importance. Some diseases are dangerous because they can be transmitted to humans, therefore, successful control, and most importantly, the prevention of animal diseases, is a contribution to protecting the health of the country's population.

In the absence of a systematic struggle, the disease tends to further increase. The disease leads to the loss of productivity of animals, their forced culling, the inability to use sick animals for reproduction. The fight against bovine leukemia requires the cost of diagnostic tests, isolation of infected animals and other veterinary and sanitary measures. The situation is complicated by the fact that the development of clinical and pathological manifestations in this disease can continue for several months and years. The productivity of livestock is noticeably reduced, the quality of the resulting products is declining, which is of great importance,

In the course of the course work, the following goals were achieved:

development of skills to apply the acquired knowledge to solve specific professional problems;

consolidation of practical skills and abilities in conducting an epizootological analysis of reporting veterinary documents and an epizootological survey of the farm;

to diagnose infectious diseases;

a scientifically based plan of general veterinary-sanitary and special preventive or health-improving measures was drawn up;

determination and implementation of rational and most effective schemes and methods for the elimination and treatment of animals.

Objectives of the course work:

To study the epizootic situation in the area and compare it with the plan of anti-epizootic measures;

To study the timing and scope of mass processing of animals;

Identify deviations of the applied plan from the requirements of the Veterinary Legislation.

1. Literature review

According to Virchow R. 1845. bovine leukemia is a chronic infectious disease of a tumor nature, the main symptom of which is a malignant proliferation of cells of the hematopoietic organs with a violation of their maturation, resulting in diffuse infiltration of organs by these cells or swelling. The disease was first described under the name leukopenia

Over time, in cattle with leukemia, Abel M.N. and Avilov V.M. 1916. revealed changes in the leukocyte formula. In particular, they found an increase in the total number of leukocytes, lymphocytes and the appearance of nuclear cells, which, according to researchers, are a specific sign of the disease.

Leukemia, as a disease of a tumor nature, was first presented in the works of Russian scientists Slavyansky K and Shchastny A in 1875, who compared leukemic growths with tumor growths both in appearance and in biological properties tissue growth. At present, the theory of the tumor origin of leukemia is not objectionable.

ElermanV. in 1921 replaced the term leukemia on the leukemia

First time term leukemia introduced in relation to leukemic diseases of chickens, was transferred to the pathology of cattle by N.K. Androsov in 1958. . The author expressed the opinion that pathological cells in this disease occur in the reticuloendothelial system. In the same period, most scientists came to the conclusion that leukemia should be classified as a malignant tumor with an irreversible process. Information about the isolation of the virus from patients with cow leukemia appeared in the mid-60s. Miller identified antibodies specific to bovine leukemia virus in the serum of patients with bovine leukemia. Of particular importance in the study of bovine leukemia have acquired work on the viral etiology of the disease, which determined the development of the main areas of problems.

According to A.N. Antipov, chronic leukemia viruses are full-fledged viruses, their genome contains: dad - coding structural proteins, pol - reverse transcriptase, env - envelope glycoprotein. They do not carry oncogenes. Acute leukemia viruses have V-onko oncogenes in their genome.

According to the data of many scientists, bovine virus virions have a pronounced polymorphism, are cured and internal structure. Most virions have a spherical shape with a diameter of 90-120 nm, consisting of a core, an inner protein membrane and a lipid-containing outer one. The outer shell is represented by a double-circuit membrane, on the surface of which processes are 10-12 nm long with button-like thickenings at the ends.

Bobenko G.A. noticed that the bovine leukemia virus is morphologically similar to the causative agent of leukemia in animals of other species. Bovine leukemia has been experimentally reproduced in sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits, and mice. Studies conducted by Reiner X on 13 newborn monkeys showed that after the introduction of the virus of leuko-containing material from cattle, 9 of them developed antiviral antibodies and leukemia virus in 2-6 days. The bovine leukemia virus is identical to the viruses that cause progressive pneumonia in sheep, infectious anemia in horses. The structural similarity of the major proteins of the core of the bovine leukemia virus and the human T-cell leukemia virus has been proven. conducted seroepidemiological studies concerning the study of the relationship between human leukemia and cattle showed that people infected with the bovine leukemia virus were not identified. It is believed that infection with bovine leukemia virus is unlikely, if not impossible.

The virus, due to its biology, has the ability to integrate into the animal genome in the form of a DNA copy and does not manifest itself for a long time, which is associated with a long lethal period of the disease, detergents and temperature effects, it is destroyed by repeated freezing and thawing and heating to 560 C for 15 minutes. Pasteurization of milk at 740 C for 16 seconds destroys it and it loses its infectivity. The virus is detected in milk after storage for 72 hours at 10C, but already at 10 and 140C it is not detected after 48 and 24 hours, respectively.

According to V.A. Bogrov, the source of the causative agent of the disease is animals infected with the bovine leukemia virus at all stages of the infectious process. Animals become infected when lymphocytes containing the leukemia virus enter the body, enterally and parenterally. Leukemia causes significant economic damage associated with the premature culling of productive animals, the lack of offspring, a decrease in cow productivity and milk quality. The transmission factors of the virus are: blood, milk and other materials containing lymphoid cells of animals infected with the bovine leukemia virus.

Bakulov I.A. argued that pathomorphological changes in cattle with leukemia are very diverse, both in the frequency and nature of damage to organs and tissues, and in the forms of histological manifestations.

Diffuse or focal infiltration is found on the serous integuments and in all internal organs. There is leukemia or reticulosis. Leukemias include lymphomyeloid leukemia and hemoblastosis, reticulosis - lympho-, reteculosarcoma, systemic reticulosis.

With lymphosarcoma and lymphogranulomatosis, the lymph nodes are tuberous, the capsule is fused with the parenchyma, hemorrhages and caseous foci of necrosis of yellow or brown color are often found on the cut. The spleen in these forms of leukemia is usually not enlarged. With lymphoid, poorly differentiated and myeloid leukemia, the spleen is enlarged.

According to Berzyak A.G, in all forms of leukemia, focal or diffuse growths of gray-white or gray-pink color are noted in the liver, kidneys, thicker heart muscle, digestive organs, uterus, skeletal muscles, diaphragm and other organs. The liver with diffuse damage is enlarged, fragile or brittle consistency. In the parenchyma, greasy gray-white nodules ranging in size from a pea to a walnut are found, the kidneys are enlarged and reach 8-10 kg. In the serous integument, neoplasms 6-8 cm thick are found, covered with a thin serous membrane. On cuts of muscles find sebaceous leukemic and degenerative changes.

Berlyat A.M. argued that the diagnosis of leukemia is carried out by clinical, hematological, serological, pathoanatomical and histological methods. The greatest importance for the timely localization and prevention of the spread of leukemia is early diagnosis during the initial diagnosis of the disease. In these cases, the reliability of diagnosis is ensured by the use of a complex of special techniques, commission slaughter, pathoanatomical examination, histological examination of organs and tissues, and epizootological analysis.

Tikunov V.S. Since 1986 in the USSR, the only test for in vivo diagnosis of bovine leukemia was the hematological method, the essence of which is to detect an increased number of leukocytes in the peripheral blood, mainly of the lymphoid series, and poorly differentiated cells.

Burulov N.V. argued that it is customary for hematology to distinguish between leukemic, subleukemic and aleukemic forms of leukemia. A case with a particularly high number of leukocytes is called hyperleukemic, and with a number below normal, leukopenic. Currently, the main method of in vivo diagnosis of leukemia is serological: the reaction of immunodiffusion in agar gel. The seropositive state of the animal does not correct for hematological and tumor manifestations of leukemia. RID detects infected animals at all stages of the infectious process, except for the incubation period.

Nakhmansov V.M. came to the conclusion that RIA ensures the recovery of the economy from bovine leukemia, the technology of management and productive efficiency of dairy cattle breeding, the provision of livestock facilities, etc. However, RIA also has its drawbacks. It has been established that among the infected animals of the dairy herd there are always individuals whose blood serum reacts negatively to RID. They serve as a latent source of infection in a recovering herd.

Loss of a serological reaction makes it difficult to timely identify and isolate the source of infection and thereby prolongs the recovery time for herds that are unfavorable for leukemia.

Murvatullaev S.A. 1994 came to the conclusion that the loss of serological reactions in bovine leukemia often occur. There may be no precipitation lines to both the glycoprotein and polypeptide antigens of the leukemia virus, and the first of them often restores the precipitation line, and after some time may disappear again. There is a pattern between a decrease (increase) in the number of leukocytes and a loss (restoration) of the serological response of an animal with leukemia.

Post-mortem diagnosis of bovine leukemia consists of a histological examination and a pathoanatomical autopsy. Pathological anatomical diagnosis is based on the detection of changes in the hematopoietic organs, which are the result of excessive tissue growth. Pathological anatomical changes of a leukemic nature are recorded during the forced slaughter of animals with clinical signs of leukemia. At the hematological stage of leukemia, pathoanatomical changes in cattle are not established in all animals. The most common form of bovine leukemia is lymphoid leukemia and lymphosarcoma.

According to the author academician Zaveryukh A.A. The vaccine has a therapeutic effect, and after a double vaccination, up to 70% of RID+ animals become RID-, that is, they acquire immunity. However, testing of this vaccine in 4 farms with infection of the breeding stock of 52-84% did not give a positive effect, since only 0.7-30.5% of RID + cows became seronegative, and all the vaccinated young animals in them were handed over for slaughter for economic reasons.

Act of epizootological survey of the economy

leukemia epidemiological animal

Act of the epizootological survey of the farm, dated July 30, 2011. PKH "Akas" Kazakhstan, 090000 West Kazakhstan region. Akzhaik district.

The epizootological examination of the farm was carried out by a commission, which included: the chief veterinarian of the district Ivanov P.N.; the chief veterinarian of the farm Antipova D.N.; head of Raivet laboratory Yesmuldin N.G.; in the presence of the head of the PKH Zhuravlev S. M.

The economy has a production focus - agriculture and animal husbandry. PKH "Akas" is located in an area with a relief of the territory of the region, which is mainly a flat area, falling from the northeast to the southwest. ground cover The region is quite diverse: from dark chestnut, chestnut to light chestnut soils. Grass-forb, grass-wormwood prevails. The climate of the region is characterized by high continentality, which increases from the northwest. High continentality is manifested in sharp temperature contrasts of day and night, winter and summer, in the rapid transition from winter to summer. The coldest month is January, the temperature ranges from -15 degrees, average temperature the warmest month - July is 22-25 degrees. From livestock farms to residential buildings is 250 meters.

As of July 30, 2011 on the farm: 364 heads of cattle, of which 205 cows, 15 heifers, 45 older heifers, 99 heads of young of different ages.

On PKH "Akas" The main breed of cattle are black-and-white. Dairy animals are kept in summer camps in summer, and in winter in typical winter housing facilities with walking yards. The basis forage base includes: hay of natural lands, barley straw, grain of barley, oats, rye. Juicy forages - silage and vetch-oat haylage. Mineral supplements - lumpy table salt. All conditions of storage and preparation of feed comply with the standards. The grain is crushed before feeding, and the haylage is crushed by cutting. Animals are fed 2 times a day: in the morning at 7 o'clock and in the evening at 5 o'clock. There are pastures on the farm. The farm also sells animals to other farms for breeding. On the territory of the farm there is the presence of blood-sucking insects in the summer (mosquitoes, midges, ticks, etc.), and rodents (mice and rats). In relation to them, a planned disinsection and deratization is carried out. The farm has 3 veterinarians. Veterinary and sanitary literacy of service personnel at the proper level. Active educational work is being carried out by the veterinary staff.

The sanitary condition of livestock buildings and farms leaves much to be desired. The farm does not have a manure storage, an isolation ward, but there is a maternity ward, a cattle burial ground, a fodder storage, etc.

Carrying out preventive disinfection, deratization and disinsection is carefully organized; The attendants are not provided with overalls and footwear.

Preventive disinfection, as a rule, is carried out at least twice a year: in the spring, after the pasture of livestock, and in the fall, before putting it into stall keeping; At fattening - after each removal of a group of animals for slaughter; in maternity wards, calf dispensaries - at least once a month; stalls (machines) of maternity wards, cages for calves are disinfected before placing animals in them, as well as after their release. Preventive disinfection should also be carried out after mass anti-epizootic measures (tuberculinization, blood sampling, vaccination, etc.).

The staff of veterinary specialists of the farm "Akas" consists of: the chief veterinarian Antipov D.N., the veterinary assistant Esmuldin N.G., who have the appropriate qualifications.

All livestock is housed on one farm in three rooms. Animals are kept in three different barns, tethered. Calves up to 20 days of age are kept in a group way, then at 1.5-2 months of age they are combined into groups of 10-12 heads.

Ventilation in livestock buildings is natural pipeless. Straw is used as bedding. The diet of feeding cows and calves includes steppe forb hay, barley straw, haylage, concentrates.

The veterinary service of the farm is staffed, receives the necessary biological products and consists of a pharmacy, a room with a refrigeration unit for storing biological products, a warehouse for disinfectants, and a veterinarian's office.

The farm does not have an insulator. At the entrance to the premises where the livestock of cattle is kept, there are disinfection barriers.

The cattle burial ground is located outside the farm, ditched, closed with a metal grate without a lock.

Characteristics of the epizootic situation of the PCC "Akas" in LEUKOSIS

The economy is safe in terms of especially dangerous infectious diseases, including brucellosis, leptospirosis, anthrax, and tuberculosis; unfavorable for LEUKOSIS.

Diagnostic studies of animals in this farm are planned for the following diseases: tuberculosis, brucellosis, leukemia and leptospirosis in cattle, as well as diagnostic scatological studies. Cattle are subjected to an allergic test for tuberculosis from the age of two months once a year. To do this, tuberculin purified (PPD) for mammals is used in the form of a standard solution, ready for use. Tuberculinization of animals is carried out by veterinarians and paramedics. Before the study, all livestock are subjected to a clinical examination and selective thermometry to exclude pseudo-allergic reactions to tuberculin. For the introduction of tuberculin, needles for intradermal injections No. 0606 and syringes with a capacity of 2 ml with a slider are used. During tuberculinization, injection needles are changed before each filling, and in the pauses between injections, the needle is kept in a cotton swab dipped in 70% ethanol. Tuberculin is administered intradermally to cattle in the middle third of the neck at a dose of 0.2 ml. Before injection, the hair at the injection site is cut off, the skin is treated with 70% ethyl alcohol. Accounting and evaluation of the response to the introduction of tuberculin is carried out 72 hours after the introduction; when taking into account the reaction in each animal, they palpate and examine the injection site of tuberculin. A positive reaction manifests itself in the form of a diffuse swelling of a doughy consistency that does not have clear boundaries with the surrounding tissue. The formation of edema is accompanied by an increase in local temperature, hyperemia and soreness of the inflamed area of ​​the skin. With a severe skin reaction, the prescapular lymph node may increase. If changes are detected at the injection site of tuberculin, the thickness of the fold in millimeters is measured with a cutimeter and the amount of its thickening is determined by comparing with the thickness of the fold of unchanged skin near the injection site. Cows are considered tuberculin responsive at 3 ml thickening of the skin fold. Reacting animals are treated in the manner prescribed by the instructions on measures for the prevention and elimination of animal tuberculosis. At the end of the work, an act and an inventory of the entire population of the studied animals are drawn up. Documentation is kept in the files of the veterinary station. Over the past 10 years, a positive reaction to tuberculin has never been recorded. Animals are examined serologically for brucellosis and leukemia; for this, animal blood serum is sent to the Raivet laboratory. Animals from the age of 3 months are subjected to a study for brucellosis, from 6 months for leukemia; Twice a year.

In the laboratory, for the diagnosis of brucellosis, an agglutination test and a complement fixation test are performed, for leukemia - an immunodiffusion test. In the case of a positive reaction, the animals are isolated and re-examined after 30 days, with a repeated positive reaction, they are handed over to the meat processing plant. 10% of the cattle population is examined for leptospirosis, the serum from them is examined in the RMA. Positively reacting animals with antibody titers in vaccinated 1:100, unvaccinated 1:50 are taken to a meat processing plant. The study of horses for glanders (malleinization) is planned at the state farm once a year for all horses. Unscheduled malleination is carried out before slaughter of horses and before transportation, as well as newly arrived animals. Mallein is used for diagnosis. Mallein is applied to the conjunctiva of a healthy eye in the amount of 5 drops. A sample is taken in the morning, taken into account at 3-6-9 hours and the next morning. A positive reaction is characterized by purulent conjunctivitis. The conjunctiva intensely reddens, swells, there is swelling of the eyelids and closing of the eye. With a mild reaction, pus is present only at the inner corner of the eye. Doubtful reaction - intense redness of the conjunctiva, swelling of the eyelids and lacrimation. In the absence of reaction, the eye remains normal or there is a slight reddening of the conjunctiva and tearing. In case of a doubtful reaction, the test is repeated after 5-6 days in the same eye. A repeated reaction occurs within 2-5 hours and is usually more pronounced. Studies of the feces of animals (cows and horses) are planned 2 times a year: before the start of the grazing period and after being placed in a stall. Samples from animals from each body and each age group are selectively examined, all stool samples from horses are examined.

Preventive immunization.

Preventive vaccinations are planned on the farm against the following diseases: anthrax, emkar, leptospirosis, trichophytosis, paratyphoid. Cattle and horses are vaccinated against anthrax once a year, from the age of 3 months. It must be taken into account that it is impossible to vaccinate cows in the second half of pregnancy, weak and sick animals. for vaccination, an anthrax vaccine from strain 55 is used. Needles and syringes are boiled before use, after work they are boiled for 1 hour in a 2% soda solution. The injection site is disinfected with a 3% phenol solution. The vaccine is injected strictly subcutaneously into the region of the middle third of the neck at a dose for cattle and horses - 1 ml. the vaccine remaining after vaccination is neutralized by autoclaving. For immunization of cattle against emphysematous carbuncle, a live concentrated aluminum hydroxide vaccine against emkar is used, animals from 3 months old are vaccinated. up to 4 years, in the spring, once a year, at a dose of 2 ml intramuscularly. For the prevention of leptospirosis, the polyvalent vaccine "VGNKI" against animal leptospirosis is used, administered intramuscularly in doses provided for by the instruction on the use of the vaccine. But ongoing studies evaluating post-vaccination immunity show late antibody production after immunization and a low percentage of immune animals, which may be associated with immunosuppression in animals from this area, related to the ecological risk zone. Trichophytosis is prevented by the introduction of an inactivated vaccine against dermatophytosis of cattle and horses, which is administered subcutaneously once to young animals up to 8 months old. at a dose of 1 ml, animals older than 8 months. - 2 ml. however, it should be noted that, despite vaccination against dermatophytosis, cases of trichophytosis are often observed in calves. Apparently this could also be related to immunity breakthroughs in connection with the ecological troubles of the territory of the Kamyshlov region. The drug ASD-3 is widely used for treatment. To prevent paratyphoid in calves, 7-day-old calves and pregnant cows were previously vaccinated. At present, due to the relative well-being of this infection at the state farm, this scheme has been abandoned. only pregnant cows are immunized 50-60 days before calving with a 10-day interval with a concentrated formol alum vaccine against calf paratyphoid, at a dose of 10-15 ml. subcutaneously.

Therapeutic and recreational activities

Therapeutic treatments are planned against hypodermatosis of cattle, thelaziosis of cows, and deworming of cows and horses is planned 2 times a year. Against the subcutaneous gadfly, adult cows are treated in the spring with a 10% solution of chlorophos at an approximate rate of 16-24 ml. on an animal. Against thelaziosis, sick cows are also treated with chlorophos in the form of a 1% solution, which is applied to the inner corner of the eye with a pear with a soft tip twice with an interval of 5-7 days. The choice of an anthelmintic for deworming is determined by the results of diagnostic scatological studies.

The first cases of the disease were registered on July 23, 24, and the case began on July 25 (07/27/2013 - 2 heads, 07/28/2010 - 4 heads, 07/29/2013 - 5, 07/30/2013 - 4, etc.). The following clinical signs were observed in animals: depression, cessation of chewing, weak, accelerated pulse, body temperature reaches 41-42 °C. At the same time or even earlier, movement disorders appeared: lameness, dragging of the limbs, inflexibility of the joints. On the thigh, shoulder, chest and neck, several diffuse, irregular infiltrates formed, initially dense, hot, painful.

In an acute course, the disease usually begins with an increase in body temperature to 41-42 ° C. In places with developed muscles (thigh, croup, neck, chest, submandibular region), sometimes in the oral cavity and in the pharynx, a rapidly increasing (within 8-10 hours) sharply defined or diffusely edematous swelling (carbuncle) appears (Fig. twenty). It is initially dense, hot, painful, crepitus (crackling) is heard on palpation, and a clear tympanic sound on percussion. Then the swelling becomes cold and insensible. The skin on its surface acquires a dark red color. Regional lymph nodes are enlarged. With the appearance of carbuncles in the thigh, croup and shoulder, lameness develops. When the process is localized in the oral cavity, the tongue is usually affected (crepitant edema). When the pharynx is affected, crepitating edema is palpated in the area below the base of the auricle. Lesions of deeply located muscles and the diaphragm are established only after opening the corpses. With the development of the infectious process, the general condition deteriorates sharply. Sick animals are oppressed, they refuse to feed, chewing gum stops, breathing quickens. There comes a sharp weakening of cardiac activity, the pulse of weak filling, frequent (100-120 beats per 1 min). Before death, body temperature drops below normal. Death usually occurs in 1-2 days, less often in 3-10 days. In some animals, especially in old ones, the disease may manifest itself in an atypical (abortive) form. At the same time, only a decrease in appetite, slight oppression, slight soreness in certain areas of the muscles without the formation of edema are noted. Animals usually recover in 1-5 days.
The superacute course of the disease is recorded relatively rarely - mainly in calves up to 3 months of age. The disease manifests itself in a septic form, while general febrile phenomena and severe depression are observed, without the formation of a carbuncle. The death of a sick animal occurs in 6-12 hours. In cattle with hyperacute and acute course, an autopsy is performed only in the place where it will be burned. Full opening should be avoided.

The source of the infectious agent is sick animals, the transmission factors are soil, fodder, pastures, water of marshy stagnant reservoirs infected with pathogen spores. In infection of the external environment, untimely harvested corpses and spores of the pathogen in soil and water, which maintain the stationarity of epizootic foci of the disease, are of primary importance. There is a pronounced summer-autumn seasonality. Infection occurs when the pathogen enters the gastrointestinal tract along with food or water.

Sick animals were isolated. The corpses of dead animals were immediately removed from the machines, disinfection and all measures to prevent the spread of the disease. Cows were injected with broad-spectrum antibiotics, vitamins of group B. But the treatment gave a relative therapeutic effect.

On the basis of epizootological data, clinical signs, pathoanatomical changes in bacteriological and biological studies, a diagnosis was made of bovine leukemia (When animals were diagnosed with leukemia, the farm was declared unfavorable for bovine leukemia, the decision of the territorial administration imposes restrictions and approves a plan of organizational, economic and veterinary and sanitary measures to eradicate the disease.

Conclusion: Based on all epizootological data, clinic, pathological and anatomical picture and bacteriological examination, an accurate diagnosis of bovine leukemia. The source of the infectious agent is sick animals, the transmission factors are soil, fodder, pastures, water of marshy stagnant reservoirs infected with pathogen spores.

The main goals and objectives of the event are:

strengthening the material and technical base of veterinary laboratories;

improvement of breeding and commodity farms from the bovine leukemia virus;

reduced levels of infected animals;

creation of guaranteed conditions for the improvement of livestock farms.

The main method of improving farms from bovine leukemia in modern economic conditions should be the method of isolated rearing of healthy replacement livestock and its gradual displacement of infected and sick animals using modern equipment for diagnostic studies, the use of modern diagnostic methods.

With a slight (up to 10%) infection of animals with the leukemia virus, serological diagnostic tests of all cows and heifers older than 6 months should be carried out monthly until two negative results are obtained with an interval of three months. To cull seropositive animals without overexposure in the herd, that is, to form the so-called closed herds . Where the infection rate with the bovine leukemia virus is 10% of cows and heifers, the farm is declared unfavorable for leukemia.

On farms with a level of infection with the bovine leukemia virus from 10 to 30%, divide the herd into animals that react positively and negatively according to RIA. Place seropositive cows on special farms or in separate buildings, organize an isolated calving for them, that is, form the so-called closed herds . These animals are further examined using a hematological test 2 times a year, patients should be taken to a meat processing plant within 15 days. The effectiveness of health-improving measures in farms depends not only on the frequency of diagnostic studies, herd separation, withdrawal of patients, but also on the implementation of the whole range of measures aimed at breaking the epizootic chain - pasteurization of milk for feeding heifers, switching to marking animals with a bloodless method, separation of calving infected with the virus and healthy cows, prohibition of on-farm slaughter of animals, prevention of other cases of iatrogenic transmission of the pathogen.

If more than 30% of cows are infected with leukemia virus, the herd declares closed . It is advisable to keep the latter in isolation in a separate cattle yard until the end of their economic use with an interval of 6 months. Identified patients should be slaughtered. Improvement of livestock should be carried out at the expense of healthy heifers grown in isolation under serological control.

For animals belonging to citizens living on the territory of farms or in separate settlements, serological and clinical and hematological studies for leukemia are carried out simultaneously with this work for leukemia, they are carried out simultaneously with this work on farms.

Ch. veterinarian of the district Antipov D.N.

Head of Raivet Laboratory Esmuldin N.G.

Chief veterinarian of the farm Iivanov P.N.

Head of PKH "Akas" ZhuravlevS. M.

Calendar of measures to eliminate the disease

Agreed Approval

Chief Physician of Sanepidnadzor. Head of Administration

Esmukhanov N.K. Bibolov K.T.

Head of the Department of Internal Affairs

Akhmetov N.A. Signature_____Date______

Calendar plan of measures for the elimination of LEUKEMIA disease in the "Akas" farm Kazakhstan, 090000 West Kazakhstan region. Akzhaik district

Approve the attached comprehensive action plan to introduce restrictions to prevent the spread of bovine leukemia and measures to improve the livestock of cattle in the Akzhaik district.

№ p / p Name of activities Deadlines for implementation Responsible Note 1 Impose restrictions on a dysfunctional farm on 30.07. akimat 2 Prevent the import (export) of cattle for reproduction purposes without checking for well-being for leukemia permanent veterinarian 3 Isolate diseased animals 07.30. all animals, starting from 5 months of age, a permanent veterinarian6 Carry out a plan of veterinary measures to localize and eliminate the focus of LEUKOSIS and issue a decision to impose restrictions animal care with formaldehyde solution daily veterinarian 9 Disinfection of inventory machines after each case of detection of sick animals, and then every 10 days Until the restriction is lifted veterinarian 10 Carry out daily disinfection section of sanitary facilities daily veterinarian 11 Provide all farm workers with overalls and shoes constantly Guidelines. 12 Equip disinfection barriers at the entrance to the territory. 30.07 foreman 13 Maintain disinfection barriers and disinfection mats in working condition permanently veterinarian 14 Introduce mineral and vitamin supplements into the diet of animals permanently veterinarian 15 Isolate sick and suspected animals in separate rooms and assign special equipment and sanitary and hygienic means to them 30.07. veterinarian 16 Prohibit regrouping animals without the knowledge of veterinary specialists animal feeding. Subject to biothermal disinfection of manure constantly veterinarian

The plan was made by:

Chief veterinarian: Esmukhanov N.K.

Date of drawing up the plan: 07/30/2013.

Explanatory note to the action plan

Explanatory note to the action plan for the elimination of bovine leukemia. Preventive disinfection, as a rule, is carried out at least twice a year: in the spring, after the pasture of livestock, and in the fall, before putting it into stall keeping; At fattening - after each removal of a group of animals for slaughter; in maternity wards, calf dispensaries - at least once a month; stalls (machines) of maternity wards, cages for calves are disinfected before placing animals in them, as well as after their release. Preventive disinfection should also be carried out after mass anti-epizootic measures (tuberculinization, blood sampling, vaccination, etc.). With a positive result of the hematological examination of the animal for leukemia, but in the absence of pathological changes, the carcass and organs are released without restrictions. After slaughter, the premises and equipment are disinfected; first abundantly irrigating with 2% sodium hydroxide solution, then thoroughly washing with hot water and again spraying with 4% lime with 2% active chlorine. After an hour of ventilation, the premises are washed with hot water.

According to the legislation, milk from clinically ill cows, even after thermal disinfection, is prohibited to be fed to animals. Such milk is disposed of after treatment with formalin, alkali, phenol or other means.

veterinarian PKH "Akas"

Esmukhanov N.K.

June 2013

Conclusion

The analysis of the epizootological situation of bovine leukemia in the territories of the Akzhayk district showed that bovine LEUKEMIA is a chronic infectious disease of a tumor nature, the main symptom of which is a malignant proliferation of cells of the hematopoietic organs with a violation of their maturation, resulting in diffuse infiltration of organs by these cells or , swollen. The disease was first described under the name leukopenia in 1845 in a person. The first case of bovine leukemia was described by a German researcher in 1878. The author, having completed a review of animal leukemias, came to a further distribution. The first information about horse leukemia was published by Lizering in 1858, about pig leukemia in 1865.

Over time, in cattle with leukemia in 1916. revealed changes in the leukocyte formula. In particular, they found an increase in the total number of leukocytes, lymphocytes and the appearance of nuclear cells, which, according to researchers, are a specific sign of the disease.

Leukemia, as a disease of a tumor nature, was first introduced in 1875, who compared leukemic growths with tumor growths both in appearance and in the biological properties of tissue growth. Currently, the theory of the tumor origin of leukemia does not cause revivals. Replacing the term leukemia on the leukemia , which exactly corresponds to the essence of the disease, which sometimes disappears without quantitative changes in leukocytes in the peripheral blood.

The effectiveness of improved anti-leukemic measures in areas with different ecological characteristic passes unevenly. The incidence of cow leukemia was significantly higher than in other areas.

A certain relationship between the degree of ecological trouble of the territories and the effectiveness of health-improving anti-leukemia measures was revealed: the higher the degree of environmental trouble, the lower the effectiveness of health-improving anti-leukemic measures.

Bibliography

1. Abakin S.S. Improving the prevention and control of bovine leukemia in farms: Dis. .cand. vet. Sciences.-M., 2004.-144p.

Abel M.N. Comparative characteristics development of infection induced by bovine leukemia virus in primary and transplanted cell cultures of various origins: Abstract of the thesis. dis..cand. biol. Sciences. Moscow, 1996. 22 p.

Avilov, V.M. Problems of recovery of cattle from leukemia / V.M. Avilov, V.M. Nachmanson // Veterinary.-1995.-No. 11.-S.Z-6.

Slavyansky K and Shchastnoy A /// Epizootological and immunobiochemical aspect of bovine leukemia: Abstract of the thesis. dis. .cand. vet. Sciences. - Barnaul, 2001. 25 p.

Elerman V. Comprehensive assessment of factors influencing the characteristics of the manifestation and spread of bovine leukemia, and improving the system that ensures epizootic well-being: Abstract of the thesis. dis. . Doctor of Veterinary Sciences - Barnaul, 2011-36p.

Androsov N.K. Scientific and practical foundations of bovine leukemia (epizootology, pathogenesis, prevention and control measures). -Novosibirsk, 2007. 174 p.

Antipova A.N. Relative amount of antibodies in cows infected with leukemia virus of different ages and terms of pregnancy / M.A.Amirokov, V.V. Khramtsov, N.G. Dvoeglazov, S.N. Mager // Siberian Bulletin of S.-X. science. 2010. - No. 4. - S. 69-71.

Babenko G. A. Exo-eudogenic factors influencing the response characteristics of animals infected with HFRS in diagnostic test systems / M.A. Amirokov, V.V. Khramtsov, S.N. Mater, H.A. Osipova T.A. and others// Bulletin of NSAU. 2011. - No. 1. - S. 34-39.

Bagrov L.A. The system of veterinary and sanitary control over the quality of products and raw materials of animal origin // Food Ecology: abstract. report scientific-practical. conferences. -Novosibirsk, 1998. S. 130.

Bakulov I.A. Epizootic and immunological aspects of bovine leukemia / M.A. Amirokov, P.N. Smirnov, V.V. Khramtsov // Veterinary Medicine of Siberia. Novosibirsk, 1999. - No. 2. - S. 12-16.

Berzyak A.G. Anti-epizootic measures for bovine leukemia in farms and personal subsidiary plots// Veterinary newspaper. M., 2003. - No. 3. - S. 4-5.

Berlyat A.M. Epizootic surveillance rational organizational form functioning of antiepizootic systems / M.A. Amirokov, A.S. Donchenko et al.// Mater. International scientific conferences. - Krasnoobsk, 20066. - S. 74-77.

Tikunov V.S. -M.: Publishing house of RUDN University, 2000. -S.3-5.

Burulov N.V. Landscape planning in Russia: work experience and prospects. /A.N.Antipov, V.V.Kravchenko, V.M.Plyusnin, Yu.M.Semenov, E.G.Suvorov. -M.: IG SO RAN, 2006. 198p.

Nakhmansov V, M. Development and implementation of a science-based system for combating chronic infections cattle in the Altai Territory. Avtoref. dis. cand. vet. Sciences. - Novosibirsk, 1993. -24 p.

Murvatullaev S.A. Bovine leukemia (diagnostics and health measures) / V.A. Apalkin, M.I. Gulyukin, N.I. Petrov: Recommendations / / Petrolaser. -SPb., 2005.-87s.

Zaveryukhin A.A. Trace elements-metals and carcinogenesis / G.A. Babenko // Trace elements in medicine. Kyiv, 1974.-Issue 5.-S.Z-11.

Appendix

Accompanying Document Form

to blood samples

Lab mark

Delivered samples: 10

Rejected: 4

WKO veterinary laboratory Vinin

Address: Mametov street 55/1

Serum blood samples (serum) are sent from cattle owned

PKH "Akas"

(name of the farm,) West Kazakhstan region.

(town, district)

For serological RA and RSK tests for bovine LEUKEMIA

(type of study) (what disease)

Household, brigade, flock, herd, favorable herd

(prosperous, unfavorable,)

The study is carried out initially, repeatedly (underline) initially

Date and result of the previous study

Date of vaccination: 21.08.2011

Date of blood sampling: 01.09.2011

List of animals from which blood was taken for research:

No. Name of the owner, surname of the owner of the animals Sex, age of the animal Name or inventory number Research result: RARSKOtr.Smnt.pol.titreOtr.Smnt.pol.titre1.PKH "Akas" Akzhaik district Female cow, 4 years 67394629tr1:400tr1:4002. PKH "Akas" Akzhaik district Male, calf, 3 months08375482 Ot1:400 Ot1:4003. "Akas" Akzhaik district Male calf, 2 months 09453723 half 1:600 ​​Ot1: 6004. PKH "Akas" Akzhaik district Female, cow, 5 years 64725473 Gender 1:500 half 1: 4005. PKH "Akas" Akzhaik district Male, bull, 6 years 64927498 sex 1: 200pol1:7006.PKH "Akas" Akzhaik district Male, bull, 7 years old7775463 1:300 rev1:7007. PKH "Akas" Akzhaik district. Female, heifer 8 months13858265 neg1:400Sex1:600

Vetfeldsher (who sent the samples)

Veterinarian who conducted the study

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COURSE WORK

in the academic discipline "Organization of veterinary business"

PLANNING, ORGANIZATION AND ECONOMICS OF VETERINARY MEASURES FOR THE ELIMINATION OF VIRUS LEUKEMIA IN CATTLE

IN SPK "INTERNATIONAL" ISHIMBAY DISTRICT

REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN

Work completed:

Specialty: 111201 "Veterinary"

The work was checked by the teacher:

Completion date: 2009

Date of verification: 2009

Rating: 5 (excellent)

Introduction

1. Literature review

2. Own research

2.1 Materials and research methods

2.2 Analysis of the state of animal husbandry on the farm

2.3 Characteristics of the activity of the veterinary service of the farm

2.4 Characteristics of the veterinary and sanitary state of the economy

2.5 Measures for the prevention and elimination of viral leukemia in cattle in the SPK "International" of the Ishimbay district of the Republic of Bashkortostan

2.6 Economic efficiency of veterinary activities on the farm

3. Labor protection. Safety

3.1 Organization of industrial sanitation

3.2 Electrical safety

3.3 Fire safety

Conclusion

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

Leukemias are diseases of a tumor nature, the main symptom of which is the malignant growth of hematopoietic tissue cells and the violation of their maturation. Among them, bovine viral leukemia (VLKRS) causes significant economic damage to agriculture, which consists of the death and forced slaughter of sick cattle, loss of offspring, reduced productivity, disruption of reproduction processes in breeding and industrial animal husbandry. This disease is quite often registered in many countries of the world, which makes the problem of tumor growth one of the most difficult tasks not only in veterinary medicine, but also in medicine (5).

Leukemia and other malignant diseases of the hematopoietic tissue, united in the group of hemoblastoses, are one of the most acute and actual problems modern oncology. The number of people suffering from leukemia, especially children, as well as farm and domestic animals, is growing everywhere. The disease is very difficult and, until recently, was considered incurable. Now there are encouraging results in the treatment of new complex methods, including immunotherapy. In animals, the prevention of leukemia comes to the fore (11).

Numerous publications and data from official veterinary statistics indicate that among the infectious diseases of cattle, leukemia occupies a leading position in terms of the severity of damage to organs and tissues, the mass manifestation and economic consequences and accounts for 57% of other nosologies.

Many researchers believe that the problem of leukemia is the most intensive growth point for our knowledge about the causes and mechanisms of tumor cell transformation and the development of the tumor process. Indeed, the data obtained in deep studies of leukemic transformation of cells enrich biology with fundamentally new provisions.

The wide spread of the disease in many countries of the world, the lack of means of therapy and specific prevention determine the relevance of the topic and put forward the problem of bovine leukemia among the complex tasks not only of veterinary medicine, but also of biology in general.

Viral bovine leukemia (BLV) is currently common in all subjects Russian Federation. According to official data, there are more than 3,000 unfavorable points for bovine leukemia in the Russian Federation. The infection rate is 12-15% (much higher in some regions), and the incidence rate is 3-4%. This epizootic situation has persisted for several years. Since 1997, this disease has been ranked first in the structure of infectious pathology (6).

The economic damage caused by leukemia to animal husbandry reaches significant proportions due to the wide spread of the disease, the forced culling or death of sick animals, the disposal of carcasses and organs with tumor changes, the implementation of diagnostic and anti-leukemia measures, restrictions on the sale of breeding stock and its delivery to a meat processing plant, violations of breeding work and etc.

In the organization of measures for the prevention and control of leukemia, measures to protect herds from the importation of animals from farms that are unfavorable for this disease, to identify and create leukemia-resistant lines, related groups, families and herds of cattle with high productivity are of decisive importance. In previously free herds, a viral infection occurs upon contact with infected livestock imported from farms that are unfavorable for leukemia (12).

Leukemia is highly affected by highly productive breeds of cattle, such as black-and-white. Most of the young of these breeds are sold to increase the productivity of local animals, which contributes to the spread of leukemia in previously prosperous farms.

In farms that are unfavorable for leukemia, the constant renewal of animals contributes to the preservation of a certain number of virus-free cows. However, with long-term cohabitation of hematologically ill and infected animals, the number of the latter can reach 80-90% (11).

This course work addresses the issue of eliminating viral leukemia in cattle in the previously dysfunctional farm of the SEC "International" of the Ishimbay district of the Republic of Bashkortostan, where, thanks to the measures taken, infection with the leukemia virus in susceptible livestock fell from 87% in 2004 to 3.7% in 2008.

The purpose of the course work is to analyze the effectiveness of measures to eliminate and prevent viral leukemia in cattle and their economic justification. The objective of the course work is to develop practical proposals to the economy for the prevention and prevention of the further spread of viral leukemia in cattle.

1. LITERATURE REVIEW

Viral bovine leukemia (VLKRS) is a chronic infectious disease of a tumor nature, which is asymptomatic or manifested by lymphocytosis, malignant tumors in the organs of hematopoiesis and other tissues and organs.

Pathogen- RNA containing bovine leukemia virus from the ocornovirus family.

epizootology. Animals of highly productive breeds over the age of 4 years are more often affected. Infection is promoted by genetic predisposition and immunological insufficiency of the body, the joint maintenance of sick and healthy animals. Violation of asepsis and antisepsis during veterinary and zootechnical treatments of animals (blood sampling, hemotherapy, treatment, dehorning, castration, tail trimming, vaccination, insemination) can contribute to infection. The role of blood-sucking insects in the transfer of VLCR is not excluded.

Symptoms. There is a progressive increase in superficial lymph nodes, a weakening of cardiac activity, an increase in the spleen, liver, exophthalmia is often observed, and in calves - tumor growths in the goiter gland.

Rectal examination in cows reveals a noticeable increase in the nodes of the pelvic cavity, deep inguinal, thickening of the walls of the uterus. In this case, it is necessary to differentiate leukemia from endometritis, atony of the proventriculus, tuberculosis, actinomycosis, etc.

Diagnostics. Take into account the results of a blood test. In a sick animal, the number of leukocytes, mainly of the lymphoid series, and poorly differentiated cells (lymphoblasts, etc.) increases in the peripheral blood. Animals with a positive RID reaction must be examined hematologically once a year at the age of 2 years and older (11).

Figure 1. The sequence of diagnostic tests for leukemia.

Animals suspicious of the disease are subjected to additional hematological studies according to the "Leukemia Key" every 2-3 months. until two consecutive qualitatively identical results are obtained, on the basis of which they are recognized as healthy or sick with leukemia.

The serological method of research is carried out using the immunodiffusion reaction (RID) in the blood serum of animals with specific precipitating antibodies to the bovine leukemia virus.

pathological changes. When opening corpses or examining carcasses at meat processing plants, attention is paid to the size of the organs, the prevalence of tumor growths, and the involvement of the lymph nodes. It should be borne in mind that with lymphocytic leukemia, the lymph nodes are evenly enlarged, do not grow together with the surrounding tissues, the capsule is removed easily, the cut surface is gray-white, the consistency of the nodes is greasy, juicy. Lymph nodes in lymphogranulomatosis, lymphosarcoma are tuberous, the capsule is fused with the parenchyma, on the surface of the incision there are hemorrhages and necrosis; in the organs of the abdominal, pelvic cavities, on the serous membranes, tumor-like growths of a yellowish color are found.

The spleen in lymphoid leukemia is enlarged 3-5 times, hyperplastic follicles protrude clearly, the consistency is rubbery, often the capsules of a sharply enlarged organ are torn. With myeloid leukemia, the spleen is red-crimson in color, the follicles are poorly visible, the consistency of the organ is loose.

With leukemia, focal or diffuse tumor-like growths of a gray-white color are found in the parenchyma of the liver, kidneys, in the thickness of the heart muscle, digestive organs, uterus, skeletal muscles and other organs. Pieces of the spleen, lymph nodes, liver, lungs, heart, walls of the affected digestive organs (often abomasum), uterus and skeletal muscles are sent for histological examination in leukemia.

Histological examination of lymphoid leukemia reveals the erasure of the characteristic structure of the organ as a result of rapid focal or diffuse lymphoid cell infiltration. Among the cells, mature lymphocytes predominate and, to a lesser extent, prolymphocytes and lymphoblasts. With myeloid leukemia (rare), immature megakaryocytes, hematocytoblasts are found in the spleen, and focal or diffuse growths of myeloid elements are found in the lymph nodes, liver, and kidneys (10).

Treatment has not been developed.

Prevention and control measures. In farms that are unfavorable for leukemia, restrictions are introduced that prohibit the sale and export of animals for breeding and user purposes. It is forbidden to use herds of animals for reproduction, in the pedigree of which there are ancestors suffering from leukemia, to keep animals in the general herd after they have been diagnosed with leukemia. Such animals are handed over to the meat processing plant, the internal organs are examined. Milk from sick animals is boiled and used for fattening. If changes characteristic of leukemia are detected, carcasses and organs are sent for technical disposal. A veterinarian of a meat processing plant (slaughterhouse, slaughterhouse) who has discovered leukemic changes in the carcass or organs is obliged to send the pathological material to the veterinary laboratory for histological examination and report the results to the veterinary specialist of the farm from which the animals were slaughtered.

Mandatory serological examination of all animals intended for breeding. Those who react positively according to RIA are not subject to export from the farm.

In farms disadvantaged for leukemia, premises and equipment are disinfected in accordance with current instruction (1).

2. OWN RESEARCH

2.1 MATERIALS AND RESEARCH METHODS

When writing this term paper, I used volume 4 of the veterinary legislation (instructions for combating bovine leukemia), as well as order No. 359 of May 11, 1999 “On approval of the Rules for the prevention and control of bovine leukemia. In accordance with paragraph 6 of the “Regulations on the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Russian Federation”, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 11, 1998, No. 10901. .

To write a term paper, journals were also used to register sick animals, records of the anti-epizootic state of the area, data from primary zootechnical records (logs of livestock, livestock productivity), a bulletin on the movement, incidence and mortality of animals, and the results of laboratory diagnosis of leukemia according to the RID of the district veterinary laboratory.

The costs of veterinary activities were made up of direct and indirect costs, which included the labor and material resources necessary for conducting hematological and serological studies of animals, the costs of diagnostic tools and consumable materials, the payment wages additionally involved workers for fixing animals, delivering material to the laboratory. The costs were determined on the basis of accounting and operational veterinary accounting, as well as according to the current standards for the cost of veterinary measures.

To determine the economic damage, costs and economic efficiency of anti-leukemic preventive and health measures, the following initial data were used:

The number of animals susceptible to leukemia;

The number of sick, dead, forcedly killed and destroyed animals;

Animal productivity;

Gross production and actual proceeds from the sale of livestock products;

Number of animals subjected to diagnostic tests;

Annual volume of veterinary treatments, taking into account the use of various methods (hematological and serological);

The cost of labor and material resources for carrying out veterinary measures for the prevention and elimination of the disease;

Journals for registering sick animals, recording anti-epizootic measures on the farm;

Data of primary zootechnical accounting (logbooks of livestock, livestock productivity);

Bulletin on the movement of morbidity and mortality of animals;

Reference book of purchase prices for livestock products (at prices as of December 2008);

Farm annual reports, production and financial accounting plans and data;

Standards for the cost of veterinary measures for infectious and parasitic animal diseases;

Price list of the Sterlitamak branch of the Zoovetsnab as of December 2008.

2.2 ANALYSIS OF THE STATUS OF LIVESTOCK BREEDING ON THE FARM

SPK "International" is located in the Ishimbai district of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The central estate is located in the village of Isheevo, which is located 12 km from the city of Sterlitamak, 25 km from the cities of Salavat and Ishimbay, and 180 km from the city of Ufa.

Ishimbaysky district is located on the right bank of the middle course of the Belaya River. Territory - 4006 sq. km, the population as of January 1, 2008 is 94.5 thousand people. The area is stretched from west to east for 85 km, from north to south - for 95 km.

The administrative center is the city of Ishimbay, located 160 km south of the city of Ufa. Neighbor in the north is Gafuriysky, in the east - Beloretsky and Burzyansky, in the south - Meleuzovsky, in the west - Sterlitamaksky districts.

More than 40 rivers with a length of more than 8 km flow through the region. The White River flows from south to north. The Seleuk River flows from the southeast to the northwest, flows into the river. White, like the Zigan River. Two-thirds of the region's territory is covered with forests; flora and fauna are diverse and rich.

Ishimbaysky district is located in a zone with a temperate climate, the average annual temperature is 10.8 ° C, the average annual rainfall is 580 mm, fluctuations atmospheric pressure within a year 714-750 mm Hg. relief is hilly, steppe.

The territory on which the district is located, according to climatic conditions, belongs to the central agro-climatic zone of the region, with good moisture, long winters, late cold springs, and early rainy autumns. The duration of the frost-free period is on average 120-130 days. The soil is varied, mainly sod-podzolic, podzolic and chernozem.

The city of Ishimbay is located in the southwestern part of the republic, in forest-steppe zone on the banks of the Belaya River. On the left coast large area occupied by large industrial enterprises. The Ishimbayevo dead-end railway station is also located here, serving the city's freight and passenger traffic.

The highway Ufa - Orenburg connects Ishimbai with the capital of the republic and the regions of the Russian Federation.

The emergence and economic development of Ishimbay is associated with the discovery of oil fields. In 1932, an oil gusher hit from well No. 702 near the village of Ishimbayevo. The first oil field in the republic was formed. Since 1934 Ishimbay has been an urban-type settlement, since 1940 it has been a city.

In 1936, the first oil refinery in Bashkortostan was built - the Ishimbay distillery, which was transformed in 1990 into a specialized chemical catalyst plant, which produces zeolites of various grades NaX, NaA, CaA, ACD-M, adsorbent A-4M.

The modern economy of the city is represented by enterprises of the fuel, petrochemical, light and food industries, and mechanical engineering. In 1997, the industry of the city produced products worth 534.2 million rubles, 47.8% is the production volume of the Ishimbayneft oil and gas production department of ANK Bashneft, which produced 658.9 thousand tons of oil and 194.2 million cubic meters. m of gas (14).

In SPK "International" the main branch of agriculture is animal husbandry, crop production can be considered as an auxiliary industry, since all crop production is fed to animals. The farm is 100% self-sufficient in juicy and roughage, concentrates. The farm grows vegetables: potatoes, carrots, fodder root crops, as well as cereals such as rye, wheat, oats, barley, peas, buckwheat, soybeans. The farm specializes in the production of milk and meat, there is a bakery next to the sausage shop. The average annual milk yield per feed cow for 1996 was 3552 kg, for 1997 - 3500 kg, the average fat content was 3.5%. Sale of meat in 1997 - 556 tons, sale of milk - 3719 kg. Feed consumption per unit of marketable products amounted to 1.2 units.

In the SPK "International" cattle are kept at the dairy complex in 4 four-row cowsheds and in 2 calves, all premises were built in the period of the 1970-1980s, in the "Zalivnoye" department - 2 buildings and one calf barn, the department "Basmanovskoye » - 4 buildings and one calf. Dairy stock is kept on tie-downs, young animals are kept loose. In cowsheds, ventilation occurs in a natural supply and exhaust way. Farm floors are concreted. Sawdust and straw are used for bedding purposes. Manure is removed using belt scraper and screw conveyors. For watering use automatic drinkers. Feed distribution is carried out with the help of tractors and horses.

A herd of horses is kept at a horse farm in the village of Isheevo. In the summer, the horse farm produces a traditional drink of the Bashkirs, koumiss.

Milking at all enterprises is carried out with the help of milking machines. Feed is harvested directly in the fields, also in silo pits for 4 thousand tons, hay storage facilities are located on the farms.

The microclimate in the premises satisfies all zoohygienic standards, it is normalized by a veterinarian and a veterinarian, through the use of the necessary devices (gas analyzer type M-21A, anemometer, thermograph, psychrometer, iprograph type UT-2, hot-wire anemometer). At a distance of 500-600 meters from the farm there is a pond, in which a watering place is organized in the summer (pasture period). The livestock of the farm is sufficiently provided with pastures (low-lying, elevated, meadow, as well as areas after harvesting fodder and cereal-legume crops).

Livestock is fed by cattlemen and milkmaids. The diet is developed by a livestock specialist, a veterinarian, his chief veterinarian of the farm claims.

Diet structure: 10 kg of hay (mixed herbs) is spent per dairy cow; 7 kg of straw (barley), good quality silage 6 kg, 2 kg of concentrates (crushed barley, wheat, oats), mineral supplements: chalk, salt in the form of slime. Additionally, fortification is carried out (trivit, tetravit preparations). The yield of young animals per 100 cows is 96 calves.

2.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FARM VETERINARY SERVICE

The entire staff of wind workers of the SEC "International" is 3 people, of which the chief veterinarian Zaykin L.M. has a higher education, the rest - with a special technical one.

The veterinary staff consists of:

Chief Veterinarian. His responsibilities include planning veterinary measures on the farm, as well as monitoring their use; supply of veterinary paramedics with medicines, biological products, equipment and control over their consumption; drawing up monthly reports on infectious and non-infectious diseases on the farm for submission to the district veterinary station; organization of mass treatments, diagnostic studies and other veterinary activities in the public and private sectors, participation in commissions for the transfer, regrouping, culling of livestock.

There are 2 veterinary paramedics assigned to the farms, MTF No. 1 and a dairy complex are assigned to one, MTF No. 2 is assigned to others and the Basmanovskoye branch. Their responsibilities include conducting mass treatments, diagnostic studies and other veterinary measures on the territories of assigned farms, as well as treatment, control of the microclimate, milk and meat production technology, and compliance with veterinary and sanitary requirements; drawing up a report on diseases and mortality of livestock, consumption of medicines, biological products, etc. to provide the chief veterinarian, disinfection, disinfestation, deratization, introduction of documentation.

A report on all veterinary activities is compiled by the chief veterinarian and submitted to the district veterinary station to the chief veterinarian of the district. All veterinary certificates, certificates are issued by the head veterinarian of the farm, and all forms, cover letters, acts of processing are prepared by veterinary paramedics.

All medicines, equipment, biologics are purchased by the chief veterinarian at the Sterlitamak branch of the state unitary enterprise "Bashzoovetsnab". Keeps in his office in safes, cabinets, independently keeps records of the consumption and write-off of drugs and equipment.

Financing of the veterinary service is carried out by the farm itself at the expense of the proceeds from the sale of meat.

In the SEC "International" at the dairy complex there is a veterinary station, a veterinary pharmacy, there is an isolation room for sick calves in the calf barn, in the other departments - these are "Zalivnoye" and "Basmanovka" there are only unequipped rooms for farm personnel. The provision of medicines, instruments and biological products is insufficient. There is a need for antibiotics, serums, surgical instruments. Availability of vaccines against especially dangerous infections (anthrax, emphysematous carbuncle, bird flu, rabies) is 100% due to the regional veterinary station.

Veterinary specialists regularly draw up reports - quarterly, semi-annual and annual, maintain the necessary documentation. On farms and in calves there are plans for anti-epizootic measures to prevent infectious diseases, fortification and preventive treatments.

Calculation of the staffing of veterinary specialists

Table 1.

Annual plan of veterinary activities and scope of veterinary work.

Veterinary work	Annual volume of veterinary work	Time limits for veterinary work, min.	Work time
Diagnostic studies: For bovine tuberculosis		5,1	4391,1
- leukemia, brucellosis in cattle	1722	6,2	10676,4
- for helminthiases	250	2,6	650
Protective vaccinations: anthrax
-emkar	861	1,95	1678,95
- pasteurellosis	90	1,95	175,5
Therapeutic and preventive and sanitary measures Against hypodermatosis
Diseases of the digestive system
- diseases of the respiratory system	250	43	10750
- diseases of the reproductive organs	30	37	1110
- mastitis	40	37	1480
Veterinary sanitation work Disinfection
Total:	37111,2

2. The working time required to perform the annual volume of veterinary work is converted into man-hours by dividing by 60 minutes;

37111.2: 60 = 2311.825 man-hours.

3. General work time we will establish by adding the working time for all types of veterinary work and labor costs for veterinary accounting, reporting, planning, etc.

2311.825 + 4000= 6311.825 man-hours

4. The number of veterinary workers on the farm is calculated by dividing the total working time by the annual working time fund of one specialist, which is 1845 hours;

6311.825: 1845 = 3.42 people

The staff of veterinarians in the SPK "International" does not meet the estimated needs and is 3 people. It is necessary to hire another veterinary assistant for 0.5 of the rate.

2.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VETERINARY AND SANITARY STATE OF THE FARM

Mass diagnostic studies are planned for the following diseases: tuberculosis, brucellosis and leukemia in cattle and glanders of horses.

Cattle are subjected to an allergic test for tuberculosis from the age of two months once a year. To do this, tuberculin purified (PPD) for mammals is used in the form of a standard solution, ready for use.

Tuberculinization of animals is carried out by veterinary paramedics of the farm. Before the study, all livestock are subjected to a clinical examination and selective thermometry to exclude pseudo-allergic reactions to tuberculin. For the introduction of tuberculin, needles No. 0606 and syringes with a capacity of 2 ml with a slider are used. During tuberculinization, injection needles are changed before each filling, and in the pauses between injections, the needle is kept in a cotton swab dipped in 70% ethanol. Tuberculin is administered intradermally to cattle in the middle third of the neck at a dose of 0.2 ml. Before injection, the hair at the injection site is cut off, the skin is treated with 70% ethyl alcohol. Accounting and evaluation of the response to the introduction of tuberculin is carried out 72 hours after the introduction; when taking into account the reaction in each animal, they palpate and examine the injection site of tuberculin.

A positive reaction manifests itself in the form of a diffuse swelling of a doughy consistency that does not have clear boundaries with the surrounding tissue. The formation of edema is accompanied by an increase in local temperature, hyperemia and soreness of the inflamed area of ​​the skin. With a severe skin reaction, the prescapular lymph node may increase. If changes are detected at the injection site of tuberculin, the thickness of the fold in millimeters is measured with a cutimeter and the amount of its thickening is determined by comparing with the thickness of the fold of unchanged skin near the injection site.

Cows are considered responsive to tuberculin when the skin fold is thickened by 3 mm. Reacting animals are treated in the manner prescribed by the instructions on measures for the prevention and elimination of animal tuberculosis. At the end of the work, an act and an inventory of the entire population of the studied animals are drawn up (see Appendix). Documentation is kept in the files of the veterinary station. Over the past 10 years, a positive reaction to tuberculin has never been recorded.

Animals are examined serologically for brucellosis and leukemia; for this, animal blood serum is sent to the Ishimbay regional veterinary laboratory. Animals from the age of 3 months are subjected to a study for brucellosis, from 6 months for leukemia; Twice a year.

In the laboratory, for the diagnosis of brucellosis, an agglutination test and a complement fixation test are performed, for leukemia - an immunodiffusion test. In the case of a positive reaction, the animals are isolated and re-examined after 30 days.

A study of horses for glanders (malleinization) is planned annually (once a year) covering the entire population. Unscheduled malleination is carried out before slaughter of horses and before transportation, as well as newly arrived animals. Mallein is used for diagnosis. Mallein is applied to the conjunctiva of a healthy eye in the amount of 5 drops. A sample is taken in the morning, taken into account at 3-6-9 hours and the next morning. A positive reaction is characterized by purulent conjunctivitis. The conjunctiva intensely reddens, swells, there is swelling of the eyelids and closing of the eye. With a mild reaction, pus is present only at the inner corner of the eye. Doubtful reaction - intense redness of the conjunctiva, swelling of the eyelids and lacrimation. In the absence of reaction, the eye remains normal or there is a slight reddening of the conjunctiva and tearing. In case of a doubtful reaction, the test is repeated after 5-6 days in the same eye. A repeated reaction occurs within 2-5 hours and is usually more pronounced.

An analysis of the incidence of infectious diseases over the past three years showed that in 2006 the following was registered in the household:

Pasteurellosis - 12 cases of calves - 1.28% (of all detected cases of animals with infectious diseases on the farm);

Emphysematous carbuncle - 2 cases of disease in cows -0.21%

Rabies - 1 case of bull disease - 0.1%;

Random illness of horses - 5 heads (one stallion and four mares) - 0.53%;

Leukemia - 915 RID-positive cows were detected - 97.86%.

In 2007, the incidence of infectious diseases was:

Pasteurellosis - 10 cases of morbidity in calves - 1.73%;

Random illness of horses - one head (mare) - 0.17%;

Leukemia - 565 RID-positive cows were detected - 98.09%.

In 2008, the incidence was:

Salmonellosis - 23 cases of disease in piglets - 9.7%;

Rabies - 1 cow - 0.42%;

Leukemia - 213 RID-positive cows - 89.87%.

The autumn blood test for RID in the district veterinary laboratory showed only 32 positively reacting cows, which accounted for 3.7% of the total number of cows and heifers older than 6 months of age.

Table 2.

Morbidity, mortality and forced slaughter of cattle from viral leukemia

It should be noted that the farm, as well as the region as a whole, is in the threatened zone for rabies, there are sporadic cases of disease in dogs and cats in the city and region. The natural focus of rabies are foxes, which are found in large numbers in local forests. The regional veterinary station is constantly fighting rabies.

In 2005, an outbreak of mating disease in horses was registered on the farm. The source of the infection was an imported mare from the neighboring Karmaskaly region, which did not undergo proper veterinary control and belonged to a private individual.

2.5 MEASURES FOR THE PREVENTION AND ELIMINATION OF VIRUS LEUKEMIA OF CATTLE IN THE SPK "INTERNATIONAL" OF THE ISHIMBAY DISTRICT

REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN

According to the requirements of the legislation, the following activities are carried out in disadvantaged farms:

1. Improving measures in farms disadvantaged by leukemia, incl. farm (department, farm, barnyard), is carried out by isolating infected VLKRS and immediately handing over sick animals for slaughter.

Based on the results of a serological study obtained before the start of recreational activities, options for combating leukemia are determined.

2. In farms where up to 10% of animals infected and sick with leukemia are detected, they are immediately handed over for slaughter.

Subsequent serological studies of animals of this herd are carried out every 3 months with the obligatory removal of infected animals.

3. In a farm where up to 30% of cows and heifers infected with VLCR are detected, the latter are placed separately from healthy animals in departments, a farm, a barnyard.

Infected animals are examined every 6 months by a hematological method for leukemia. Animals with blood changes characteristic of leukemia are recognized as sick, isolated and handed over for slaughter.

Cows and heifers not infected with the leukemia virus are subsequently examined only by the serological method with an interval of 3 months. After each study, newly identified positively responding animals are transferred to the group of infected cows.

4. In a farm where more than 30% of cows and heifers infected with VLCR are detected and there are no conditions for conducting recreational activities in accordance with paragraph 3, all adult animals are examined only by the hematological method every 6 months.

At the same time, work is organized to create a herd free from VLKRS by replacing infected cows with healthy animals.

5. In all categories of farms where an infection caused by the leukemia virus is established, breeding and replacement heifers are reared separately from adult livestock on specialized farms or in isolated calf houses, controlling their well-being in relation to infection by a serological method.

The first serological examination of blood sera of animals is carried out at the age of 6 months, and subsequent - every 6 months.

When identifying animals infected with VLKRS, they are transferred to the fattening group.

6. From departments, farms, farms recovering from leukemia, it is allowed to sell animals at least 9 months old, provided that they were grown in isolation from adult animals in separate rooms and examined by serological method with negative results.

7. For transplantation of zygotes, cows are selected - donors and recipients free from the bovine leukemia virus.

8. If sick animals are found in individual farms, they are slaughtered, and the rest of the livestock is kept isolated from animals belonging to other owners of a dysfunctional settlement.

Milk and dairy products may not be freely sold.

9. In farms (farms) recovering from leukemia, disinfection of livestock premises and equipment is carried out in accordance with the established procedure for veterinary disinfection of livestock facilities. For disinfection, a 2% hot solution of formaldehyde, a 2% hot solution of caustic soda, etc. are used. Particular attention is paid to places and objects contaminated with blood. Manure and sewage are disposed of in the prescribed manner.

10. Farms, including farms of citizens, are considered to be rehabilitated after the withdrawal of all sick and infected animals and receiving two consecutive, with an interval of 3 months, negative results in a serological examination of the entire population of animals older than 6 months of age, as well as the implementation of sanitation measures premises and territories of farms (1, 10, 11, 12, 13).

At the dairy complex, where 678 heads of cattle were kept, 135 heads of cows free from VLKRS were collected in one body. Subsequently, these cows became the core for the restoration of the herd. We organized a separate paddock for this group in order to avoid possible contact between sick and healthy cows. The bulls were collected in a separate herd and transferred to a fattening group. Completely switched to artificial insemination. At the same time, young animals up to 6 months old were separated into a separate farm in the Basmanovka department, where they were kept as replacement young animals until serological studies were carried out after reaching 6 months of age. RID-negative heifers were transferred to the dairy complex, forming a group of replacement young animals from them to replenish the herd. RID-positive were transferred to fattening groups. Seropositive cows of the dairy complex were gradually replaced by heifers free from VLKRS. Serological and hematological studies of the entire livestock were carried out regularly twice a year. A feature of the proposed method is the timely drinking of colostrum from virus-infected cows, followed by separate keeping of calves obtained from mother cows positive for hematological parameters.

Parallel to this work, the recovery of a private herd was going on, where in 2005 37% of animals infected with FLV were registered. Thanks to the support of the director of the SPK "International" Gallyamov Airat Agzamovich, citizens had the opportunity to exchange free of charge VLKRS positive cows and heifers for uninfected ones from the main herd of the farm. Thanks to the efforts made, it was possible to completely free two of the three departments of the economy from leukemia, the number of cattle belonging to the inhabitants of the village of Isheeva completely recovered from leukemia. To date, there are 32 cows in the Zalivnoye department that are positively reacting to RID, which will soon be slaughtered. Currently, the issue of assigning the status of a breeding farm to the farm for breeding black-motley breed of cattle is being resolved.

PLAN OF ACTIONS TO REVIEW SPK "INTERNATIONAL" FROM VIRUS LEUKEMIA OF CATTLE FOR 2009

I .General information

Number of animals on the farm: cattle - 861.

By what method the diagnosis was established: serological, histological, hematological examination.

Number of identified animals: 32 heads (2008).

II . Measures to improve the economy

A. Animal testing for leukemia.

Kind of animal

including quarters.

I

II

III

IV

cattle

861

861

861

B. Disinfection

month

Animal farms

calf houses

Maternity rooms

January

V

V

April

V

V

V

July

V

V

V

October

V

V

V

B. Organization and implementation of sanitary measures.

Work

Location

Deadlines

responsible persons

Construction of an insulator

Territory MTF №2

3 months

Dairy complex manager, construction team, veterinarians

Card construction

Territory of the calf

1 month

Build brigade, foreman MTF No. 2

Construction of a cattle burial ground

The territory of the animal burial ground

1 month

Construction team, foreman, veterinary worker

Installation of equipment for milk pasteurization

Dairy complex

5 months

Chief veterinarian of the farm, engineer, mechanics

D. Plan for the slaughter of animals of the leukemic isolation room

Kind of animal

Total

Number of animals to be delivered by quarters

I

II

III

IV

cattle

32

20

12

0

0

E. Plan for rearing healthy young animals and importing healthy animals into the farm

Kind of animal

Where will it be raised

Total

I

II

III

IV

calves

Calf MTF №3

56

56

56

56

56

Heifers (Vologda breed)

Orenburg region

120

60

60

2.6 COST EFFECTIVENESS OF VETERINARY ACTIVITIES ON THE FARM

An analysis of the economic damage and the cost of health-improving measures during the period of trouble for leukemia was carried out.

The damage from the case amounted to: Y=1*400*50-50=19950 rubles. – damage from the death of one cow in 2005.

400 kg - animal weight

50 rub. - cash proceeds from the sale of slaughter products or cadaveric raw materials (skin)

Damage from forced slaughter in 2005 amounted to: Y=67*400*50-1005000=335000 rubles. – damage from the forced slaughter of cows in 2004.

67 - the number of forcedly killed animals in 2005.

50 rub. - purchase price of a unit of production

1005000 - cash proceeds from the sale of slaughter products (75 rubles / kg * 13400 kg of meat)

Damage from forced slaughter in 2006 amounted to: Y=88*400*50-1320000=440000 rubles. – damage from the forced slaughter of cows in 2005.

88 - the number of forced slaughtered animals in 2006.

400 kg. - average weight of one animal

50 rub. - purchase price of a unit of production

1320000 - cash proceeds from the sale of slaughter products (75 rubles / kg * 17600 kg of meat)

Damage from forced slaughter in 2007 amounted to: Y=57*400*50-855000=285000 rubles. – damage from the forced slaughter of cows in 2007.

57 - the number of forced slaughter of animals in 2007.

400 kg. - average weight of one animal

50 rub. - purchase price of a unit of production

855000 - cash proceeds from the sale of slaughter products (75 rubles / kg * 11400 kg of meat)

Damage from forced slaughter in 2008 amounted to: Y=15*400*50-225000=75000 rubles. – damage from the forced slaughter of cows in 2008.

15 - the number of forcedly killed animals in 2008.

400 kg. - average weight of one animal

50 rub. - purchase price of a unit of production

225000 - cash proceeds from the sale of slaughter products (75 rubles / kg * 3000 kg of meat)

Y+ Y+ Y+ Y= 1,135,000 rubles – Damage from forced slaughter in the last 4 years

The damage from the lack of milk in 2005 amounted to:

Y \u003d 915 * (12-9) * 300 * 10 \u003d 8235000 rubles.

915 number of cows with VLCR

The damage from the lack of milk in 2006 amounted to:

Y \u003d 565 * (12-9) * 300 * 10 \u003d 5085000 rubles.

565 number of cows with VLCR

12 l. – average daily productivity from one healthy cow

9l. – average daily productivity from one sick cow

300days - length of lactation

10 rub. – purchase price of a liter of milk

The damage from the lack of milk in 2007 amounted to:

Y \u003d 213 * (12-9) * 300 * 10 \u003d 1917000 rubles.

213 - number of cows with VLCR

12 l. – average daily productivity from one healthy cow

9l. – average daily productivity from one sick cow

300days - length of lactation

10 rub. – purchase price of a liter of milk

The damage from the lack of milk in 2008 amounted to:

Y \u003d 32 * (12-9) * 300 * 10 \u003d 288,000 rubles.

32 - the number of cows with VLCR

12 l. – average daily productivity from one healthy cow

9l. – average daily productivity from one sick cow

300days - length of lactation

10 rub. – purchase price of a liter of milk

Y+ Y+ Y+ Y= 15525000 rub. – Loss from lack of milk in the last 4 years

The damage from the lack of offspring in 2005 amounted to:

Y=(1*982-687)*1500=442500

982 - possible contingent of queens for brood

687 - number of calves actually born

The damage from the lack of offspring in 2006 amounted to:

Y=(1*862-603)*1500=388500

1 - coefficient for cattle

862 - possible contingent of queens for brood

603 - the number of calves actually born

1500 rub. - value of offspring at birth

The damage from the lack of offspring in 2007 amounted to:

Y=(1*875-612)*1500=394500

1 - coefficient for cattle

875 - possible contingent of queens for brood

612 - the number of calves actually born

1500 rub. - value of offspring at birth

The damage from the lack of offspring in 2008 amounted to:

Y=(1*829-580)*1500=373500

1 - coefficient for cattle

829 - possible contingent of queens for brood

580 - number of calves actually born

1500 rub. - value of offspring at birth

Y+ Y+ Y+ Y= 1599000 rub. - Damage from the lack of offspring for the last 4 years

Table 3

Economic damage caused by bovine viral leukemia.

Determining the cost of veterinary activities

The source of initial data for determining the costs of veterinary measures is the standard cost of veterinary drugs at the prices of zoovetsnab as of December 2008, the remuneration of veterinary specialists in the SEC "International", accounting documents.

Table 4

Event costs

for the eradication of viral leukemia in cattle

Determination of probable economic damage:

7586 * 0.22 * 24.09 \u003d 4016356.1152 rubles.

7586 - the total number of animals subjected to prophylaxis

1725/7586=0.22 – potential incidence rate

18278950/7586=2409.56 coefficient of economic damage per one diseased animal in the natural course of the disease

Actual economic damage: - 19950 rubles. from the death of one cow.

The prevented economic damage amounted to:

4016356.1152 - 19950 = 3996406.1152 rubles.

The economic damage of veterinary measures amounted to:

3996406.1152-132235=3864171.1152 rub.

Economic efficiency per one ruble of veterinary costs was: 3864171.1152/132235=29.22 rubles.

3. SAFETY. SAFETY

3.1 ORGANIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL SANITATION

Industrial sanitation - a system of organizational, hygienic and sanitary - technical measures and means to prevent exposure of workers to harmful production factors, GOST 12.02.002-82.

The microclimate is estimated by the following parameters: air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity at the workplace, barometric pressure. According to the four-level regulation system, the microclimate in the livestock buildings of the SPK "International" is equated to relatively uncomfortable - optimal performance is ensured, but unpleasant sensations arise, which is associated with an increase in air humidity (85%) and the accumulation of ammonia due to insufficient ventilation. Measurement parameters of microclimate indicators are presented in Table 5

Table 5

Microclimate parameters

Conclusion: these parameters do not meet the established standards. Increased air humidity and air velocity. In the summer, when the animals are on the pasture, the attendants open the windows to ventilate the premises and improve air exchange.

3.2 ELECTRICAL SAFETY

Electrical safety is a system of organizational and technical measures and means that ensures the protection of people from harmful and dangerous effects electric current, electric arc, electromagnetic field or static electricity.

The electrician servicing the complex SPK "International" has more than 10 years of experience in electrical installations, he is the main responsible person responsible for electrical safety.

All electrical installations of the livestock complex have insulation made of rubber and plastic materials. The insulation strength test is checked by a special device with a megohmmeter - once every one and a half years.

Non-current-carrying metal parts that may be energized have protective earthing - a deliberate electrical connection to earth.

When there is a danger of electric shock in the electrical installation, a protective shutdown occurs - a high-speed protection that provides automatic shutdown.

3.3 FIRE SAFETY

Combustion is a complex physical and chemical process of the interaction of a combustible substance and an oxidizing agent, accompanied by the release of heat and the emission of light.

For combustion to occur, a source of heat, a combustible substance and at least 14% oxygen in the air are needed. Therefore, the fire prevention and suppression system is based on preventing the simultaneous influence of these three factors.

The main factor of fire safety in livestock complexes is the construction of buildings, building structures, load-bearing walls, partitions, decking, hinged panels - from fireproof materials with a fire resistance limit of 2 to 10 hours.

Livestock complex SPK "International" on fire danger technological process belongs to category D.

Fire prevention is a set of measures aimed at preventing fires, preventing the spread of fire, arranging evacuation routes for people and property, and creating conditions for the rapid elimination of a fire.

In the livestock complex of the SPK "International" over the past 20 years, there has not been a single fire, thanks to timely preventive measures:

1. correct layout of buildings;

2. correct installation of the electrical network;

3. prevention of spontaneous combustion of hay, straw, sawdust, peat, coal;

4. Compliance with fire safety rules.

4. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Security environment is the proper disposal of manure and animal carcasses. Manure from the livestock premises of the SPK "International" is collected in a manure storage, where it is disinfected by a biothemic method for a month. After disinfection, the manure is taken to the fields as a fertilizer to increase the productivity of crops.

Responsible for the timely disposal of animal carcasses at the livestock complex is the veterinarian of the livestock farm. Until the previous year, as mentioned earlier, the corpses of animals that died from infectious diseases were taken out by workers of the recycling plant on their vehicles for processing into meat and bone meal. Currently, the corpses are being disposed of in the animal burial ground of the farm.

CONCLUSION

As a result of the measures taken to eliminate viral leukemia in cattle in the SPK "International", the incidence decreased from 87.14% to 3.7%. The economic efficiency of the preventive and anti-leukemic measures taken in a farm that is unfavorable for VLKRS has been studied. A complex of veterinary, sanitary and organizational and economic measures was carried out to eliminate viral leukemia in cattle. The measures taken are effective and they provide a reduction in the incidence of leukemia in livestock with a high return on investment. So, as a result of general and special preventive measures carried out in a farm that is unfavorable for leukemia, economic damage in the amount of 3,996,406 rubles was prevented; economic efficiency per ruble of veterinary costs amounted to 29.22 rubles.

OFFERS FOR THE HOUSEHOLD

1. Timely isolate and perform forced slaughter of newly discovered animals infected with VLCR.

2. Conduct serological blood tests in calves from 6 months of age, followed by separate keeping of infected and non-infected animals.

3. Quarantine and conduct serological blood tests for leukemia of cows and heifers newly admitted to the farm.

4. Continue work on assigning the status of a breeding reproducer to the farm.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Veterinary legislation / ed. HELL. Tretyakov. - M.: Kolos, vol. 1-2, 1972; T.3, 1981; T.4, 1988.

2. Ginsburg A.G., Ivanov A.D. Organization of veterinary business. - M.: Agricultural literature, 1970.

3. Ginsburg A.G. Veterinary service on the farm. - M: Rosselkhoziz-dat, 1977.

4. Ginzburg A.G. Organization and planning of veterinary business. - M: Kolos, 1979.

5. Gulyukin M.I. Ways of transmission of the bovine leukemia virus / M.I. Gulyukin, A.V. Vasin, N.V. Zamaraeva // Veterinary, 1990, No. 1.

6. Gulyukin M.I., Simonyan G.A., Ivanova L.A. and others. Bovine leukemia monitoring system in the Russian Federation// Veterinary Consultant, 2007, No. 17.

7. Organization and economics of veterinary business. / textbook edited by A.D. Tretyakov. - M.: Kolos, 1987.

8. Nikitin I.N., Voskoboinik V.F. Organization and economics of veterinary business. - M.: Vlados, 1999.

9. Nikitin I.N. Workshop on the organization and economics of veterinary business. - M.: Kolos, 1998.

10. Directory of a veterinarian. / N.M. Altukhov, B.A. Afanasiev, B.A. Bashkirov and others - M .: Kolos, 1996.

11. Galeev R.F. Bovine leukemia virus (cultural, infectious and immunogenic properties).- Ufa.: A new style, 2003.

12. Galeev R.F. Leukemia in cattle. - Ufa.: New style, 2006.

13. Epizootology and infectious diseases. / Ed. A.A. Konopatkin. - M.: Kolos, 1993.

Introduction

Act of epizootological and veterinary-sanitary inspection of the economy

Action plan to eliminate the disease

Explanatory note to the action plan

List of used literature

Appendix

Introduction

animal husbandry- one of the branches of agriculture, its share in the gross agricultural output is about 60%. Thus, animal husbandry has a great impact on agriculture as a whole, its economic efficiency.

The development of animal husbandry in the Republic of Belarus is given great importance and is carried out in three main areas:

Creation of a stable forage base, improvement of forage quality.

Selection work, improvement of breeding and productive qualities of animals.

Industrialization and intensification of animal husbandry.

The intensification of production causes the accumulation of a large number of animals in a limited area, which creates conditions for the wide spread of infectious animal diseases. Under such conditions, the importance of veterinary medicine increases many times over, since it allows them to be prevented or eliminated with the maximum economic effect.

Bovine leukemia is a chronic infectious disease of a tumor nature, most often asymptomatic, and if there are signs of malignancy of the process, it manifests itself as lymphocytosis, the formation of tumors in hematopoietic and other organs and tissues.

The causative agent of the disease is an oncogenic RNA-containing virus of exogenous origin, of the retrovirus family, which has a tropism for lymphoid cells and reproduces in them (VLKRS). The virus is unstable external environment. Disinfectants and process pasteurization temperatures are detrimental.

Transmission of VLKRS occurs only with lymphocytes contaminated with this virus in violation of the rules of asepsis and antisepsis during veterinarian manipulations (rectal examination, rectocervical method of insemination, calf tauration, blood sampling, parenteral administration of drugs, etc.); through milk obtained from virus-carrying cows; sires infected with FLV, as well as about 10% of newborn calves can become infected in utero.

In the development of the infectious process of bovine leukemia, 4 stages are distinguished: incubation, asymptomatic, hematological (persistent lymphocytosis) and tumor.

The incubation (hidden) stage (the period from the introduction of VLCR into the animal's body until the appearance of antibodies in the blood) under natural conditions ranges from several weeks to 2 - 3 months.

In the stage of an asymptomatic immune response (carrier), only antibodies to VLKRS are detected in the blood serum by serological methods of research.

The hematological stage is characterized by both the presence of antibodies in the blood serum and relatively persistent leukocytosis and lymphocytosis.

The clinical (terminal, tumor) stage is manifested by the progressive development of tumor changes primarily in the organs of the hematopoietic tissue (spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow), as well as in other organs (liver, kidneys, abomasum, heart, etc.).

The time interval of each stage is extremely variable and depends on many genetic, endogenous and exogenous (environmental) factors.

To diagnose the disease, epizootological, serological, hematological, virological, pathoanatomical and histological research methods are used.

The main method of in vivo diagnosis of leukemia is serological detection of animals at an early stage of the disease or infection with VLCR.

bovine leukemia epidemiological

Preventive and health-improving measures for bovine leukemia are based on regular diagnostic tests and timely separation of virus-carrying animals from unfavorable herds; compliance with the quarantine rules for imported and exported animals; purposeful rearing of healthy young animals of the reproduction group, etc.

Leukemia is registered in most countries of the world. The epizootic nature of the spread and economic losses put forward the problem of bovine leukemia as one of the leading infectious diseases.

The death of animals, disposal of affected organs, and often carcasses, premature culling of livestock, shortage of young animals, dairy products, violation of breeding and selection work, the cost of a complex of anti-leukemia measures and diagnostic studies - this is not a complete list of economic losses from bovine leukemia.

In the early 1990s, bovine leukemia acquired the character of an epizootic. In 1992, during a general serological study of cows for leukemia, 426.1 thousand infected animals were detected in the republic. The most widespread leukemia was in the Vitebsk and Gomel regions. For example, the number of disadvantaged farms with an infection rate of more than 30% in the Vitebsk region reached 238, in the Gomel region - 114, or 47.6 and 27.3 percent of the presence of farms, respectively. In other regions, there were from 11 to 64 such farms.

In 1992, in the Vitebsk region of farms, where there were no seropositive animals, there were 3, and in the Gomel region 2. A particularly difficult situation was noted in Ivatsevichy, Pinsk, Luninets Brest; Polotsk, Glubokoe, Lepel, Verkhnedvinsk, Vitebsk; Oktyabrsky, Mozyrsky, Elsky Gomel; Slutsk, Molodechno Minsk and Slavgorod districts of Mogilev regions. Identification of cows in the above areas during the primary serological study was more than 50%.

In 1992, more than 700 carcasses with changes characteristic of leukemia were detected by the OPVC service of meat processing plants, of which about 68% were disposed of.

Hematological studies carried out by specialists of the republic's veterinary laboratories revealed 22,000 hematologically ill cows.

To date, thanks to the anti-leukemia measures taken, it has been possible not only to stabilize the epizootic situation, but also to eliminate the epizootic of bovine leukemia and create conditions for the elimination of leukemia in the farms of the republic.

As of January 1, 2001, 35.8 thousand cows infected with FLV were kept in the public sector, as well as 13.9 thousand of such animals in the personal use of citizens, which is respectively 3.0% and 2.2% of the availability.

In the republic, the rate of recovery of cattle from leukemia remains, however, due to objective and subjective reasons, a decrease in the rate of elimination of leukemia has recently been noted on individual farms. The reasons for the slowdown in recovery are the joint rearing of young animals, the lack of proper zootechnical registration of animals, the slow replacement of the accumulated seropositive cattle with healthy animals, which was observed by the Progress SKPV during my clinical practice.

1. Act of epizootological and veterinary-sanitary inspection of the economy

ACT

veterinary-sanitary and epizootological examinationSKPV "Progress" Grodno district, Grodno region.

according to the results of the epizootological examination

for leukemia.

The commission consists of: the chief veterinarian of the district Kozlov V.V., the leading veterinarian-episotologist of the district veterinary station Poznyak A.S., the senior veterinarian of the district veterinary station Zenko S.A., the chief veterinarian of the SKPV "Progress" Lis V.M., student-probationer of the 3rd year of the technical school-university of the Vitebsk State Academy of Veterinary Medicine Litvinov A.V. of this date, made a veterinary-sanitary and epizootological examination of the SKPV "Progress" on the subject of clarifying the situation on leukemia of large horned lambing.

The following was established;

1.The farm on 3 farms: No. 1, No. 2, No. 3 contains 2179 heads of cattle, incl. on 'F. No. 1 - 380 heads and 38 heads of young cattle, f. No. 3 - 562 head and 56 head of young cattle, f. No. 2 - 1135 heads of cattle. The number of animals of other species and their distribution by sex and age groups is attached (Appendix No. 1).

.The maintenance of cows on f. No. 1 and on f. No. 3 is tethered, with a flow-shop organization of labor. These farms contain dairy herd animals and young cattle up to 1.5 months of age. On 'F. No. 2 contains young cattle of all sex and age groups from 1.5 months of age, heifers and fattening animals. The content is loose, in group pens.

3.The availability of fodder in the winter period is satisfactory, fodder is stored in the immediate vicinity of the farms. Dairy herd daily ration: haylage 15kg, silage 10kg, mixed grass hay 5kg, flour (rye + oats) 2kg, fodder beet 5kg, mash 7l. ) 0.5 kg, fodder beet 5 kg, mash 5 l. Feed preparation for feeding is not carried out. Distribution of feed by a mobile feed distributor, watering from individual automatic drinkers.

.Silage, haylage, beets are stored in specially equipped trenches, hay in wolves under a canopy, flour in a dry, ventilated barn.

5.for storage mineral fertilizers and pesticides there are specially built, according to sanitary standards, premises. Pesticides are consumed according to the instructions for their use in agriculture.

6.In the premises, mechanized manure cleaning is used, using a scraper conveyor, then the manure is transported to the manure storage. Each livestock farm has a manure storage, where biothermal manure disinfection takes place. In winter, composts are immediately made, which are then taken to the fields.

.During the grazing period, livestock grazing is carried out on cultural pastures allocated annually for this purpose, equipped with containers for drinking water. Pastures, according to crop rotation, are plowed up and sown with grasses.

8.Milk from cows of farms No. 1 and No. 3 is supplied to the Grodno dairy. For the population of the farm and to the kindergarten - the plant, milk is released from farms No. 1 and No. 3 in raw form. Animal productivity data are shown in Appendix 2.

9.The acquisition of herds is carried out at the expense of their own reproduction, using artificial insemination, and the purchase of breeding stock.

.Many animals do not have ear tags.

.The sanitary condition of the premises, the conditions for feeding animals are satisfactory. The farms are fenced, except for one room of farm No. 3, which is located at a distance of 400-500 meters from the named farm. Sanitary checkpoints on farm No. 1 and No. 3 are not available on farm No. 2 in a non-working condition. There are no disinfection barriers, disinfection mats on all farms. There are no quarantine departments and insulators on the farm.

.Disinfection of livestock buildings is carried out quarterly, whitewashing once a year. Disinsection and deratization is carried out irregularly.

.In the event of the death of animals, the corpses are taken to the cattle cemetery, despite the ban on its use.

.Forced slaughter is carried out on the slaughter site, but it is not equipped, and is a piece of land covered with straw.

.Biostimulants, feed antibiotics and probiotics are not used on the farm. Fortifications, microelement treatments are carried out regularly.

16.SKPV "Progress" is unfavorable for the following infectious diseases - in pigs: Aujeszky's disease, erysipelas, salmonellosis, pasteurellosis, colibacillosis, hemophilic polyserositis; in cattle: colibacillosis, pasteurellosis, trichophytosis, salmonellosis, leukemia, anthrax.

.All work of veterinarians is carried out according to the plan of veterinary preventive, anti-epizootic and diagnostic measures, which provides for preventive vaccinations, treatment of animals and diagnostic studies (Appendix 3). On the farm, cattle are vaccinated against colibacillosis, salmonellosis (OKZ vaccine), trichophytosis (TF-130), anthrax.

.In August 2005, during the slaughter of cattle from farm No. 1 at the Grodno meat processing plant, changes characteristic of leukemia were found in carcass I.

19.In 2004, a serological study of the entire livestock of the farm over six months of age was carried out, and two seropositive animals were identified. The seropositive animals identified in the previous study are in the general herd.

.For the period of examination by the Grodno regional veterinary laboratory, 267 seropositive animals were found in the RID, during the hematological examination of these animals, 117 of them were recognized as patients with bovine leukemia.

.Veterinary care for animals on the farm is carried out by 4 veterinary specialists, including two with secondary specialization and two with higher education. During veterinary treatments (labeling, injections, etc.), asepsis rules and antiseptics are not observed.

.The conditions for observing the rules of personal hygiene of livestock workers are satisfactory.

.Veterinary educational work is not carried out on the farm.

CONCLUSION:

1. Based on the data of the meat processing plant and serological and hematological studies for leukemia, animals infected with VLCR were found on the farm on all farms and among all sex and age groups. Therefore, farms No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3 are considered potentially dangerous for lambing leukemia.

The existing conditions and technology for raising animals on the farm contribute to the further spread of leukemia among the cattle population.

In order to eliminate the disease, it is necessary to develop a plan of anti-leukemic measures and take measures to implement it.

The chief veterinarian of the district Kozlov V.V.

Leading veterinarian-episotologist of the district

veterinary station Poznyak A.S.

Senior veterinarian of the district

veterinary station Zenko S.A.

Chief veterinarian of the SKPV "Progress" Lis V.M.

Internship student of the 3rd year of NISPO

Vitebsk State Academy

veterinary medicine Litvinov A.V.

2. Action plan to eliminate the disease

"AGREED": Approved by the executive committee

Chief veterinarian

Grodno district of the Grodno district council

deputies

"30" August2005 d. Protocol N 55

from " 30 "august2005 G.

PLAN

measures to eliminate leukemia

in SKPV "Progress"

Grodno district, Grodno region

I.GENERAL INFORMATION

On the day of drawing up the plan, the farm has: 2179 heads of cattle, including: 942 cows, heifers over 2 years old 155 young animals of the current year of birth 155 heads, adult cattle for fattening and young animals born in previous years 500. Conditions for keeping animals (conditions of livestock farms, feeding rations, etc.):

described in the act of veterinary-sanitary and epizootological examination.

II.EPIZOOTOLOGICAL DATA

Animal species affected by bovine disease

Unfavorable points of farm economy No. 1, No. 2, No. 3.

The number of susceptible animals in them is 2179 goals.

Animals fell ill from the beginning of the infection 117 goals, incl. by species and age groups of cows - 81 heads, young animals - 12 heads, animals for fattening 24, of which 0 heads fell. Killed 0 goals, left sick on the day the plan was drawn up 117 goals, incl. by species and age groups, cows - 81 heads, young animals (6-9 months) - 12 heads, fattening animals - 24.

Based on the data of the meat processing plant and serological and hematological studies for leukemia, a diagnosis was made - bovine leukemia.

III. List of measures to eliminate the disease

PLAN of measures to eliminate VLKRS in the SKPV "Progress" of the Grodno region

№п\пName of measures Deadline Responsible for implementation 1. Declare the farm unfavorable for bovine leukemia and impose restrictions on the farm, indicating the epizootic focus of the disease, unfavorable points.30. 08. 2005 Executive Committee of the District Council of Deputies. The chief veterinarian of the district. 2. Provide the animals with adequate feeding, optimize the microclimate conditions in livestock buildings. For the period of restriction, the Director of the farm, the chief livestock specialist. 3. Fence all livestock and utility rooms.30. 08. 2005 Director of the farm, chief livestock specialist 4. Maintain sanitary order in the premises. Constantly Chief veterinarian 5. Equip disinfection barriers at the entrance to the farm, and disinfection mats at the entrance to the premises, keep them in working condition.30. 08. 2005 Chief veterinarian Director of the farm 6. Prohibit the exit of service personnel from the epizootic focus in working clothes and shoes without sanitization. For the period of restrictions Director of the farm Chief veterinarian Prohibit the slaughter and regrouping of animals within the farm without the permission of veterinarians. For the period of restrictions Director of the farm Chief veterinarian 9. Prohibit the departure of transport without decontamination. For the period of restrictions Chief veterinarian 10 Prohibit the export of feed from a disadvantaged point. For the period of restrictions, the chief veterinarian of the district12 Provide employees with special clothing, safety shoes, and a sufficient amount of disinfectants.30. 08. 2005Director of the farm Chief veterinarian13Restore the numbering of animals on the farm.30. 08. 2005 permanent chief livestock specialist14 Organize strict observance of asepsis rules during veterinary and zootechnical processing of animals.30. 08. 2005 Chief veterinarian chief livestock specialist15 Serologically examine the animals of the infected herd for leukemia and divide the herd into 2 groups: the first (seronegative) animals free from FLV, in the blood serum of which specific antibodies to the virus were not detected; the second (seropositive) animals infected with FLV, in the blood serum of which specific antibodies to the leukemia virus were found.30. 08. 2005 Chief veterinarian of the district Chief veterinarian of the farm 16 Seropositive animals with clinical and hematological (after the first examination) manifestations of leukemia should be recognized as sick, isolated and slaughtered within 15 days. Hematological examinations should be carried out once a year.30. 08. 2005-15. 09. 2005 Chief veterinarian of the farm Director of the farm 17 Calves of the last calving, obtained from cows recognized as sick, should be transferred to fattening groups and isolated in a separate room.30. 08. 2005 Chief veterinarian of the farm, chief livestock specialist18 Calves obtained from seropositive and seronigative animals should be fed with mothers' colostrum for 10 days, then isolated from mothers and fed with pasteurized or boiled milk, examined serologically at 6, 12, 18 months of age, before transfer to the main herd.30. 08. 2005 Chief veterinarian of the farm, chief livestock specialist19 Organize separate breeding of offspring from seropositive and seronegative animals.30. 08. 2005 Chief veterinarian of the farm, chief zootechnician 09. 2005 Chief veterinarian of the farm, chief livestock specialist21 Milk from cows with clinical and hematological signs of leukemia, after boiling, use only on the farm for animal fattening. For the period of restrictions Chief veterinarian of the farm, chief livestock specialist22 including for watering heifers after pasteurization in the usual technological mode. For the period of restrictions, Director of the farm Chief veterinarian of the farm 23 Milk from seronegative cows of the herd being healed should be delivered to the dairy without restrictions. until two negative results are obtained in a row. For the period of restrictions, the head veterinarian of the farm25 7 days. For the period of restrictions Chief veterinarian of the farm 26 Carry out explanatory work on leukemia with livestock workers and the population 02.09.2005 Chief veterinarian of the farm 27 After the withdrawal of all seropositive animals and two consecutive negative results in the entire group, the herd is considered free from leukemia. district council of deputies.

The plan was:

Chief veterinarian of the SKPV "Progress" Fox. V.M.

Date 22.05.2005

3. Explanatory note to the action plan

In order to increase the natural resistance of animals: Provide animals with full nutrition by introducing table salt and fodder chalk into the daily diet, optimize the microclimate conditions in livestock buildings by repairing ventilation shafts, which will reduce humidity and increase the temperature in the premises.

Disinfection barriers equipped at the entrance to the farm territory should be filled with a 5% aqueous solution of formalin, and at the entrance to the premises, disinfectants should be filled with a 2% solution of caustic sodium, and kept in working condition.

Disinfection in rooms where seronegative animals are kept should be carried out with a 2% solution of sodium hydroxide, as soon as seropositive ones are isolated, but at least once every six days.

Prohibit the exit of service personnel from the epizootic focus in work clothes and shoes, for which purpose provide all workers who have contact with livestock with replaceable overalls, with their mandatory delivery at the end of the working day.

Export of animals from the epizootic focus only to the Grodno meat processing plant. Slaughter and regrouping of animals within the farm should be carried out only under the direct supervision and in the presence of the chief veterinarian of the farm.

Restore the numbering of animals on the farm by marking animals with ear tags.

Strictly observe the rules of asepsis during veterinary and zootechnical processing of animals: taking blood, injecting medicinal substances, branding animals.

All susceptible animals should be examined by a serological method for leukemia and the herd should be divided into 2 groups: the first (seronegative) animals free from FLV, in the blood serum of which specific antibodies to the virus were not detected; the second (seropositive) animals infected with VLCR, in the blood serum of which specific antibodies to the leukemia virus were found. Place a group of seropositive animals in an isolated room at farm #2. Build a fence around the premises. Pets are not allowed to walk. Indoors, carry out daily disinfection with a 2% sodium hydroxide solution. Until 07.09.2005, all animals of this group must be delivered to the Grodno Meat Processing Plant.

Calves of the last calving, obtained from cows recognized as sick, should be transferred to fattening groups and isolated in a separate room on farm No. 2.

Animals (offspring) of older ages from cows recognized as sick should be used depending on the results of their individual serological studies, in case of detection of seropositive ones, isolate them in a separate room on farm No. 2 and hand them over to the Grodno meat processing plant within 15 days.

Milk from cows with clinical and hematological signs of leukemia, after 10 minutes of boiling, should only be used inside the farm for fattening animals located on farm No. 2.

Milk from seropositive cows of the herd being healed should be delivered to a dairy or used on the farm, including for feeding heifers after pasteurization at 76 0C for 20 seconds.

Milk from seronegative cows of the herd being healed should be delivered to the dairy on a common basis.

Manure subjected to biothermal disinfection.

List of used literature

1.Bakulov I.A., Vedernikov V.A., Seminikhin A.L. Epizootology with microbiology / Ed. I.A. Bokulova-M.: Kolos, 2000.-481s.

Burba L.G., Vakilov B.F., Nadtochey G.A. The role of viruses in the epizootology of bovine leukemia.-M.: VNIITEISH, 1976.-66s.

Burba L.G., Kurnakov A.A. Diagnosis of leukemia in farm animals. -M.: Kolos, 1983.-191., ill.

Leukemia in cattle / V.M. Lemesh, A.G. Dragun, V.N. Yakubov, V.P. Luchko. - 2nd ed. revised and additional - Minsk: Urajay, 1986. - 224p.: ill.

Leukemias and malignant tumors of animals / L.G. Burba, A.F. Valikhov, V.A. Garbashov and others - M .: Agropromizdat, 1988.-400s.

Nakhmanson V.N. Leukemia in cattle.-M.: Rosselkhozprod, 1986.-221s., ill.

Epizootology and infectious diseases of agricultural animals / A.A. Konopatkin, A.I. Bakulov, Ya.V. Nuikin and others: Ed. A.A. Konopatkin.-M.: Kolos, 1984.-554p.

Application No. 1

Table 1.

The number of animals and the structure of the herd in the SKPV "Progress" of the Grodno region

Picture and group of animalgod200220032004gol% heads% heads% Cattle (goal) incl. young animals born in previous years64224.250122.650023.2 Pigs - total including 1484100760100.0820100.0 Queens - main15010.110013.1610012.20 age1208.0931241.0518622.68Piglets 2-4 months of age73449.514218.6836444.39Footing stock31621.29445.7912615.37Horses341003310027100Bee

Application No. 2

Table 2.

Animal productivity in the SKPV "Progress" of the Grodno region

Indicators of productive ,2580,2790,328

Application No. 3

The volume of research carried out in the SKPV "Progress" of the Grodno region

Animal species, the name investigations Gody200220032004Krupny cattle were examined for tuberculosis allergicheski451237603662Issledovano on leukemia to leukemia serologicheski425635403460Issledovano gematologich.950796784Issledovano on fascioliasis koproskopicheski152812501225Svini investigated for TB allergicheski217103116Issledovano for leptospirosis serologicheski221124128Issledovano brucellosis serologicheski15713172Issledovano on cryptosporidiosis kaproskopicheski470280350Loshadi Inst. on sap ophthalmic malleinization. 343327

Application No. 4

Executive committee

Grodno district

Council of Deputies

SOLUTION

On the establishment of restrictions and measures

for the elimination of bovine leukemia in the Progress SKPV

Grodno region.

Grodno region

After listening to the information of the chief veterinarian of the Grodno region comrade. Lisa V.M. on the establishment of the disease of cattle with leukemia (the result of research on examination No. 52 of the Grodno regional veterinary laboratory dated August 30, 2005), the executive committee of the Grodno regional Council of Deputies believes that this disease arose in the Progress SKPV as a result of introducing into the main herd without quarantine of untested leukemia of heifers purchased by SEC "Zarechye" of the Grodno region.

In accordance with the requirements of the Veterinary Charter of the Republic of Belarus and guided by the instructions on measures to prevent the elimination of animals, approved by the Decree of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Republic of Belarus dated April 18, 2001 No. 19, the executive committee of the Grodno District Council of Deputies decided:

In order to prevent the spread and eradication of bovine leukemia, to impose restrictions on the Progress SKPV from January 22, 2005

To oblige the director of the SKPV "Progress" on the roads leading to the farm to put up warning boards with the designation "Restrictions on leukemia."

Animals that respond to leukemia testing should be isolated immediately and slaughtered within 15 days.

Prohibit the import and export (except for a meat processing plant) to the territory of a cattle farm, the regrouping of animals within the farm without the permission of the chief veterinarian of the farm, the use of animals sick (reacting) with leukemia and the offspring obtained from them for the reproduction of the herd, the sale of calves to the population for fattening.

The action plan for the elimination of bovine leukemia of the SKPV "Progress" shall be approved.

Responsibility for organizing measures to eliminate leukemia in cattle and prevent measures for its further spread is assigned to the director of the SKPV "Progress" Zhuibok S.M., and the chief veterinarian Lis V.M.

The control over the implementation of this decision shall be entrusted to the chief veterinarian of the district Manuilo A.I.

Chairman of the Grodno

District Council of Deputies I.V. This

Application No. 5

on the implementation of quarantine measures to eliminate leukemia

cattle inSKPV "Progress" Grodno region.

We, the undersigned, senior veterinarian - epizootologist Grodnorayvetstantsii, chief veterinarian GrodnoKozlov V.V., chief veterinarian of the SKPV “Progress” Lis V.M., August 1, 2005; conducted a veterinary-sanitary and epizootological examination of the SKPV "Progress" in connection with the implementation of a full range of measures for the recovery from leukemia.

Restrictions on the SKPV "Progress" were imposed by the Grodno District Council of Deputies on August 30, 2005 on the basis of expertise No. 52 of the Grodno Regional Veterinary Laboratory of 30 August 2005 and the act of the veterinary-sanitary and epizootological examination of the SKPV "Progress"

As established by the survey and confirmed by the primary acts and entries in the journals of veterinary accounting and reporting for the period of restriction, diagnostic, veterinary-sanitary, economic and other measures were carried out in the disadvantaged point, provided for by the action plan for the elimination of leukemia in the Progress SKPV, approved by the Grodno regional executive committee 30 August 2005.

During the time of restriction, 267 responding animals were identified. All of them were handed over to the meat processing plant within 2 weeks after detection. In August 2005, the herd was put on control observation during the year . During this period, the animals were examined four times, with an interval of 3 months, serologically for leukemia, twice in September and October, a hematological examination was performed. As a result of the examinations on August 15, 2005 and September 10, 2005, no one responding to leukemia was identified. Pasteurization of milk was carried out at a temperature of 76°C for 20 seconds. Young animals obtained before the herd was put under control and from reacting cows are slaughtered for meat. Manure is disinfected by biothermal method. Disinfection on the farm was carried out with a 5% aqueous formalin solution or 2% sodium hydroxide solution. After the second control study, sanitary repairs were carried out in the premises with a complete replacement of floors, wooden feeders, disinfection of the surface soil layer with a 3% alkaline solution of formaldehyde, three times whitewashing of walls and ceilings with a 20% suspension of freshly slaked lime.

On the basis of the foregoing and guided by the instructions on measures for the prevention and elimination of animal leukemia approved on April 18, 2001, we consider it possible to remove restrictions from the Progress system.

Chief veterinarian

Grodno region Kozlov V.V.

Chief veterinarian

SKPV "Progress" Lis V.M.

Chief livestock specialist Punko M.F.

Application No. 6

Executive committee

Grodno district

Council of Deputies

SOLUTION

On the removal of restrictions on the CUPP Peskovskoe

unfavorable for leukemia

cattle

In connection with the recovery from bovine leukemia, the Progress SKPV, the Grodno Regional Council of Deputies decided:

1.Remove restrictions on bovine leukemia from the Progress SKPV

2.To oblige the director of the SKPV “Progress” Metyain A.V. strictly observe the preventive measures provided for in the instructions for combating bovine leukemia.

Within 4 years, prohibit the removal of animals from the Progress SKPV for any purpose other than slaughter at a meat processing plant.

Chairman of the Grodno

District Council of Deputies Zhuk B.G.

Secretary of Grodno

District Council of Deputies Buyko A.S.

Application No. 7

№п\п Name of activities Deadline Responsible for implementation 1. Systematic monitoring of the clinical condition of animals For the period of restriction, veterinary specialists of farms. daily veterinary specialists of households, veterinary stations, veterinary laboratories. 08/30/2005 managers, chief livestock specialists, Ch. veterinarians and other specialists of households 4. Do not allow the introduction (importation) into the farm (yard, herd, farm, department, enterprise) of animals not tested for leukemia according to RID. service of agricultural administrations to slaughter. The rest of the animals in this group are kept separately and after 3 months they are examined according to RID until two give negative results. After that, they are used on a common basis. After each import of livestock, the head, chief veterinarians, chief zootechnicians of farms. tailings, vaccinations, insemination, etc.)02. 08. 2005 Animal response of specialists of farms, State Veterinary City 8. Examination of bulls for leukemia by serological method at least 2 times a year with an interval of 6 months. Seropositive animals are slaughtered. Sperm stocks obtained from infected bulls 2 months before the detection of antibodies to VLKRS in them are subject to destruction. 2 times a year with an interval of 6 months. farms.

The authors): O.V. Ivanov, O.Yu. Ivanova / O. Ivanov, O. Ivanova
Organization(s): Ivanovo State Agricultural Academy. academician D.K. Belyaeva, Ivanovo State Agriculture Academy, Ivanovo region veterinary laboratory

UDC 619:616-006.446

Proposed recommendations: five options Wellness actions depending on the infection of the herd by BLV. Improvement of individual and farms are affected by leukemia.

Keywords: bovine leukemia, RID, ELISA, infection rate, seropositive animals, seronegative animals, VLKRb

key words: bovine leukosis, AGID, IFA, the level of infection, seropositive animals, seronegative animals, bovine leukemia virus (BLV)

Leukemia continues to be the most common cattle infection in the Russian Federation. In addition to the direct damage caused by the disease to the economy of farms, the state spends huge amounts of money on the purchase of kits for diagnosing leukemia. On average, about 12-14 million heads of cattle are examined annually by the RID method and 3-4 million heads by the hematological method (V. Borovoy, 2015). In this regard, work to improve the use of diagnostic and rehabilitation methods continues to be relevant. Earlier articles (O.V. Ivanov, O.Yu. Ivanova, “Farm Animals” No. 3, 2014; No. 1, 2015) provided recommendations for improving the efficiency of methods for serological diagnosis of bovine leukemia. Our article is devoted to the search for rational recreational activities in farms of various types. The work took into account the experience of leading scientists of the Russian Federation: Academician M.I. Gulyukina and others (2002, 2008), Vologda scientists A.P. Gorbunova and others (2004), Nizhny Novgorod scientists Yu.P. Smirnova, P.N. Sisyagin, R.E. Kim (2006), as well as foreign colleagues.

Options for managing bovine leukemia

Depending on the epizootic situation and economic feasibility, it is recommended that the recovery of the household be carried out according to several options. Control options are consistent with the results of a serological study of the entire population of animals older than 6 months of age, obtained before the start of recreational activities.

The current Rules for the Prevention and Control of Bovine Leukemia (1999) prescribe three options for combating this infection. We believe that these options are not fully spelled out and require a more balanced and economically sound approach. In this regard, we offer 5 options for improving livestock from leukemia.

Option 1. With the initial infection of the herd up to 2.5% of animals.

Animals infected and ill with leukemia are immediately handed over for slaughter, regardless of the period of pregnancy, productivity, age, live weight and fatness. It is recommended to hand over for slaughter and young animals born from seropositive cows, without waiting for the determination of its status by serological studies. The remaining animals to examine for leukemia serologically: in the reaction of immunodiffusion (RID) - after 45-60 days; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) - after 21-30 days, until a double (consecutive) negative result is obtained. Newly identified animals are to be slaughtered. A control serological study should be carried out after 3 months, and if a negative result is obtained, the farm is recognized as healthy. With this method of rehabilitation, we consider it inexpedient to impose a restriction on the sale of livestock products after the withdrawal of all seropositive animals from the farm.

Option 2. At the initial level of infection 2.5-5% of animals.

All infected animals should be isolated immediately. Take adult seropositive and sick animals to a meat processing plant, transfer young animals to a fattening group, and send calves born from virus-carrying cows to the same place. Serological control is carried out as in the first variant of recovery. With the immediate removal of all seronegative animals from the dairy herd, no restrictions on the output of livestock products should be established.

Option 3. With an initial infection rate of 5 to 10%.

All seropositive animals (cows, heifers, heifers, sires, young animals from seropositive cows) should be placed on a strictly isolated farm (room) with a 10-15% stock of cattle places. Do not inseminate. Young animals after fattening, cows after calving and lactation are sent for slaughter. When sick animals are detected (after hematological studies or on clinical grounds, with two precipitation bands in the RID), they are immediately handed over for slaughter. It is more rational to use milk from seropositive cows for fattening young animals from a dysfunctional yard. Serological control of seronegative livestock should be carried out according to the first option, with the immediate transfer of seropositive animals to a dysfunctional yard. When the infection rate drops to 2.5%, it is recommended to send all seropositive animals for slaughter at the same time. After the sanitation of the premises and the receipt of two consecutive negative results of serological studies (RID; ELISA) with an interval of 3 months, the herd is recognized as healthy. With the immediate isolation of all seropositive dairy cows, restrictions on the sale of products from farms with seronegative animals may not be introduced.

Option 4. With initial infection 10-40%.

Animals are divided into two groups. Seropositive, clinically healthy highly productive cows and heifers, heifers older than 18 months are isolated in a separate room, placed according to age groups, tk. it is more rational to carry out future replacements of infected animals with healthy animals in groups, rows, connected by group drinkers or feed conveyors. Single substitutions are ineffective. Before replacement, check these animals twice a year by the hematological method and monthly - clinically. If sick animals are detected, they are sent for slaughter. The calves of the current year received from them should be transferred to fattening. Do the same with animals that received a double precipitation band (with p24 and gp51) during the study of blood sera in RID. Seropositive young animals up to 18 months of age should be isolated and sent for fattening. Virus-carrying cows suffering from chronic diseases of various etiologies (including gynecological diseases) should be sent to the fattening group and slaughter after calving. If it is economically necessary to use seropositive cows for reproduction, if possible, exclude infection of the reared young animals. Why is it more rational to conduct the first study immediately after birth, before drinking colostrum; precolostral sera are examined by ELISA or RID. Positively reacting heifers and bulls are sent for fattening. Replacement young animals should be examined depending on the method of serological control at 4-5 months after birth (twice with an interval of 1-2 months), then at 11-12 months (twice); 18 months; 2 months after insemination; 1-2 months after calving and transfer to the main group. In the future, the study - according to the scheme adopted in the economy.

For the concentration of seronegative heifers for group replacement, it is desirable to have a separate yard where animals are calved, formed into groups according to productivity, serologically tested for leukemia 2-3 months after calving, and sent to replace seropositive cows. If it is economically possible, according to an accelerated recovery scheme, a one-time or phased replacement of the unfavorable number of cows with imported first-calf heifers or heifers from farms that are safe for infectious diseases is recommended. In this case, do not inseminate seropositive cows, transfer them to camps for the pasture period, fatten them, and hand them over to a meat processing plant in the fall. Prepare the vacant premises (repair, disinfection, disinfestation, deratization) and bring in animals reliably tested for leukemia and other infectious diseases.

With a decrease in the level of infection to 5-10%, carry out rehabilitation according to 2, 3 options. Seronegative animals should be examined according to the scheme proposed in the 1st variant of recreational activities. Infected animals, depending on age and sex, are sent for fattening or to the yard with seropositive animals in the appropriate age group. Seropositive and seronegative animals should not come into contact either directly or indirectly: when walking in winter and grazing in summer, in the maternity ward, during milking and insemination, etc.

A very important social aspect is that in connection with the replacement of full-aged cows, milkmaids in the first two years of recovery need to pay extra for a single heifer.

Option 5. With an initial infection of the herd of more than 40% and a lack of livestock facilities on farms.

At the first stage of the herd recovery, find a way to separate seronegative animals from seropositive ones. If not a separate room, then place RID or ELISA animals in one room (cows, heifers, heifers), if possible, in separate groups on one side or at the end of the farm. These animals will be the basis for the formation of a new herd, moreover, if at such a high level of herd infection they remain immune, then they may have genetic resistance to FLV. Replacement heifers from this group should be kept in isolation, in a separate group. Serological studies of seronegative animals are best carried out by ELISA with an interval of 1-2 months, or by RID with an interval of 2-3 months. Positively responding animals should be immediately removed from the group. Seropositive cows should be examined by hematological method every 6 months, clinically - monthly. Animals with a positive result should be immediately isolated and sent for slaughter, calves from these cows - for fattening. A prerequisite for recovery should be artificial insemination with sperm from seronegative bulls. The culling of seropositive cows should be started from a farm containing both FLV-infected and non-FLV-infected animals. First of all, cull cows suffering from chronic obstetric and gynecological diseases (especially with damage to the uterus), low-productive animals and cows infected with VLCR for more than 2-3 years. The replacement of seropositive cows with healthy animals should be carried out only in groups, parties. Single and small replacements are ineffective and unjustified. If it is economically possible, it is advisable to start equipping a new herd with first-calf heifers or heifers from a reliably prosperous farm, free from infectious diseases. Grazing, walking, milking, maternity ward in without fail should be separate from seropositive animals.

The first serological control of heifers obtained from seropositive cows is recommended to be carried out immediately after birth, by examining the blood serum taken before the first feeding of colostrum from the mother cow (in the absence of mastitis). If newborn heifers were fed colostrum from healthy cows (the stock of which can be kept frozen), then the first study of blood sera in RID is recommended to be carried out after 45-60 days, and by ELISA - one month after birth. If economically possible, calves, regardless of the presence of colostral immunity, can be examined by PCR 15 days after birth. All infected heifers, bulls are isolated, fattened and killed. Under favorable conditions (taking into account the control of the vertical path and minimization of the anthropogenic factor during the transmission of VLCR), approximately 30-40 seronegative replacement heifers can be obtained from one hundred clinically healthy seropositive cows. With infection of the livestock of cows up to 80% and annual introduction into the herd of up to 25% of seronegative heifers (tested in the RID or ELISA 4-5 times - at 4-5, 12, 18 months, before insemination and 2 months after calving), recovery maybe after 3 years, due to self-repair. The terms of recovery can be reduced with partial purchase of replacement young animals in a stationary farm that is safe in terms of infectious diseases.

It is more rational to grow replacement young animals in a separate room or summer camp, and to introduce them to a dysfunctional farm in the fall (October-November) in groups of 30-50-80 heads to the vacated disinfected places. The livestock infected with VLKRS is handed over to the meat processing plant in September after the end of lactation and weight recovery, insemination of these cows after the previous calving is not carried out. Schedules of the order of replacement of the livestock are agreed by zoo veterinarians and made in advance. During recovery, it is more effective at the first stage to eliminate leukemia on large central farms, and then proceed to small peripheral ones.

As an obligatory condition for improving the effectiveness of measures to improve the health of farms with a difficult epizootic situation for leukemia, it is recommended to conduct mass explanatory work among the population and the material interest of specialists and farm workers. And for unauthorized actions, violations that led to a worsening of the situation, it is necessary to punish in administrative and material terms.

With any recovery option, in accordance with the current Rules for the Prevention and Control of Bovine Leukemia (1999), farms, including households of citizens, are considered healthy after the withdrawal of all sick and infected animals and receiving two in a row, with an interval of 3 months, negative results in a serological study of the entire population of animals older than 6 months of age, as well as the implementation of measures for the sanitation of the premises and territory of farms.

Improving measures in individual and farm enterprises disadvantaged for leukemia

All owners of animals with any form of ownership (farms and individual owners) are obliged to ensure that the prescribed current Rules restrictive, organizational, economic, special and sanitary measures to prevent leukemia in animals, as well as to eliminate the epizootic focus of leukemia in the event of its occurrence. At the same time, a set of measures to preserve the welfare of livestock of individual owners and farms for bovine leukemia has a number of features.

1. The owner is obliged:

Present at the request of veterinary specialists all necessary information about acquired animals and create conditions for their examination, research and processing;

Timely inform the veterinary service about all cases of illness in animals with suspected leukemia (enlargement of superficial lymph nodes, emaciation, exophthalmos).

2. Keep the acquired animals in quarantine for 1-2 months and test for leukemia by serological method twice (ELISA with an interval of 1 month; RID - after 45-60 days); PCR method - once. If animals infected with VLCR are detected, return them to the place of purchase or send them for slaughter with compensation for the costs to the former owners of the animals.

3. When choosing animals, especially when living in an ecologically unfavorable territory, it is advisable to purchase cattle of breeds genetically resistant to leukemia - Swiss, Simmental, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Red Gorbatov. Animals of the Black-and-White, Holstein, Ayrshire, Kholmogory breeds have a relatively increased genetic predisposition to leukemia.

4. When organizing artificial or natural insemination, use the services of those animal owners in whose farm bulls are checked for leukemia by the serological method at least twice a year with an interval of 6 months.

5. Animals belonging to citizens living on the territory of farms or settlements are examined for leukemia simultaneously with this work on farms, as well as in cases of suspected animal disease with leukemia. Responsibility for the reliability and timeliness of diagnostic studies is borne by veterinary specialists of farms and directors of veterinary laboratories.

6. Control over the implementation of measures for the prevention and control of bovine leukemia is carried out by state veterinary inspectors of the districts, who at the preliminary stage should carry out explanatory work among the local population about the disease of animals with leukemia, about the proposed measures to conduct a complex of recreational activities with the involvement mass media.

7. In the event of official notification of infection or disease with leukemia, animal owners (regardless of ownership) are required to ensure that the restrictive measures provided for by these Rules for the Prevention and Control of Bovine Leukemia (1999) are carried out to eliminate epizootic of the focus of leukemia with the allocation of the necessary material, technical and financial resources.

8. In individual farms, when sick and infected with VLCR animals are detected, veterinary specialists notify the owners of the animals and offer them a plan of health measures.

9. If patients (with clinical or hematological manifestations of leukemia) are detected, animals are immediately isolated and handed over to the sanitary slaughterhouse of a meat processing enterprise. The issued veterinary certificate (certificate) must indicate that the animal is sick with leukemia. Cattle infected with VLKRS (RID+, ELISA+) are slaughtered at the enterprises of the meat processing industry on a common basis.

10. Until the elimination of the disease, the owner is obliged to keep the animals in isolation, while preventing contact of infected animals with healthy livestock. All movements of livestock are carried out with the consent of the veterinary service. Restrictions will be lifted after the obligatory removal of infected animals and the receipt of two consecutive negative results of serological testing (RID-, ELISA-) of the rest of the cattle population with an interval of 3 months.

11. Under the control of the state veterinary service, it is recommended to organize assistance for owners of animals infected with VLCR in the delivery of livestock to a meat processing plant or its replacement with healthy heifers, first-calf heifers, cows from farms safe for leukemia.

12. Milk and dairy products of infected animals may not be sold freely. Milk (cream, cottage cheese and other dairy products) from infected cows of an individual farm may be disinfected directly on the spot by pasteurization in the usual mode, and in the absence of pasteurizers, by boiling. After disinfection, milk is used without restrictions.

Milk obtained from cows with leukemia, delivered to the market, is subject to destruction after boiling for 30 minutes, or by adding 5% formaldehyde, creolin, under the supervision of a veterinarian in the presence of the owner, with the obligatory preparation act in two copies.

14. In farms recovering from leukemia, disinfection of livestock buildings and equipment is carried out. For disinfection, a 2% hot solution of formaldehyde, a 2% hot solution of caustic soda, a 2% solution of bleach are used.

Conclusion

Leukemia can be attributed to the category of controlled infections, the spread of which is largely associated with the human (anthropogenic, iatrogenic) factor. Modern methods diagnostics, the development of conditions conducive to their effectiveness, evidence-based measures for the elimination of the disease offered by the leading teams of scientific institutions of the Russian Federation, and their own experience have shown their cost-effectiveness and validity.

The main goal of the proposed recommendations is to equip a specialist with knowledge and provide practical assistance in the development and elimination of leukemia in agricultural production, and for a non-specialist to understand the depth of the scientific, social and economic problems associated with the disease in cattle leukemia.

Literature

1. Borovoy V. Problems of prevention and elimination of bovine leukemia in the territory of the Russian Federation. V. Borovoy / / Farm Animals, - 2015. - No. 1. - P. 30-33.

2. Gorbunov A.P. Bovine leukemia in the Vologda region (epizootology, diagnostics, control measures) / A.P. Gorbunov, A.P. Kuznetsov. - Vologda-Milk. - ITs VGMHA, 2004. - 70 p.

3. Gulyukin M.I. Development of effective measures against bovine leukemia / M.I. Gulyukin, L.A. Ivanova, N.V. Zamaraeva and others // Veterinary, - 2002. - No. 12. - P.3-8.

4. Gulyukin M.I. Features of the infectious process induced by the bovine leukemia virus / M.I. Gulyukin, A.F. Valikhov, V.M. Nachmanson, L.A. Ivanova and others // Veterinary Consultant, - 2008. - No. 19. - P.7-9.

5. Ivanov O.V. The quality of serological diagnostics is a guarantee of herd recovery from bovine leukemia // Farm Animals, - 2014. - No. 3. - S. 26-30.

THEM. V. T. KOTOVA
The system of health-improving measures for viral leukemia of cattle in CJSC "Promkore" of the Ramonsky district of the Voronezh region

6group
Checked:__________________

___________________________
VORONEZH 2006

Introduction………………………………………………………………………..3

1. 
   Act of epizootological examination of CJSC "Promcor"

1. 
   General characteristics of Promcor CJSC……………………………..6

8

9

1.4 Additional research…………………………………….…...23

1.5 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..23

1.6 Commission proposals………………………………………………….24

1. 
   Plan of anti-epizootic measures…………………………...……30

1. 
   Schedule of activities for the elimination of viral leukemia of cattle in CJSC Promkor…………………………..25

1. 
   Explanatory note to the plan………………………………………...……29
2. 
   Bibliographic list…………………………………………………..32

Appendix…………………………………………………………………..34

Introduction.

Bovine leukemia viral leukemia (BLV) is classified as a disease of a tumor nature - hemoblastoses, the main symptom of which is the malignant growth of hematopoietic tissue cells and impaired maturation.

The causative agent of this infectious pathology is an RNA-containing oncogenic virus belonging to the genus Oncovirus type C of the Retroviridae family. The virus is morphologically similar to the causative agents of leukemia in animals of other species, there is one serovariant, to which sheep and goats are also susceptible.

Bovine leukemia is currently widespread in almost all regions of our country and abroad (Great Britain, Portugal, Philippines, Italy, France, Germany, USA, Canada, Turkey, Greece, South Africa, etc.). The most intensive defeat of animals by the bovine leukemia virus occurs in dairy herds.

Leukemia causes enormous economic damage to the national economy, which is associated with the premature culling of high-value animals (lack of livestock products); death of animals and disposal of carcasses at meat processing plants; the cost of disadvantaged farms for recreational activities; restrictions imposed on farms in case of trouble (such losses are especially noticeable in breeding farms); exclusion from breeding work of clinically healthy animals - descendants of parents with leukemia (loss of valuable genetic lines); withdrawal from the bank and disposal of the accumulated sperm of breeding bulls with leukemia confirmed post-lethally, and the cost of their purchase and maintenance.

The first cases of leukemia were described in Germany in humans (1845), horses and pigs (1858) and cattle (1878).

The term "leukemia" was first used by Ellerman in 1918 to refer to avian leukemia. Later, similar diseases in cattle became known as leukemia. In the literature, you can find other terms denoting this disease: leukemia, lymphosarcoma, malignant lymphoma, lymphoblastosarcoma, lymphocytomatosis, histiocytic sarcoma, etc. However, the names leukemia, leukemia, lymphosarcoma are most used. In the specialized literature and in government documents, the term "leukemia" is generally recognized.

Recently, cases of registration of leukemia among sheep, pigs, horses have become more frequent. Therefore, the fight against leukemia in farm animals is a matter of national importance, and extensive scientific research to elucidate a number of etiological and pathogenetic data is becoming increasingly relevant.

Successful solution of issues that could significantly increase the effectiveness of preventive and health-improving anti-leukemic measures is possible only if there is more complete data on the cause and mechanism of malleinization of hematopoietic tissue cells.

When studying the features of the manifestation of the leukemia process, it can be assumed that its development is in close relationship with many directly or indirectly affecting endo- and exogenous factors. The development of the leukemic process is promoted primarily by genetic and endogenous, as well as exogenous chemical and physical factors.

In recent years, the volume of scientific research has significantly expanded and new data have been obtained on the organization of preventive and anti-epizootic measures, which make it possible to effectively design a system of health-improving anti-leukemia measures, depending on the degree of damage to the unfavorable herd.

However, they are still far from perfect and require scientific and production features of leukemia epizootics.

In this regard, the study of the epizootic process in leukemia and, on this basis, the improvement of the system of recreational activities, taking into account regional characteristics, is very relevant.

1. Act of epizootological examination of CJSC "Promkor"

1. 
   General characteristics of ZAO Promkor.

CJSC Promcor is located in the village of Novozhivotinnoye, Ramonsky District, Voronezh Region

The epizootological examination of the farm was carried out by a commission, which included: the chief state veterinary inspector of the Ramonsky district Evteev A.T., the chief veterinarian of Promkor CJSC Verba N.N., the chief livestock specialist of Promkor CJSC Ivanov V.F., the director of the ITF Bulavina Z .I., 5th year student of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Voronezh State Agrarian University named after K.D. Glinka Andreev M.M. The survey of the farm took place on September 14, 2005, an appropriate act of epizootic survey was drawn up in order to develop a calendar plan for a set of measures aimed at eliminating chronic infectious pathology - viral leukemia in cattle (Appendix 1).

The village of Novozhivotinnoye is located 18 km. from Ramon and 27 km. from Voronezh in a northerly direction, territorially borders on the villages of Medovka, Starozhivotinnoye, Gvozdyovka, town. Ramon with these items from. Novozhivotinnoye is connected by roads of district and regional significance. The location of the farm is characterized by a temperate continental climate, with warm summer and moderately cold winters, typical for central Russia.

CJSC "Promkor" has a dairy and meat specialization, established economic and industrial relations with the Voronezh dairy plant, the Voronezh meat processing plant for the sale of pork. It also has its own slaughterhouse and sausage shop, where sausage is produced and sold at retail.

The main indicators of the production of the livestock department at the beginning of 2005 (January) are shown in Table 1.
Table 1.

The main indicators of the livestock department for January 2005.

Production figures	Quantity
Number of cattle including cows, heads heifers, naked older heifer, goal. young of different ages, head. sires, head	967
Milk production, kg	1366500
Number of forage cows, heads	320
Average annual milk yield per 1 forage cow, l	4192
Calves received, total, goal.	85
average daily gain,	715

In CJSC "Promkor" with. Novozhivotinnoe contains a total of 967 heads of Simmental, Red-and-White and Black-and-White breeds of cattle, of which 320 cows, 100 heifers, 70 older heifers, 472 heads of young of different ages, 5 bulls-producers. Bulls are kept together with cows. The farm is supplied with animals from the livestock grown within its boundaries. There have been no receipts of animals from other farms to CJSC Promcor over the past 3 years.

In winter and summer, the dairy herd of the farm is housed in 4 barns on the territory of CJSC Promkor, during the day the cows exercise on walking grounds. Young cattle are housed in 3 calves on the territory of the farm, do not use grazing, and are also kept in the warm season on walking yards. Water supply is centralized, watering is carried out from automatic drinkers.
1.2 Organization of veterinary services and sanitary characteristics of Promcor CJSC.

The staff of veterinary specialists of Promcor CJSC consists of: chief veterinarian Verba N.N., veterinary paramedics - Kozalskikh A.V. and Mikhailova N.I., who have the appropriate qualifications.

All livestock is housed on one farm in 7 rooms. Animals are kept in 2-row barns, tethered. Calves up to 20 days of age are kept individually on a leash, then at 1.5-2 months of age they are combined into groups of 10-12 heads.

Ventilation in livestock buildings is natural pipeless.

Sawdust, wood shavings, straw are used as bedding. The diet of feeding cows and calves includes vetch-oat silage, hay (rump-alfalfa), barley straw, haylage, concentrates, vitamin and mineral supplement Felucin.

The veterinary service of the farm is staffed, receives the necessary biological products and medicines, disinfectants, tools. The farm has a veterinary station, which consists of a pharmacy, a room with a refrigeration unit for storing biological products, a warehouse for disinfectants, and a veterinarian's office.

The farm does not have an insulator. At the entrance to the premises where the livestock is kept, there are disinfection barriers.

The farm is fenced with reinforced concrete slabs, at the entrance there is a checkpoint with security. On the territory of Promkor CJSC there are also green plantings (trees, shrubs), barns, calves, walking and fodder sites, a slaughterhouse and a sausage shop, a weight room, feed storage facilities, and an administrative building.

In livestock buildings, a mechanical method for removing manure is provided by using scraper conveyors. Manure is stored by gravity along the manure channel in the manure storage located outside the farm. The cattle burial ground is located outside the farm, ditched, closed with a metal grate without a lock.

1.3 Characteristics of the epizootic situation of CJSC "Promcor" with viral leukemia in cattle (VLKRS).

The farm is safe from especially dangerous infectious diseases, including brucellosis, tuberculosis, leptospirosis, anthrax, and foot and mouth disease; unfavorable for bovine viral leukemia, rickettsiosis, PG-3. On the farm, cattle are vaccinated against anthrax, emkar, parainfluenza-3 and RTI, rabies, trichophytosis, and are also subjected to veterinary and sanitary treatment against fascioliasis, dictyocaulosis. (table 2)

Table 2.

Prophylactic immunization of cattle against infectious diseases in ZAO Promkor.

Preventive immunization against:	Date of vaccination	Vaccine	Note
Anthrax	Adult animals - 2 times a year (26.04.05); young animals from 3 months old, revaccination after 6 months. (10.04.05, 13.06.05)	Oryol biofactory Vaccine against anthrax live from strain 55, VNIIVViP liquid Episode #48 Date of manufacture 04.2004 Shelf life 2 years	Intramuscularly, 2 ml
Emkara	Adult animals - 2 times a year up to 4 years of age (14.05.05); young animals - from 3-4 months, revaccination after 6 months. (11.05.05)	Stavropol biofactory Formol vaccine against emphysematous carbuncle of cattle concentrated ammonium hydroxide Series number 9. Control 9 Shelf life 1 year	Intramuscular 2 ml
Parainfluenza-3,	Adult animals - once a year (10.01.05); young animals - from 1 month, revaccination after 1 month.	Stavropol biofactory Vaccine against paranrippa-3 and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis dry cultural associated TU 10-19-359-87	subcutaneously 1 ml in the area of ​​the middle third of the neck
Rabies	Adult animals - once a year (10.03.05); young animals - from 3 months. (24.03.05)	Shchelkovo Biocombinat Rabies vaccine from the strain "Shchelkovo-51" inactivated liquid culture Series #1. Control 36 Date of manufacture 12.02.04 Shelf life 14 months	subcutaneously 5 ml in the area of ​​the middle third of the neck
Trichophytosis	Young animals - from 30 days of age, revaccination after 10-14 days	Stavropol biofactory Vaccine LTF-130 Series number 12. Control 12	Intramuscular 5 ml

Preventive disinfection of livestock buildings is periodically carried out (cowsheds - 2 times a year, calves - after each release from animals) with a 2% solution of caustic soda.

Constant veterinary supervision is carried out over regroupings and places where animals are kept. To protect the health of livestock breeders from possible infection with an infectious pathology, veterinary educational work and briefings are periodically conducted.

The farm has accounting and reporting veterinary documentation on infectious diseases: the anti-epizootic journal of Promkor CJSC for 2005, a plan of anti-epizootic veterinary and sanitary measures, a calendar plan of measures to eliminate viral leukemia in cattle, acts on tuberculinization, vaccinations, preventive measures treatments, preventive disinfections.

Bovine leukemia - a chronic infectious disease with a long incubation period that affects the blood and hematopoietic organs with the formation of tumors in the latter.

Pathogen– RNA-containing oncogenic virus belonging to the genus Oncovirus type C of the Retroviridae family. Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) or bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is morphologically similar to leukemia pathogens in other animal species. However, there are significant differences in the antigenic structure. There is only one VLKRS serovariant, to which, in addition to cattle, sheep and goats are also susceptible.

The stability of the bovine leukemia virus in the external environment is small. In cell cultures, when heated to 60 0 C, it dies after 1 minute, is quickly neutralized with 2-3% solutions of sodium hydroxide, formaldehyde and other disinfectants in generally accepted concentrations. VLKRS is inactivated in milk by heating it to 74 0 C for 17 seconds or by souring (pH 4.75). A virus can stay in a cell for a long time in a partially or completely associated state with its genome. It exhibits a pathogenic effect when the immunological reactivity of the animal organism decreases.

To develop measures for the prevention and control of a viral disease in cattle, it is necessary to know the ways of its spread. The mechanisms of transmission and occurrence of VLKRS are being studied to date.

With leukemia, the virus and antibodies to it are simultaneously present in the body. VLKRS does not exist freely in the body of animals, but persists exclusively in lymphocytes and mainly in an unproductive state, therefore, the transmission of the leukemia virus is possible only through the transmission of infected lymphocytes.

Animals can become infected with the leukemia virus, which is in aerosols, by breathing or in the cells of inflammatory exudate by licking.

The concept of postnatal or congenital transmission includes transmission of the viral genome through gametes (genetic or chromosomal transmission) and transmission of the entire virus to the embryo or fetus (epigenetic or extrachromosomal transmission).

From animals, the pathogen is transmitted by direct or indirect contact: with milk, saliva, blood. The virus spreads quickly if the rules of asepsis and antiseptics are not observed during manipulations in animals (taking blood, vaccinations, etc.); by blood-sucking insects.

The leukemia virus can be contained in the seminal fluid of bulls with lymphocytosis and such seminal fluid can be a source of subsequent infection of animals. Cows can be infected by instillation of virus-infected lymphocytes into the uterine mucosa.

As a rule, the disease occurs in high-producing cattle (the best genetic pool of dairy cattle). Of significant importance is the geno- and phenotypic predisposition of animals to leukemia, for example, among black-and-white cattle.

Pathogenesis disease is a violation of the normal process of proliferation and differentiation of cells of the hematopoietic tissue. The disease often proceeds in a latent form. Under the influence of various exogenous and endogenous factors, the virus is activated, which manifests itself in some animals by a slow breakdown of the regulatory function of the hematopoietic organs. Leukoblasts are more often affected, which leads to intensive proliferation of various types of leukocytes in the blood organs, in the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes. Uncontrollably multiplying blood cells spread throughout the body, enter various organs and tissues, form tumors that cause changes in the structure and functions of the affected organs due to atrophy of specific cells. Violations appear at the molecular, cellular and organ levels, which leads to a disorder of hematopoiesis, an increase in the number of lymphocytes.

The infectious process in leukemia is characterized by stages. There are 3 stages or periods in the development of infection: incubation, hematological and tumor.

The incubation stage of the disease can be up to 2-6 years and is characterized by the absence of changes in the peripheral blood.

It is detected by serological and virological studies, while the hematological picture of the blood remains unchanged. Infected animals are detected using the immunodiffusion reaction (RID), based on the detection in blood serum of specific antibodies to the glucoprotein and polypeptide antigens of the bovine leukemia virus. This serological method has become widespread due to its simple, convenient setting. Also, to isolate the virus, immunofluorescence reactions (RIF), complement fixation reaction (RCC), radioimmunoprecipitation reaction (RIP), neutralization reaction (RN), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), etc. are used.

If the test results are positive, we should talk about the circulation of the virus in the farm. Infected animals are virus carriers in which the virus can be formed and shed at certain times.

The hematological stage is characterized by quantitative and qualitative changes in the composition of blood cells. The number of leukocytes increases, the percentage of lymphocytes increases, undifferentiated, immature, of various sizes, pathological forms of cells appear.

The tumor stage is characterized, in addition to hematological changes, by a variety of nonspecific and specific clinical signs, their manifestation depends on the localization of the pathological process. Non-specific signs are a deterioration in the general condition of animals, poor digestion of feed, a decrease in milk yield, rapid fatigue, progressive emaciation, digestive disorders (diarrhea, constipation, atony or tympania of the stomach), weakening of cardiac activity, cyanosis and yellowness of the mucous membranes, respiratory failure, edema in dewlap, abdomen, udder, lameness on one or both hind limbs, difficulty urinating, abortion, barrenness, enlargement of one or more udder lobes. Specific signs of leukemia are considered to be an increase in superficial (prescapular, parotid, patella, submandibular, supramental) and internal (accessible to rectal examination) lymph nodes; appearance of tumors in various fields body, exophthalmos, enlargement of the spleen and liver. Lymph nodes range in size from a walnut to a child's head. They are painless, mobile, elastic or dense in consistency, and with strong stretching, the capsules become painful. Internal lymph nodes are affected more often than superficial ones.

With a severe development of the disease in the tumor stage, the pathological process quickly develops. Non-specific signs are clearly manifested. The number of leukocytes in the peripheral blood sometimes decreases, while their pathological forms predominate. The qualitative composition of lymphocytes changes sharply in the direction of their pathology. The decrease in the number of leukocytes is explained by the depletion of the hematopoietic tissue and the decrease in the physiological reactivity of the organism. Leukemic changes are found in the spleen, heart, liver, kidneys, abomasum. This stage develops with a decrease in the resistance of the animal's body and ends with an acute course of death, often from rupture of the spleen or other internal organs.

In young animals (4-12 months), the pathology develops in 3 forms:

Multicentric (lymphosarcoma, general lymphadenopathy);

Thymus (tumor-like growth in the lower part of the neck);

Cutaneous (cutaneous leukemia), occurring with the development of infiltrative growths in the skin.

Clinical picture with this pathology, it can be the most diverse as a result of damage to vital organs: exhaustion, dysfunction of the cardiovascular system, edema, shortness of breath, bulging eyes, etc. Pronounced clinical signs appear in animals only in the tumor stage. Specific signs of leukemia are characterized by the fact that the lymph nodes (prescapular, submandibular, supramental, deep inguinal) are symmetrically or asymmetrically enlarged, mobile, and of a dense consistency. In the tumor stage, the disease is accompanied by the development of nonspecific signs: hypotension or atony of the pancreas, infertility, paralysis, etc.

Pathological changes at autopsy of the corpses of dead animals, depending on the stage of the course, leukemia is found in the form of diffuse or focal infiltration in the organs of hematopoiesis, digestion, on serous integuments, in the heart, liver, kidneys and uterus.

The main forms of VLKRS are actually leukemia and reticulosis.

With leukemia itself, the spleen is enlarged, the size depends on the stage of the disease (up to 1 meter in length). Follicular hyperplasia is noted, capsule rupture is possible, followed by hemorrhage into the abdominal cavity. Lymph nodes in the hematological stage are not significantly enlarged, and in the tumor stage - up to 20 * 10 cm, especially the supra-vaginal ones. The capsule is smooth, easily removable; in the cut, the tissue of the lymph nodes is sebaceous, the pattern is smoothed. In other organs, pathological changes are established in the later stages of the development of the disease. In the liver, heart, kidneys, there may be diffuse or focal growths of a gray-white or gray-pink color.

With reticulosis, the spleen is enlarged. Lymph nodes are enlarged unevenly in different areas of the body. The capsule is rough, often fused with neighboring tissues and organs. Tumor growths of various sizes are characteristic - from a pea to large conglomerates (25-30 kg). Tumors are dense, gray-white in color, with foci of necrosis and hemorrhages. In parenchymal organs, dystrophic changes are noted. Growth of tumor tissue in the heart, abomasum, uterus, kidneys is possible.

Diagnosis. Viral bovine leukemia is diagnosed on the basis of epizootological, clinical-hematological, serological, virological, pathoanatomical studies with mandatory histological examination, which is final for making a diagnosis of leukemia. Histological diagnosis consists in the detection of growths (proliferation) in sick animals that disrupted the normal maturation and differentiation of cells, both in the hematopoietic organs and in the connective tissue.

Diagnostic work on the control of bovine leukemia is carried out through an annual study on RID (Fig. 2).

The main diagnostic method, based on the results of which health-improving and preventive measures are carried out in farms that are unfavorable for leukemia, is a serological immunodiffusion reaction (RID) in agar gel using a glycoprotein (gp 51) antigen of the bovine leukemia virus.

RID is the simplest, least labor-intensive and convenient method for mass research, accepted as the main diagnostic reaction in all countries where state programs are being implemented to combat bovine leukemia. The method makes it possible to identify animals infected with the leukemia virus and having antibodies to this virus, therefore it is very important for monitoring the epizootic well-being of herds and testing animals in troubled conditions.

Animals respond serologically positive 2-4 months after infection with the leukemia virus. Antibodies are excreted in colostrum and milk and can be detected in calves up to 6 months of age. Therefore, antibodies detected from the age of 6 months have diagnostic value in young animals.

Rice. 2 Scheme of diagnostic tests for leukemia.

Individual farms

*When sick animals are identified in individual farms, they are slaughtered, the rest of the livestock are kept in isolation from animals of other owners.

differential diagnosis. It is necessary to exclude diseases accompanied by changes in the composition of the blood similar to VLCRS.

It should be taken into account that many acute and chronic diseases (tuberculosis, brucellosis, paratuberculosis, actinomycosis, some invasive diseases, traumatic pericarditis, reticulitis, metritis, mastitis, hepatitis, etc.) are often accompanied by significant blood changes that are protective in nature and are defined as leukemoid reaction of the body, reflecting functional-reactive changes. The leukemoid reaction is temporary and disappears as the animal's condition improves. To exclude these diseases, appropriate microbiological, serological, allergic, histological, scatological, repeated hematological and other studies are carried out.

Rarely, but RID loss may be due to hyperactivity of the immune system, a decrease in antibody titers, etc. But this does not mean that an animal, once found to be infected with FLV, has ceased to be infected.

The hematological method is based on the detection of lymphoid cells in a unit of blood volume. varying degrees maturity. These changes are assessed by the leukemic key, compiled taking into account the age of the animals. (table 3)

Table 3

The number of leukocytes and lymphocytes in 1 µl of blood of cattle with leukemia (leukemic key), thousand

Age of animals (years)	healthy animals Leukocytes (up to)	Suspicious due to illness Lymphocytes (from-to)	sick animals Lymphocytes (over)
1 – 2	13	10,5 – 13	13
2 – 4	12	9,0 – 12	12
4 – 7	11	8,0 – 11	11
Over 7	10	6,5 – 10	10

In the system of anti-leukemic measures, hematological studies are used to identify sick animals in seropositive groups. .

To isolate animal viruses, immunological research methods are used: in gel (RID), immunofluorescence method (RIF), RSK, radioimmunological, etc.

Treatment with this pathology of an infectious nature has not been developed.

The main activities for prevention and fight with bovine leukemia are: protection of disease-free farms from the introduction of viral bovine leukemia, primarily virus-carrying animals; systematic immunodiagnostic, clinical-hematological and other studies of the entire livestock population, in order to timely identify diseased animals; improvement of households disadvantaged by leukemia and prevention of the spread of viral leukemia in cattle; genetic study of diseased cows, identification of families and lines that are resistant to the disease and their exclusion from the breeding composition; increased requirements for veterinary and genetic measures and full-fledged feeding of animals.

In accordance with the "Rules for the prevention and control of bovine leukemia", approved by the Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia dated May 11, 1999 No. 359, the farms in which the disease of animals with leukemia, upon the recommendation of the chief state inspector of the district, are declared unfavorable by the decision of the local administration and are introduced into they are a set of restrictions that prevent the spread of infections. At the same time, a comprehensive plan for the improvement of the dysfunctional economy is being approved.

Under the terms of the restrictions, it is not allowed:

Regrouping of cattle within the farm without the permission of the veterinarian serving the farm;

Use of sires for free mating of cows and heifers;

The use of non-sterile instruments and apparatus for veterinary and zootechnical processing of animals;

Withdrawal (export) of animals from a herd, farm for breeding and reproductive purposes without the permission of a veterinarian serving this farm.

Improving measures in farms that are unfavorable for leukemia are carried out by isolating infected VLKRS and immediately handing over sick animals for slaughter.

Based on the results of a serological study obtained before the start of recreational activities, options for combating leukemia are determined.

In a farm where up to 10% of infected and ill with leukemia have been identified, they are immediately handed over for slaughter. Subsequent serological studies of animals of this herd are carried out every 3 months with the obligatory removal of infected animals.

In a farm where up to 30% of cows and heifers infected with bovine leukemia virus have been identified, the latter are placed separately from healthy animals on the farm. Infected animals are examined every 6 months by a hematological method for leukemia. Animals with blood changes characteristic of leukemia are recognized as sick, isolated and handed over for slaughter.

On the farm, where more than 30% of cows and heifers infected with the bovine leukemia virus were detected, the same recreational activities are carried out as on the farm with an infection rate of up to 30%. At the same time, work is organized to create a herd free from VLKRS by replacing infected cows with healthy animals.

In all categories of farms where an infection caused by the leukemia virus is established, breeding and replacement heifers are reared separately from adult livestock on specialized farms or in isolated calf houses, controlling their well-being in relation to infection by a serological method.

Animals with leukemia (with clinical and hematological manifestations of leukemia) are allowed to be transported to meat processing plants by rail, water and road in accordance with veterinary and sanitary requirements. The veterinary certificate or veterinary certificate issued for the indicated cattle must indicate that the animals are sick with leukemia. Reception and slaughter of these animals is carried out at the sanitary slaughterhouse. In its absence, the slaughter of such livestock is allowed to be carried out on a common conveyor after the slaughter of healthy animals is completed and all slaughter products received from them are removed from the workshop. After the slaughter of sick animals, the premises, technological equipment and inventory are subjected to cleaning and disinfection.

The veterinary and sanitary assessment of meat and other slaughter products is carried out in accordance with the Rules for the Veterinary Inspection of Slaughter Animals and the Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise of Meat and Meat Products.

Milk from infected and other cows of the recovered farm is delivered to a milk processing plant or used inside the farm after pasteurization in the usual technological mode. After disinfection, milk is used without restrictions.

In farms recovering from leukemia, disinfection of livestock premises and equipment is carried out in accordance with the established procedure for disinfection of veterinary facilities. For disinfection, a 2% hot solution of formaldehyde, a 2% hot solution of caustic soda is used. Particular attention is paid to places and objects contaminated with blood.

Manure and sewage are disposed of in the prescribed manner.

Farms are considered rehabilitated after the withdrawal of all sick and infected animals and the receipt of two in a row with an interval of 3 months, negative results in a serological examination of the entire population of animals older than 6 months of age, as well as the implementation of sanitation measures on the premises and territory of farms.

In CJSC "Proomkor" in the course of serological tests in March 2005, 98 animals reacting positively to RID were identified, of which 28 animals were with leukocytosis. Blood samples from the studied animals were sent to the veterinary laboratory (director Babkin N.A.) at the Ramon regional station for the control of animal diseases. There were no cases of falling. Cows with hematological changes in blood (10 heads) were subjected to forced slaughter. The virus carriers had no clinical signs. In cows with an altered blood picture, nonspecific signs of pathology were noted - loss of appetite, weight loss, hypotension of the proventriculus.

Restrictions were imposed on the farm by the district administration and a plan was developed to improve the farm from leukemia, which provided for:

• 
  serological studies of the entire livestock from the age of 6 months 2 times a year;
• 
  hematological studies of RID-positive animals;
• 
  isolation of seropositive animals and delivery of sick animals for slaughter;
• 
  prohibition of regrouping of animals without the permission of the head doctor of the farm;
• 
  isolated content of heifers;
• 
  drinking milk to calves only in pasteurized form, milk from cows to hand over to the dairy.

.

In CJSC Promkor, animals that give a positive reaction according to a hematological study are discarded until they have specific signs of VLCR, as they cease to justify themselves in the economic aspect.

Due to the fact that the percentage of infected animals is increasing, it is necessary to develop a new plan for improving measures against viral leukemia in cattle, taking into account the epizootological, economic and economic characteristics of the economy.

1.4 Additional research.

Additional studies at CJSC Promcor were not carried out by the commission.

1.5 Conclusion.

On the basis of serological, hematological and histological studies, Promcor CJSC declared the animal unfavorable for bovine viral leukemia.

The most likely way of introducing the infection into the farm is the arrival of infected animals for breeding purposes from other farms. The spread of this infectious pathology is due to the transmission of the virus to the fetus in pregnant cows through the placenta; calves - with colostrum and milk from infected cows; cows - when inseminating with the sperm of sires infected with VLKRS; breed (genetic) predisposition of the livestock (about 20% of black-motley cows from the breeding stock).

The conditions of feeding, keeping and exploitation of animals meet the regulatory requirements.

On the territory of the farm there are no insulators, a disinfection barrier at the entrance to the farm, which contributes to the spread of infection. Due attention is not paid to disinsection and deratization. Milk from cows is fed to calves raw.

Infection of herd animals up to 30%, in accordance with the current Rules for the prevention and control of bovine leukemia in the Russian Federation, it is necessary to simultaneously examine animals only by the hematological method every 6 months and organize work to create a herd free from VLCR by replacing infected cows are healthy animals.

It is also required to develop a plan for anti-leukemia measures, taking into account epizootological, economic and economic features of the economy.

1.6 Commission offers.

1. 
   Carry out planned activities in accordance with the Rules for the Prevention and Control of Bovine Leukemia, namely:

1. 
   Cows and heifers infected with bovine leukemia virus should be housed separately from healthy animals.

1. 
   Animals are examined by hematological method every 6 months.
2. 
   Animals with blood changes characteristic of bovine leukemia are recognized as sick and handed over for slaughter.
3. 
   Organize work to create a herd free from viral bovine leukemia by replacing infected cows with healthy animals.
4. 
   Organize the rearing of breeding and replacement heifers separately from adult stock on specialized farms or in isolated calf houses, controlling their well-being in relation to infection by a serological method.
5. 
   Take milk from cows to a milk processing plant, use it inside the farm after pasteurization.
1. 
   Resolve the issue of building a slaughterhouse, insulators, and a disinfection barrier at the entrance to the territory of the farm.
2. 
   Carry out routine disinfection and deratization.
3. 
   Periodically carry out veterinary educational work, briefings among the employees of CJSC Promcor.

1. 
   Plan of anti-epizootic measures.

1. 
   Schedule of activities to eliminate viral leukemia in cattle in CJSC Promkor (2005 - 2009).

Agreed

Chief veterinarian of the district

Signature________ Date______
Chief Physician of Sanepidnadzor

Signature___________

Date of___________
I approve