Inventors whose name the weapon bears. Briefly about the most famous weapon designers History table about weapon creators

Rockets for a variety of purposes are by definition modular in design. Photo from KTRV website

The creation of weapons based on the use of standardized units, consisting of an interchangeable set of parts (modules) that perform independent functions, has become firmly established in the practice of engineering development in our country and abroad. It is enough to mention the construction of promising corvettes of projects 20380 and 20385 for the Russian Navy, in which various modifications of ships differing in the type and number of weapons are created on a single base platform. On export versions of the ship, at the request of the customer, it is planned to install not only Russian, but also foreign weapon systems.

Abroad, the German company Blom und Voss even patented a design and construction method called MEKO (Mehrzweck-Kombination - multi-purpose combined ship). The method is based on dividing the ship into approximately equal rectangular parallelepipeds (modules), saturated various systems, electronics and weapons. From these modules, as in the famous LEGO set, frigates, corvettes and high seas patrol ships are “assembled”. At the shipyards of the company and others shipbuilding companies 63 MEKO ships have already been built for the navies of 10 states.

Modular creation method military equipment is not limited to the field of weapons design. The concept of a universal container body is already being developed and implemented, on the basis of which universal modular platforms for logistics, communications and control, medical and radio technical services are offered. Their introduction into the troops allows us to solve a number of key issues logistics and logistics, to make a real revolution in these areas, since it makes it possible to significantly reduce costs and time for creating elements of rear infrastructure and increase its mobility.

The idea of ​​a modular method of designing and developing weapons is not innovative. It is believed that she was born abroad, which, in particular, is mentioned in many sources. But if in some of them its foreign origin is caught between the lines, then such an author as Oleg Kozarenko, in his monograph on modular structures, directly states: “Thirty years ago, when developing ships of new generations in the United States, they came to the creation of a transport and launch container (TPC) . After the vertical launch system (VLP) for the TPK was developed, their cruisers and destroyers received a universal missile platform.”

Let us turn, however, to the history of the creation of domestic weapons. In the 30s of the last century, the aggravation of the international situation required a sharp reduction in the time to develop new types of weapons, so designers of artillery systems rarely agreed to a radical revision of the design of guns. In order to achieve maximum range with a minimum gun weight and the heaviest possible projectile, the so-called “overlay method” was used, when designers, as a rule, combined a new barrel with a ready-made carriage, or a new carriage was created for an existing barrel. Researcher of the history of the creation of the Russian artillery weapons Alexey Shalkovsky drew attention to another feature in the activity Soviet designers: when creating new artillery systems, they often used the LEGO method - creating a new type of weapon from existing parts and using ready-made solutions. When developing the 107-mm gun of the 1940 model M-60, for example, a group of designers led by F.F. Petrov's bolt was taken from a 122-mm howitzer of the 1910–1930 model; the knurl, upper and lower machines, rotating mechanism and wheel brake were created with some changes similar to those used in the design of the 122-mm howitzer of the 1938 model M-30; brake and balancing mechanism with minor changes made according to the type of the 152-mm howitzer of the 1938 model M-10 and the 152-mm howitzer-gun of the 1937 model ML-20.

So the modular method of creating weapons grew and was successfully used on domestic soil much earlier than in the United States: more than 70 years ago. Its use provided a colossal gain in time. Characteristic in this regard is the history of the creation of the 152-mm howitzer of the 1943 model D-1. During its development, the design team led by F.F. Petrova combined the double-frame carriage, shield cover, sighting and recoil devices of the 122-mm M-30 howitzer with the barrel of the 152-mm M-10 howitzer, providing it with a powerful muzzle brake. The piston bolt was borrowed from the 152-mm howitzer gun of the 1937 model ML-20. It took only 18 days to design, manufacture five prototypes of the gun and test it with group fire. Neither foreign nor domestic practice has seen such a pace of development of a new weapon.

The implementation of the modular method also seriously reduced the time it took to master the production of new tools. Thanks to their wide unification with artillery systems, which are in mass production, the mastery of production of the new howitzer took place in shortest time. Thus, it took Plant No. 9 only 1.5 months to switch to mass production.

The use of standardized parts, assemblies and mechanisms, in addition to reducing the time for designing, developing and mastering the production of new tools, significantly reduced financial costs on them, and the appearance of new guns, in which well-known units predominated, significantly accelerated their development by troops.

Unfortunately, the experience of broad unification of parts, components and mechanisms of weapons during the period of survival of the domestic defense-industrial complex (DIC) was largely lost, and the small-scale production of weapons did not contribute to its unification. Meanwhile, the troops have a significant number of weapons of the same type, differing only slightly in their weight and size characteristics. Their share is especially large in missile weapons, although the design of the latter significantly facilitates the introduction of the modular principle in design and production, since the missile is structurally composed of modules: a warhead, a control unit, and a rocket engine. In addition to these advantages, the modular principle will simplify the modernization of missile weapons and their interspecific unification, and the ability to replace the warhead in the field will significantly expand the range of combat missions to be solved. So use domestic experience The modular method of creating weapons, which is a powerful mechanism for interspecific and intraspecific unification of weapons, promises many advantages, and the task of the design corps is to put it at the service of the domestic defense industry.

On January 21, 1855, the designer-inventor of handguns and the author of revolutionary innovations in this field, John Moses Browning, was born. In the history of mankind, there are still many personalities whose surname is associated with the name of a weapon: Colt, Kalashnikov, Mauser, Makarov, Glock and others. We have collected the most famous weapon designers into a single selection and today we present it to you.

John Moses Browning

Browning's designs were copied and imitated

Browning is a US citizen by birth and worked in Belgium. The first patent for a single-shot rifle was received in 1879. At Remington Arms he designed shotguns, single-shot Winchester rifles, multi-shot shotguns, and machine guns. His greatest fame was brought to him by the automatic (self-loading) revolver, patented by the Belgian arms company Fabrique Nationale in Gerstal. Later he developed similar systems for the American army in the Colt company. Browning's designs were repeatedly copied and served as an object of imitation for specialists from other countries. Browning design pistols: Browning 1900, Browning 1903, Browning 1906, Browning 1910/1912, Browning High-Power.

Mikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov

In 1944, Kalashnikov developed a model of a self-loading carbine, the design of the main components of which served as the basis for the creation of an assault rifle in 1946. In 1947, the inventor improved his machine gun and won competitive tests. After modification, the assault rifle was adopted by the Soviet Army in 1949 under the name “7.62-mm Kalashnikov assault rifle model 1947” (AK). In 1949, Kalashnikov was awarded the Stalin Prize, 1st degree.

Kalashnikov: " The soldier made a weapon for the soldier"

From an interview with Mikhail Timofeevich in 2009: “ The soldier made a weapon for the soldier. I myself was a private and I know well the difficulties encountered in the life of a soldier... When its design was being finalized, I visited military units and consulted with specialists. And the soldiers told me what suited them and what needed to be improved. The result was a simple, reliable and effective weapon. The AK works in any conditions, shoots flawlessly even after being in the ground, a swamp, or falling from a height onto a hard surface. It is very simple, this machine. But I want to say that doing something simple is sometimes many times more difficult than doing something complex.».

Peter Paul Mauser

Mauser's father worked as a master gunsmith at a state-owned factory, where Peter worked from 12 to 19 years old, until he was drafted into the army. Mauser's first invention was a small cannon and a steel projectile. In 1865, the designer improved the breech mechanism of a needle gun, which was in service with the Prussian army. In 1867, Mauser and his older brother Wilhelm went to Liege, where for two years they worked on improving the design of a rifle bolt. After their return to Oberndorf, they created a single-shot 11 mm rifle and revolver, which were adopted in 1871. The Mausers opened a small arms production plant in Oberndorf, which later became the huge Mauser factory. Also in 1871, Peter Mauser created new model a single-shot rifle, and after the advent of smokeless powder in 1880, a small-caliber repeating rifle, which became the prototype for almost all subsequent types of small arms. The main feature was the presence of a magazine box with a clip (located outside the breech with a striking mechanism), where the cartridges were staggered, sent into the chamber using a handle at the rear of the bolt. Latest model The Mauser rifle of the 1898 model became a weapon of this type. In 1896, Mauser designed an automatic pistol; in 1908, in a modernized version, it was adopted by the armies of Germany, Czechoslovakia, and others.

Oliver Fisher Winchester

He started out as a hotel bellhop and construction worker. In 1830 he organized a company in Baltimore that produced building materials, and in 1848, in New Haifen, the Winchester and Davis company, which produced men's clothing. In 1855, he acquired the bankrupt Smith-Wesson arms company and switched to producing weapons, mainly hunting ones, which were often named after him.

Samuel Colt

He is best known as a reformer of revolver weapons: in 1835 he invented a capsule revolver, which quickly supplanted other systems and gave impetus to the creation of revolvers chambered for a unitary metal cartridge. At the age of 16, while working as a sailor on the brig Corlo, Samuel noticed that after turning the steering wheel, one of its handles fell into the gripping clutch and the steering wheel was fixed. Using this function in the development of small arms, he created a first-class revolver, in which, when the hammer was cocked, the drum automatically rotated and locked in position for firing. The description of this design is the content of a patent issued to Colt on February 25, 1836.

Colt received the first government order without having its own weapons factory.

During the Mexican-American War of 1846−1848, Colts were needed Texas Rangers, US mounted commando soldiers, and on January 4, 1847, Colt received an initial government order for the production of 1,000 revolvers. Not having his own arms factory, he entered into a contract with I. Whitney, the son of the inventor of the cotton gin, and when the contract expired, he opened an arms workshop in Hartford, where he began to produce new modifications of the revolver.

Having gained financial independence, Colt that same year bought the “Southern Meadows” - a wasteland near Hartford that went under water every spring, erected dams there and in 1855 built a huge weapons factory, where the Colt Company is located to this day.

Gaston Glock

Gaston Glock didn't start designing guns until he was 52.

This is the founder of a firearms manufacturing company Glock weapons. He started out producing curtain rods and knives for the Austrian army, and was also a specialist in the field of polymer materials. He did not design or manufacture firearms until he was 52, and in 1980 Glock purchased a machine for casting polymer handles and sheaths for military knives, which he makes in his garage. At the same time, he recruits employees from the camera industry, who are also skilled in the production of polymer components. Over the course of a year, he and his team design a pistol designated Glock 17, the frame of which is made of polymer (the material can withstand temperatures environment from −40 to +200 °C), having received the corresponding Austrian patent in 1981. Currently, Glock pistols are in service in more than 30 countries.

The Glock-17 consists of only 33 parts, including the magazine. It comes completely apart in less than a minute using a nail. The pistol is extremely reliable. Its lifespan is 300,000 rounds (with a total requirement of 40,000).

Georgy Semenovich Shpagin

Shpagin's highest achievement: PPSh submachine gun model 1941

In his youth he worked as a driver. In 1916 he was drafted into the army, where he mastered the weapons trade. In 1920, he entered the arms factory, where he began to work under the leadership of V. G. Fedorov. Since 1922, Shpagin worked as a designer; he successfully converted the PPD machine gun into a tank machine gun. In 1938, together with V. A. Degtyarev, Shpagin created the DShK heavy machine gun. Shpagin's highest achievement is the PPSh submachine gun of the 1941 model, which became the main machine gun of the rifle units of the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War.

Igor Stechkin

As part of a production assignment to create an army automatic pistol, he developed an original design, which was adopted for service in 1951 under the name Stechkin Automatic Pistol. In 1952, he was awarded the Stalin Prize, 2nd degree, for the creation of this pistol. The Stechkin pistol was intended to arm officers, sergeants, soldiers of certain specialties and crews of combat vehicles that were not entitled to a machine gun or carbine. At the same time, it was rightly believed that the PM pistol would not be sufficient for self-defense in the event of a clash with the enemy.

Stechkin has more than 60 developments and over 50 inventions to his credit

In total, the designer has more than 60 developments and over 50 inventions. Also, Stechkin participated in the creation of anti-tank guided missiles“Bassoon” and “Konkurs”, among his developments are the TKB-0116 “Modern”, “Abakan” assault rifles, the “Cobalt” and “Gnome” revolvers and other weapons. IN recent years During his life, he developed several models of pistols (“Dart”, “Berdysh”, “Pernach”), proposed to replace the Makarov pistol and the Stechkin automatic pistol.

Nikolai Fedorovich Makarov

In 1947-1948 In the USSR, a competition was held for a new compact pistol for the senior command staff of the Soviet Army. The new pistol should be smaller and lighter than the TT, have better accuracy and reliability at the same damaging effect bullets of the 7.62 mm cartridge or the new 9X18 V.V. Semin ammunition with a reduced charge of gunpowder. Nikolai Fedorovich prepared two samples: TKB-412 chambered for 7.62 and TKB-429 9 mm caliber. The latter was put into service in 1951 under the name “Makarov Pistol” (PM). Is a personal weapon Soviet and post-Soviet armed forces and law enforcement agencies.

Vasily Alekseevich Degtyarev

Born in Tula into a family of hereditary Tula gunsmiths. At the age of eleven he began working at the Tula Arms Factory, and his personal inventive work began in 1916, when he developed an automatic carbine, in which the basic design elements were implemented, which he invariably followed in the future when creating various types of automatic weapons.

Degtyarev was born in Tula into a family of hereditary Tula gunsmiths

In 1924, he began work on creating the first sample of a 7.62-mm light machine gun, adopted for service in 1927 under the name DP (Degtyarev Infantry). Based on the light machine gun, they were then created aircraft machine guns DA and DA-2, DT tank machine gun, RP-46 company machine gun. In 1934, the Degtyarev PPD-34 submachine gun was adopted. In 1930, Degtyarev developed a 12.7 mm heavy machine gun DK, which after improvement by Shpagin in 1938 received the name DShK. Entered service in 1939 heavy machine gun Degtyarev DS-39 systems.

During the Great Patriotic War, he developed and transferred to the troops a 14.5-mm anti-tank rifle PTRD and a light machine gun model 1944 (RPD).

Chertok Boris Evseevich (03/01/1912 – 12/14/2011) - Soviet scientist in the field of aircraft control systems, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1968), Hero of Socialist Labor (1961). After graduating from the Moscow Energy Institute in 1940, he worked in a number of research institutes and design bureaus. Since 1947 he has been teaching at Moscow Higher technical school them. N. E. Bauman (professor since 1966). Main works on automation, aircraft control systems, complexes of large systems. Lenin Prize (1957), USSR State Prize (1976). Awarded 2 Orders of Lenin, Order October Revolution, 2 other orders, as well as medals.

Sloka Viktor Karlovich - General Designer of OJSC RTI. Born on February 20, 1932 in Moscow. Graduated from Moscow aviation institute them. Sergo Ordzhonikidze in 1958, majoring in Radio Engineering.Since 1977 to 1996 Sloka V.K. headed the Radiotechnical Institute named after. Academician A.L. Mintsa (RTI). Currently, General Designer of JSC RTI.For services to the creation of the world's largest multifunctional radar "Don-2N" in 1997. he was awarded the high title of Hero of the Russian Federation.Laureate of the State Prize in the field of science and technology (1979), Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1985).Since 1979 Sloka V.K. Head of the Department of Radiophysics at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. He formed a scientific school for the development of the theory and technology of complex radio information-measuring and telecommunication complexes, as well as systems for generating, receiving and processing complex signals.

Severin Gai Ilyich – General Designer, General manager scientific and production enterprise "Zvezda" (1964-2008), Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, full member of the International Academy of Astronautics. Doctor of Technical Sciences, professor, scientist in the field of development of means of rescue and life support for the crews of airplanes, helicopters and spacecraft.

(full text of the interview) Well, I am Severin Gai Ilyich, General Designer, General Director of the Zvezda research and production enterprise, which means I have been working in the aerospace industry since 1947, in particular for the first 16 years I worked at a flight research institute, from technician to head of research laboratory. In January 1964, at the beginning of 1964, our minister Pyotr Vasilyevich Dementyev appointed me to the newly organized pilot plant No. 918, now the Zvezda research and production enterprise, as the chief designer and responsible manager of this enterprise. So I've been working here for 43 years.

A response to the assertion of Stalinophiles and anti-Semites that Stalin saved the Jews of Europe and the USSR from total destruction.
Blatant lie!
Creators of the atomic bomb (in sharashki Arzamas - 16):
Ioffe, Landau, Frisch, Khariton, Kurchatov (Russian), Zeldovich, Gurevich, Frank, Khalatnikov, Artsimovich, Khaikin, Ginsburg, Tamm (German), Kikoin, Rabinovich, Adamsky, Goldansky, Shapiro, Spinel, Semenovich...
Creator missile systems"Circle", "Buk", "Cube", S-300, "Antey" - Lyulev
The creator of air defense and missile defense is A.L. Livshits, and their control systems are M.I. Livshits, Zalman
The creators of the La 5, La 7 aircraft, the supersonic La-160, the Dal and Burya air defense missiles were Lavochkin (Aizikovich), Taits, Felsner, Kheifets (22 thousand aircraft were produced during the war years)
The creators of the MIG-Mikoyan, Gurevich aircraft, and the Mi-2,4,6,8,10,12,24 helicopters ... - Mil
Creators of TU-4. TU-8 -Tupolev (Russian), Kerber, Frenkel.
The creators of the YAK-1, YAK-4, YAK-9 are Yakovlev (Russian), Donskoy, Zaks, Sonstein.
The creators of PE-2 and PE-8 are Petlyakov (Russian), Izakson.
The creators of the aircraft (general and chief designers) were Bisnovat, Khorol, Iosilovich, Felsner, Weinberg, Chernyakov, Borin, Vigdorchik, Itskovich.
The creators of rocket science and aircraft engines are Kosberg, Shaposhnik, Bisnovat, Izakson, Neman, Ginsburg.
The creators of the KV and IS tanks and the SU and ISU-Kotin self-propelled guns, and the engines for them were Vikhman, Gorlitsky, Ber, Werner.
The creators of "Katyusha" are Schwartz, Gontmakher, Shor, Levin, Gai.
Creator of aircraft guns N-37, NS-45, NS-23, tank and anti-tank guns- Nudelman.
Creator anti-aircraft systems- Levin, Lyulev, Khorol.
Creator self-propelled gun SU-152 based on the T-34 - Gorlitsky.
Creator 160 mm. mortar - Teverevsky..
The inventor of “hedgehogs” is General Gorikker.
People's Commissar of Armaments - Vannikov, People's Commissar of Tank Industry - Zaltsman, People's Commissar of Aviation Industry - Sandler.
Directors of the largest aircraft and tank factories - Shenkman (La-5 and La-7), Gonor (Barikad plant), Fradkin (Voroshilov plant), Zaltsman (Comintern plant), Goldstein (Molotov plant) , Rubinchik (w. Kr. Sormovo), Belyansky ( Chelyabinsk plant Il-2), Lifshits (GAZ plant), Katsnelson (plant N 174), Lev (Altai plant).....
Heroes of the USSR, even according to official, clearly underestimated data, Jews occupy 3rd place, and in % terms 1st place, despite the fact that for a Jew to be awarded a Hero, he would have to be one, min. twice, or even three times.
“Why am I a Hero, but he doesn’t get the chance?
Apparently the fifth column in the questionnaire failed.”
In the armored forces alone, Rybalko, who “didn’t care about all the decrees from above,” had as many Jewish Heroes as in all the tank armies combined - this is Tashkent! And this is far from full list, complete on the site - “Jews at the head of the military industry during WW2” http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/rinarozen/post293711997/.
Songs written also played a significant role in the Victory:
Dunaevsky, brothers Pokrass, Blanter, Tsfasman, Rosner, Basner, Tabachnikov, Katz, Fradkin, Kolker, king of tango-O.Strok, Utesov, Kolmanovsky, Matusovsky, Plyatskovsky, Dolmatovsky, Zharkovsky, Lisyansky, Frenkel, Svetlov, Laskin, Bezymensky, Kirsanov, Slutsky...
And, as an anecdote, the song “Russian Field” is usually performed by I. Kobzon, lyrics by I. Goff, music by Frenkel. So, practically all weapons and all Victory songs were created by Jews.
And because they made up less than 2% of the population of the Soviet Union, then in order to at least equal them, for each name mentioned, it is necessary to name at least 70 Russian names equal in genius.
They named only one thing: the atomic bomb, it turns out, was invented by Lomonosov - alone! The persecution of Jews after the war
After the end of the war, the department in the USSR began vigorous activity to dismiss Jewish specialists under the slogan of “the fight against cosmopolitanism.” One can imagine the state of a person who has given all his strength and energy to achieve victory and is now deprived of work, humiliated, and insulted.
One of the first dismissed heads of the Main Directorates was Major General of the Engineering and Artillery Service Naum Emmanuilovich Nosovsky, who headed the artillery industry during the war.
In July 1947, the head of the Main Directorate for Ammunition Production, Viktor Abramovich Zemlerub, was fired.
The famous builder, head of the Construction Department of the White Sea-Baltic Canal Yakov Davydovich Rapoport, awarded five Orders of Lenin, was removed from all his posts.
Removed from the People's Commissariat chemical industry Head of the First Main Directorate S.Ya. Feinstein, despite his great merits. The deputy people's commissars were fired: for the aviation industry - Solomon Mironovich Sandler and for non-ferrous metallurgy - Solomon Aleksandrovich Raginsky.
In the aviation industry, all factory directors of Jewish nationality were removed. The last of them was fired by the director of the Saratov aircraft plant of Israel Solomonovich Levin, who was awarded two Orders of Lenin and a military commander's award - the Order of Kutuzov.
In 1958, in the People's Commissariat of Mortar Weapons, there were only three plant directors left out of 40 directors and chief engineers who worked during the war.
Between 1947 and 1953, more than 50 Jewish generals and admirals were fired from the defense industry. This also affected the Hero of the Soviet Union, the head of the military engineering academy, Colonel General Kotlyar, as well as a number of senior generals - Binovich (armored forces), S.D. Davidovich - head of the Research Institute of Tank Industry and a number of others.
The creators of the ammunition industry, Generals D.B., were fired in 1947. Bidinsky, S.G. Frankfurt, S.A. Nevstrueva and others.
Among those fired were the first Heroes of Social. labor in the artillery industry generals L.R. Gonor (who was arrested in 1953 and tortured during interrogation by the MGB) and A.I. Bykhovsky, plant directors Fradkin, Khazanov, Shifrin, chief engineer of the Volga plant Olevsky.
Director of Plant No. 69 - one of the leaders in the aviation industry, A.S. Kotlyar was put on trial on false charges of financial fraud.
At the beginning of 1951, the People's Commissariat of the Aviation Industry sent a report on the work with personnel to the mechanical engineering department of the CPSU Central Committee, which reported the dismissal of 34 directors and 31 chief engineers of Jewish nationality.
Jews were also fired in other industries, for example, the automobile industry (P.I. Schwartzburg, B.M. Fitterman, etc.). Tragic fate from the creator of the tank industry - People's Commissar Isaac Moiseevich Zaltsman.
The persecution of Jews continued after Stalin's death. Jews were not hired anywhere, and those who worked were fired. From educational institutions Venerable professors, associate professors, and teachers were expelled. Jews were not accepted into graduate school.
The “fifth point” in the passport closed the road to work and creative life.
The contribution of Jews to the restoration and organization of the new defense industry during the war years was enormous, something that is kept silent in both the USSR and the Russian Federation. Without perfect weapons, victory in the war would have been impossible. The merit of the Jews in creating the defense industry of the USSR should go down in the history of the Second World War.
Literature:
I. Tsiperfin "Pass on to descendants the truth about the war." "Aleph" magazine #983
Mininberg L. Soviet Jews in science and industry of the USSR during the Second World War (1941-1945). Moscow. 1995.
Joseph Kremenetsky ENGINEERING AND TECHNICAL ACTIVITY OF JEWS IN THE USSR.
http://www.usfamily.net/web/joseph/evr_v_prom_sssr.htm
Application.
State anti-Semitism in the USSR. The case of Jewish engineers of the Moscow Automobile Plant named after Stalin
R.A. Rudenko and I.A. Serov - to the CPSU Central Committee on the partial rehabilitation of workers of the Moscow automobile plant convicted of participation in the so-called Jewish anti-Soviet nationalist group
01.08.1955
Central Committee of the CPSU
In November 1951, the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR sentenced 41 former senior officials of the Moscow Automobile Plant named after Stalin and the Ministry of Automotive Industry of the USSR to various penalties, including:
Eidinov A.F. - Assistant Director of the Moscow Automobile Plant named after Stalin;
Fitterman B.M. — chief designer of the Moscow Automobile Plant;
Goldberg G.I. — chief designer of electrical equipment at the Moscow Automobile Plant;
Shmidt A.I. — deputy head of production at a car plant;
Genkin B.S. - assistant Minister of Automotive and Tractor Industry of the USSR and others, 11 of whom were sentenced to death.
All convicts were found guilty of carrying out subversive work as members of a Jewish anti-Soviet nationalist group operating at the Moscow Automobile Plant, led by Eidinov.
Eidinov and a number of other people convicted in these cases were also found guilty of being associated with American spies and sabotaging workers' health care.
When considering cases in the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, the majority of those arrested denied deliberate sabotage activities at the automobile plant.
In filed in 1952-1955. In the complaints, the convicted Fitterman, Kogan, Goldberg and others categorically deny their guilt and claim that as a result of illegal investigative methods, they gave false testimony in 1950.
An audit carried out by the USSR Prosecutor's Office and the State Security Committee under the USSR Council of Ministers showed that Eidinov, Schmidt, Fitterman and others were convicted based on insufficiently verified materials.
Accusation of Eidinov, Schmidt and some others that they were associated with American spies and assisted them in collecting classified materials about the Moscow Automobile Plant, was based on the fact that the Jewish writers Persov and Aizenstadt (Zheleznova) visited the automobile plant several times, where they talked with some Jews about the work of the plant.
The audit established that Persov and Aizenstadt, as correspondents of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, with the permission of Eidinov, actually visited the automobile plant several times and, having compiled several essays about the life and achievements of the Jews who worked at the plant, published them in the American press. But by their nature, these essays did not contain secret information and are not anti-Soviet.
Accusation of those convicted of anti-Soviet slander against national policy CPSU and Soviet government was based only on their personal testimony, which the convicts refused while serving their sentences in the camp.
The witnesses interrogated during the inspection, in the presence of whom, as the convicts previously claimed, they conducted anti-Soviet nationalist conversations, did not give any evidence about the anti-Soviet activities of the convicts.
The investigation did not confirm the accusation against Eidinov and others that they were members of an anti-Soviet group.
Investigation into cases on former employees Automobile Plant named after Stalin and the Ministry of Automotive and Tractor Industry of the USSR was carried out with gross violation socialist legality.
Interrogated during the verification process former assistant The head of the Investigative Unit for Particularly Important Cases of the USSR Ministry of State Security, Sokolov, testified that “... before the start of interrogations, the investigators allocated to conduct the case were summoned to Abakumov, who gave instructions to interrogate those arrested about espionage, sabotage and nationalist activities. Interrogations were conducted in this direction and, according to the same instructions, charges were brought.”
At the same time, the audit showed that at the Stalin Moscow Automobile Plant for a number of years there was a bad practice in the field of production planning, insufficient use production capacity plant, reserving finished cars in work in progress, launching cars into mass production without appropriate testing and illegal expenditure of material assets.
The audit also confirmed that Eidinov, during his work at the automobile plant, grouped around himself persons of predominantly Jewish nationality from among management and engineering workers, who, due to their selfish and careeristic motives, negatively influenced the work and allowed the theft of public funds.
In connection with what was stated, the USSR Prosecutor's Office and the State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR decided to introduce Supreme Court USSR protests with a proposal to reclassify the crime to the following persons:
1. Room director of the automobile plant Eidinov, director of the catering plant of the automobile plant Persin, head. medical unit of the automobile plant Samorodnitsky, director of the automobile plant canteen Fayman, deputy. beginning press shop of the Weisberg automobile plant, deputy. beginning logistics department of the automobile plant Dobrushin and the beginning. department of labor and wages of the automobile plant to Lisovich on articles 109 and 111 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR, i.e., the official crimes that were committed by these persons, and the cases against them on the basis of the Decree “On Amnesty” should be terminated.
2. Cases regarding the beginning. gearbox workshop of the Mainfeld automobile plant, chief designer of automotive electrical equipment of the Goldberg automobile plant and assistant. Minister of the Automotive Industry of the USSR Genkin to stop due to the absence of corpus delicti in their actions,
3. Cases against the remaining convicted persons should be terminated due to lack of proof of the charges brought against them.
Prosecutor General of the USSR
R. RUDENKO
Chairman of the State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR
I. SEROV
Members of the Presidium of the Central Committee, Secretaries of the Central Committee. Agree.
N. Khrushchev.
Without issuing a [protocol decision].

Vannikov Boris Lvovich

Three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1942, 1949, 1954),

Winner of two State awards USSR (1951, 1953),

Colonel General of the Engineering and Artillery Service.

Born in Baku (Azerbaijan). Mechanical engineer. Participant in the Civil War. Graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School. N.E. Bauman. Since 1933 - in the defense industry: director of the Tula and Perm arms factories, head of the Main Mobilization Directorate of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry of the USSR, deputy People's Commissar of the Defense Industry of the USSR, People's Commissar of Arms of the USSR.

From July 1941 - Deputy People's Commissar of Armaments of the USSR, and then People's Commissar of Ammunition of the USSR. In August 1945, he was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Special Committee of the USSR State Defense Committee and at the same time headed the First Main Directorate of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. From 1953 to 1958 - First Deputy Minister of Medium Engineering of the USSR. In 1945-1949. - Chairman of the Technical Council of the Special Committee (then the Scientific and Technical Council of the PSU under the Council of Ministers of the USSR). Under his leadership, the construction of the country's nuclear scientific and industrial centers, the development and successful testing of nuclear weapons were carried out, and the foundations were laid for the use of nuclear technologies to generate electricity, for medical and other national economic purposes.

Notes of the People's Commissar

The weapons with which the Victory was won were forged by the sons and daughters of many peoples of the Soviet Union. I will only talk about Jews in my message simply because that is its topic.

In the very first months of the war, the Germans occupied many of our industrial areas with military factories and strategic reserves. It was necessary to save what was left, take equipment, specialists, archives to the East and re-create the military industry there. After all, there was nothing to fight with.

Who can be entrusted with, who is able to organize such a gigantic undertaking in conditions of retreat chaos? Stalin knew one such person, but this man, the former People's Commissar of Armaments Vannikov, on his own, Stalin's, instructions, has been tortured for a month in the basements of the Lubyanka to admit that he is a German spy. July 20, 1941. This exhausted prisoner is brought straight from prison to the leader’s Kremlin office.

After a short conversation, the creation of a country in the East in as soon as possible Stalin entrusted the renovation of the military industry to the Jew Boris Lvovich Vannikov.

First of all, it was necessary to find those personnel who “decide everything.”

And there are very few of them, talented leaders and specialists, left after the continuous repressions of the 30s.

Professor I. Kogan wrote in the magazine “Aleph”: “What a small group of Jews did in harsh winter 1941-1942 in the Urals, Siberia and the Volga was a miracle that saved the Soviet Union from destruction." These people were found and united by B.L. Vannikov.

Together with the People's Commissar of Construction Semyon Zakharovich Ginzburg, his assistants Veniamin Dymshits and Abram Zavenyagin managed to organize the design and construction of shop buildings for the colossal military-industrial complex within 6-8 months.

Deputy People's Commissar of the tank industry Isaac Moiseevich Zaltsman in the Chelyabinsk "tank city", and then at the Nizhny Tagil and Uralmash factories, organized the production of heavy and medium tanks, the best in the world at that time, and by the end of 1942 he increased their production to 100 vehicles per day.

During the war, its factories built more tanks than all of Germany and its allies. Zaltsman once told Molotov: “We will give you tanks, just don’t interfere!”

Professor Kogan writes: “...of course he was reminded of this after the war, but before that Zaltsman did what he wanted and what was needed. If he and others had waited for instructions from the Center, the war would have been lost.”

Major General Chaim Rubinchik, having become director of the Krasnoe Sormovo shipyard on the Volga, managed to turn it into a tank plant and produce 10,000 T-34 tanks by the end of the war. German Lieutenant General Schneider writes: "... the T-34 tank showed our tank crews, accustomed to victories, its superiority in weapons, armor and maneuverability."

The deputy did a lot to organize mass production of aircraft. People's Commissar of the Aviation Industry Solomon Sandler and plant directors Alexander Belyansky (plant No. 19, which manufactured the IL-2 attack aircraft), Matvey Shenkman (plant No. 16, which made the La-5 and La-7 fighters), Israel Levin (aircraft plant in Saratov), ​​etc.

In general, the list of Jewish directors who headed defense factories during the war is huge.

Thus, the artillery factories were led by: Lev Gonor (Barricade plant), Boris Fratkin (Kalinin plant), Yakov Shifrin (Voroshilov plant), Abram Bykhovsky (Motovilikha plant), etc.

In 1942, People's Commissar of Ammunition Boris Lvovich Vannikov became a Hero of Socialist Labor. Stalin himself included him in the list of recipients at number 27.

Little has been written about the contribution of Jewish designers to the creation of new types of weapons. In the 30s, Langemak’s group, which worked on the creation missile weapons. Their ideas were developed and implemented into real “Katyushas” by TsAGI employees: Schwartz, Gvai, Gantmakher, Levin and Shor. All of them received Stalin Prizes in 1941 and 1943.

Twice Hero of Socialist Labor, five-time winner of the Stalin Prize, designer Nudelman - creator of the famous aircraft gun N-37. The aircraft of Lavochkin and Yakovlev were armed with it, and two N-37s were also installed on the IL-2 attack aircraft. German pilots called aircraft armed with this gun “flying Ferdinands” and avoided encounters with them.

Here is an excerpt from the letter from the commander of the 133rd air regiment: “... Comrade Nudelman, the personnel of our unit thanks you. In a month and a half, our pilots shot down 70 German planes. This is a great merit of your guns, which tear apart fascist planes."

The famous weapon of Victory, which determined the outcome of many battles, self-propelled artillery installation The SU-122 was designed under the leadership of Lev Izrailevich Gorlitsky. His self-propelled guns (based on the T-34 tank) took part in breaking the siege of Leningrad and reached Berlin. For the SU-122 and the more powerful SU-152, Lev Izrailevich was twice awarded the Stalin Prize. (Currently, 94-year-old Gorlitsky is a member of our veterans organization at Gatchinskaya, 22).

The 160 mm mortar designed by Isaac Teverovsky also provided considerable assistance to the infantry. Among the creators best tanks World War II, the name of the chief designer of the Chelyabinsk "tank city" Joseph Yakovlevich Kotin, deputy. People's Commissar of Defense, Colonel General. During the war, under his leadership, all modifications were developed heavy tanks IS and HF.

There are many Jewish names among Soviet aircraft designers.

Nine thousand high-altitude MiG fighters destroyed the enemy during the war, including the first Soviet jets. One of the creators of MiGs, Mikhail Iosifovich Gurevich, outstanding aircraft designer, Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin and Stalin Prizes. Designer of the fastest fighters of World War II, La-5, La-7 and La-9, Semyon Moiseevich Lavochkin.

Of the 54 thousand fighters produced during the war, 22 thousand bore the "La" designation. Many have flown them Soviet aces, including three times heroes Pokryshkin and Kozhedub. Ivan Kozhedub, who shot down 62 german plane, approaching his La-7 at the airfield, he stood up as if at attention and saluted the plane.

In his memoirs, he wrote: “There is a person to whom I owe not only my fame, but also my life itself. This is the designer Semyon Lavochkin, who created the great La-7 fighter. On this plane I was not afraid to engage in battle with any number of German cars. He seemed to understand what he needed to do, where to fly, who to shoot at. And he saved me in the most hopeless situations."

Lavochkin's first deputy was Mikhail Leontievich Mil, a Jew who later became the general designer of many Soviet helicopters. From design bureau Lavochkina and Semyon Arievich Kosberg. Since 1958, he worked for Korolev, creating engines for 3rd stage rockets. Gagarin’s exclamation: “Let’s go!” is well known. when the first stage started working.

But little known is his cry of delight at the 30th second of the flight: “Kosberg worked!” when the ship entered orbit. Already on the ground, seeing Kosberg in the crowd greeting him, Gagarin came up and hugged him. Hero of socialist labor, Lenin Prize laureate Semyon Arievich Kosberg died in 1965 in a car accident.

Lavochkin's closest collaborators were also talented designers Sverdlov, Taitz, Felsner, and Kheifetz. By the way, Tupolev’s deputies were Kerber and Frenkel; Yakovleva - Donskoy, Sachs and Sonstein; Petlyakova - Izakson.

Already by the beginning of 1944, our army surpassed Hitler’s in quality of all types of weapons, and in quantity by 1.5-2 times

The war ended in May, and in June 1945, American scientists successfully tested an atomic bomb. Most of these scientists lost all their loved ones at the hands of the Nazis in Europe. They weren't making the bomb for Japan.

They hoped that atomic explosion over Berlin will become the apotheosis of just retribution. Soviet army got ahead of them.

At the end of 1945, Vannikov received a new government task: to organize the production and testing of an atomic bomb.

In 1949, in Stalin’s Kremlin office, a list of those nominated for awards for the creation of the atomic bomb was discussed. Beria was listed first.

Stalin, after thinking, said: “We will reward Lavrentiy Pavlovich with a diploma! But Comrade Vannikov, I believe, is worthy of the Gold Star.” There was a pause. Someone cautiously noted that Vannikov was already a Hero of Socialist Labor, and the regulations stated... “People wrote the regulations,” interrupted Stalin. “They will correct this situation.”

Colonel General B.L. Vannikov received the second Gold Star at No. 1.

In 1954, for the creation of the hydrogen bomb, he was awarded a third Gold Star, also number 1.

BORIS VANNIKOV, (1897-1962)

Soviet statesman

Boris Lvovich Vannikov was born on August 26, 1897 in the village of Bib-Eilat (near Baku) into a working-class family. After graduation primary school worked at the Baku oil fields as an auxiliary worker.

In 1917 he worked as an assistant foreman on the construction of a highway in the Caucasus.

In 1918-1920 B. Vannikov actively participated in revolutionary events and the civil war in the Caucasus. He is a member of the Russian communist party since 1919

In 1920, he moved to Moscow, worked at the People's Commissariat of the RKI (Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate) and at the same time studied at the Moscow Higher Technical School (Moscow Higher Technical School named after Bauman).

In 1926, B. Vannikov graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School and from that time until 1937 he worked as an engineer, chief engineer and director of a number of military factories (Tula, Perm).

In 1937, Vannikov was appointed deputy people's commissar, and in 1939 - people's commissar of the defense industry of the USSR.

In early June 1941, Vannikov was removed from the post of People's Commissar of Armaments of the USSR and arrested.

In July 1941, a month after Germany’s attack on the USSR, Stalin’s instructions were conveyed to him in his prison cell to express in writing his thoughts on measures to develop weapons production in the conditions of the outbreak of war.

A few days later, Vannikov was brought straight from prison to Stalin, who said: “Your note is an excellent document for the work of the People’s Commissariat of Armaments. We will hand it over to the People’s Commissar of Armaments for guidance.”

After his release in July 1941, Vannikov carried out tasks of the State Defense Committee for the production of ammunition and the restoration of artillery factories evacuated to the interior of the country. At the beginning of February 1942, B.L. Vannikov was appointed People's Commissar of Ammunition of the USSR, and in June 1942 he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor "for exceptionally high services to the state in organizing production, developing new types of artillery and small arms. ..". In January 1944, Vannikov was awarded the rank of lieutenant general, and in November 1944, the rank of colonel general of the engineering and artillery service.

B.L. Vannikov remained People's Commissar of Ammunition until June 1946, during the entire Patriotic War he successfully led the industry, which uninterruptedly provided the front with ammunition and carried out their fundamental improvement.

At the beginning of 1946, B.L. Vannikov headed the First Main Directorate (PGU) under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. The task of the PGU was to organize the production of the Soviet atomic bomb. According to academician Yu. Khariton, “a brilliant engineer and an excellent organizer, B.L. Vannikov quickly managed to find common language with a large team of scientists headed by I.V. Kurchatov...".

B.L. Vannikov also actively participated in the creation of the Soviet hydrogen bomb. In 1953-58. he is the first deputy minister of medium-sized engineering of the USSR.

For his services in the development of the defense industry, he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor three times (1942, 1949 and 1954) and the Stalin Prize twice (1951, 1953). He was awarded 6 orders of Lenin, Suvorov and Kutuzov, 1st degree.

Boris Lvovich Vannikov died in Moscow on February 22, 1962 and was buried on Red Square near the Kremlin wall.